MATERIALS FROM WHICH

DOCUMENTS ARE MADE

 PAPER
▪Earliest form of material on which writing was placed were the skin of
animals called PARCHMENT OR VELLUM.

▪The word paper comes from papyrus, a grass like plant found in Egypt.

▪Letters dated A.D 874 have been found in Egypt and the oldest manuscript
in England were scripted on cotton paper in the year 1049 AD.
▪In 1800, straw was used as paper made by the Chinese
 INK
▪Some authorities consider that the earliest ink was from a
vegetable varnish.
▪Chinese invented the oldest type of ink.
▪The Chinese were given no credit for its invention in the
name by which it is commonly known – INDIAN INK
(consisting of amorphous carbon in the form of lamp-black
made into a cake with hide glue).
 CLASSES OF INK
▪Printing Ink – made by grinding carbon in the form of vegetable char with
a varnish made of natural gums and drying oils.
▪Iron-tannin ink – discovered in a way that when soluble salts of iron were
mixed with extracts from vegetable materials such as tan bark and nut galls,
which were already in use for tanning hide. This dark liquid was found to be
more suitable for use with the contemporary invented type of pen, the Quill.
 CLASSES OF INK
▪Record Ink – this term is applied to ink of high quality which are assured of long life under
reasonable conditions of storage of the document.
Following the recommendations of SCHUTTIG and NEUMANN, it is laid down in most
government specifications that a record ink should contain between 0.5 to 0.6 % of iron with
the minimum concentration of acid which is consistent with good performance of the ink.
❖Fountain Pen Ink – a record ink which contains about half the normal concentration of
iron compound, but an increased proportion of dyestuff.
 CLASSES OF INK
▪Colored Ink – synthetic dyestuffs from the basis of practically all colored
inks whether intended for use in fountain pens or not.
▪Copying ink – is substantially a concentrated record ink to which has been
added chemicals such as glycerin or dextrin.
▪Logwood Ink – formerly in extensive use but rarely encountered today.
About 80% of writing ink is dyestuff ink, the remainder being iron-tannin ink.
 CLASSES OF INK
▪Hectograph Ink – consists of a layer of either a gelatin glycerol mixture of special clay.

▪Stamp pad inks – these inks are very similar to hectograph inks except that they are heavily
loaded with humectants, such as glycerol or glycol which prevent the pad from drying up.
▪Ball point ink – the success of the ball point pen has been bound with the provision suitable
inks.

▪Liquid – lead pencil ink – is an ordinary ballpoint pen with a fluid containing finely divided
carbon substituted for the usual dyestuff containing ink.
 WRITING INSTRUMENT
❖The instrument used to form marks or symbols on a paper .
❖Earliest writing instruments:
1. Roman Beaver
2. The Reed Pen (still used in the orient)
3. The Goose-Quill
4. The Steel Pen
5. Early type of Fountain Pen
6. The First Successful Fountain Pen
❑Writing Instruments
o There are eight (8) classes of writing instruments, namely:
✔ Ballpoint Pen
✔ Porous Tip Pen
✔ Fountain or Parallel Nib Pen
✔ Pencil
✔ Crayons
✔ Typewriting
✔ Hand Stamps
✔ Carbon Paper
❑ Ball Point Pen

o It has a writing tip consist of metal being

housed in a socket that rotates freely
during execution of writing and rolls quickly
on the writing surface.

o It is commonly called as “biro” and became

popular in Great Britain by Lazlo Biro.
❑ Porous Tip Pen

o It is commonly known as
roller pens.

o It contains tip which

freely spits of ink during
writing execution.
❑ Fountain or Parallel Nib Pen
o A dual type of nib that inks
flows on the surface of the
paper upon application of
pressure.
o It portrays gradual widening
and narrowing of ink lines
depending on flexibility of nib
position.
❑ Pencil

o A type of pen nib that

gradually diminishing from
sharp into blunt structure as
result of continuous writing
executions.
❑ Crayons

o A wax type of pen nib and

entail diminishing tips as
result of continuous
writing executions.
❑ Typewriting
o It is a mechanical or
electromechanical device being
operated by a keyboard system.
o It was invented by a British
National, Henry Mill in 1714.
o It is commonly measured into
characters of bigger fonts (PICA)
with 10 characters while the
smaller fonts (ELITE) with 12
characters.
❑ Hand Stamps

o A fix type of printing

marks on the surface of
the paper as result of
facsimile form of
impression.
❑ Carbon Paper

o A duplicating paper used

to provide copy of writing
or text originating from
original copy and
transform to a duplicate
copy by same execution.