PART ONE About Cambridge University PART TWO You Have Been at Comell University PART THREE Women Teachers in Primary Schools PART FOUR When I Was at Harrow ............ PART FIVE PART SIX PART ONE _ Increasing Juvenile Crime ae PART TWO The Figures for Burglaries Have Risen Alarmingly .... ....33 PART THREE A Bank Robbery . PART FOUR Because You're a Lawyer PART FIVE The Victim ofa Crime PART SIX _ Listening and Translation. ... PART FOUR PART FIVE — How Is Urbanization Negatively Affecting Our Society? ... 47 PART SIX _ Listening and Translation ......0666..ceeeeeeee esau ees 49Unit Four .... PART ONE The Ideas behind the Words PART TWO What Makes a Good Language Learner? PART THREE _ Different Varieties of English ...... PART FOUR Functions of Language . PART FIVE Learning Italian . PART SIX Listening and Translation ...... beeeeeeneeeseeeeenneee 58 Unit Five... 00... 00... cece cece n ee neteee ener eee 60 PART ONE Monochronism and Polychronism .........--+++-006 PART TWO Cross-cultural Differences in Behavior .. PART THREE What Kind of Message Is Carried by Clothing? PART FOUR — What Is Good Feng Shui? . PART FIVE ‘When Most Couples Marry PART SIX Listening and Translation . Unit Six...... 0.0.0... e eee eterna ee vee beesretetenees settee eres 71 --71 +72 PART ONE __[fYou Will Be Graduating from High School or College PART TWO Ata Job Interview PART THREE Astronaut Wanted: No Experience Necessary 7B PART FOUR = Howto Actually GetaJob .......... eee 74 PART FIVE -- 76 PART SIX Listening and Translation . +79 Unit Seven .......... 6660 ce cece eee ee eee tent teeeennenaene seteeeeee 82 PART ONE Queuing in London PART TWO About a London Taxi Driver . PART THREE An American in London .... PART FOUR = About Life in the East End of London . PART-FIVE Afternoon ‘Tea at the Ritz . PART SIX Listening and Translation ...... 2.600.006 secs eee e ee eee Unit Bight. .00.0000 000 cc ceeeceeceeeeeecseeeceeeenneeeseeees ” PART ONE Holidays in Britain .. PART TWO How Many Different Countries Have You Ever Been to? . . 92PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX Unit Nine ....... PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX Unit Ten .. PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX Unit Eleven ... PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX Unit Twelve..... PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE PART FOUR PART FIVE PART SIX Holidays May Be a Source of Stress An Economist Made a Two-week Trip to Southern Asia... ‘Traveling and Jet Lag. . Listening and Translation Illegal Drugs in the US Homelessness in the United States Hunger Often Lurks in Our Own Backyard: ‘Americans Are Big Givers. The “Broken Windows” Theory . Listening and Translation 114 About Canada Eating Habits in France .. The Different Places I Have Lived . . The Work of Pedal Power Small-town America Listening and Translation . 144 You Have a Powerful Voice. Talking about Illnesses . Sleep Disorders ... Sleepy Teenagers . . When Is Being Overweight a Health Problem? . 130 Listening and Translation . . 132 bebe cece e ee teebeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeteteeenieeeneeeeees 134 Working in the UK and Germany . 0. ...e.ceeeeeeeeeee 134 Presentecism Is a Big Problem. Being Watched in the Office .. ‘As the Saying Goes, Time Is Money. Getting on Well with Colleagues .. Listening and TranslationPART ONE News about a Disaster ... PART TWO Entertainment or News? . PART THREE Business Update ........ PART FOUR = Hurricane Wayne and Other News PART FIVE PART SIX Unit Fourteen... 2.0... 6... c cece ee nee eeene scene ee ees 156 PART ONE An Occasional User of the Internet .... PART TWO How Computers Affect Our Children’s Minds PART THREE _ Internct Addiction . PART FOUR A Support Group for Internet-addicted Kids PART FIVE An Over-communicated World PART SIX Unit Fifteen PART ONE PART TWO PART THREE The Top 100 Global Brands . PART FOUR Six Steps in Starting a Business PART FIVE Different Attitudes towards Money Matters . PART SIX Listening and Translation PART ONE The Great Life . PART TWO Friends of the Earth . PART THREE Environment and Health . PART FOUR Cigarette Smoking ...... PART FIVE How Was Your First Week in the AIDS Ward? . PART SIX Listening and Translation Sample Test One.. Sample Test Two. Scripts. 357PART ONE Ge Vocabulary chapel arcade @ cutturat notes ol King’s College Chapel — the church at King’s College in Cambridge, England, i where every Christmas Eve a carol service is held, led by a choir of boys. } 2. Wren Library — the Trinity College Library, desigried by the 17th century architect Sir Christopher Wren, architect of the St Paul's Cathedral. OG Exercises A. listen to a conversation about Cambridge, and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) The University. (B) The bridge. (C) Trinity College. (D) King’s College Chapel. 2. (A) Only fellows are admitted. (B) Only fellows are allowed to visit. (C) Only fellows walk on the grass. (D) Only fellows are permanently attached to the college. 23 ——3. (A) A professor. (B) A lecturer. (C) The treasurer of the college. (D) The director of the board. 4. (A) Trinity College. (B) Clare College. (C) St John’s College. (D) King’s College. 5. (A) Trinity College. (B) Clare College. (C) St John’s College. (D) King’s College. B. Listen again, and then decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): 1. Acollege fellow may be an administrator of the college. 2. College fellows are very often the directors of a company at the same time. 7 3. Clare College was founded in the seventeenth century. 4. Clare Bridge was built to provide easy access for the university students. 5. The Wren Library was built above ground level because it was sited near the river. 6. King’s College has a choir school attached to it. 7. There are currently two science parks in Cambridge. amacle You Have Been at Cornell Universit quiz to skip GB Cultural Notes. Comell University — a private university located in Ithaca, New York, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. Cornell was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell, a businessman and a pioneer in the telegraph industry, and Andrew Dickson White, a respected scholar and politician. —— 24OB Exercises Listen to an orientation speech at an American university and supply the missing words and phrases: You have been at Cornell University for two weeks now. As usual, you need enough time to (1). You also want to spend time with your new friends and (2). But, after the first two weeks of classes, you have probably concluded that there isn’t enough time to (3), because you also have to attend classes, go to labs, do assignments (4). Soon you will be in a situation like this one: You are going to (5) in your ten o’clock class. You studied for it until 3 a.m. You also have an eight o’clock class. (6) and skip the eight o’clock class? To some extent the answer depends on (7). Some instructors announce that (8). In that case you really should go to class. Some don’t say anything. In that case you have to decide. (9) it is better to stay in bed and sleep than to get so tired you cannot think. However, it is not a good idea to skip class (10). If you have to skip a class, ask another student for the class notes, (11). Also, come to the next class prepared. If you miss class (12), tell the instructor afterward. He or she may let you (13). If you have an important appointment, tell the instructor about it (14). Here is another problem. You took the quiz. Even after studying very hard, you could not answer all the questions. (15) you always got every answer right. What went wrong? Nothing. High school work is easy, so a good student is supposed to (16). In college the teacher wants to challenge even the best students. Therefore, almost nobody (17). But maybe there were some very (18) in that course you don’t understand. Go to see the teacher during (19). Most teachers will gladly explain things again. Of course, they will not be pleased to (20) to someone who skipped class. Maybe you really should get up for that eight o'clock class! 25 ——RT THREE Women Teacher: Primary Schools @ vocabusery sector headmistress @ rxercises This is an interview given by a woman teacher about her job. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear at the end of the interview: 1. (A) An article about the chances of promotion for teachers. (B) A survey on the behavior of school boys and girls. (C) A report written by the local education authority. (D) A research into the differences in teaching between male and female teachers. 2. (A) A primary school of low quality in teaching. (B) A school for mentally retarded children. (C) A special school for problem children. (D) A section of the school for children between the ages of three and seven. 3. (A) Because the society as a whole is mainly male-oriented. (B) Because boys are brought up to be more ambitious than girls. (C) Because male teachers have fewer household chores to do. (D) Because female teachers consider themselves less fit for administration. 4. (A) To assume greater responsibilities for running the school. (B) To get rapid promotion. (C) To stay as a classroom teacher. (D) To teach more senior classes. 5. (A) “There are more women teachers than men teachers in primary education. (B) The woman would like to be a headmistress of the school. (C) The woman doesn’t like her job very much, so she’s considering a transfer. (D) Boys are not brought up to be more ambitious than girls. —— 26PART FOUR BAUS 6 Vocabulary self-made Harrovian to gear elite to deride swot to frown on cricket to grind out to whinge . Public School (UK) — A public school, in the UK, is a school that charges . Michelin man — a drawing of a small, fat man who looks as if he is made of Cultural Notes eee Harrow — Harrow School is a British public school for boys, at Harrow-on- the-Hill, northwest London. It is one of the most expensive and prestigious public schools in Britain. Men who have been educated at Harrow are known as Old Harrovians. fees and is financed by bodies other than the state, commonly as a private charitable trust. In British usage, a government-run school (which would be called a “public school” in other countries, such as the United States) is called a State School. Whether the term “public school” can be applied to all of the several thousand independent schools in the UK is a matter for debate. Whilst some schools openly declare themselves to be public schools, possibly to attract foreign students, others prefer to be called independent schools. tyres, used in advertising by the French Michelin company. @ Exercises Aman is talking about his school days. He went to Harrow, one of the best known public schools in Britain. Liston and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) He had a working-class father. (B) His father became successful through his own efforts. 27 ——(C) His family was rich enough to send him to the public school. (D) His family came into a big fortune and became rich. 2. (A) To produce academics. (B) To produce sportsmen. (C) To produce “gentlemen”. (D) To produce professionals. 3. (A) Work hard. (B) Be “masculine”. (C) Be good at sport. (D) Conform. 4. (A) Cricket. (B) Football. (C) Golf. (D) Basketball. 5. (A) Being clean of limb. (B) Being tough and hard. (C) Wearing an overcoat in winter. alma mater to get shortchanged to outperform detrimental regressive endorsement 8 Cultural Notes — 28 state school/public school (USA) — State schools, also known in the United States and Canada as public schools, are schools offered to all children by the government, whether national, regional, or local, paid for, in whole or in part, by State taxes. In the United States, the term “public school” is used for primary and secondary schools which are funded and/or run by a governmental entity. Public schools in the United States are administered at the federal level by the United States Department of Education, at the state level by state education agencies, and at the local level by local education agencies. Public school is normally split up into three stages: elementary school (kindergarten to 5th or 6th grade), middle (“intermediate” or junior high school) from 5th or 6th grade to 8th or 9th grade, and high school (9th to 12th grade). (D) Being well-dressed and elegant.OB Exercises This is a short talk about single-sex education. Listen and then supply for the blank spaces in the following passage the missing words or expressions that you hear: When you stop and think about your high school or college alma mater, were your experiences more positive or negative? Do your feelings of (1) in that school have anything to do with whether or not your school was single-sex or coed? (2) to send their children to single-sex schools, because they feel both (3) when they study in the company of students of the same sex. They (4). For years, only parents who could afford to send their children to private schools, or who had (5), chose single-sex education for their children. Single-sex schooling was (6) for most American families. Today, however, along with (7), public schools are experimenting with the idea of (8). Girls may be the ones who benefit most from single-sex schooling. Studies have shown that (9) in coed classrooms because teachers sometimes pay more attention to boys. Girls’ (10) toward their studies tends to disappear as they begin to feel less successful. They start to (11) outperform them in math and science. As boys (12), girls start to lose it. Moreover, adolescence is (13) for girls. As they experience adolescent changes, some girls become depressed, develop an addiction, or suffer from (14). In the early 1990s, some influential people said that being in single- sex classes could (15). Schools across the country began. creating single-sex classrooms and schools. But many critics claim that (16) may actually be detrimental to a girl’s education because they (17) of sex differences. The renewed interest in single-sex schooling (18) among Americans. Those who give it full endorsement believe girls need an all-female environment to take risks and find their own voices. Those who (19) of single-sex schooling wonder whether students’ lack of achievement warrants returning to an educational system that divides the sexes. They believe there is no (20).PART SIX ‘tening and Translation 6 Vocabulary dung soot hearth | The Sahara — the world's largest hot desert. At over 9,400,000 square kilometres, it covers most of Norther Africa, making it almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara Desert stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel: a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna that comprises the northern region of central and western Sub-Saharan Africa. OB Exercises A. Sentence Translation Listen and translate each sentence you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space provided below: (ee (2) G) (4) 6) — 30B. Passage Translation listen and translate each passage you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening: ce) Q) 31 —to lash out Big Brother/Big Sister programs — Big Brothers and Big Sisters are adult volunteers in the US who mentor children, aged 6 through 18. The programs aim to found a non-profit or charitable organization whose mission is to match adult volunteers to children needing adult mentoring and help children, reach their potential through professionally supported, one-to-one relationships with mentors that try to have a measurable impact on youth. D rxercises This is part of an interview given by a man about increasing juvenile crime. Listen and then choose the best answer fo each question you hear: 1. (A) TV programs on crime. (B) Media coverage on crime. (C) The school system. (D) Juvenile crime. 2. (A) The problem has been overdone by the media. — 32(B) The messages the kids get make them like that. (C) The school has not done enough to help the kids. (D) Some kids are essentially violent. 3. (A) Giving the kids a more caring environment. (B) Setting up a responsible school system. (C) Taking harsh actions against violence in the school. (D) Keeping the kids under one-to-one surveillance. 4. (A) Do supervised activities. (B) Take instructional programs. (C) Stay in school for supper. (D) Go in for sports. 5. (A) Because they can help set good role models. (B) Because they can stop white-collar crime. (C) Because they can reduce crime. (D) Because they can make criminals feel fair. Liat The Figures for Burglaries Have Risen Alarmingl 8 Vocabulary to burgle outlay opportunist credentials G Exercises A. This is part of a short talk on home burglaries. Listen and choose the best answer to each question you hear at the end of the talk: 1. (A) A little over 50,000. (B) Approximately 50,000. (C) Less than 400,000. (D) More than 400, 000. 2. (A) Insurance companies refuse to provide cover for burglaries in high-risk areas. (B) Insurance agents are selling more burglary policies. (C) Insurance premiums have risen considerably over the past few years. (D) Insurance companies plan to offer new insurance products against burglary. 33 ——3. (A) To fit a burglary alarm. (B) To fix good locks and bolts on doors and windows. (C) To leave milk bottles on the doorstep. (D) To check the callers’ credentials. 4. (A) Burglaries always happen while you're out. (B) Burglaries take only a little time to finish. (C) To avoid a burglary, keep your curtains drawn in the day. (D) Milk bottles left on the doorstep are a warning to burglars. 5. (A) A Rising Number of Burglaries. (B) How to Prevent Household Burglaries. (©) Crime and Punishment. (D) Police — an Efficient Force to Cut Burglaries. B. Listen again and supply the missing information in the talk: The figures for burglaries have risen alarmingly over the last few years and are now quite appalling. Let me quote you (1). A house is burgled in Britain now about every two minutes, and over the past three years the number of burglaries (2) has risen by approximately 50,000 to well over 400,000 this year. The insurance companies report that last year alone household burglary losses (3) over the previous year to 138.2 million pounds, and I believe one or two companies are refusing to (4) in what we might call high-risk areas. There are, nevertheless, (5) which can be taken against burglaries, which I will briefly outline for you. It really only requires (6) and a small outlay, combined with a little knowledge of the way a burglar thinks and operates. You have to (7), really. Most burglars are opportunists looking for an easy break-in, so don’t make things simple for them. Don’t advertise the fact that you’re out or away, or (8). Even if you're just popping out for a quarter of an hour, don’t leave doors and windows open or unlocked. A burglary can (9). This time element leads me to my second main point, that where a house is hard to get into and will take a long time to do so because you've fitted —— 34(10) on your exterior doors and windows or even burglar alarms, the chances are that the burglar will (11). Don’t advertise the fact that you’re not at home. There are plenty of these lapses, I can assure you. Milk bottles (12), papers by the front door, garage doors wide open, curtains drawn in the daytime or (13) are all indications. For comparatively little you can buy a programmed time-switch that'll (14) at appropriate times. Not all burglaries happen (15), of course. You should always be wary of callers at the door who say, for example, that they’ve come to (16); always check their credentials, and if in doubt don’t let them in. It’s also a good idea to keep a record of (17) on electrical equipment, radios, TVs and so on, or even to take photographs of valuable jewelry, (18). Wessex — situated southwest of London, Wessex encompasses the counties } of Somerset, Dorset, Wiltshire and the western part of Hampshire. It is an area of gently rolling downs, peat moorlands and a magnificent 70-mile coastline. . CID — the abbreviation for “Criminal Investigation Department”. It is a branch of the UK police force made up of detectives and brought in for special and serious cases. The CID used to be based at Scotland Yard near White Hall and is now at New Scotland Yard in Westminster. 35 ——@ Exercises A. Here is an interview given by a police inspector on a local broadenst station. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) Earlier today. (B) Before closing time this afternoon. (C) Yesterday morning. (D) Yesterday afternoon. 2. (A) 3,500 pounds. (B) 4,500 pounds. (C)5,000 pounds. (D) 5,500 pounds. 3. (A) None. (B) Two. (© Three. (D) Four. 4. (A) BWM 593 A. (B) BWV 593 H. (© BWW 593 A. (D) BWW 593 H. 5. (A) Two. (B) Three. (C) Four. (D) Five. 6. (A) A bag. (B) His gun. (C) His scarf. (D) His hat. B. Listen again and then supply the missing information in the following sentences: 1. The name of the bank involved is (1). 2. The name of the police inspector is (2). 3. The money was,stolen from the bank iri the forms of (3) and (4). 4, The car used by the robbers was a (5). 5. The robber entered the bank at (when?) (6). 6. When he saw what was happening, the bank manager (7) and then (8). 7. The age of the robber who entered the bank is (9). 8. His height is (10). 9. His hair is. (11). 10. His complexion is (12). 11. He was wearing (13) in one ear. 12. The telephone number of the police hotline is (14). —— 367 ue'§ Because You're a Lawyer @ vocabutary hardened deterrence to convict rehabilitation to rehabilitate kingpin repressive recidivist stigma oO Exercises This is an interview given by a lawyer. Listen and choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) What to do to control crime. (B) What role a lawyer plays in a court case. (C) How to tell a hardened criminal from a first-time offender. (D) How to convict a criminal and put him in prison. 2. (A) Deterrence. (B) Quick conviction. (C) The social structure. (D) The economy. 3. (A) Education programs are not so effective as required. (B) Drug treatment programs are insufficiently funded. (C) Some rehabilitation programs inside prisons have been stopped. (D) More people are convicted than prison space can accommodate. 4. (A) These programs are intended for drug dealers to get rehabilitated. (B) These programs are currently carried out in most states in the country. (C) These programs aim to develop a culture inside the prisons. (D) These programs have psychological and educational components. 5. (A) Because gangs start in prisons and make prison a repressive experience. (B) Because criminals tend to be repeat offenders. (C) Because there is no stigma attached to most criminals. (D) Because society doesn’t look at released prisoners with disdain. 37 ——SD The Victim of a Crime 6 Vocabulary to mug to prosecute vulnerable @ Exercises This is part of an interview given by a victim of a crime. Listen and choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) Her purse was stolen on the metro. (B) Her home was broken into when she was vacationing. (C) She was robbed on her way home. (D) She was attacked by two kids on the street. 2. (A) Last week. (B) Ona summer day. (C) Towards evening. (D) Late at night. 3. (A) Four dollars. (B) Thirty dollars. (C) Forty dollars. (D) Three hundred dollars. 4. (A) She hailed a taxi. (B) She just went home. (C) She reported the crime. (D) She phoned her best friend. 5. (A) They need prosecuting. (B) They have to be punished. (C) They should get supervision. (D) They must be held responsible. caesarean section HispanicGC Cultural Notes ----------------neeneneceneeeenen eee eneee nent 7 : The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) — a division of the United States federal agency: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). § As such, NCHS is under the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Its headquarters is located at University Town Center in Hyattsville, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. It is responsible for improving the American public health by providing statistical information for different ¥ health events within USA. BG Exercises A. Sentence Translation Listen and translate each sentence you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space provided below: a) Q) G) i) 6) B. Passage Translation Listen and translate each passage you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening: (1) 39 ———(2) —— 40to putter to hack carton This is a conversation about living in the city. Listen and choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) She’s just a city girl and is used to the fast pace of the city. (B) She doesn’t have to drive everywhere to buy things. (C) She likes to garden and can putter around in the house she bought. (D) She can go to a whole variety of places to interact with people. 2. (A) Going to the country for a vacation makes no sense at all. (B) Renting a vacation house in the country is cheap. (C) People can enjoy the fresh air in the country. (D) People can relax better in the country than in the city. 3. (A) The convenient transportation. (B) The interactive social life. (C) The whole car culture. (D) The nice neighborhood. 41 ——4. (A) You may have fun making barbecues in the garden. (B) You won’t feel stuck and labeled as you do in the city. (C) It’s more tolerable than living in the city. (D) It’s more hateful than living in the country. 5. (A) Quite lonely. (B) Very safe. (C) Not particularly dangerous. (D) Not very convenient. PART TWO BERS ET cr) 6 Vocabulary mega-city concentric sector sprawl homogeneous ghetto destitute GC Cultural Notes 1 Mexico City — the capital and largest city in the country of Mexico. It is the most important political, cultural, and financial center in the country. Mexico City is also considered an important financial center in Latin America and a global city. Located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, the city consists of sixteen boroughs, over 8.84 million people, and with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers for the city proper. . So Paulo — the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere, and the world’s 7th largest metropolitan area. The city is the capital of the state of Sao Paulo, the most populous Brazilian state. The name of the city honors Saint Paul. Sao Paulo exerts strong regional influence in commerce and finance as well as arts and entertainment. With an estimated population of 11,037,593 residents within an area of 1,523 square kilometers, Sao Paulo is the most populous city proper in the Americas.@ Exercises A. This is part of a lecture about the mass urbanization of the world’s population. Listen and take some notes on the key points of what you hear: B. Listen again and add to your notes. Do not miss any important points. Then supply one word or figure only for each of the following spaces in the summary of the lecture: ‘Today’s lecture is about the mass (1) of the world’s population. There are two major (2) why people are moving to cities. The first reason is (3). People are moving to the cities because that’s where they can find (4) and earn money. The second reason for the move to cities has to do with (5) of life issues: comfort and (6). Cities often offer better (7). And then for many, city life is just more (8). An interesting consequence of urbanization is that the average (9) of people in the countryside is increasing, while that of the cities is (10). Three key (11) can be identified in our cities. First of all, they’re getting bigger. Most cities are bigger now than ever before. Cities are also changing shape. They’re getting (12), because land is getting more and more expensive. (13) have become a symbol of modern cities. Cities are also changing shape in other ways. The (14) Model and the (15) Nuclei Model are probably more typical of the cities we know today. They show the urban. (16) that’s occurring in contemporary cities. 43 ——_The third change is that our cities are breaking up into (17) communities, often by (18) group or (19) level. This often means that people stay within their community and do not come into contact with others from different (20). amu Lis-@ Modern Life Is Full of Nasty Noises. 6 Vocabulary jack-hammer muffler to savor nagging wail to frazzle posse retaliatory _ vigilante Vaseline retribution unbeknownst racket to mutilate 8 Cultural Notes Brooklyn — New York City’s most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area. It is also the westernmost county on Long Island. Brooklyn was an independent city until its consolidation with New York City in 1898, and continues to maintain a distinct culture, independent art scene, and unique architectural heritage. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves where particular ethnic groups and cultures predominate. . Manhattan — one of the five boroughs of New York City, located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands. Manhattan is a major commercial, financial, and cultural center of both the United States and the world. . Upper West Side — a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River. It is primarily a residential and commercial area, with many of its residents working in more commercial areas in Midtown and Lower Manhattan. It has the reputation of being home to New York City's affluent cultural and artistic workers, in contrast to the Upper East Side, which is perceived to be traditionally home to affluent commercial and business types.i 4, MG —a former British sports car brand, which was founded in 1924. MG Cars is best known for its two-seat open sports cars, but MG also produced saloons and coupés. More recently, the MG marque has also been used on sportier versions of other models belonging to the parent company. @ Exercises This is part of a speech about urban noises. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) Car alarms. (B) Sirens. (C) Jack-hammers. (D) Loud music. 2. (A) Break eggs on the road. (B) Take certain legal action. (C) Use some minor retaliatory step. (D) Paint the windshield or front hood of a car. 3. (A) It can only alert the police. (B) It is of no use. (C) It can prevent the car being broken into. (D) It is really too expensive. 4, (A) It makes them noisier than they were 20 years ago. (B) It makes it difficult for them to fall asleep. (©) It affects their work during the day. (D) It does harm to their hearing. 5. (A) Many New Yorkers agree about banning this form of sonic pollution. (B) The police have formed a posse to reduce the amount of noise. (C) Police can break into a car as soon as the alarm goes off. (D) Car alarms are very effective at preventing theft. 45 ——RT FOUR BOOED Uy G Vocabulary to stagger infamous underpass precinct — 46 . Northampton — Nestled in the foothills of the Berkshires in close proximity . Milton Keynes — the largest new town in England and the fastest-growing Cultural Notes Preston — the commercial and administrative centre in Lancashire and the seat of Lancashire county council. Situated at the heart of the County, Preston is a busy, thriving town. Once home to the first cotton mill in the area, it was here that John Horrocks set up his mill and the town became an important centre of the cotton industry. to the banks of the Connecticut River, Northampton is one of the largest market towns in the UK. Rich in history, it has become a center for shopping, first-class dining with a college atmosphere complete with fine arts, theater, and museums. It has a unique mix of artists, writers, merchants, farmers, scholars and professionals. Middlesbrough —- a large town with a population of over 150,000 that grew upon the banks of the River Tees in the Teesside region of North East England. The town has always been of national and international significance. It is less the centre of industrial activity and more the hub of business and commerce, communications, civic administration, education/training, shopping and cultural / leisure activities for the whole Teesside area. urban area in Britain. It was built from scratch on green fields in the 1970s and 1980s. Now, the population is 300,000. It has one of the youngest populations in the whole country, an indoor ski slope, Britain's most popular theatre, huge parks and open spaces, special cycle routes and a great big indoor shopping centre.OG Exercises Listen to a conversation about city planning and then choose the best answer fo each question you hear at the end of the conversation: 1. (A) It’s a survey of some towns and cities. (B) It’s a report of investment in England and Wales. (C) It’s a discussion of possible consequences of urbanization. (D) It’s a study of housing problems in suburban areas. 2. (A) It’s exclusively experts talking. (B) It’s based on talking to local people. (C) It’s sponsored by local businesses. (D) It’s mainly a government survey. 3. (A) Car ownership. (B) Ring roads. (C) Traffic lights. (D) Public transport. 4. (A) Staggering working hours. (B) Improving public transport facilities. (C) Constructing ring roads. (D) Reducing car ownership. 5. (A) They have cost too much government money. (B) They have created psychological barriers to walking and cycling. (C) They have made it hard to turn city centers into pedestrian precincts. (D) They have made some people afraid of driving their own cars. MUTED ETUC Ea UCU MeN accentuated to perpetuate delinquency 47 ——@ Cultural Notes a peetenclaed i i Orlando — a major city in the central region of the US state of Florida. It is } the county seat of Orange County and the center of the Greater Orlando metropolitan region. The Orlando metropolitan area has a population of 2,082,628 and it is the 27th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Originally the center of a major citrus growing region, Orlando is a city now heavily urbanized with various industries. 8 Exercise A. This is part of a speech about the rapid trend of urbanization. Listen and take some notes on the most important points of the speech: B. Listen again and add to your notes. Do not miss any important points. Then supply one word or figure only for each of the following spaces in the summary of the speech: How is urbanization negatively affecting our society? Growing (1) is associated with urbanism. Urbanism (2) urban violence, political instability, crime and (3) behavior. It also perpetuates poverty and (4) the traditional family structure. Other problems include failing (5), safety, transportation, housing, education and electricity. (6) are much higher in urban areas. With divorce rates rising, (7) is becoming more of a problem than before. People are (8) by race, religious practices, (9) heritage, as well as economic — 48and social status. This often creates much (10) and prejudice between social groups. This can cause physical or mental damage to individuals or (11), The government assumes major (12) for development attempting to mect rapidly increasing demands for (13), housing, transportation and employment. But they are not able to (14) all the problems in urban areas. America has hired approximately (15) more teachers in the last few years than have been hired in the past, but the increase in population keeps the (16) just as large. Due to the (17) in urban areas-and the lack of (18) opportunity, the crime rate is still a huge problem. The problems in urban areas are far more (19) than can be handled in any (20) efforts. Listening and Translation GB Vocabulary anonymity CG Exercises A. Sentence Translation Listen and translate each sentence you hear into Chinese. Then write it\in the space provided below: qd) Q) @G) 49(4) 6) B. Passage Translation Listen and translate each passage you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening: () Q) —— 50PART ONE The Ideas he the Words @ vocabutary sexism gender CG Exercises This is part of a speech about an important issue facing women today. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) Workplace inequality. (B) Sexism in language. (C) The AIDS crisis. (D) The way the mass media treats women. 2. (A) Language and thought definitely influence each other. (B) It is impossible to understand the relationship between the two. (C) What we think certainly determines what we say. (D) What we say very probably affects what we think. 3. (A) The professional world. (B) The United Nations publications. (C) The international women’s organization. (D) The feminist movement. 4. (A) Nouns don’t have a gender in English. 51 ——(B) Spanish nouns have two genders. (C) German nouns are either masculine or feminine. (D) The issues of gender vary across languages. 5. (A) How some publications avoid sexist language. (B) Why we have to avoid sexism in English. (C) The efforts we have already taken to eliminate sexism. (D) The gender issues in different languages. PART TWO What Makes a Good Language Learner? 6 Vocabulary eternal instrumental integrative extrovert conversely plateau This is a speech given by the director of a language school. Listen and then choose the hest ‘answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) What makes a good language learner is an eternal problem. (B) It is true to say that there’s no real solution to this problem. (C) The success of out-of-classroom learning is not supported by fact. (D) Many speakers of a foreign language don’t learn it in a classroom. 2. (A) Motivation. (B) Independence. (C) Personality. (D) Intelligence. 3. (A) Primary motivation. (B) Mixed motivation. (C) Instrumental motivation. (D) Integrative motivation. 4. (A) External motivation. (B) Instrumental motivation. (C) Integrative motivation. (D) Mixed motivation. 5. (A) You need to be always willing to learn more. (B) You need to be sensitive to mistakes. (C) You need to be confident. (D) You need to be extroverts. — 526. (A) Being able to monitor one’s own speech. (B) Suitable organization of learning generally. (C) Having a good ear and being efficient in revision. (D) Ability to remember words within the shortest time possible. 7. (A) Taking responsibility for learning. (B) Always remaining at what we call a plateau. (C) Freedom from the tyranny of the teacher and the classroom. (D) Making use of twenty-four hours a day for learning. Different Varieties of English © Cultural Notes 0 ~-------------2---2-22-2-eeeeeeececeeeeeeeeece cece . | Received Pronunciation (RP) — also called the Queen's (or King’s) English, Oxford English, or BBC English, is the accent of Standard English in England, with a i relationship to regional accents similar to that of other European languages. { Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any i other variety, sociolinguistic factors give Received Pronunciation particular prestige in England and Wales. @ xecrcises A. This is a lecture given by a language specialist. Listen and then choose the best answer fo each question you hear: 1. (A) Two varieties of spoken English. (B) The standard American accent. (C) The features of RP English. (D) Differences between American and British English. 2. (A) 3%. (B) 5%. (C) 13%. (D) 15%. 3. (A) Grammar. (B) Vocabulary. (C) Punctuation. (D) Pronunciation. 534. (A) The appearance and disappearance of the /r/ sound in different contexts, (B) The pronunciation of the // sound in the middle of words. (C) The drop or not of a /d/ sound at the end of a word. (D) The difference in the pronunciation of the sound written with the letter “a.” 5. (A) The number of vocabulary differences is quite small. (B) American and British English are very different in this area. (C) All of the differences in vocabulary have to do with daily life. (D) Serious misunderstandings often occur owing to these differences. 6. (A) Speakers of these two varieties have almost no trouble understanding one another. (B) American and British English are two different languages. (C) The majority of people in the US and Canada speak the standard American accent. (D) In terms of grammar, standard American and British English are nearly identical. B. Listen to the lecture again, Take notes while you are listening, and do not miss any important points. Then supply one word or figure only for each of the following spaces in the summary of the lecture: There are two varieties of spoken English: the standard American accent and the British English. The latter type of accent is specifically known as “RP” which means (1) Pronunciation. But RP English is actually spoken by only about (2) of the British people. The lecture examines three categories of difference between standard American and British English: (3), vocabulary and grammar. We have no trouble identifying the American and British accents because each of them has a (4) sound. There are noticeable differences between American and British pronunciation, for example, the Pronunciation of the sound written with the letter “a,” and the appearance and — 4(5) of the /r/ sound in different contexts. The /r/ sound occurs frequently in American English, but it is very often (6) in British English. The English language has more than (7) words. Yet there are only a few (8) words and expressions that are different in American and British English: for instance, Americans say “truck” but the Brits say “ (9),” and another famous example is “elevator” which is used in the United Stated but in England people say “lift.” (10) can occur if English speakers are not aware of them. In the area of grammar, standard American and British English are nearly (11). Common differences in grammar involve the verbs “have” and “got,” and some words such as “government” are (12) in the United States, but plural in England. There are also differences in the use of (13) and two-word verbs: in the United States it’s correct to say that John is different from Mary, but the British will say that John is different than Mary. The conclusion is that American and British English are two (14) or varieties of the same language. ames Functions of Language 6 Vocabulary compartment climactic strained myth sub-onsciously to formulate GO Exercises A. Here is a passage discussing the functions of language. Listen carefully and take short notes in the space provided below: Ss ———B. Listen again. Add more information to your notes and then fill in each blank of the following summary with ONE word only: ‘When two (1) who have never met before come face to face in a railway (2), they will talk about the (3). It may be because they happen to find the topic (4), but with most people, it is not the case. So there must be other (5) for conversations of this kind. One explanation is that it can often be quite (6) to be alone with someone you don’t know and not to (7) to him. Talking about some (8) topic like the weather enables you to strike up a (9) with him without having to say very much. So conversations of this kind show that (10) is not simply a means of communicating (11), but it is also a very important way of establishing and (12) relationships with other people. A second explanation is that conversations of this kind may enable one speaker to find out something about the (13) and social (14) of the other speaker. Without this kind of information he will not be sure exactly how he should (15) towards him. Because our (16) and our speech show what part of our country we come from and what sort of. (17) we have, and even give some indication of certain of our ideas and (18). Both these aspects of (19) behavior reflect that there is a close inter-relationship between language and (20). —— 56PART FIVE MCAOUN Cg Ge Vocabulary bunch CG Exercises Here ts a conversation between two students. Now listen and choose the best answer to each question you hear at the end of the conversation: 1. (A) Teaching grammar. (B) Going to adult classes. (C) Learning Italian. (D) Starting a restaurant. 2. (A) Because Italian does not have a very large vocabulary. (B) Because in Italian one word means a lot of things. (C) Because the Italian grammar is simple compared with other grammars. (D) Because the Italian grammar is similar to that of English. 3. (A) She goes to Italy quite a lot recently. (B) She had forgotten a lot of Italian. (C) She used to teach Italian to foreigners. (D) She is good at cooking Italian meals. 4. (A) It was one to one when she learned Italian. (B) She learned Italian mainly by way of translation, (C) She learned Italian in a big class. (D) She often went into shops to practice Italian. 5. (A) The free meal offered between classes. (B) The teaching of grammar. (C) The competence of the teachers. (D) The functional teaching approach. 57 ———Listening and Translation Ge Vocabulary to cohabit indigenous oO Exercises A. Sentence Translation Listen and translate each sentence you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space provided below: QQ) Q) @) @) 6) B. Passage Translation Listen and translate each passage you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening: qd) — 58Q) 59UH SE a) CST ® Vocabulary monochronism polychronism sporadically concurrently . ethnocentrism Go Cultural Notes Edward T. Hall — (May 16, 1914 — July 20, 2009) an anthropologist and cross- cultural researcher. Born in Webster Groves, Missouri, Hall taught at the University of Denver, Colorado, Bennington College and others. He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study. In his book, The Hidden Dimension, he describes the subjective dimensions that surround each of us and the physical distances one tries to keep from other people, according to subtle cultural rules. @ Exercises A. This is part of a lecture about an idea popularized by cultural anthropologist Edward L Hall. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: — 60. (A) Different perceptions of time across cultures. (B) Cross-cultural miscommunications. (C) The idea of the past, present and future time. (D) A fundamental basis for scheduling events. . (A) Monochronic time is characterized by many things happening simultaneously. (B) Interpersonal relationships are highly valued in monochronic cultures. (C) Monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, punctuality, and preciseness. (D) Monochronic time is found primarily in Latin American and African cultures. . (A) Polychronic time is found primarily in North America and Northern Europe. (B) Polychronism views time as flexible, so preciseness is not that important. (C) Polychronic cultures emphasize schedules and punctuality. (D) Polychronic cultures value productivity and getting things done “on time”. . (A) Those raised in the monochronic culture. (B) People who are guilty of ethnocentrism. (C) An American businessperson. (D) A Brazilian businessman. . (A) It overemphasizes individual differences. (B) It fails to make his own values central. (C) It is ethnocentric. (D) It is overly general. Usten to this part of the lecture again. Take notes while you are listening, and do not miss any important points. Then supply one word or figure only for each of the following spaces in the summary of the lecture: Different cultures often have entirely different perceptions of (1). The idea of the past, present, and future can be so 61 ——different that it leads to cross-cultural (2). According to cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall, monochronic time is (3). Events are scheduled one at a time, one event following another. Monochronic time can be found primarily in North (4) and Northern (5) (6), and preciseness. They view time as something that can be lost, killed, or (7). Time is something that can, or should, be managed, (8), and used efficiently. Polychronic time is characterized by many things happening (9), and it can be found primarily in (10) American, (11), and (12) American cultures. Their perception of time is more connected to natural cultures. These cultures emphasize schedules, (13), to the earth, to the seasons. These cultures view time as being somewhat (14). Life isn’t so predictable scheduling and being precise simply isn’t that important. (15) relationships are highly valued. Different cultural perceptions of time can lead to (16), especially in the business world. The idea of being late versus on time for a meeting, for example, might (17) widely between an American businessperson and a Brazilian; the American businessperson might be far less (18) ofa Brazilian’s late arrival. Companies who impose these monochronic systems on places of business in polychronic cultures might be guilty of (19), which means making their own ethnic or cultural values (20) and not valuing other values. Some people think Hall’s theory is overly (21). ‘They argue that within any cultural group we might find people who think of time (22). They believe that it’s more useful to think of time differences among (23), not just between cultural groups. — 62PART TWO BARC cre 8 Cultural Notes 1. Bolivian — Of Bolivia, which is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the North and East, Paraguay and Argentina to the South, and Chile and Peru to the West. After declaring independence in 1809, Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes. Bolivia has a population of 10 million. 2. Ethiopia — A landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. Officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is the second most populous nation in Africa with over 79.2 million people and the tenth largest by area with its 1,100,000 square kilometers. The capital is Addis Ababa. eG Exercises A. This is a lecture about the cross-cultural differences in behavior Listen and take some notes on the important points of what you hear in the space provided below: B, Listen again. Add more information to your notes and then supply the missing infor- mation in the following sentences: 1. The lecture starts with a story about a young woman from (1). She came to New York to (2) and got a job at a factory owned by (3). On the Chinese New Year her boss handed her a red envelope with 63 ——(4) in it. Her boss was (5) when the young woman threw the envelope back at him. It is traditional on the Chinese New Year to give money to young single people for (6). But the young Mexican woman felt very insulted and refused to (7). She thought that her boss was asking her for (8). 2. This story shows that an action can have (9) in different cultures. Every culture has its own rules for what is (10) and what is not, and _(11) can occur if we don’t know other people’s cultural rules. 3. The lecturer is going to discuss cultural differences in four areas: (a) the way people greet each other, (b) (12), (c) (13) and (d), (14). 4, In the United States and most other Western countries, greetings often involve (15), such as a handshake, a hug, or a kiss if people know each other very well. But this is not true of most Asian countries. Although handshakes between businesspeople are common, many Japanese prefer (16), while people from Thailand normally hold their hands together (17). 5. Cultural differences in the use of names: Americans are quick to (18), even if they have just met. In contrast, people in most other cultures are (19) and prefer to be addressed with “Mr.” or “Ms.” Still in some other countries, such as Italy or Korea, people like you to (20) with their family names. 6. As to eating customs, one of the behaviors that vary from culture to culture is the use of utensils: people in many Asian cultures use (21) while in the West they usually use (22). In parts of India, Ethiopia, and Malaysia, it is customary to cat (23). Here’s another example of different eating customs: in some cultures eating everything on your plate is (24). In Egypt and China, you should (25) in your dish at the end of the meal. However, (26) generally consider a clean plate a —— 4sign of satisfaction with the food. 7. The rules of gift giving can be very complicated, and not knowing them can result in (27). In the United States, if you’re invited to someone’s home for dinner, bring (28) or a small item as a present. Americans generally don’t give gifts ——_________ 29). 8, On the other hand, the Japanese, like many other Asian people, give gifts (30). In the Japanese culture, there are many detailed rules for everything from the color of the wrapping paper to (31). Many cultures have strict rules about gifts (32). For example, never give (33) to people from Iran. mug =6What Kind of Message Is Carried by Clothing @ vocabutary to speak volumes about at half-mast CB Exercises This is part of an interview about clothing. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) Professions and ways we actually wear. (B) Trends and fashions in clothing. (C) Fashion designing. (D) Psychology of clothing. 2. (A) A general feeling of insecurity. (B) An awareness of impressing others. (C) An urge to look smart and trendy. (D) A conscious act of indicating individual taste. 65 ——3. (A) People who are absorbed by other things. (B) People who are sociable and outgoing. (C) People with an aggressive personality. (D) People with a preference for light colors. 4. (A) The colors of one’s clothing. (B) The length of trousers one wears. (C) Sticking to grey or dark suits. (D) Wearing outrageous clothing. 5. (A) Young hairdressers. (B) Pop music fans. (C) Minority groups. (D) Ageing pop stars. T FOUR BUS sg @ > vocabuiary peppy Norwegian seismologist GB Cultural Notes feng shui (“}\7zK” ) — an ancient Chinese system of aesthetics believed to use the laws of both Heaven and Earth to help one improve life. The term feng shui literally translates as “wind-water” in English. Historically, feng shui was widely used to orient buildings — often spiritually significant structures such as tombs, but also dwellings and other structures — in an auspicious manner. In recent years, Feng shui has seen an increase in popularity, particularly in the United States. . ch'i (“40”) — an active principle forming part of any living thing in traditional Chinese culture. The ancient Chinese described it as “life-force” and for good reason. They believed ch’i permeates everything and links the parts of our surroundings together. It is frequently translated as “energy flow,” and is often compared to Western notions of energeia. ‘The literal translation is “air,” “breath,” or “gas.” —— 66£3. Scandinavia — a region in northem Europe that includes Denmark and the } Scandinavian Peninsula’s two nations, Norway and Sweden. Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate. There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of an ice age about 10,000 years ago. The vast majority of the population of Scandinavia are Scandinavians, belonging to the group of Germanic peoples. Scandinavian nations and peoples have been politically and culturally close. BG Exercises This is part of an interview about a typical Chinese idea, feng shui. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) Ordering buildings, rooms and corridors conveniently. (B) Keeping evil spirits out of people’s life. (C) Making people in harmony and balance with nature. (D) Making a home or office look pleasant and good. 2. (A) Irish. (B) Scandinavian. (C) Norwegian. (©) British. 3. (A) Scandinavia. (B) The US. (C) Asia. (D) Southern Europe. 4. (A) Asking a seismologist for advice before starting a building project. (B) Building a house that would stay up in the earthquake. (C) Having a one-way street sign removed. -(D) Pointing a road sign toward a house. 5. (A) He chose his home because of feng shui. (B) He arranged his office at home according to feng shui. (C) He made sure that his rooms have great views out the window. (D) He had a feng shui master put the furniture in his home. 67 ——UTC a Ta ETC e Vocabulary prenuptial quirk oC Exercises This is part of an interview given by a newly married woman. Listen and choose the best ‘answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) A prenuptial agreement. (B) The expenses required by a wedding. (C) How to make both ends meet in married life. (D) Where to seck advice if a couple have problems after getting married. 2. (A) The man has been married twice before. (B) The woman has remained single until now. (C) Both people are remarried this time. (D) Both people are first married this time. 3. (A) One or both sides have no experience about what goes wrong in a marriage. (B) Both man and wife want to talk about everything openly and honestly. (C) Either the man or his wife thinks their marriage is not very romantic. (D) A person has different expectations from his or her spouse. 4. (A) The agreement might bother some people. (B) The agreement is very useful and romantic. (C) The agreement doesn’t take much work to write. (D) The agreement has to be certified by a lawyer. 5. (A) They think it is a serious breach of the agreement. (B) They find a good reason to write a new agreement. (C) They talk about it and reach a compromise. (D) They have to ask: Is this marriage really working? —— 68PART SIX Listening and Translation 4 | Vocabulary apparel G Exercises A. Sentence Translation Listen and translate each sentence you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space provided below: (qd) Q) @G) 4 6) B. Passage Translation Usten and translate each passage you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening: (1) 69 ——2 — 7PART ONE BO Graduating from High School or College ... 6 Vocabulary hairstylist CG Exercises This is part of a speech about the changing US job market. Listen and then supply the missing information in the following sentences: 1. The topic of the speech is (1). The most important change in the 20th century was the change from (2) to Q). 2. A manufacturing economy is one that (4).A service economy is one in which (5). Service workers include (6), hairstylists, airline pilots, salesclerks, and everybody working M. 3. The percentage of manufacturing jobs has (8) while there has been (9) in the percentage of service jobs. One hundred years ago, (10) of workers worked in agriculture or manufacturing; but today only about (11) do. And by the year 2020, the percentage of service workers will increase to (12). 71 ——4. There are two factors that caused the decrease in the number of manufacturing jobs. The first one is (13). A lot of the work that used to be done by hand is now (14). Another reason is (15). Most manufacturing is now done outside the US, in China, or (16), countries where the labor costs (17). Within a recent period of 20 months, more than (18) US manufacturing jobs were moved to Asia. 5. There are two basic causes for the increase in the number service jobs: first, use of technology, and second, the (19). People are (20), and so need more medical services. Most married women now work outside the home, so there’s a much greater need for services such as (21). 6. There are two big problems with service jobs: first, service jobs in general (22). Thirty percent of the workers in the United States earn (23) an hour. Second, a lot of service jobs (24) like health insurance, vacations, or a (25). 7. So in conclusion, here is a list of 25 excellent jobs, with the fastest growth rate, highest pay, and (26). Keep in mind: of those 25 careers, 18 require at least (27). So, for the best job opportunities with the best pay, (28). courier go-ahead 8 Exercises This is part of a job interview. Listen and then choose the best answer fo each question you hear: — 721. (A) A courier for a tour operator. (B) An agent for models. (C) An agency manager. (D) A personal assistant. 2. (A) To keep the accounts. (B) To write letters and answer the telephone. (C) To organize business trips and conferences. (D) To look after the models and keep them happy. 3. (A) Spanish and French. (B) French and Italian. (C) Italian and English. (D) English and Spanish. 4. (A) Around 15,000. (B) No less than 18,000. (C) Somewhere between 20,000 and 22,000. (D) At least 25,000. 5. (A) She has a university degree in accounting and economics. (B) She is in her early twenties. (C) She is applying for the job of a conference coordinator. (D) She has adequate formal qualifications for the job. PART THREE WO ee eC tay 6 Vocabulary astronaut to flick aerobic marathon Go Exercises This is part of an interview given by a former woman astronaut. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1, (A) American. (B) British. (© Russian. (D) German. 2. (A) Engineering. (B) Astrology. (© Chemistry. (D) Physics. 3. (A) A technologist. (B) An engineer. (C) A university professor. (D) A laboratory assistant. 73 ——4, (A) Swimming. (B) Cycling. (C) Running. (D) Weight-lifting. 5. (A) 30,000. (B) 13,000. (C) 3,000. (D) 1,300. PART FOUR DOE THO E tee) 6 Vocabulary spreadsheet rolodex tutorial flyer CG Exercises A. This is a talk addressed to job applicants. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) How to interact with colleagues and clients face to face. (B) How to make effective telephone conversations. (C) What skills are needed to get and hold down a job. (D) What makes for an excellent ability to express yourself. 2. (A) Managerial. (B) Technological. (C) Financial. (D) Social. 3. (A) Basic to advanced knowledge of computer application. (B) Ability to calculate all transactions, profits and costs. (C) Creativity in making presentations to clients. (D) Proficiency in at least one foreign language. 4. (A) To create your own databases on the computer. (B) To enhance your social skills by holding parties with your friends. (C) To use the computer in free time and become familiar with its operation. (D) To store as many telephone numbers and addresses as you can. 5. (A) Graduating students. (B) Trainee managers. (C) Professional secretaries. (D) Low-level administrative staff. —B. Listen to the talk again. Supply the missing information in the blank spaces, and do not miss any important points: Today let’s talk about how to actually get a.job. You need to be able to participate well (1) because in most jobs, you will need to interact with colleagues and clients, not only (2), but in telephone conversations, too. You will need to express yourself well and . (3) what you want to say and how to say it. These skills are needed more than ever in (4). Each company where you have an interview will expect you to know something about the work they do and have (5) during the interview. And when they hire you, you'll be expected to (6), and be willing to move around and work (. Of course, there are also certain technological skills that are expected of people today. (8) but let’s take as an example a position in an office environment. This type of position requires (9) of computer applications. You have to know how to write a simple but professional-looking letter, and you have to know how to (10) in Microsoft PowerPoint with basic effects and organize data in a spreadsheet program. Advanced users should know how to (11). If you are looking for any type of administrative work, you can forget about the good old days of (12), rolodexes, and file cabinets. Now, we have links to digital databases that store all the information that (13) such as appointments, clients’ records, and other important information. Many departments use spreadsheet programs to (14), costs, and profits. These programs are essential to an organization’s survival (15). Let’s continue with our basic example of a typical job in an office. Now that you know about the skills (16) in the office of the twenty-first century, you must have a plan for how to acquire these skills. The first thing you should have in mind is that in the same manner that technology has become a vital part 75 ——(17), it should also become part of yours. Whenever given a chance, you should (18). E-mail your friends. Practice with PowerPoint. Try (19) to announce an event, like a party or some activity that you and your friends will do together. You can even (20) by storing telephone numbers and addresses. The best advice I can give anyone is to (21) in your free time and become familiar with its operating system, software, and hardware. Try to (22) and how to use it to your benefit. A computer class on the level of your expertise is also recommended (23) you learned on your own. Learning more advanced functions is highly recommended as well. It’s easy to (24) found on the Internet. Even novice users can learn how to (25), business cards, and other documents you will need in the workplace. agai Make It to the Top! 6 Vocabulary to exhort flop haphazard intrapreneur high-flier resilience 8 Cultural Notes Cary Cooper — an American psychologist and Professor of organizational psychology. From 1979 to 1980 he was Chairman of the Management Education and Development Division of the Academy of Management and was elected as Founding President of the British Academy of Management. 2. The University of Manchester — a red-brick civic university located in Manchester, England. It is a member of the Russell Group of large research- intensive universities and the N8 Group for research collaboration. Manchester has a formidable reputation spanning most disciplines, but most —— 6notably in the life sciences, engineering, humanities, economics, sociology and the social sciences. It came 3rd in terms of research power after Cambridge and Oxford. . The Sunday Times — a Sunday broadsheet newspaper, distributed in the United Kingdom. The Sunday Times is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market; its 1.3m circulation equals The Sunday Telegraph, The Observer and The Independent on Sunday combined. It maintains the larger broadsheet format and has said that it will continue to do so. . Portsmouth University — a university in Portsmouth, England. It is the 5th most popular destination in the UK for EU students and the 10th most popular destination for overseas students. The departments of Economics, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Civil Engineering, Pharmacy and Pharmacology attract some of the largest populations of international students in the United Kingdom. OB Exercises AL aa a 1. (A) Having good looks and being wealthy. (B) A society obsessed with material success. (C) What makes a successful person. (D) Successful entrepreneurs. 2. (A) To do well at school. (B) To start out wealthy. (C) To have good looks. (D) To become a head of a large corporation. 3. (A) One who rises through the ranks to the top of a big company. (B) One who is born into an affluent family. (C) One who may be able to capitalize on good looks. (D) One who is regarded as kind, but not very efficient. 77 ——4. (A) Intraprencurs tend to be the kids everyone thought would do well. (B) Intraprencurs are good organizers and get on well with people. (C) Entrepreneurs often had early reputations as troublemakers. (D) Far fewer entrepreneurs had both parents present throughout childhood. 5. (A) Good looks help you in early life. (B) Many successful entrepreneurs leave school early. (C) Rich people do not often have rich parents. (D) A hard life as a child can help you later on. B. Listen to this part of the lecture again. Take notes while you are listening, and do not miss any important points. Then supply one word or figure only for each of the following spaces in the summary of the lecture: Our society is increasingly obsessed with (1) success. If you don’t prosper, you'll easily feel that you've (2) your life and (3) your family. But becoming a millionaire is a surprisingly (4) affair. At school we are told that if we work hard and (5) exams we will do well. Recent studies suggest, however, there is little (6) between how well children do at school and the (7) and job satisfaction they achieve as adults. The most certain route to riches is to start out wealthy. Over (8) the people in the most recent Sunday Times survey of the richest 200 people in the country inherited money. (9) percent of those who head large corporations were born into affluent families. If you’re not born wealthy, you may be able to capitalize on another advantage: (10) looks. Being (11) is also an advantage. Other qualities being equal, (12) are more likely to select taller and more attractive people. Compared with successful entrepreneurs are intrapreneurs, those who rise through the ranks to the top of large (13). Major differences between the two groups are: intrapreneurs tend to be the kids everyone think will do (14). Over half go to (15), they are good (16) and get —— 8on well with people. But the entrepreneurs often have early reputations as (17). They are (18) personalities. They are also intuitive and very (19). But even if you are born poor and (20), there’s still plenty you can do to (21) your chance of success. A range of (22) and self-help manuals are available to help you forge your way to the (23). According to some expert consultants, successful people are the ones who, when something doesn’t work, try something (24), Unsuccessful people keep on doing the (25) thing, only harder. PART istening and Translation GB Vocabulary teetotaler embryonic GB Cultural Notes Bulgaria — a country in south-eastern Europe. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometers, Bulgaria ranks as the 16th largest country in Europe. A member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations and the World ‘Trade Organization, it has a high Human Development Index of 0.840, ranking 61st in the world in 2009. 2. Chile — a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations. It leads Latin American nations in human development, competitiveness, quality of life, political stability, globalization, economic freedom, low perception of } corruption and comparatively low poverty rates. 3. Czech Republic — a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria 79 ——|. Uruguay — a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004, is home to some 3.5 million people, and an estimated 88% of the population are of European descent. Uruguay is one of the most economically developed countries in South America, The economy is largely based on agriculture and the state sector. It is rated as the-least corrupt country in Latin America. @ Exercises A. Sentence Translation Usten ond translate each sentence you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space provided below: (1) Q) GB) (4) 6) B. Passage Translation listen and translate each passage you hear into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening: (1) —— 80Q) 81 ———PART ONE MUTT @ Cultural Notes isa UK — a major credit card issued by Visa in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other European Union countries. Prior to October 2004, the credit card was known as Visa Delta. Snnnersnmnnnnone @ Exercises A. This is a radio talk about a very British habit. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) London Life. (B) A Very British Habit. (C) Queuing in London. (D) Today. 2. (A) The topic of the speech came to her mind when she was waiting to check in. (B) People’s attitudes to queuing remain unchanged particularly in London. (C) Queuing calmly and patiently is a common British experience. (D) The British are traditionally well-organized when it comes to queuing. 3. (A) We have more options to get the things we want. (B) We are in a modern world with all its technology. (C) Our attitudes to queuing are different from those of other nations. (D) Our everyday lives are changing. - 824. (A) Going to 24-hour convenience stores. (B) Shopping online. (C) Buying things at other shops. (D) Shopping through mail order. 5. (A) How busy people are. (B) What time of the day it is. (C) Whether or not a friend is with you. (D) What the other people in the queue are doing. B. Listen to the radio talk again. Take notes while you are listening, and do not miss any important points. Then supply one word or figure only for each of the following spaces in the summary of the talk: The programme is London Life. The topic today is (4), a very British habit. The topic came to mind while I was waiting in a queue in the (2) to buy my lunch. The people in the queue were (3), patient and polite. Queuing is something that is often (4) in Britain and (5) always in other places. The British are traditionally much better (6) when it comes to queuing although a recent survey has revealed that our (7) to queuing are changing and particularly in London we are getting less (8). According to a recent survey, our attitudes are changing because our (9) are changing. We have more (10) to get the things we want. Some of the other options are (11) shopping, 24-hour (12) stores or other shops that are opening every day. So, many people will walk out of shops if they see a long (13). Hearing from some (14), we may conclude that there does seem to be a (15) patient attitude to queuing though it can depend on the (16) of day, how (17) we are and what the other people in the queue are (18). 83PART TWO BEG een @ vocabutary radius triceps to overhaul Bristolian stringent 8 Cultural Notes Cockney — a person from the East End of London, usually someone who is working-class and who speaks with a strong accent. Only someone born near enough to hear Bow Bells, the bells of a church in the City of London, is considered to be a true Cockney. This term is also used to refer to the way of speaking English that is typical of Cockneys. . Bristol — an industrial city and international port in the southwest of England, where the local government for Avon is based. The Clifton Suspension Bridge is in Bristol. 3. Norwood — an area of South London near Streatham. OB Exercises Here is an interview given by John, a taxi driver in London. Listen and then choose the best answer to each question you hear: 1. (A) A test about the routes a taxi driver will run in London. (B) A driving test by which one may get a license in London. (C) A test on the strict laws and rules on taxi in London. (D) A test on an individual’s driving skills. 2. (A) Three months. (B) Nine months. (C) Nineteen months. (D) Three years. 3. (A) Having a medical and being checked out by the police. (B) Learning the Knowledge and passing the test. (C) Doing the driving test. (D) Having a yearly overhaul. — 844. (A) Annually. (B) Biannually. (C) Anywhere from two to three years. (D) Every three years. 5. (A) The law on taxis in London is more or less the same as in other cities. (B) The taxi has to be thoroughly examined and repaired every year. (C) In London taxi drivers take the Knowledge test instead of a driving test. (D) The interviewee doesn’t like his job very much. 6. (A) In London. (B) In Liverpool. (C) In Brixton. (D) In Bristol. 7. (A) Training for boxing. (B) Body building. (C) Lifting weights. (D) Supervising others’ driving. 8. (A) He has spent most of his life in London. (B) He has a typical London or “Cockney” accent. (C) He doesn’t see himself as a Londoner. (D) He has many hobbies, but his main hobby is body building. PART THREE BUR @ vocabutary reflex lingo 8 C01] 1111 ¢:) 8. (0) (sa 5 ‘ Madonna — an American recording artist, actress and entrepreneur. She released : her debut album in 1983. She followed it with a series of albums in which : she found immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content i in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Throughout her career, many of her songs have hit number 3 ‘one on the record charts, including “Papa Don’t Preach”, “Like a Prayer”, | “Vogue”, “Music”, “Hung Up", and “4 Minutes". 85 ——B Exercises This is part of an interview given by a young American who has just returned from a trip to Britain. Listen and then choose the best answer fo each question you hear: 1. (A) Having an automatic reflex when going out into a street. (B) The fact that the US and Britain are divided by a common language. (C) Almost getting hit by cars and bikes a couple of times. (D) Driving on the wrong side of the road. 2. (A) “Mate” and “love”. (B) “French fries”. (C) “Potato chips”. (D) “Line” and “crisps”. 3, (A) They don’t wear earrings in one of their ears that much. (B) They are more radical in politics than those in the US. (C) They are dressed in different bright colors. (D) They are not so different in clothing from young Americans. 4. (A) They are more politically aware and know all about the US and how it’s run. (B) They see a lot of Americans sightseeing in London and elsewhere. (C) They don’t know much about many countries in Europe. (D) They just have a vague understanding of how those other countries are run. 5. (A) He is not happy in London and in Britain. (B) He sticks to a stereotyped view of this country. (C) He is interested in getting to know Britain. (D) He has a generally negative view of Britain and the British. PART FOUR etn the East End of cn 6 Vocabulary to incorporate homosexuality adultery to skim on — 8G Cultural Notes soap opera — a television or radio programme about the continuing daily life and troubles of characters in it, which is broadcast regularly, e.g. two or three & times a week, or sometimes every day. In both the US and Britain, there are operas that have been running for 20 years or more. Most people either like or strongly dislike soap operas. . East End of London — the eastern part of central London north of the River Thames. It is thought by many people as a poor, rough area, but one of great character and friendliness among the working class people who live there. It is now changing because of the introduction of new industries and very expensive housing bought by the rich. B Exercises Listen fo an interview about a television programme in Britain and choose the best answer to each question you hear at the end of the interview: 1. (A) News update. (B) A case under investigation. (C) A soap opera. (D) A report on the East End of London. 2. (A) Its aim is to shock the audience. (B) It is a realistic situation drama. (C) It is the first programme that tells about the Cockney way of life. (D) It deals with the problems other similar programmes have not done before. 3. (A) The anchorwoman of the programme. (B) The star actress playing a girl in the soap opera. (C) The landlady of a local pub. (D) The producer of the programme. 4. (A) Michelle’s brother ran away from home. (B) Michelle’s mother had another baby. (C) Michelle married the landlord of a local pub. (D) Michelle got pregnant and no one knows who the father was. 87 ——