Gun Violence Literature Review: Understanding the Complexity

Writing a literature review on gun violence is a challenging task. It requires extensive research,
critical analysis, and synthesis of existing scholarly works to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the subject. Gun violence is a multifaceted issue with various contributing factors, including social,
economic, political, and psychological elements. Therefore, examining the existing literature demands
a nuanced approach and careful consideration of diverse perspectives.

One of the major difficulties in writing a literature review on gun violence is the vast amount of
available literature. The topic has garnered significant attention from researchers, policymakers, and
advocates, resulting in a plethora of academic articles, books, reports, and other scholarly sources.
Navigating through this extensive body of literature can be overwhelming, requiring meticulous
selection and evaluation of relevant sources.

Furthermore, the contentious nature of gun violence adds another layer of complexity to the
literature review process. The subject often evokes strong emotions and polarized opinions, leading to
a wide range of conflicting viewpoints and debates within the academic discourse. As a result,
synthesizing the existing literature while maintaining objectivity and impartiality can be a daunting
task for researchers.

In addition to the challenges posed by the abundance and diversity of literature, writing a literature
review on gun violence also requires a deep understanding of the underlying issues and dynamics. It
involves critically analyzing empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, statistical data, and policy
recommendations to uncover patterns, gaps, and contradictions in the existing research.

Given the complexities involved in writing a literature review on gun violence, seeking professional
assistance can be immensely beneficial. ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ offers expert guidance and support to
researchers undertaking literature reviews on complex topics like gun violence. With a team of
experienced writers and researchers, ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ ensures high-quality, well-researched
literature reviews that meet the rigorous standards of academic scholarship.

By ordering from ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, researchers can save time and effort while ensuring the
accuracy, coherence, and credibility of their literature reviews. With meticulous attention to detail
and a commitment to excellence, ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ delivers exceptional results that help
researchers advance their understanding of gun violence and contribute meaningfully to the academic
discourse surrounding this critical issue.
Individuals must always have their licenses on them so that they can produce them whenever they
are asked to do so. Firearm-related deaths constitute the majority of all homicides and suicides, but
firearm-related injuries represent only a minority of nonfatal injuries. 6. Consider the findings from
two of the most widely cited studies in the field: McDowall et al. (1998), using the data from 1992
and 1994 waves of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), found roughly 116,000
defensive gun uses per year, and Kleck and Gertz (1995), using data from the 1993 National Self-
Defense Survey (NSDS), found around 2.5 million defensive gun uses each year. Descriptive in
form, it also identifies gaps in understanding of some of the basic facts about the role firearms play
in intentional violence. Needless-to-say, monitoring such rapid and abrupt changes requires timely
information. Two patrol teams of four officers each were assigned to separate police zones
experiencing high rates of illegal gun activity. Braga et al. (2001a, 2001b) found that the Operation
Ceasefire intervention was associated with a 63 percent decrease in monthly number of Boston
youth homicides, a 32 percent decrease in monthly number of shots-fired calls, a 25 percent decrease
in the monthly number of firearm-related assaults, and, in one high-risk police district given special
attention in the evaluation, a 44 percent decrease in monthly number of youth firearm-related assault
incidents. A gun in the hand of a robber may have different consequences than a gun in the hands of
a potential robbery victim, a drug dealer, or someone who is suicidal. The difficulty of measuring the
extent of firearms possession, the ways in which firearms are acquired, and the myriad uses of
firearms comes up in every chapter of the report. For example, it might be that the presence of a gun
in a robbery is associated with higher death rates, but lower injury rates. Gun violence is a modern-
day global human right issue. In addition, critics of survey approaches have raised concerns about
how survey data might be used to establish what would be close to a national registry of firearm
possessors. Click on a state to see the text of specific laws that were in effect in a given year. Some
of the statistics that I learned at the session is, gun-related deaths are now the third leading cause of
death for American children. Simple death counts cannot answer these complex questions. Validation
studies on the accuracy of self-reports of illicit drug use among arrestees, for example, suggest that
for this somewhat rare but illegal activity, the numbers of false reports of use are far less than the
numbers of false reports of abstinence: self-reports of drug use are biased downward (Harrison,
1995). Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. More
importantly, however, evidence on the apparent biases of the estimated incident rates, wounding
rates, and counts of averted injuries does not directly pertain to the accuracy of the DGU estimates.
You can also find more Essay Writing articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.
The city has a rich history that dates back hundreds of years, and there are many landmarks and sites
that pay tribute to this history. Firearms and other weapons may be involved at different points in the
development of a crime, from threats to realized crimes and injury. To trigger intervention, any
serious violent offending by a gang (knives, blunt instrument beatings) was enough. This information
is entered into BATF’s Firearms Tracing Center at the NTC. Or to state our task even more humbly,
we may be better than many other people in understanding what the studies of these consequences
may mean. The close correspondence on firearms therefore suggests that most firearm-related
robberies are reported to the police. But so far, the Court has held that the Second Amendment
affects only federal action, presumably leaving states free to act as they wish. (For a review of
holdings on the Second Amendment, see Appendix C.). Using the original National Crime Survey,
McDowall and Wiersema (1994) estimate 64,615 annual incidents from 1987 to 1990. There is also
uncertainty regarding the accuracy of survey responses to sensitive questions and the related
problems of how to effectively measure defensive gun use, the types of questions that should be
asked, and the methods of data collection. Some reports of defensive gun use may involve illegal
carrying and possession (Kleck and Gertz, 1995; Kleck, 2001b), and some uses against supposed
criminals may legally amount to aggravated assault (Duncan, 2000a, 2000b; McDowall et al., 2000;
Hemenway et al., 2000; Hemenway and Azrael, 2000). Furthermore, the durable nature of firearms
may arguably lead some respondents to provide invalid reports because of fears about future events
(e.g., a ban on certain types of guns) even if they have no concerns about the legality of past events.
However, beginning mid-2007, the BPD shifted its focus to initiatives aimed at apprehending violent
criminals and targeting illegal gun possession. Moreover, a survey of arrestees cannot be used to
infer acquisition and use among criminals or the general population. The feed will inherit more
specific styles, like font face and font color, from your website. Include your name and email
address along with your suggestion just in case we need to get in touch. Kleck and DeLone (1993)
rely on multivariate linear regression methods that implicitly assume that firearms use, conditional on
observed factors, is statistically independent of the unobserved factors influencing the outcomes, as
would be the case in a classical randomized experiment. 12 Is this exogenous selection assumption
reasonable. Good examples of standardized data sets for measuring firearm violence are the FBI’s
UCR program, the National Crime Victimization Survey, and the mortality files available from the
National. However, an amendment was added to this bill which replaced the waiting period with
National Instant Criminal Background Check System by licenses Vizzard, 2015. The book assesses
the strengths and limitations of current databases, examining current research studies on firearm use
and the efforts to reduce unjustified firearm use and suggests ways in which they can be improved.
Young people are especially affected by this, so much so that firearm fatalities consistently rank
among the leading causes of death per capita for youth. Give me your paper requirements and I
connect you to an academic expert. The best known example of laws that institute a mandatory
penalty for unlawful carrying is the Massachusetts Bartley-Fox gun law. The committee is not aware
of any empirical evidence that supports the view that nonresponse is random or, for that matter,
evidence to the contrary. Together they had 4 guns with them when they began their cowardly acts.
Suppose that 1,000 individuals are asked whether they used a firearm defensively during the past
year but that 500 do not respond, so the nonresponse rate is 50 percent. Emergency departments and
hospitals collect information on violent injuries and death just as frequently. In contrast, if
respondents, concerned about being perceived as inept, are inclined to report successful forms of
resistance but conceal ineffective forms, the estimated efficacy of self-defense will be biased
upward. The NCVS data indicate that 90 percent of firearm-related robberies in 2000 were
committed with a handgun. The firearm-related homicide victimization rate was 16.64 per 100,000
for non-Hispanic blacks, 6.19 for Hispanics, 1.53 for non-Hispanic whites, and 2.60 for other races.
Blacks were also disproportionately affected by the rise and fall of firearm homicides in the 1980s
and 1990s. 10. This report covers the following topics: gun deaths by intent, homicide, children and
teens, and domestic violence. For example, if the proxy is correlated with gun homicides at the state
level, then it is often assumed that availability at the individual level of analysis is associated with
individual manifestations of violence. This type of methodology holds much appeal when an
intervention is the only notable event occurring in the time period under study. There were over
41,000 nongun homicides and over 63,000 gun homicides in the United States during this period.
Lexington and Concord was the beginning of the fight for freedom. The need to have a rigid policy
on the ownership and use of guns remains a better choice. But important as these beliefs are, they are
not questions that can be easily resolved through scientific inquiry. Is it necessary to construct a new
data set that includes both ownership or availability data and the covariates. Firearms are involved in
homicides and suicides, but determining how many would have occurred had no firearm been
available is at best a difficult task. Over the years, incarceration rates, as well as harsher punishments,
have started to rise, and this allows for reducing gun violence rates. If instead, the differences occur
because the NSDS-type question includes preemptive uses, then the relevant debate might focus on
which variable is of interest. There are many benefits to traveling and experiencing new cultures.
This impact on firearm-related robberies, however, may have been due to regression to the mean, as
Arizona experienced a 75 percent increase in firearm-related robberies in the two years prior to the
passage of the law (McPheters et al., 1984). In this section, we describe the administrative data
collected as part of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms’ tracing system, the trace data,
and a proposed addendum on firearms to the National Institute of Justice survey of arrestees, the
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) survey. Firearms and Violence uses conventional
standards of science to examine three major themes - firearms and violence, the quality of research,
and the quality of data available. Using this framework, one might hope to disentangle the effects of
the various levers and more generally assess the effectiveness of these targeted policing programs.
Deutsch and Alt found a statistically significant 18 percent decrease in gun assaults and a
statistically significant 20 percent decrease in armed robberies, but no statistically significant changes
in homicide incidents. The research community in this area needs to focus more attention on
assessing the biases created by proxies and on the development of better direct measures of
availability and use. Data for estimating firearm-related mortality lack timeliness and contain only
limited information on key circumstantial and weapon-related variables. Without reliable information
on the prevalence of defensive gun use, researchers are forced to make implausible and
unsubstantiated assumptions about the accuracy of self-reported measures of resistance. Focusing
criminal justice attention on a small number of high-risk offenders may be a promising way to
control gun violence. While the vast majority of these studies conclude that homicides and
availability are closely associated (Lester, 1990; Killias, 1993a, 1993b; Hemenway and Miller, 2000),
the methodological problems in this research (measurement of key variables is of questionable
validity, the use of nation-states as the unit of analysis may mask subnational variability, and models
tested are poorly specified) do not encourage us to place much weight on this research. Thus, the
committee recommends that a sustained and systemic research program be devoted to studying the
impact of different place-based gun suppression patrol and targeted policing approaches in general.
While many of these efforts are new and have not been adequately evaluated, they are frequently
thought to hold promise for immediate impact. Even if firearms are shown to be a cause of lethal
violence, the development of successful prevention programs remains a complex undertaking, as
such interventions would undoubtedly have to address the many factors other than the firearm that
are involved in any violent situation. These disagreements over definition and measurement have
resulted in prevalence rates that differ by a factor of 22 or more. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of
the National Academy of Sciences. These evaluations should focus on replicating the existing
evidence in different settings, running experimental evaluations, and formalizing and estimating
behavioral models of policing and crime. If criminals were not armed, would firearms be more or less
useful for protecting potential victims? If the efficacy of self-defense depends on the number of
firearms in society, then partial equilibrium analyses that hold offender weaponry fixed may not
answer the right questions. Imagine, for example, measuring defensive gun use for a person who
routinely carries a handgun in a visible holster. In particular, the methodology rests on an assumption
that the only important difference between the targeted and control patrol areas is in the
intervention. Hemenway (1997a) and others suggest that estimates from the NSDS are biased
upward, arguing that memory telescoping, self-presentation biases, and the rare events problem more
generally lead the numbers of false positive reports to substantially exceed the numbers of false
negative reports. While there are pros and cons to each side, the cons outweigh the pros. Certainly,
we are interested in the behavior of all victims, not just those who self-report. Lizotte (1986) draws
similar conclusions using data from city victim surveys. The reports are available directly from the
NORC and are listed on under “GSS Methodological Reports.”. Some information on firearms and
violence is found in probability samples of well-defined populations, such as the National Crime
Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the General Social Survey (GSS). The particular outcome of an
offender is of little relevance. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new
publications in your areas of interest when they're released. Response rates were relatively high:
about 85 percent of arrestees agreed to interview ( ). Mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, extended
family, and strangers have all been affected by the victims of shootings at Aurora, Colorado,
Columbine High school, and Sandy Hook Elementary school. To make reasonable decisions about
these matters, public authorities must take account of conflicting constitutional claims and divided
public opinion as well as the facts about the relationship between firearms and violence.
This includes the fact that gun Control proponents do not seek to deprive hunters as well as target
shooters from their passion of sports. With the data presented the issue of gun violence in this
community has gone out of control. The city has a rich history that dates back hundreds of years, and
there are many landmarks and sites that pay tribute to this history. This is a policy that could fix
multiple failures at the National Instant Criminal Background Check System that legally sells
firearms to multiple people who have killed 20 or more people in mass shootings, all because of
background checks not being properly updated. The review comments and draft manuscript remain
confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. America did not, after all, suddenly
become a gun-owning nation. The committee has spent the past two years learning about research
and data on firearms and seeking to learn from each other how our disciplines evaluate. Household-
based surveys such as the NCVS and the GSS are limited to the population of persons with stable
residences, thereby omitting transients and other persons at high risk for firearm violence. Would you
say almost certainly not, probably not, might have, probably would have, or almost certainly would
have been killed. Despite these differences, the systems are highly concordant in their estimates of
firearm-related murder. Safety is one of the basic needs of people and they should be provided to the
people. In 2000, over 48,000 victims suffered nonfatal gunshot wounds (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2001) and over 10,000 were murdered with a firearm (Federal Bureau of
Investigation, 2001). More generally, we recognize that data on firearms ownership and violence
have been the subject of great controversy. Throughout this report we hold all the research we
reviewed to these reasonable standards. Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an
academic expert. APHA supports requiring criminal background checks for all firearms purchases,
including those sold at gun shows and on the Internet. Hemenway (1997a) and others suggest that
estimates from the NSDS are biased upward, arguing that memory telescoping, self-presentation
biases, and the rare events problem more generally lead the numbers of false positive reports to
substantially exceed the numbers of false negative reports. Buying a gun in this country takes less
than an hour. Similarly in interrupted-time-series designs, the length of the series and the well-known
problems associated with nonexperimental and quasi-experimental designs (see Campbell and
Stanley, 1966) are frequently not given the attention required for the work to be judged acceptable.
For any rare event, in fact for any event with less than 50 percent probability, there are more
respondents who can give false positive than false negative reports. Reported crimes involving
firearms increased by over 10 percent between 2000 and 2001 and decreased moderately in 2002 ( ).
Will other forms of crime and violence emerge as police change the focus of their efforts. Based on
feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read
thousands of publications on our website. It consists of both intentional and unintentional assault,
domestic and family violence, law enforcement intervention, homicide, suicide, self-harm, and
undetermined causes (Gun Violence in America, 2018). The most promising emerging data source
with respect to information on the context and circumstances of firearm violence is the National
Violent Death Reporting System, which will compile individual-level data from both criminal justice
and public health sources on event circumstances, as well as detailed descriptions of the weapons
used in violence. Those who use gun violence should be imprisoned for a longer period than the law
currently provides. Gun violence has been deeply rooted in society, albeit the United States as a
whole or Baltimore. In an analysis of yearly issuances of firearms identification cards and licenses to
carry firearms between 1970 and 1975, Beha reported that the high degree of publicity attendant on
the amendment’s passage, some of which was inaccurate, increased citizen compliance with existing
legal stipulations surrounding firearm acquisition and possession, some of which were not in fact
addressed by the amendment. Some of the statistics that I learned at the session is, gun-related
deaths are now the third leading cause of death for American children. Finally, the interventions
were of limited duration and scope, focusing on particular areas at particular points in time.