Chapter One

Computer Concept

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Importance of this chapter

This chapter will help student to know about computer, basic parts of a computer such as hardware and software. Student will
be able to know about different types of computer. Also student will be able to achieve knowledge about different generations
of computer from this chapter.

 Knowledge about computer

Outcome of this chapter

 Knowledge about hardware and software

 Knowledge about different types of computer
 Knowledge about first generation, second generation, third generation,
 fourth generation and fifth generation computer

1.1. What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, and browse the Web. You can also use it to
handle spreadsheets, accounting, database management, presentations, games, and more.

1.2. Basic parts

For beginner computer users, the computer aisles at an electronics store can be quite a mystery, not to mention
overwhelming. However, computers really aren't that mysterious. All types of computers consist of two basic parts:

 Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the computer monitor or keyboard.
 Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It is what guides the hardware and tells it how to
accomplish each task. Some examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors such as Microsoft
Word.

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 Figure 1.1: Computer Motherboard

Figure 1.2: Microsoft Office Word

Anything you buy for your computer can be classified as either hardware or software. Once you learn more about these items,
computers are actually very straightforward.

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1.3. Different types of computers
When most people hear the word "computer," they think of a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop computer.
However, computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you
withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.

1.3.1. Desktop computers

Figure 1.3: Desktop Computer

Many people use desktop computers at work, home, school, or the library. They can be small, medium, or large in style, and
they usually sit on a desk. Once you add a monitor, mouse, and keyboard, you have what is typically known as a desktop
computer.

Most desktop computers are easy to upgrade and expand or add new parts. Another benefit of desktop computers is the
cost. If you compare a desktop and a laptop with the same features, you will most likely find that the desktop computer is
priced lower.

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Some desktop computers have a built-in monitor to save space. These are often called all-in-one desktop computers.

1.3.2. Laptop computers

Figure 1.4: Laptop Computer

The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, or a laptop. Laptops are battery- or AC-powered
personal computers that are more portable than desktop computers, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Because a laptop is smaller than a desktop, it's more difficult to access its internal components. This means you may not be
able to upgrade them as easily as a desktop. However, it's usually possible to add more RAM or a larger hard drive.

A laptop computer is sometimes called a notebook computer because of its size.

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1.3.3. Servers

Figure 1.5: Servers

A server is a computer that "serves up" information to other computers on a network. Many businesses have file servers that
employees can use to store and share files. A server can look like a regular desktop computer, or it can be much larger.

Servers also play an important role in making the Internet work: They are where WebPages are stored. When you use your
browser to click a link, a web server delivers the page you requested.

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1.3.4. Tablet computers

Figure 1.6: Tablet Computer

These use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. Because they don't require a keyboard or mouse, tablet
computers are even more portable than laptops. The iPad is an example of a tablet computer.

1.3.5. PCs and Macs

Personal computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac. Both styles are fully functional, but they do have a different look
and feel, and many people prefer one or the other.

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 Figure 1.7: Personal Computer

Figure 1.8: Mac

 PC: This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. Other companies began to
create similar computers, which were called IBM PC Compatible (often shortened to PC). Today, this is the most
common type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.

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  Mac: The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal computer with a
Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs are made by one company, Apple Inc., and they almost
always use the Mac OS X operating system.

Although PC can refer to an IBM PC Compatible, the term can also be used to refer to any personal computer, including
Macs.

Problem 1: What is computer?

Solution: A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, and browse the Web.

Problem 2: Explain about different types of a computer.

Solution: Computer is classified into several types such as:

Desktop computers
Many people use desktop computers at work, home, school, or the library. They can be small, medium, or large in style, and
they usually sit on a desk. Once you add a monitor, mouse, and keyboard, you have what is typically known as a desktop
computer.

Laptop computers
The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, or a laptop. Laptops are battery- or AC-powered
personal computers that are more portable than desktop computers, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Servers
A server is a computer that "serves up" information to other computers on a network. Many businesses have file servers that
employees can use to store and share files. A server can look like a regular desktop computer, or it can be much larger.

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Tablet computers
These use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. Because they don't require a keyboard or mouse, tablet
computers are even more portable than laptops. The iPad is an example of a tablet computer.

PCs and Macs

Personal computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac. Both styles are fully functional, but they do have a different look and
feel, and many people prefer one or the other.

 PC: This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. Today, this is the most common
type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.
 Mac: The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal computer with a
Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs are made by one company Apple Inc., and they almost
always use the Mac OS X operating system.

Exercise:
1. Write down about basic parts of a computer.
2. Write down about PCs and Macs computer.
3. What is sever computer?

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1.4. Generations of Computer
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. A
generation refers to the state of improvement in the product development process. This term is also used in the different
advancements of new computer technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced
than the previous generation before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and computer memory has
proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play.

Each generation of computers is characterized by major technological development that fundamentally changed the way
computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper and more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read
about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

1.4.1. First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

Figure 1.9: Vacuum Tube Technology

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 Figure 1.10: First Generation Computer ENIAC using Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up
entire rooms. A magnetic drum, also referred to as drum, is a metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on
which data and programs can be stored.

A single drum can have up to 200 tracks. As the drum rotates at a speed of up to 3,000 rpm, the device's read/write heads
deposit magnetized spots on the drum during the write operation and sense these spots during a read operation. This action is
similar to that of a magnetic tape or disk drive.

They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could
only solve one problem at a time. Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers.

While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist
entirely of numbers. Computer Programmers, therefore, use either high level programming languages or an assembly

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language programming. An assembly language contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions and
variables have names instead of being just numbers. Programs written in high level programming languages retranslated
into assembly language or machine language by a compiler. Assembly language program retranslated into machine language
by a program called an assembler (assembly language compiler).

Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different
types of computers. Input was based on punch card and paper tapes, and output was displayed on printouts.

In 1945 two Americans, Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly built the ENIAC electronic computer The ENIAC led to other
vacuum tube type computers like the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer).

Acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, the world's first operational electronic digital computer,
developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II ballistic firing tables. The ENIAC, weighing 30 tons, using 200
kilowatts of electric power and consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and
inductors, was completed in 1945. In addition to ballistics, the ENIAC's field of application included weather prediction,
atomic-energy calculations, cosmic-ray studies, thermal ignition, random-number studies, wind-tunnel design and other
scientific uses. The ENIAC soon became obsolete as the need arose for faster computing speeds.

1.4.2. Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and guided in the second generation computer. Transistor is a device composed of
semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit. In 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William
Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what would replace the vacuum tube forever.

Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits, including computers. Today's
latest microprocessor contains tens of millions of microscopic transistors.

Prior to the invention of transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes, which had many disadvantages. They
were much larger, required more energy, dissipated more heat, and were more prone to failures. It's safe to say that without
the invention of transistors, computing as we know it today would not be possible.

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The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far
superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer
to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output.

Figure 1.11: Second Generation computer using Transistors

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Figure 1.12: Second Generation computer

Figure 1.13: Punched cards

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Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this
time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

1.4.3. Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a
single wafer of silicon. Robert Noyce of Fairchild Corporation and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments independently
discovered the amazing attributes of integrated circuits. Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip vastly
increased the power of a single computer and lowered its cost considerably.

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were
miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.

Silicon is the basic material used to make computer chips, transistors, silicon diodes and other electronic circuits and
switching devices because its atomic structure makes the element an ideal semiconductor. Silicon is commonly doped, or
mixed, with other elements, such as boron, phosphorous and arsenic, to alter its conductive properties.

A chip is a small piece of semi conducting material (usually silicon) on which an integrated circuit is embedded. A typical chip
is less than ¼-square inches and can contain millions of electronic components (transistors). Computers consist of many chips
placed on electronic boards called printed circuit boards. There are different types of chips. For example, CPU chips (also
called microprocessors) contain an entire processing unit, whereas memory chips contain blank memory.

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Semiconductor is a material that is neither a good conductor of electricity (like copper) nor a good insulator (like rubber). The
most common semiconductor materials are silicon and germanium.

Computer chips, both for CPU and memory, are composed of semiconductor materials. Semiconductors make it possible to
miniaturize electronic components, such as transistors. Not only does miniaturization mean that the components take up less
space, it also means that they are faster and require less energy.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors
and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they
were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Figure 1.14: Integrated Circuits

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 Figure 1.15: Third Generation Computer IBM-360 using Integrated Circuits

1.4.4. Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors

Ted Hoff, employed by Intel (Robert Noyce's new company) invented a chip the size of a pencil eraser that could do all the
computing and logic work of a computer. The microprocessor was made to be used in calculators, not computers. It led,
however, to the invention of personal computers, or microcomputers.

It wasn't until the 1970's that people began buying computer for personal use. One of the earliest personal computers was the
Altair 8800 computer kit. In 1975 you could purchase this kit and put it together to make your own personal computer. In
1977 the Apple II was sold to the public and in 1981 IBM entered the PC (personal computer) market.

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Today we have all heard of Intel and its Pentium® Processors and now we know how it all got started. The computers of the
next generation will have millions upon millions of transistors on one chip and will perform over a billion calculations in a
single second. There is no end in sight for the computer movement.

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits we rebuilt onto a single
silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used
interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also
control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock, radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.

Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:

 Instruction Set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
 Bandwidth: The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
 Clock Speed: Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor
can execute.

Abbreviation of central processing unit, and pronounced as separate letters. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes
referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing
power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU
is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.

Two typical components of a CPU are:

 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
 The control unit, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when
necessary.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors
also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to
use microprocessors.

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As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUI's, the mouse and handheld
devices

Figure 1.16: Microprocessors

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 Figure 1.17: Fourth Generation Computer using Microprocessors

1.4.5. Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was
coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes:

 Games Playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers
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  Expert Systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems
help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
 Natural Language: programming computers to understand natural human languages
 Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that
occur in animal brains
 Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances
have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May,
1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.

In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks.
Robots have great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and they still move and handle objects clumsily.

Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers
without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it. Unfortunately,
programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some
rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly
as good as human translators.

There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do not understand what
they are writing; they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must speak slowly and distinctly.

In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general.
To date, however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as medicine
and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful only in special situations.

Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines
such as voice recognition and natural-language processing.

There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI
applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog.

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 Figure 10: The SONY AIBO ERS-7 Entertainment Robot Figure 11: NASA's Curiosity rover is shown here during final testing

Problem 1: What are the different generations of computer?

Solution: Different generations of computer are:

 First generation computer
 Second generation computer
 Third generation computer
 Fourth generation computer
 Fifth generation computer

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Problem 2: Discuss about different generations of computer.

Solution: Computer generations are classified into five different categories such as:

First generation computer (1940-1956): The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. A magnetic drum, also referred to as drum, is a metal cylinder
coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on which data and programs can be stored.

First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time. Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. While easily understood by computers, machine
languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. Computer Programmers,
therefore, use either high level programming languages or an assembly language programming. Input was based on punch
card and paper tapes, and output was displayed on printouts.

Second generation computer (1956-1963): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and guided in the second generation
computer. Transistor is a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit.

The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Second-generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to
symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming
languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

Third generation computer (1964-1971): The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor chip,
packs a huge number of transistors onto a single wafer of silicon. Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip
vastly increased the power of a single computer and lowered its cost considerably.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors
and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory.

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Forth generation computer (1971- Present): Ted Hoff, employed by Intel (Robert Noyce's new company) invented a chip
the size of a pencil eraser that could do all the computing and logic work of a computer. The microprocessor was made to be
used in calculators, not computers. It led, however, to the invention of personal computers, or microcomputers.

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits we rebuilt onto a single
silicon chip. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the
CPU is where most calculations take place.

Fifth generation computer (Present-Beyond):Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. Artificial intelligence
includes games playing, expert systems, natural language, neural networks, robotics etc.

Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines
such as voice recognition and natural-language processing.

Exercise:

1. What are the main elements of different generations of computer?

2. Explain about microprocessor.

Points to remember
 A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data.
 Hardware is any part of a computer that has a physical structure. Software is any set of instructions that tells the

 A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network.

hardware what to do.

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  PC was introduced by IBM and it is using Microsoft Windows operating system. Mac was introduced by Apple Inc. and it


is using Mac OS X operating system.
Generations of computer is divided into five categories such as First generation computer, Second generation computer,


Third generation computer, Fourth generation computer and Fifth generation computer.
First generation computer (1940-1956) used Vacuum Tube, Second generation computer (1956-1963) used Transistor,
Third generation computer (1964-1971) used Integrated Circuit, Fourth generation computer (1971- Present) used
Microprocessor and Fifth generation computer (Present-Beyond) used Artificial Intelligence technique.

Vocabulary
RAM- Random Access Memory using to store data temporarily
PC- Personal Computer was introduced by IBM
MAC- Macintosh Computer was introduced by Apple Inc.
Transistor- Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Transistor is a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or
opens or closes a circuit.
IC- Integrated Circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a single
wafer of silicon.
Microprocessor- It is the brain of a computer and thousands of integrated circuits we rebuilt onto this chip.
AI- Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.
ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer is a first generation computer.
ALU- Arithmetic Logic Unit is a part of microprocessor.

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 Chapter Two
Basic Hardware

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Importance of this chapter

Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished from the computer software that executes or runs on the
hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, while software and data are modified frequently. The term soft
refers to readily created, modified, or erased. These are unlike the physical components within the computer which are hard.

When you think of the term computer hardware you probably think of the guts inside your personal computer at home or the
one in your classroom. However, computer hardware does not specifically refer to personal computers. Instead, it is all types of
computer systems. Computer hardware is in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, CD players, DVD players, and
many more devices. In this chapter all types of hardwires are discussed.

Expected outcome of this chapter

At the end of the course, and having completed the Essential reading and activities, you should be able to:

• Identification of the basic elements of hardware.

• Explanation of their functions.

• How they fit together to form an architecture

• Develop an understanding of the fundamentals of hardware and software technologies that underlie contemporary
computer-based information systems

The basic parts of a desktop computer are the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. Each part plays
an important role whenever you use a computer.

2.1. Basic parts of the computer

Whether it is a telephone with a touch screen, a laptop, a tablet or a desktop, all computers consist of certain basic elements.
This basic assembly is formed usually of a motherboard, a processor, central memory, hard disc drive, connections, the
monitor as well as the keyboard, mouse or some kind of a touch pad.. The majority of the listed parts are inside the cabinet, but
knowing them is important in order to manage different problem situations.

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2.1.1. Computer case

A computer case also known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit, cabinet, base unit or simply case and sometimes
incorrectly referred to as the "CPU" or "hard drive" is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer
(usually excluding the display, keyboard and mouse).

Cases are usually constructed from steel (often SECC — Steel, electro galvanized, cold-rolled, coil) or aluminum. Plastic is
sometimes used, and other materials such as glass, wood and even Lego blocks have appeared in home-built cases.

Figure 2.1: Computer Case

2.1.2. Sizes

Cases can come in many different sizes (known as form factors). The size and shape of a computer case is usually determined
by the form factor of the motherboard, since it is the largest component of most computers. Consequently, personal computer
form factors typically specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the case. Form factors for rack-mounted and blade
servers may include precise external dimensions as well, since these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures.

For example, a case designed for an ATX motherboard and power supply may take on several external forms, such as a
vertical tower (designed to sit on the floor, height > width) or a flat desktop (height < width) or pizza box (height ≤ 5 cm (2 in),

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designed to sit on the desk under the computer's monitor). Full-size tower cases are typically larger in volume than desktop
cases, with more room for drive bays and expansion slots. Desktop cases—and mini-tower cases under about 46 cm (18 in)
high—are popular in business environments where space is at a premium.

2.1.3. Layout

Computer cases usually include sheet metal enclosures for a power supply unit and drive bays, as well as a rear panel that can
accommodate peripheral connectors protruding from the motherboard and expansion slots. Most cases also have a power
button or switch, a reset button, and LEDs to indicate power status as well as hard drive and network activity (in some
models). Some cases include built-in I/O ports (such as USB and headphone ports) on the front of the case. Such a case will
also include the wires needed to connect these ports, switches and indicators to the motherboard.

Problems related to topics

Problem1.What is Computer case? Show a diagram of it.

Solution:

Computer case : A computer case also known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit, cabinet, base unit or simply case and
sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "CPU" or "hard drive" is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer
(usually excluding the display, keyboard and mouse).

Cases are usually constructed from steel (often SECC — Steel, electro galvanized, cold-rolled, coil) or aluminum. Plastic is
sometimes used, and other materials such as glass, wood and even Lego blocks have appeared in home-built cases.

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 Figure 12: Computer Case

Problem 2: Discuss the Sizes of Computer Case

Solution :

Cases can come in many different sizes (known as form factors). The size and shape of a computer case is usually determined
by the form factor of the motherboard, since it is the largest component of most computers. Consequently, personal computer
form factors typically specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the case. Form factors for rack-mounted and
bladeservers may include precise external dimensions as well, since these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures.

For example, a case designed for an ATX motherboard and power supply may take on several external forms, such as a
vertical tower (designed to sit on the floor, height > width) or a flat desktop (height < width) or pizza box (height ≤ 5 cm (2 in),
designed to sit on the desk under the computer's monitor). Full-size tower cases are typically larger in volume than desktop
cases, with more room for drive bays and expansion slots. Desktop cases—and mini-tower cases under about 46 cm (18 in)
high—are popular in business environments where space is at a premium.

Problem 3 : Describe the layout and Major component locations?

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Solution:

Computer cases usually include sheet metal enclosures for a power supply unit and drive bays, as well as a rear panel that can
accommodate peripheral connectors protruding from the motherboard and expansion slots. Most cases also have a power
button or switch, a reset button, and LEDs to indicate power status as well as hard drive and network activity (in some
models). Some cases include built-in I/O ports (such as USB and headphone ports) on the front of the case. Such a case will
also include the wires needed to connect these ports, switches and indicators to the motherboard.

2.1.4. Major component locations

 The motherboard is usually screwed to the case along its largest face, which could be the bottom or the side of the case
depending on the form factor and orientation.
 Form factors such as ATX provide a back panel with cut-out holes to expose I/O ports provided by integrated
peripherals, as well as expansion slots which may optionally expose additional ports provided by expansion cards.
 The power supply unit is often housed at the bottom or top rear of the case; it is usually attached with four screws to
support its weight.
 Most cases include drive bays on the front of the case; a typical ATX case includes both 5.25" and 3.5" bays. In modern
computers, the former are used mainly for optical drives, while the latter are used for hard drives, floppy drives, and
card readers.
 Buttons and LEDs are typically located on the front of the case; some cases include additional I/O ports, temperature
and processor speed monitors in the same area.
 Vents are often found on the front, back, and sometimes on the side of the case to allow cooling fans to be mounted via
surrounding threaded screw holes.

2.1.5. Definition of Tower Case

A vertical computer cabinet. A common design for servers and high-performance workstations, tower cases have more room
for storage and card expansion than horizontal desktop cases and all-in-ones.

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In order to fit on shelves and equipment racks next to A/V equipment, home theater PCs (HTPCs) are housed in horizontal
cases. All-in-ones are computers built into the monitor case and have the least internal flexibility.

Most of the personal computers you can purchase today include tower cases rather than desktop cases; however, some
computers are being made with all of the internal components built into the monitor, which eliminates the need for a tower.

Figure 2.2: Tower Case

Problem 4 :Write Down the Definition of Tower Case.

Solution:
A vertical computer cabinet. A common design for servers and high-performance workstations, tower cases have more room
for storage and card expansion than horizontal desktop cases and all-in-ones.

In order to fit on shelves and equipment racks next to A/V equipment, home theater PCs (HTPCs) are housed in horizontal
cases. All-in-ones are computers built into the monitor case and have the least internal flexibility.

Most of the personal computers you can purchase today include tower cases rather than desktop cases; however, some
computers are being made with all of the internal components built into the monitor, which eliminates the need for a tower.

33
 Figure13 : Tower Case

2.3.2
Exercises:

1. Prepare a list of components of computer case.

2. Draw a diagram of Tower Case and write a short note on it.

2.1.6. Computer Monitor

A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and
an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin
panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.

Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment. From the
1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions
have implemented some computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and then computer monitors, has
also changed from 4:3 to 16:9 (and 16:10).

34
Different types of Monitor exist. Short notes about all of them are given bellow.

2.1.7 Cathode ray tube (CRT Monitor)

The first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Prior to the advent of home computers in the late 1970s, it was
common for a video display terminal (VDT) using a CRT to be physically integrated with a keyboard and other components of
the system in a single large chassis. The display was monochrome and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern flat-panel
monitor, necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed
at one time. High-resolution CRT displays were developed for specialized military, industrial and scientific applications but
they were far too costly for general use.

Figure 2.3: CRT Monitor

2.1.8. Liquid crystal display (LCD Monitor)

There are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid crystal displays (LCD). Throughout the 1990s, the
primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power consumption, lighter weight, and
smaller physical size of LCDs justified the higher price versus a CRT. Commonly, the same laptop would be offered with an
assortment of display options at increasing price points: (active or passive) monochrome, passive color, or active matrix color
(TFT). As volume and manufacturing capability have improved, the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped
from most product lines.

TFT-LCD is a variant of LCD which is now the dominant technology used for computer monitors.

35
Figure 2.4: LCD Monitor

36
2.1.9. Light Emitting Diode (LED display)

An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as a video display. An LED panel is a small
display, or a component of a larger display. They are typically used outdoors in store signs and billboards, and in recent years
have also become commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles or even as part of transparent glass area.
LED panels are sometimes used as form of lighting, for the purpose of general illumination, task lighting, or even stage lighting
rather than display.

Figure 2.5: LED Monitor

37
2.1.10. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors provide higher contrast and better viewing angles than LCDs but they require
more power when displaying documents with white or bright backgrounds. In 2011, a 25-inch (64 cm) OLED monitor cost
$7500, but the prices are expected to drop.

Figure 2.6: OLED Monitor

Problems related to topics:

Problem 1: Write a short description of CRT monitor.

Solution: Cathode ray tube(CRT Monitor)

The first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Prior to the advent of home computers in the late 1970s, it was
common for a video display terminal (VDT) using a CRT to be physically integrated with a keyboard and other components of
the system in a single large chassis. The display was monochrome and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern flat-panel
monitor, necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed
at one time. High-resolution CRT displays were developed for specialized military, industrial and scientific applications but
they were far too costly for general use.

38
 Figure 14: CRT Monitor

Problem 2: Write a short description of LCD Monitor.

Solution: Liquid crystal display (LCD Monitor)

There are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid crystal displays (LCD). Throughout the 1990s, the
primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power consumption, lighter weight, and
smaller physical size of LCDs justified the higher price versus a CRT. Commonly, the same laptop would be offered with an
assortment of display options at increasing price points: (active or passive) monochrome, passive color, or active matrix color
(TFT). As volume and manufacturing capability have improved, the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped
from most product lines.

TFT-LCD is a variant of LCD which is now the dominant technology used for computer monitors.

39
Figure 15: LCD Monitor

40
Problem 3: Write a short description of LED Monitor.

Solution: Light Emitting Diode (LED display)

An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as a video display. An LED panel is a small
display, or a component of a larger display. They are typically used outdoors in storesigns and billboards, and in recent years
have also become commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles or even as part of transparent glass area.
LED panels are sometimes used as form of lighting, for the purpose of general illumination, task lighting, or even stage lighting
rather than display.

Figure 16: LED Monitor

Problem 4: What is Organic light-emitting diode(OLED)?

41
Solution:

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors provide higher contrast and better viewing angles than LCDs but they require
more power when displaying documents with white or bright backgrounds. In 2011, a 25-inch (64 cm) OLED monitor cost
$7500, but the prices are expected to drop.

Figure 17: OLED Monitor

2.1.11. Measurements of performance of a Monitor

The performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters:

 Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2 also called a Nit).
 Aspect ratio is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length. Monitors usually have the aspect ratio 4:3, 5:4,
16:10 or 16:9.
 Viewable image size is usually measured diagonally, but the actual widths and heights are more informative since they
are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than
the tube itself.
 Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. For a given display size,
maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch.

42
  Dot pitch is the distance between sub-pixels of the same color in millimeters. In general, the smaller the dot pitch, the
sharper the picture will appear.
 Refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display is illuminated. Maximum refresh rate is limited by
response time.
 Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from active (white) to inactive (black) and back to active
(white) again, measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image
artifacts.
 Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the
monitor is capable of producing.
 Power consumption is measured in watts.
 Delta-E: Color accuracy is measured in delta-E; the lower the delta-E, the more accurate the color representation. A
delta-E of below 1 is imperceptible to the human eye. Delta-Es of 2 to 4 are considered good and require a sensitive eye
to spot the difference.
 Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without excessive degradation to
the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.

2.1.12. Additional features of a Monitor

Power saving

Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal is received. This allows modern operating
systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period of inactivity. This also extends the monitor's service life.

Some monitors will also switch themselves off after a time period on standby.

Most modern laptops provide a method of screen dimming after periods of inactivity or when the battery is in use. This
extends battery life and reduces wear.

Integrated accessories

Many monitors have other accessories (or connections for them) integrated. This places standard ports within easy reach and
eliminates the need for another separate hub, camera, microphone, or set of speakers. These monitors have advanced

43
microprocessors which contain codec information, Windows Interface drivers and other small software which help in proper
functioning of these functions.

Glossy screen

Some displays, especially newer LCD monitors, replace the traditional anti-glare matte finish with a glossy one. This increases
color saturation and sharpness but reflections from lights and windows are very visible. Anti-reflective coatings are
sometimes applied to help reduce reflections, although this only mitigates the effect.

Curved designs

In about 2009, NEC/Alien ware together with Ostendo Technologies (based in Carlsbad, CA) were offering a curved (concave)
43-inch (110 cm) monitor that allows better viewing angles near the edges, covering 75% of peripheral vision. This monitor
had 2880x900 resolution, LED backlight and was marketed as suitable both for gaming and office work, while for $6499 it was
rather expensive. As of 2013, the monitor is no longer available. Ostendo Technologies is no longer pursuing curved monitor
technology.

Directional screen

Narrow viewing angle screens are used in some security conscious applications.

Problem5: What are the Additional features of a Monitor?

Solution:

The list of the Additional features of a Monitor are discussed bellow

1) Power saving

Most modern monitors will switch to a power-saving mode if no video-input signal is received. This allows modern operating
systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period of inactivity. This also extends the monitor's service life.

Some monitors will also switch themselves off after a time period on standby.

44
Most modern laptops provide a method of screen dimming after periods of inactivity or when the battery is in use. This
extends battery life and reduces wear.

2) Integrated accessories

Many monitors have other accessories (or connections for them) integrated. This places standard ports within easy reach and
eliminates the need for another separate hub, camera, microphone, or set of speakers. These monitors have advanced
microprocessors which contain codec information, Windows Interface drivers and other small software which help in proper
functioning of these functions.

3) Glossy screen

Some displays, especially newer LCD monitors, replace the traditional anti-glare matte finish with a glossy one. This increases
color saturation and sharpness but reflections from lights and windows are very visible. Anti-reflective coatings are
sometimes applied to help reduce reflections, although this only mitigates the effect.

4) Curved designs

In about 2009, NEC/Alien ware together with Ostendo Technologies (based in Carlsbad, CA) were offering a curved (concave)
43-inch (110 cm) monitor that allows better viewing angles near the edges, covering 75% of peripheral vision. This monitor
had 2880x900 resolution, LED backlight and was marketed as suitable both for gaming and office work, while for $6499 it was
rather expensive. As of 2013, the monitor is no longer available. Ostendo Technologies is no longer pursuing curved monitor
technology.

5) Directional screen

Narrow viewing angle screens are used in some security conscious applications.

2.4.2

Exercise

1. What is a computer monitor?

45
 2. What are the difference between CRT and LCD monitor?
3. Which type of monitor is best suited for use?
4. Give comparison between LED & OLED monitor.
5. What are the performance measures of a monitor?

2.1.13. Power cord

A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cable that temporarily connects an appliance to the mains electricity supply via a
wall socket or extension cord. The terms are generally used for cables using a power plug to connect to a single-phase
alternating current power source at the local line voltage—(generally 100 to 240 volts, depending on the location). The terms
power cable, mains lead, flex or kettle lead are also used. A lamp cord (also known as a zip cord) is a light-weight,
ungrounded, single-insulated two-wire cord used for small loads such as a table or floor lamp.

A cord set includes connectors molded to the cord at each end (see Appliance coupler). Cord sets are detachable from both the
power supply and the electrical equipment, and consist of a flexible cord with electrical connectors at either end, one male,
and one female. One end of the cord set is attached to a molded electrical plug; the other is typically a molded electrical
receptacle to prevent the possibility of having an exposed live prong or pin which would cause electric shock. The female
connector attaches to the piece of equipment or appliance while the male plug connects to the electrical receptacle or outlet.

46
 Figure 2.7: Power Cord

2.1.14. Power supplies

Cord sets must be distinguished from plug-in wall mounted power supplies, where the connector also contains a transformer,
and possibly rectifiers, filters and regulators. Unwary substitution of a standard mains-voltage connector for the power supply
would result in application of full line voltage to the connected device, resulting in its destruction and possible fire or personal
injury.

Problems related to topics:

Problem 1: What do you understand by power supply?

Solution: Power supplies

Cord sets must be distinguished from plug-in wall mounted power supplies, where the connector also contains a transformer,
and possibly rectifiers, filters and regulators. Unwary substitution of a standard mains-voltage connector for the power supply
would result in application of full line voltage to the connected device, resulting in its destruction and possible fire or personal
injury.

47
Exercise:

1. What is Power supply of a computer?

2.1.15. Computer keyboard

In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical
levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards
became the main input device for computers.

A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single
written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence.
While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can
produce actions or execute computer commands.

Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse, touch screen, pen devices, character recognition and
voice recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used device for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into
computers.

In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text entry interface to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or
other programs. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer
keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards
are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which
can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a
computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine. A
command-line interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a keyboard, or another device doing the job of
one.

2.1.16. Types of Keyboard:

48
Standard

Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key
travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the
104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys.

Laptop-size

Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke, shorter over travel
distance, and a reduced set of keys. They may not have a numerical keypad, and the function keys may be placed in locations
that differ from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard. The switch mechanism for a laptop keyboard is more likely
to be a scissor switch than a rubber dome; this is opposite the trend for full-size keyboards.

Handheld

Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat
on top of a table surface. Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard
would have, yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that
would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard.

Thumb-sized

Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built-in keyboard, such as PDAs, and smart phones.
Small keyboards are also useful where there is a limited workspace.

49
 Figure 2.8: Keyboard

2.1.17. Mouse

The mouse is a peripheral that is known as a pointing device. It lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and
move them.

There are two main types of mice: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an electronic eye to detect movement and
is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect movement. Generally, a mechanical mouse is less
expensive, although it may require regular cleaning to keep it working properly.

Traditionally, a mouse connects to the computer using a USB or PS/2 connection. However, you can also buy a wireless
mouse, which can reduce clutter on your desktop.

Figure 2.9: Mouse

50
2.1.18. Mouse alternatives

There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse but that have a different look and feel. Many people find them to
be easier to use, and they also require less desk space than a mouse. The most common mouse alternatives include:

 Trackball: A trackball has a ball on top that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like a mouse, you can roll
the ball with your fingers to move the pointer. Some mobile devices have miniature trackballs that can be controlled
with your thumb.
 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a track pad—is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by making a
drawing motion with your finger. Touch pads are common on laptop computers.

Figure 2.10: Touch pad of a laptop

Exercise
1. Write a short mote of mouse.
2. What type of mouse is best suited for use?

51
2.1.19. Buttons, Sockets and Slots on a Desktop Computer

Introduction

Take a look at the front and back of your computer case, and count the number of buttons, sockets, and slots you see. Now
look at your monitor and count any that appear there. You probably counted at least 20.

Each computer is different, so the buttons, slots, and sockets will vary from computer to computer. However, there are
certain features you can expect to find on most desktop computers. Being familiar with the names of each and how they are
commonly used will help you later on when you connect a new printer, mouse, digital camera, or other device.

2.1.20. Front of computer case

In this section Parts of the front case of a computer and its short description are given.

52
 Figure 2.11: Front of computer case

 Optical Disc Drive

Often called a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive, these let your computer read CDs and DVDs. Most optical disc drives can also write
(or burn) data to CD-R and DVD-R discs. More recent drives can read Blu-ray discs and write to BD-R (Blu-ray disc recordable)
discs, and these drives are often called BD-ROM, BD-RE, or Blu-ray drives.

A typical Blu-ray disc can hold 25 gigabytes of data, and some can hold 50 gigabytes or more. This is much more than CDs or
DVDs, making BD-R discs ideal for storage.

 Power Button

The power button is used to power the computer on and off. Additionally, you can use the power button on some computers
to place the computer in different energy-saving modes such as hibernate, sleep, and standby. It is a good idea to read your
manual to learn how these features work on your computer.

53
 Figure 2.12: Power Button

 Audio In/Audio Out

Many computers include audio ports on the front of the computer case that allow you to easily connect speakers,
microphones, and headsets without fumbling with the back of the computer.

Figure 2.13: Audio In/Audio Out port

 USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port

Most desktop computers have several USB ports. These can be used to connect almost any type of device, including mice,
keyboards, printers, and digital cameras. They will often appear on the front and back of the computer.

54
 Figure 2.14: USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port

2.1.21. Back of computer case

On the back of the computer case are connection ports that are made to fit specific devices. The arrangement of these varies
from computer to computer, and many companies have their own special connectors for specific devices. Some of the ports
may be color coded to match a color on the device, which will help you determine which port is used with a particular device.

Figure 2.15: Back of computer case

 Power Socket

This is where you'll connect the power cord to the computer.

55
  Audio In/Audio Out

Almost every computer has two or more audio ports where you can connect various devices, including speakers,
microphones, and headsets.

Figure 2.16: Audio In/Audio Out port

 Ethernet Port

This port looks a lot like the modem or telephone port, but it is slightly wider. You can use this port for networking and
connecting to the Internet.

Figure 2.17: Ethernet Port

56
  USB Ports

On most desktop computers, most of the USB ports are on the back of the computer case. Generally, you'll want to connect
your mouse and keyboard to these ports and keep the front USB ports free so they can be used for digital cameras and other
devices.

Figure 2.18: USB Ports

2.1.22. Monitor Port

This is where you'll connect your monitor cable. In this example, the computer has both a DisplayPort and a VGA port. Other
computers may have other types of monitor ports, such as DVI (digital visual interface) or HDMI (high-definition
multimedia interface).

Figure 2.19: Monitor Port

57
  Serial Port

This port is less common on today's computers. It was frequently used to connect peripherals like digital cameras, but it has
been replaced by USB and other types of ports.

Figure 2.20: Serial Port

 PS/2

These ports are sometimes used for connecting the mouse and keyboard. Typically, the mouse port is green, and the
keyboard port is purple. On new computers, these ports have been replaced by USB.

Figure 2.21: PS/2

 Expansion Slots

These empty slots are where expansion cards are added to computers. For example, if your computer did not come with a
video card, you could purchase one and install it here.

58
 Figure 2.22: Expansion Slots

 Parallel Port (or Printer Port)

This is an older port that is less common on new computers. Like the serial port, it has now been replaced by USB.

Figure 2.23: Parallel Port (or Printer Port)

Exercise:

1. List the ports and button name of front computer case.

2. List the ports and button name of back computer case.
3. What do you mean by serial and parallel port?

2.1.23. Other types of ports

There are many other types of ports computers can have. For example, some Macs have a FireWire port, which is similar to
USB. There are also newer ports such as Thunderbolt, which can transmit data at very high speeds, making them ideal for use

59
with high-resolution monitors and external hard drives. If your computer has ports you don't recognize, consult your
manual for more information.

2.1.24. Peripherals you can use with your computer

The most basic computer setup usually includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse, but you can plug many
different types of devices into the extra ports on your computer. These devices are called peripherals. Below are a few
examples of peripherals.

Figure 2.24: Printer

 Printers: A printer is used to print documents, photos, and anything else that appears on your screen. There are many
types of printers available, including inkjet, laser, and photo printers. You can also buy an all-in-one printer, scanner,
and copier.
 Scanners: A scanner allows you to copy an image or document and save it to your computer as a digital (computer-
readable) image. Many scanners are included as part of an all-in-one printer, scanner, and copier, although you can
also buy a separate flatbed or handheld scanner.

60
 Figure 2.25: Scanner

 Speakers/headphones: Speakers and headphones are output devices, which means they are devices that
communicate information from the computer to the user. They allow you to hear sound and music. Depending on the
model, they may connect to the audio port or the USB port. Some monitors also have built-in speakers.

Figure 2.26: Speakers

61
 Microphones: A microphone is a type of input device, or a device that receives information from a user. You can
connect the microphone to the computer and use the computer to record sound or to communicate with another
computer user over the Internet. Many computers come with built-in microphones.

Figure 2.27: Microphones

 Web cameras: A web camera—or webcam—is a type of input device that can record videos and take pictures. It can
also transmit video over the Internet in real time, allowing you to do video chat or video conferencing with someone
in a different part of the world. Webcams are used often in business, and they also help many friends and families stay
connected.

Figure 2.28: Webcam

62
 Joystick or game controller: A joystick is a lever that is used to control computer games. There are many other types
of controllers you can use, and you can also use your mouse and keyboard to control most games.

Figure 2.29: Joystick or game controller

 Digital cameras: A digital camera lets you capture a picture or video in digital form. By connecting the camera to
your computer's USB port, you can transfer the images from the camera to the computer. You can then print the
images, email them to a friend, or post them on the Web.

Figure 2.30: Digital Cameras

63
 Mobile phones, MP3 players, tablet computers, and other devices: When you buy an electronic device such as a
mobile phone or MP3 player, check to see if it comes with a USB cable. If it does, this means you can connect it to your
computer. With many devices, you can synchronize—or sync—them with your computer, which automatically keeps
your contacts, music, and other data up to date whenever you connect the device to your computer.

Exercise

1. Write a short description of different peripheral devices.

2. For imaging and multimedia output what types of devices are used?

2.2. Inside a computer

Have you ever looked inside a computer case before, or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small parts may look
complicated, but the inside of a computer case really isn't all that mysterious. This lesson will help you master some of the
basic terminology and understand a bit more about what goes on inside a computer casing.

2.2.1. CPU/processor

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is
sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse,
or start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is generally a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a
thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat
from the CPU.

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions
of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the
computer depends on the speed of many different components—not just the processor.

64
There are many processor manufacturers for personal computers, but the most well-known ones are Intel and AMD.

Figure 2.31: Processor

2.2.2. Motherboard

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board,[1] or
colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds many
of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides
connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor
and other components.

Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is the "mother" of all
components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of
persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components (the
term main board is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling
boards in televisions, washing machines and other

65
 Figure 2.32: Motherboard

2.2.3. Power supply unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer.
It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components.

Figure 2.33: Power supply unit

66
If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first. Before touching the inside of
the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object—or a metal part of the computer casing—to discharge any static
buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits and ruin them.

2.2.4. RAM (random access memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in
the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document, spreadsheet, or
other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts
as long-term storage.

RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at
the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several programs
open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance.

Figure 2.34: RAM (random access memory)

2.2.5. Hard drive

The hard drive on your computer is where the software is installed, and it's also where your documents and other files are
stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.

67
When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you
save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive is, the faster your computer can start up and
load programs.

Figure 2.35: Hard drive

2.2.6. Expansion cards

Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are
sometimes called PCI (peripheral component interconnect) cards. You may never have to add any PCI cards because most
motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities. However, if you want to boost the performance of
your computer or update the capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the
most common types of expansion cards.

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 Figure 2.36: Expansion card

2.2.7. Video card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit)
built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a
faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance.

Figure 2.37: Video Card

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2.2.8. Sound card

The sound card, also called an audio card, is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones. Most
motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound.

Figure 2.38: Sound Card

2.2.9. Network card

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect with
an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in network
connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion slot.

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 Figure 2.39: Network Card

2.2.10. Bluetooth card

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in computers to communicate with
wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's often built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For
computers that don't have Bluetooth, a USB adapter, called a dongle, can be purchased.

Figure 2.40: Bluetooth Card

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2.2.11. What is a laptop computer?

A laptop is a personal computer that can be easily carried and used in a variety of locations. Many laptops are designed to
have all of the functionality of a desktop computer, which means they can generally run the same software and open the same
types of files. However, some laptops, such as netbooks, sacrifice some functionality in order to be even more portable.

Figure 2.41: Laptop

2.2.12. How is a laptop different from a desktop?

Because laptops are designed for portability, there are some important differences between them and desktop computers. A
laptop has an all-in-one design, with a built-in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which replaces the mouse), and speakers.
This means it is fully functional, even when there are no peripherals attached to it. A laptop is quicker to set up, and there are
fewer cables to get in the way. Some newer laptops even have touchscreens, so you may not even need to use a keyboard or
mouse.

There also is the option of connecting a regular mouse, larger monitor, and other peripherals. This basically turns your laptop
into a desktop computer, with one main difference: You can easily disconnect the peripherals and take the laptop with you
wherever you go.

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Here are the main differences you can expect with a laptop.

 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by making a
drawing motion with your finger. Many touchpads now include multi-touch gestures, which allow you to perform
specific tasks by making gestures with more than one finger. For example, a pinch gesture is often used to zoom in or
out.
 Battery: Every laptop has a battery, which allows you to use the laptop when it's not plugged in. Whenever you plug in
the laptop, the battery recharges. Another benefit of having a battery is that it can provide backup power to the laptop
if the power goes out.
 AC adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC adapter, which is designed to be used with
that specific type of laptop. Some of these cables use magnetic MagSafe connectors that will safely pull out if someone
trips over the power cable. This helps to prevent damage to the cable and the laptop.
 Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports desktop computers have (such as USB), although they usually have
fewer ports to save space. However, some ports may be different, and you may need an adapter in order to use them.
For example, the monitor port is often a Mini DisplayPort, which is a smaller version of the normal DisplayPort.

Figure 2.42: Different ports of a laptop

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2.2.13. What is a Notebook Computer?

A notebook computer is a battery- or AC-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be
transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings. A
notebook computer, sometimes called a laptop computer, typically weighs less than 5 pounds and is 3 inches or less in
thickness. Among the best-known makers of notebook and laptop computers are IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, Toshiba, and
Hewlett-Packard.

Notebook computers generally cost more than desktop computers with the same capabilities because they are more difficult
to design and manufacture. A notebook can effectively be turned into a desktop computer with a docking station, a hardware
frame that supplies connections for peripheral input/output devices such as a printer or larger monitor. The less capable port
replicator allows you to connect a notebook to a number of peripherals through a single plug.

Notebooks usually come with displays that use thin-screen technology. The thin film transistor or active matrix screen is
brighter and views better at different angles than the STN or dual-scan screen. Notebooks use several different approaches for
integrating a mouse into the keyboard, including the touch pad, the trackball, and the pointing stick. A serial port also allows a
regular mouse to be attached. The PC Card is insertable hardware for adding a modem or network interface card to a
notebook. CD-ROM and digital versatile disc drives may be built-in or attachable.

Figure 2.43: Notebook Computer

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2.2.14. What is a mobile device?

A mobile device is basically any handheld computer. It is designed to be extremely portable, often fitting in the palm of your
hand or in your pocket. Some mobile devices are more powerful, and they allow you to do many of the same things you can do
with a desktop or laptop computer. These include tablet computers, e-readers, and smartphones.

2.2.15. Tablet computers

Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they provide a different computing experience. The
most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-
sensitive, allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer.

Tablet computers can't necessarily do everything traditional computers can do. For many people, a traditional computer like a
desktop or laptop is still needed in order to use some programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means it may
be ideal as a second computer. Below are some of the main features you can expect with a tablet computer.

 Mobile OS: Different types of tablets use different operating systems. Examples include Android and iOS. You'll usually
be able to download free updates to your OS as they become available.
 Solid-state drives: Tablet computers usually use solid-state drives, which allow the computer to boot up and open
programs more quickly. They are also more durable than hard disk drives.
 Wi-Fi and 3G/4G: Because they are optimized for Internet use, tablet computers have built-in Wi-Fi. For a monthly fee,
you can also purchase a 3G or 4G data plan, allowing you to access the Internet from almost anywhere.
 Bluetooth: In order to save space, tablet computers have very few ports. If you want to use an external keyboard or
other peripherals, they will often use a wireless Bluetooth connection.

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 Figure 2.44: Tablet computers

2.2.16. Smartphone

A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run a variety of applications in addition to providing phone
service. Smartphones are basically small tablet computers, and they can be used for web browsing, watching videos,
reading e-books, and playing games.

Smartphones use touchscreens and operating systems similar to those used by tablet computers. Many of them use a
virtual keyboard, but others have a physical keyboard, which allows the entire screen to be used for display purposes.

Internet access is an important feature of smartphones. Generally, you will need to purchase a 3G, 4G, or LTE data plan in
addition to normal cell service. Smartphones can also connect to Wi-Fi when it is available; this allows you to use the Internet
without using up your monthly data allotment.

3G, 4G, and LTE—sometimes called 4G LTE—are different types of networks for cell phones. 3G is the slowest of the three
networks, but it is also the most widely used. 4G has the potential to be much faster than 3G, but most phones are not yet
equipped to use it. 4G networks are also not available everywhere—you're more likely to be able to use one if you live in a big

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city. LTE is the most recent version of 4G. As more phones become 4G compatible, the number of people who use 4G and LTE
networks will likely grow.

Figure 2.45: Smart phone

Exercise

1. For which purpose Network Card is used?

2. Give a short comparison of RAM and ROM.
3. Can the Bluetooth card serve the purpose of network card?
4. What are the main features of Smartphone?
5. Show the comparison between laptop and notepad.
6. Show the comparison between tablet devices and smartphones

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2.3. Connecting to the Internet
How do I connect to the Internet?

Once you've set up your computer, you'll probably want to get Internet access so you can send and receive email, browse the
Web, watch movies, and more. Before you can access the Internet, there are three things you need: an Internet service, a
modem, and a web browser.

2.3.1. Choosing an Internet service

Which service is best for me?

It all depends on where you live and how much speed you need. Internet service providers (ISPs) usually offer different
levels of speed based on your needs. If you're mainly using the Internet for email and social networking, a slower connection
might be all you need. However, if you want to download a lot of music or watch streaming movies, you'll want a faster
connection. You'll need to do some research to find out what the options are in your area. Here are some common types of
Internet service.

 Dial-up: Dial-up is generally the slowest type of Internet connection, and you should probably avoid it unless it is the
only service available in your area. Like a phone call, a dial-up modem will connect you to the Internet by dialing a
number, and it will disconnect when you are done surfing the Web. Unless you have multiple phone lines, you will not
be able to use your land line and the Internet at the same time with a dial-up connection.
 DSL: DSL service uses a broadband connection, which makes it much faster than dial-up. However, it is unavailable in
many locations, so you'll need to contact your local ISP for information about your area. DSL connects to the Internet
via phone line but does not require you to have a land line at home. Unlike dial-up, it will always be on once it's set up,
and you'll be able to use the Internet and your phone line simultaneously.

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  Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV, although you do not necessarily need to have cable TV in
order to get it. It uses a broadband connection and can be faster than both dial-up and DSL service; however, it is only
available in places where cable TV is available.
 Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable or phone lines; it connects to the Internet
through satellites orbiting the Earth. As a result, it can be used almost anywhere in the world, but the connection
may be affected by weather patterns. A satellite connection also relays data on a delay, so it is not the best option for
people who use real-time applications, like gaming or video conferencing.
 3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used with mobile phones and tablet computers, and it connects
wirelessly through your ISP's network. If you have a device that's 3G or 4G enabled, you'll be able to use it to access the
Internet away from home, even when there is no Wi-Fi connection. However, you may have to pay per device to use a
3G or 4G connection, and it may not be as fast as DSL or cable.

2.3.2. Choosing an Internet service provider

Once you have decided which type of Internet access you're interested in, you can determine which ISPs are available in
your area that offer the type of Internet access you want. Then you'll need to purchase Internet service from one of the
available ISPs. Talk to friends, family members, and neighbors to see which ISPs they use. Below are some things to consider as
you research ISPs:

 Speed
 Price
 Ease of installation
 Service record
 Technical support
 Contract terms

Although dial-up has traditionally been the least expensive option, many ISPs have raised dial-up prices to be the same as
broadband. This is intended to encourage people to switch to broadband. Generally, you should only use dial-up if it's the only
option available.

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  Hardware needed

2.3.3. Modem

Once you have your computer, you really don't need much additional hardware to connect to the Internet. The primary piece
of hardware you need is a modem.

The type of Internet access you choose will determine the type of modem you need. Dial-up access uses a telephone modem,
DSL service uses a DSL modem, cable access uses a cable modem, and satellite service uses a satellite adapter. Your ISP
may give you a modem—often for a fee—when you sign a contract, which helps ensure that you have the right kind of
modem. However, if you would prefer to shop for a better or less expensive modem, you can choose to buy one separately.

Figure 2.46: Modem

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2.3.4. Router

A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several computers and other devices to a single Internet
connection, which is known as a home network. Many routers are wireless, allowing you to easily create a wireless
network.

You don't necessarily need to buy a router to connect to the Internet. It's possible to connect your computer directly to your
modem using an Ethernet cable. Also, many modems now include a built-in router, so you have the option of creating a
network without having to buy more hardware.

Most routers also act as a hardware firewall, which helps prevent others from gaining access to your computer through the
Internet.

Figure 2.47: Router

2.3.5. Network card

A network card is a piece of hardware that allows computers to communicate over a computer network. Newer computers
have a network card built into the motherboard, so it probably isn't something you'll need to purchase. The network card will
have an Ethernet port, a wireless connection, or both.

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If you have a laptop with a wireless connection, you can access the Internet at any place that offers a Wi-Fi connection. Many
restaurants, coffee shops, bookstores, hotels, and other businesses offer free Wi-Fi. In addition, many cities provide free
Wi-Fi in public areas such as parks and downtown areas.

Figure 2.48: Network Card

Exercise

1. What is ISP?
2. Write some examples of Internet subscription services.
3. Give a comparison between Network card and Modem.

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