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Sustainability Concept Implementation in Higher Education Institutions of

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Article in Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University · January 2020

DOI: 10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.1.27

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 西南交通大学学报
第 55 卷 第 1 期 Vol. 55 No. 1
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
2020 年 2 月 Feb. 2020

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.1.27

Research article

Education

SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT IMPLEMENTATION IN HIGHER

EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF INDONESIA

印度尼西亚高等教育机构中的可持续性概念实施

Eddy Jusuf a, Aldrin Herwany b, Putu Sukma Kurniawan c, Ardi Gunardi a, *

a
Universitas Pasundan
Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, ardigunardi@unpas.ac.id
b
Universitas Padjadjaran
Bandung, Indonesia
c
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Udayana Street No.11 Singaraja - Bali 81116, Indonesia

Abstract
The concept of sustainability has been widely implemented in various organizations. This research
aims to develop a theory of implementing the concept of sustainability in non-business organizations,
namely, institutes of higher education of Indonesia. The methods used in this research are literature
review and content analysis of reports of universities that have implemented the concept of sustainability
within their organizations. This research consists of two main parts in which the first part focuses on
drafting concepts for implementing sustainability in higher education institutions, and the second part
discusses ways to establish a sustainable university. The results of this research will aid in compiling and
developing our motive. The resulting concept will consist of three main stages and it can be used as a
guideline for universities that will implement the concept of sustainability. This research will frame the
policy that can be applied to form a sustainable university and identify obstacles and challenges for the
same.

Keywords: Higher Education Institution, Sustainability Concept, Sustainable University

摘要 可持续性的概念已在各个组织中广泛实施。这项研究旨在发展一种在非商业组织（即印度尼
西亚的高等教育机构）中实施可持续性概念的理论。本研究中使用的方法是文献综述和对在其组
织内实施可持续性概念的大学的报告进行内容分析。这项研究包括两个主要部分，其中第一部分
侧重于起草在高等教育机构中实现可持续性的概念，第二部分讨论建立可持续性大学的方法。这
项研究的结果将有助于汇编和发展我们的动机。由此产生的概念将包括三个主要阶段，并且可以
用作实施可持续性概念的大学的指南。这项研究将制定可用于组建可持续发展大学的政策，并为
此确定障碍和挑战。
 2 Jusuf et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
关键词: 高等教育机构，可持续发展理念，可持续大学
I. INTRODUCTION
The concept of sustainability can be simply
defined the creation of a balance among an
organization’s economic, social, and
environmental performance. Sustainability has
been widely implemented in various companies
across several industries, specifically those that
include activities involving a potential risk to the
social and environmental community.
Organizations use the concept of sustainability as
a guideline to conduct their business activities in
a manner that minimizes such negative impacts.
Caldwell [1] investigated whether it would be
possible for a social community to implement the
concept of sustainability in its social activities.
The concept of sustainability must be
implemented based on an awareness of the social
community’s ability to establish a good
relationship with ecology and the environment.
Salas-Zapata and Ortiz-Muñoz [2] explained that
the concept of sustainability can be organized as
(1) a set of criteria, (2) vision or goals, (3) objects,
and (4) approaches. The implementation of
sustainable approaches must be designed to
achieve the expected goals. The concept of
sustainability can be used by the management of
an organization to align its organizational culture
with the sustainable principles. Isil and Hernke
[3] argued that sustainability is based on the
concept of triple bottom lines, which requires an
organization to find a balance in financial, social,
and environmental performance. Balancing these
performances is indicative of an organization’s
efforts to benefit the organization, while also
striving to create benefits for the social and
environmental communities.
Efforts to promote sustainability have been
carried out by many organizations, mainly by
non-profit organizations that are closely related
to sustainability issues. Frame and Newton [4]
examined the promotion sustainability in social
communities by using social marketing. Their
research explained that the distribution of printed
advertisements containing information about air
pollution and environmental degradation is the
social community’s expression of concern with
the application of sustainable principles. The
research suggested that the social community will
become more concerned with the issue of
sustainability when they are exposed to
information about the negative impacts of
business activities on the social community and
the environment. The promotion of sustainability
in social communities can be carried out by
higher education institutions or universities, and
the role of universities can be very important to
the effective promotion of sustainability
principles. Alshuwaikhat et al. [5] argued that
public universities have a very important role in
educating the social community about
sustainability.
The concept of sustainability and the idea of
applying it to organizations was developed by
academics in the university setting. Lozano et al.
[6] suggested that internal stakeholders of the
universities, such as university leaders and staff,
have a very important role to play in the
implementation of sustainability principles within
the university. University leaders and staff
members must collectively agree that
sustainability is an important concept that must
be owned by future generations, and the
application of sustainability strategies in the
future can be expanded beyond higher education
institutions. Larsson and Grönlund [7] discussed
the application of e-Governance, which is based
on the concept of sustainability. Their research
showed that its implementation can be applied to
various types of organizations and all
organizations can apply it internally. For a
university to promote the application of the
sustainability concept to the social community, it
must implement sustainable practices in the
internal activities of the university. Berchin et al.
[8] identified strategies that can be used to
promote and implement the concept of
sustainability in a university. Their research
found that support from the government, the
availability of facilities and infrastructure, and
organizational culture are the main factors that
can help promote the concept of sustainability
within universities. Čiegis and Gineitienė [9]
investigated the role of universities in the
promotion of sustainability in social communities,
and indicated that it should be integrated with
university functions, namely the education and
research functions. The university management
must also have a strong commitment and vision
in implementing the concept of sustainability,
especially in university operations to build an
organizational culture based on the concept of
sustainability [9].
Higher education institutions in Indonesia
have not fully implemented the concept of
sustainability in the universities' internal business
processes. This fact is based on data that
indicates that the concept of sustainability is not

prevalent in universities in Indonesia. The data
shows that not many universities in Indonesia
have released a sustainability report. A
sustainability report can be interpreted as a report
that contains comprehensive information about
financial performance and non-financial
performance of a university related to
sustainability efforts. If a university has
implemented sustainable practices in the
university's internal activities, then releasing a
university sustainability report is an outcome of
the implementation process. Some previous
literature has discussed the challenges and
difficulties in implementing the concept of
sustainability in organizations. Research from
Mathiyazhagan et al. [10] discusses the
challenges of applying green concepts to the
manufacturing industry and this research found
that company management had difficulty
adjusting to the company's operations in
accordance with the concept of sustainability.
Based on this research it can be seen that the
challenge in implementing the concept of
sustainability is in adjusting the organization’s
capability to address sustainability. Research
from Ávila et al. [11] found that problems in
implementing sustainable practices within
universities could stem from a lack of
commitment from university leaders and a lack of
support from policy makers. The initiative in
conducting this research is based on the results of
research conducted by Adams [12] that found
that the application of sustainability in higher
education institutions still lags behind other
sectors. The results of this research are a severe
blow to higher education institutions where
universities should be a pioneer in the
implementation of sustainability. This problem
also occurs in the implementation of
sustainability in higher education institutions in
Indonesia. Some reasons for not implementing
sustainable practices at universities in Indonesia
are (1) the concept of sustainability is believed to
be only implemented in profit-based
organizations, and that non-profit organizations
cannot implement sustainable practices, (2) there
is no framework that can be used by university
management for implementing sustainable
practices, and (3) there is an absence of standards
or policies that require universities to implement
sustainable practices in their internal activities.
These challenges or problems must be overcome.
Dagiliūtė et al. [13] argues that the role of
universities is very important in the community
to provide an understanding of the importance of
sustainability.
3
Previous research has attempted to discuss the
possibility and adoption of sustainable practices
in the internal activities of the university.
Research from Alshuwaikhat et al. [5] tried to do
a sustainability performance assessment of higher
education institutions. Research from Zhao and
Zou [14] has compiled a concept of the green
campus implemented at Tsinghua University. In
other research, Shuqin et al. [15] performed an
assessment of the implementation of the concept
of sustainability at universities in China. This
research attempted to narrow this gap in the
literature as no previous research has been aimed
at developing concepts to implement
sustainability in accordance with the
characteristics of Indonesian universities. This
research aims to develop a concept that can be
used by university management to implement
sustainability in higher-education institutions.
The application of the concept of sustainability at
universities in Indonesia has not been very
popular, and this research encourages Indonesian
universities to adopt and implement the concept
of sustainability. The output of this research aims
to provide a new understanding that, basically,
universities in Indonesia have sufficient resources
to implement sustainability and that this
implementation process will produce a
sustainable-university concept. In the future, the
concept of a sustainable university must be part
of a university’s long-term plan, in addition to
raising the awareness of all stakeholders. In
addition, this research intends to address the
concerns identified in research conducted by
Adams [12] and to help university management
implement the concept of sustainability within
organizations.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Benefits of Applying the Concept of
Sustainability to the University
Implementation of the concept of
sustainability in higher-education institutions can
provide great benefits. The concept of
sustainability can be developed as an approach by
university management for implementing
university policies and programs. University
policies and programs that are be based on the
concept of sustainability and its impact will be
felt by the wider social community in the long
run. Universities that have implemented the
concept of sustainability have improved the
internal business processes of the university and
the programs and policies planned by the
university can accommodate the interests of all
university stakeholders. In the concept of
 4 Jusuf et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory,
universities that accommodate all the interests of
university stakeholders will be able to establish
good connections and will get strong legitimacy
regarding the policies to be implemented by the
university. This will also be related to the
university's reputation in the context of social
performance and environmental performance.
Some previous research has discussed the
benefits of the concept of sustainability in the
context of organizational reputation. Hasan &
Yun [16] discusses organizational social
performance with improved organizational
reputation and the results of this research indicate
that organizational social performance is
positively correlated with improving
organizational reputation. University
management can use improved social
performance as a strategy to improve the
reputation of the university from the viewpoint of
university stakeholders.
Furthermore, the benefit of applying the
concept of sustainability in universities is to
improve the quality of education and research
related to the concept of sustainability. University
management must realize that future generations
must gain an understanding that the concept of
sustainability is very important to learn and the
research that will be carried out must seek to
develop the application of the concept of
sustainability in the wider social community.
Dmochowski et al. [17] investigated the
integration of the concept of sustainability in the
university curriculum and found that this
integration process has resulted in changes in
students' perspectives on the concept of
sustainability. This research has produced a
framework that can be used by teaching staff to
integrate the concept of sustainability in the
university curriculum. Another benefit of
applying the concept of sustainability within the
university is in a form of a balanced in between
financial performance, social performance, and
environmental performance of the university.
This balance is very important so that the
university management can shift their view that
the financial performance of the university is not
the only aim for them to be achieved. The
characteristics of universities are different from
the characteristics of public companies and it is
fitting for university management to realize that
universities have a role to support social
communities and environmental preservation.
Disterheft et al. [18] developed an integrated
approach to implementing the concept of
environmental sustainability within the university.
The results of this research indicate that higher
education institution organizations have the
ability and sufficient resources to improve
environmental performance.
B. Previous Research on the Implementation
of the Concept of Sustainability at the
University
Previous research has studied the possibility
of adopting the concept of sustainability in public
universities. Research from Alshuwaikhat et al.
[5] conducted an assessment of the
implementation of the concept of sustainability in
higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia.
This research found that the concept of
sustainability has not been widely implemented
in the university's internal activities and that
more effort is needed to implement the concept
of sustainability, especially in the fields of
education and research. Blackburn [19] revealed
the practice of applying the concept of
sustainability to universities. In his research,
Blackburn [19] also discussed the challenges and
obstacles faced by university management in
implementing the concept of sustainability.
Research from An et al. [20] discusses the
development of sustainability reporting
conducted by universities in New Zealand. This
research found that sustainability reporting trends
have not been carried out by university
management and the majority of information
disclosed in university sustainability reports is
information about the university's social
performance. Research from Zhao & Zou [14]
aims to develop the concept of green campus at
Tsinghua University. Research by Zhao & Zou
[14] found that the concept of a green campus at
Tsinghua University was based on the dream of
the university to become a world class university
and form a sustainable society. The concept of
green university applied at Tsinghua University
contains three elements, namely green education,
green research, and green campus. Research from
Awuzie & Emuze [21] examines the process of
promoting the concept of sustainability at
universities in South Africa. The results of this
research found that the promotion of the concept
of sustainability must be in line with the
education and research policies of the university
and support from the government is needed so
that the promotion process can be successful.
Research from Shuqin et al. [15] developed a
concept to evaluate the application of the concept
of sustainability to universities. The results of
this research develop an evaluation method that
consists of five components, namely
organizational and management components,
energy and resource savings, environmental

awareness, organizational culture, and social
impact.
III. METHODS
This research is a conceptual research that
aims to develop concepts to implement the
concept of sustainability in higher education
institutions. This research uses the literature
review method by looking at previous literature
that discusses the concept of sustainability in
higher education institutions. This research
adopts the method conducted by Ceulemans et al.
[22] which uses literature review to make
discussions about the development of
sustainability reporting at higher education
institutions. This research is also based on the
method used in Findler et al. [23] who used the
literature review method to identify the impact of
applying the concept of sustainability in
universities and research from Lozano et al. [24]
which examines the university's commitment in
implementing the concept of sustainability.
This research consists of two main parts. The
first part of this research is aimed at developing a
framework or concept to assist university
management in implementing the concept of
sustainability within higher education institutions.
This stage uses the literature review method and
it is hoped that the resulting framework will be
used by various types of higher education
institutions with different characteristics. The
second part of this research is aimed at discussing
how to form a sustainable university, especially
for universities in Indonesia. At this stage the
content analysis method is carried out to analyze
the university reports that have applied the
concept of sustainability (especially the
university sustainability report) and identify what
needs to be done and prepared for towards a
sustainable university. Using the content analysis
method, this research analyzes the University of
Indonesia's sustainability report in 2018.
Universitas Indonesia in 2018 has issued a
sustainability report and this sustainability report
data can be used as a reference in discussing the
sustainable university concept.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At this stage, this research compiles a concept
to implement the concept of sustainability. In
general, there are three stages to implementing
the concept of sustainability. The stages are
preliminary stages, main stages, and final stages.
The processes contained in the preliminary stage
are:
1. assessment of the university's sustainability
performance;
5
2. identification of factors supporting the
implementation of the concept of sustainability;
3. carry out focus group discussions with
university stakeholders. The core stages include:
1. the formulation of policies and guidelines
for implementing the concept of sustainability;
2. collection of suggestions or feedback on
policies and guidelines to be implemented. The
final stage covers the stage of implementing
policies and guiding the concept of sustainability
and the monitoring and evaluation stage.
A. University Sustainability Performance
Assessment
The university's sustainability performance
assessment process is important to find out
whether an organization can apply the concept of
sustainability in the university's internal business
processes. The assessment of university
sustainability performance can be used as a basis
for evaluation in the context of implementing the
concept of sustainability in higher education
institutions. There are several previous studies
that compile the concept of performance
appraisal for higher education institutions.
Lozano [25] developed a concept called the
GASU (Graphical Assessment of Sustainability
in Universities) method and there is also the
STARS system (Sustainability Tracking,
Assessment & Rating System) method developed
by AASHE (The Association for the
Advancement of Sustainability in Higher
Education).
Lozano [25] stated that the GASU indicators
will provide a systematic assessment process and
the results can be used as a basis for preparing a
university sustainability report. In general, the
sustainability performance assessment indicators
of GASU have 5 performance measures, namely
(1) profile, (2) economic, (3) environmental, (4)
social, and (5) educational. The next
measurement of sustainability performance used
in this research is the STARS System
performance measurement developed by AASHE.
Performance measurement with the STARTS
System focuses on measuring sustainability
performance at higher education institutions. The
performance measurement indicators on the
STARS System are intended to carry out
sustainability performance assessments for
organizations in the education sector. Another
method is the STARS System and in general,
there are five categories of sustainability
performance measurement, namely (1) academics
(AC), (2) engagement (EN), (3) operations (OP),
(4) planning and administration (PA), and (5)
innovation and leadership (IN). The academics
 6 Jusuf et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
category explains indicators of sustainability in
the context of the education and teaching process
at the university. The engagement category
describes indicators of sustainability in the
context of the university's relations with students
and the relationship of the university with its
social community. The operations category
describes sustainability indicators in the context
of university operations and the planning and
administration category explains indicators in the
context of university planning and administration.
The innovation and leadership category explains
the indicators of sustainability in the context of
innovation and public leadership carried out by
the university. Some of these categories will be
further divided into several sub-categories that
will show the indicators of university
sustainability performance. The results of the
analysis of the GASU method and the STARS
System method will produce measurements of
the sustainability performance of a university.
Research from Richardson & Kachler [26]
creates two measurement groups of university
sustainability performance. The first group is
high performance where this group is a university
that has high sustainability performance.
Universities in this group will tend to report
sustainability performance through university
sustainability reports. The second group is low
performance where this group are universities
that have low sustainability performance.
Richardson & Kachler [26] hypothesize that
based on the theory of legitimacy, universities in
this group will continue to report sustainability
performance with the aim of minimizing negative
reactions from university stakeholder groups and
covering up low performance by reporting false
information on university sustainability reports.
B. Identification of Supporting Factors for
Implementing the Concept of Sustainability
The next stage is to identify supporting factors
that will facilitate the university to implement the
concept of sustainability. Identification of these
supporting factors can come from internal factors
of the university and external factors of the
university. One of the supporting factors of the
internal university is organizational culture.
Organizational culture is a habit that is believed
and carried out by every part in the organization.
Research from Adams et al. [27] explains that
university culture is the main factor that supports
the implementation of the concept of
sustainability within the university. University
leaders must be committed in supporting the
organizational culture that implements the
concept of sustainability. Commitment from
university management is one of the supporting
factors for the implementation process and will
affect the prevailing organizational culture within
the university. Ávila et al. [28] argues that
support from senior leaders within the university
can increase the commitment of university
leaders to implement the concept of sustainability.
Another supporting factor from internal
universities is the support of students. Research
from Dagiliūtė et al. [13] shows that students are
important parties who can help to implement the
concept of sustainability within the university.
The management can identify supporting factors
in terms of facilities and infrastructure, which
universities require to implement the concept of
sustainability. In terms of external factors,
university management can identify university
stakeholder groups who have the opportunity to
support the implementation of the concept of
sustainability. Therefore, support from
stakeholder groups is very important as a
stakeholder engagement process as well as
leadership of university management.
C. To Carry Out a Focus Group Discussion
with University Stakeholders
University stakeholders play a very important
role in the process of implementing the concept
of sustainability in the internal activities of higher
education. Accordingly, the university
stakeholder group can be defined as a group from
both internal and external factors of the
university, which are associated with the
university and will be affected by the university’s
decisions. In general, university stakeholders can
be classified into two groups: (1) stakeholders
from internal universities and (2) stakeholder
groups from external universities. Internal
university stakeholders include students,
employees and teaching staff. The latter comprise
the government or ministries, regional
governments, communities and non-profit
organizations. This process reflects the
stakeholder engagement process where the
university invites all stakeholders to discuss a
policy to be implemented. The process of
stakeholder engagement is very important as a
means of unifying the vision and mission of the
university and its stakeholders. Brusca et al. [29]
state that the participation of university
stakeholders in the stakeholder engagement
process is a fundamental factor for the
implementation of the concept of sustainability in
universities. In the context of legitimacy theory,
the stakeholder engagement process is also
intended so that the policies and programs to be
implemented by the university can get legitimacy

and support from all university stakeholders. The
process of stakeholder engagement also reflects
the strength of the social network and
organizational leadership in place at the
university. Susandy & Prasetyo [30] argue that
the concept of social networks and organizational
leadership is the strength of the university that
can be used to establish relationships with
university stakeholders. Focus group discussion
activities will help university management to
build social networks with university
stakeholders and the leadership form of
university management.
D. Compilation of Policies and Guidelines for
Implementing the Concept of Sustainability
The next stage after the engagement process is
the process of developing policies and guidelines
for implementing the concept of sustainability.
University management can use the results of
focus group discussions as a foundation for
developing policies and guidelines for
implementing a sustainability strategy. Factors
supporting the implementation of sustainability
strategies must also be considered in developing
policies and programs. In general, those policies
and guidelines can be related to a university’s
financial performance, social performance, and
environmental performance. These policies and
guidelines must be specific and adjusted to the
university’s resources. These policies and
guidelines can be specific to each department and
faculty or can be generally applied across the
university. These policies and guidelines should
ideally contain steps for procedures focused on
rewards and penalties. In formulating these
policies and guidelines, university leaders should
discuss with faculty leaders and head of
departments in order to accommodate their
suggestions. This needs to be done considering
that each department and faculty has different
characteristics and ability of resources that are
not the same.
E. Acceptance of Feedback Regarding Policies
and Guidelines to be Implemented
The next stage is the stage of socialization
regarding the draft policies and guidelines that
will be implemented. This stage is the stage of
gathering advice and input related to policies and
guidelines on the concept of sustainability that
will be implemented within the university. At this
stage, university leaders can disseminate draft
policies and guidelines to all university internal
and external stakeholders. Each stakeholder
group will examine the contents of the draft
policy and guidelines and will identify which
7
points of the policy can be revised. Provision of
advice and input will be closely related to the
characteristics and the interests of each
stakeholder group. The university management
must be able to accommodate the suggestions and
input from each stakeholder group and this step is
needed so that in the future all university
stakeholders have the same perspective on the
policies and guidelines to be implemented.
F. Policy Implementation Stage and
Sustainability Concept Guidelines
This stage is substantial because this stage is
the process of implementing the policies and
guidelines for the concept of sustainability that
have been prepared. This implementation phase
should be done in stages and can be started from
the level of study programs and faculties. The
process of this stage can also be carried out
directly in all parts of the university, but it must
first be ensured that the university has all the
supporting infrastructure for the implementation
process. One of the supporting infrastructures is
that the university has a part in the university's
organizational structure that focuses on the
application of the concept of sustainability. Some
universities abroad have a section or organ in the
organizational structure that focuses on
sustainability issues and this part of the
organization has an important role to accelerate
the process of implementing the concept of
sustainability. This implementation stage be fully
supported by the university's stakeholder groups.
Disterheft et al. [18] stated that a participatory
approach from all stakeholder groups is needed
so that the process of implementing the concept
of sustainability can be successful.
G. Monitoring and Evaluation Stage of Policy
Implementation
The final stage in the concept of
implementing the concept of sustainability at the
university is the monitoring and evaluation stage.
This stage is needed to see the progress of the
implementation process and identify obstacles
and challenges when implementing the concept
of sustainability. University management can
form a team that is tasked with conducting
monitoring and evaluation activities. This
monitoring and evaluation stage can be carried
out simultaneously with the implementation
stages. The university can collect data on the
obstacles faced in implementing policies and
guidelines as well as what needs to be improved
in the contents of the policies and programs that
have been prepared.
 8 Jusuf et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020

H. Concepts for Implementing Sustainability
Concepts at Universities
Based on the points discussed in the previous
section, this research aims to develop a guideline
that can help universities implement the concept
of sustainability. The initial stage for
implementing the concept of sustainability at
universities focuses on conducting sustainability
performance assessments to see whether or not a
university has adequate sustainability
performance. This stage also consists of
identifying supporting factors from both internal
and external universities that can help the
university management to implement the concept
of sustainability. To improve the stakeholder
engagement process, focus group discussion
(FGD) activity is also carried out with university
stakeholders at this stage. This FGD activity aims
to gather advice and input from internal and
external stakeholders of the university in relation
to the implementation process. These suggestions
and input are very important because the process
of implementing sustainability will have direct
and indirect impacts on university stakeholders.
The next stage in the implementation process
is the main stage. The first step in this stage is the
process of formulating policies and guidelines for
implementing sustainability. This step must
consider the advice and input that university
stakeholders have given. After this stage is
completed and policies and guidelines are
Figure 1. The framework of implementing the concept of sustainability at universities
produced, the exposure draft of the policies and
guidelines is submitted to the university
stakeholders to get advice and input. This process
is needed to ensure that all parties, including both
university management and university
stakeholders, have the same viewpoint on the
contents of the guidelines and policies to be
implemented.
The final stage of implementing sustainability
includes two sub-stages: (1) the implementation
of policies and agreed-upon sustainability
concept guidelines and (2) monitoring and
evaluation. The implementation stage can be
carried out at the fastest for three months and can
be done in phases, for example, starting at the
level of study programs and faculties. If the
implementation stage is considered to have run
well, the implementation process can be carried
out in all parts of the university. The monitoring
and evaluation stage can be done simultaneously
with the implementation stage to get an overview
of the implementation process and to identify
things that need to be improved. Gradually, this
framework can help universities achieve green
campus criteria.
Dagiliūtė et al. [13] utilizes the categories of
green campus, for universities that implement
sustainability, and non-green campus, for
universities that have not implemented
sustainability.

Preliminary stage Main stages

 Assessment of the university's
ongoing performance
 Identification of factors supporting
the implementation of the concept of
sustainability
 Carry out FGDs with university
stakeholders
• Compilation of policies and
guidelines for implementing the concept of
sustainability
• Gathering suggestions and input
regarding policies and guidelines to be
implemented (exposure draft)

Final stages
 Stage of policy implementation and
sustainability concept guidelines
 The monitoring and evaluation
phase of policy implementation

I. Toward a Sustainable University sustainable university has implemented

The aim of this study is to argue that the sustainability comprehensively. Some previous
evolution of universities in Indonesia must research has attempted to develop criteria for a
include a move toward sustainability. A sustainable university. Lozano [31] argues that a

strong commitment from university management
to disclose comprehensive information can help
universities achieve a good level of sustainability.
The existence of transparency and accountability
between university management and university
stakeholders is one of the characteristics of
sustainable universities. Another feature is the
involvement of university stakeholders in the
preparation of long-term university plans and
university programs. The existence of this
engagement process indicates that university
management is committed to accommodating the
interests of all university stakeholders. Dragomir
[32] states that stakeholders can provide useful
advice and input in an organization’s long-term
plans, especially those relating to sustainability.
Another characteristic of a sustainable university
is budgeting for community service activities and
corporate social responsibility activities (or in
this context, university social responsibility). The
existence of a budget for social activities
indicates that university management has a high
concern for improving societal issues.
A sustainable university can also be achieved
by integrating the concepts of sustainability into
the university curriculum. Research from Botes et
al. [33] examined whether the accounting
curriculum in colleges in New Zealand
sufficiently integrated sustainability-related
concepts. This study found that the discussion of
sustainability in the curriculum was not too large
and that in the future it was necessary to improve
curriculum development. University management
Towards sustainable university in Indonesia
Figure 2. Towards a sustainable university in Indonesia
J. University Sustainability Reporting Trends
in Indonesia
This section discusses the development of
sustainability reporting conducted by universities
in Indonesia. Using the content analysis method,
this research analyzes the University of
Indonesia's sustainability report released in 2018.
In general, the information presented in the
University of Indonesia's sustainability report in
9
and teaching staff play a necessary role in
integrating sustainability into the curriculum.”.
Universities can also achieve sustainable
university criteria by developing research policies
that focus on topics about sustainability. By
developing and supporting policies toward
research that focuses on developing sustainability,
the university will help promote sustainability in
the academic community. This process will make
research topics on sustainability more favored
and produce discussions that will help the
application and implementation of sustainability.
Ávila et al. [11] have identified research topics
that have been widely studied in recent years in
reputable international journals. This research
found that the topics of environmental
management, ecology, and environmental science
were the most researched topics of sustainability.
A final requirement for a sustainable university is
assessment and evaluation by university
stakeholders. This assessment and evaluation is
needed to determine whether the sustainability
goals of the university have been achieved. Nejati
and Nejati [34] provide a new understanding of
evaluating a university’s sustainability from the
perspective of students. They explained that there
were four indicators that showed success in
achieving a sustainable university: (1) the impact
on the social community, (2) commitment and
monitoring of the implementation of
sustainability, (3) waste treatment and energy use,
and (4) land use and planning.
 There is a strong commitment to
report financial and non-financial
information
 Stakeholder involvement in the
university's long-term plan
 There is a budget policy to conduct
university social responsibility
 Integration of university
curriculum with concepts of sustainability
 Research policies that focus on the
concept of sustainability
2018 is in accordance with the principles of
sustainability. The structure of the contents of the
sustainability report consists of two main parts,
namely the vision, mission, and objectives in the
context of sustainability of the Universities of
Indonesia and the aspects of sustainability that
are of concern to the university.
The principles of sustainability manifested in
the goals of the University of Indonesia are
 10 Jusuf et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
appropriate in the context of sustainability,
although they do not cover many aspects. The
aim of the university is more emphasized on
developing education for students and supporting
the social community. At first, it can be seen that
the University of Indonesia is more inclined to
put a good social performance on the university's
goals. In the sustainability aspects that are of
concern to the university, the university
establishes six main aspects, namely
infrastructure, energy, waste, water use,
transportation and education. In the infrastructure
aspect, the university releases information that
focuses on the location and use of the land. In
this aspect the university has released
information on land use for green open space and
campus forests. The University owns 22% of the
land for campus forests and this is information
that reflects the university's commitment to the
university's environmental performance. On
information about energy aspects, the university
focuses on three things, namely the use of
renewable energy, energy savings, and smart and
green building. The University has shown that
the university is committed in reducing electricity
usage and this reduction has reached 6.9% since
2017. To achieve this decline, the university has
prepared efforts to use renewable energy sources
such as solar panels, fuel cells, and wind power.
The University has presented information about
commitments to build green and smart building.
A total of 25% of all buildings in the University
of Indonesia have green and smart building
concepts. In the context of waste treatment, the
university has presented information on the
processing of organic and inorganic waste, waste
treatment methods, and policies for reducing the
use of paper and plastic. The interesting thing is
that all the results of the processing of organic
waste have been turned into compost and the
results are submitted to the university of
Indonesia Trash Bank. From the information
presented, it can be concluded that university
management has a high commitment in
environmental performance. In the context of the
use of water resources, the university has
presented information on water conservation
programs, water treatment programs, and water
saving programs. The information presented
shows that 80% of faculties within the university
already have policies for water conservation
programs and programs for water treatment have
been prepared for each unit within the university.
In the context of the transportation sector, the
university has implemented several policies to
support the implementation of the concept of
sustainability. The University has added locations
for parking vehicles to 7% of the university's
total land area and the provided 15 units of bus to
accommodate trips to and from the university.
The university has added land for pedestrianism
and a policy on zero emission vehicles has been
implemented within the university. In the context
of education and research, the university has fully
supported the integration of the concept of
sustainability in education and research programs
at universities. The university revealed
information that 59 student activity units had to
do with the implementation of the concept of
sustainability and the university had held 198
activities related to the concept of sustainability.
In its publication performance, the university has
published 300 researches related to the context of
sustainability. The university management has a
high commitment to include the concept of
sustainability in the university curriculum where
22% of the courses offered have links to material
on environment and sustainability and 27% of the
total university research funding is given to
research that discusses the concept of
sustainability. If identification can be made, then
the information presented in the University of
Indonesia's sustainability report can be seen in
Table 1.
Table 1.
Material Information in the sustainability report of the
University of Indonesia (UI)
Disclosed Material information
sustainability
aspects
Infrastructure - Information on the area of green open
aspects space
- Information about land area for campus
forests
- Information about campus main setting
- Information on the number of students
and staff at the university
Energy aspects - Information on the use of renewable
energy
- Information about energy saving efforts
- Information about green and smart
building
Waste aspect - Information about processing organic
waste and inorganic waste
- Information about treating hazardous
waste
- Information on paper and plastic
reduction policies
Water use - Information about water conservation
aspects programs
- Information about water treatment
policies and programs
- Information on efforts to save water

Disclosed Material information
sustainability
aspects
Transportation - Information about the area of parking
aspects lots at the university
- Information about shuttle buses for
public transportation
- Information about a pedestrian path
- Information on the zero emission
vehicle policy
Educational - Information about student activity units
aspects and and activities carried out in accordance
research with the concept of sustainability
activities - Information about the total courses
integrated with the concept of
sustainability
- Information about the total research
funding provided for research that
discusses the concept of sustainability
The results of the content analysis from this
research managed to identify some of the
drawbacks in the University of Indonesia's
sustainability report which can be used as a basis
for improving future sustainability reports. Some
of these drawbacks are:
1) The university's sustainability report has
not been mentioned using standards or guidelines
for preparing sustainability reports. Universities
can use GRI standards or guidelines in the future
so that the information presented in the
sustainability report can be more comprehensive
and in accordance with the interests of university
stakeholders.
2) The university has not presented
information on environmental costs in the
university’s sustainability report. Environmental
costs are costs incurred by the university to
maintain the university’s environmental
performance at an optimal stage. Research from
Michael & Elser [35] has developed an
accounting model for calculating waste
management costs, and the university can use the
results of this research as a basis for determining
the environmental costs of the university.
3) The preparation of sustainability reports
does not involve many roles from stakeholders or
there is no stakeholder engagement process. This
process is very important so that the university’s
sustainability report accommodates the interests
of university stakeholders. Ceulemans et al. [22]
states that the process of preparing a university
sustainability report in the future must involve a
more comprehensive stakeholder engagement
process.
4) The University of Indonesia’s sustainability
report does not have a statement of conformity
with the standards of the independent examiner.
When looking at sustainability reports produced
from public companies, the report has been
11
examined by an independent examiner in the
context of compliance with applicable standards
and guidelines. The results of the inspection by
the independent examiner are very important to
ensure that the information presented in the
sustainability report is in accordance with reality
and ensures the information presented is credible
and can be accounted for. The audit process or
examination of an organization’s sustainability
report is very important to be done to guarantee
the accuracy of the information presented [36].
Edgley et al. [37] states that the concept of
information materiality can be brought into the
audit concept of organizational sustainability
reports and this is a development in the context of
the examination of reports containing financial
information and non-financial information.
5) In terms of report content, the university
has not provided comprehensive information for
each aspect. Each aspect is only explained briefly
and does not reflect actual conditions within the
university. This resulted in the stakeholders not
getting comprehensive information about the
university's sustainability performance.
University of Indonesia is a university that has
very high resources to implement the principle of
sustainability and it is appropriate that the
information presented in the university's
sustainability report must be comprehensive and
complete. Richardson & Kachler [26] states that
universities that have sufficient resources to carry
out the principle of sustainability are likely to
disclose complete information in the university's
sustainability report. This process will not only
help stakeholders in the decision making process,
but also to enhance the university's reputation in
the academic network.
It must be recognized that Universitas
Indonesia is a pioneer in the preparation of
sustainability reports for public universities in
Indonesia. Although the sustainability report
produced is not a comprehensive one,
nonetheless this is a good process to promote the
preparation of sustainability reports for other
universities in Indonesia. This process will also
help to promote the application of the concept of
sustainability to universities in Indonesia. In the
future, if more universities in Indonesia release
university sustainability reports, it can be ensured
that the university's commitment to the
implementation of the concept of sustainability
has increased. The impact is that universities in
Indonesia will be more likely to attain sustainable
universities, and in a broader context, will help to
accelerate the formation of sustainable society.
 12 Jusuf et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
K. Obstacles and Challenges Towards
Attaining Sustainable University in
Indonesia
Achieving the concept of sustainable
university has to be the future goal in managing
universities in Indonesia. By achieving a
sustainable university, the presence of the
university will have a greater impact on the social
community. To achieve the concept of
sustainable university, the current readiness of
the university and what must be prepared in the
future should carefully being taken into account.
It must be realized and understood that there are
obstacles and challenges to forming a sustainable
university in Indonesia. This research has
identified several obstacles and challenges
towards sustainable universities in Indonesia.
1) Poor understanding of the benefits of
implementing the concept of sustainability. So far,
the concept of sustainability is only understood to
be applicable to profit oriented organizations.
The application of the concept of sustainability in
universities is very important to help achieve
higher education for sustainable development
(HESD). Research by Disterheft et al. [18]
explained that the main objective of applying the
concept of sustainability in higher education
institutions is to achieve higher education for
sustainable development so that the benefits of
higher education institutions operation can be felt
by the wider community. Wals [38] argues that
the concept of higher education for sustainable
development will be achieved if the university
integrates the concept of sustainability in the
fields of education, research, university
operations, and in community service activities.
2) The absence of commitment and support
for the application of the concept of sustainability
from the university leaders. The university
management does not have the commitment and
support to apply the concept of sustainability to
university activities. Commitment and support in
implementing the concept of sustainability has
not been included in the vision and mission of the
university or the programs derived from
university policy. Lozano et al. [24] states that
the commitment of university leaders to
implement the concept of sustainability is a major
factor, hence the adoption and implementation
process will be successful. This commitment can
be demonstrated through university policies and
programs that support the application of the
concept of sustainability.
3) Lack of standards and guidelines for
implementing the concept of sustainability in
higher education institutions. The higher
education environment in Indonesia does not
have a generally accepted standards and
guidelines for applying the concept of
sustainability. Some universities already have
their own guidelines that fit the characteristics of
the university. In the future, the process of
preparing standards and guidelines for
implementing the concept of sustainability must
be included in the long-term plan. Sustainability
issues have now become a serious discussion and
it is time for higher education institutions to take
a role in this sustainability context. Sudana [39]
states that by integrating the concept of
sustainability into standards or guidelines,
specifically accounting policies, a guideline that
has sustainability values (such as sustainability
accounting) can be attained.
4) Implementation of sustainability concept is
not included in the university’s long-term plans.
The university can help to promote the
understanding of the concept of sustainability a
necessity for future generations. Implementation
of the concept of sustainability for the long term
can be done by incorporating sustainability
concept materials into the university curriculum.
This integration process ensures that students will
get a better understanding of the concept of
sustainability and why the concept of
sustainability must be implemented in the future.
Ramos et al. [40] explained that curriculum
development in universities that integrate the
concept of sustainability can be an appropriate
medium for teaching the concept of sustainability
to future generations. Curriculum development
with the integration of the concept of
sustainability will facilitate the university’s
efforts to form a sustainable society.
5) There is no policy that universities must
compile and report financial and non-financial
information through a university sustainability
report. The university sustainability report is a
comprehensive report that contains the economic,
social and environmental performance of a
university. Research by An et al. [20] found that
universities are organizations that have high
capability to make a sustainability report. The
university management can use the university's
sustainability report as a means to establish good
communication with all university stakeholders.
Research by Dienes et al. [41] explained that
internal organizational is one of the supporting
factors so that the organization reports its
sustainability report, and this effort must also be
supported by the stakeholders in a form of
requests for information about the organization's
sustainability. Brusca et al. [29] argue that
sustainability reports can inform changes that
occur within university organizations, and this

type of information is fundamental for university
stakeholders in the context of decision-making.
V. CONCLUSION
This research aims to develop a concept for
the process of implementing the sustainability in
higher education institutions in Indonesia. This
concept can be used by a university’s
management team as a basis or guideline for
implementing the concept of sustainability. In
general, the concept for implementing the
concept of sustainability in higher education
institutions includes three main steps, namely the
preliminary stage, the core stage, and the final
stage. Each of these stages consists of several
interrelated processes. The main purpose of the
implementation of the concept of implementation
is to form a sustainable university.
Based on the results of this research, this
research can provide advice to several parties:
A. University Management
The university management must realize that
the application of the concept of sustainability is
very important for the improvement of internal
processes in the university. The university
management must understand that the concept of
sustainability will be part of the university's long-
term plan. Higher education institutions need to
take a holistic role concerning sustainability
issues. Many steps and programs can be taken by
university management to achieve a sustainable
university. By achieving a sustainable university
the university will provide great benefits not only
to stakeholders but also to the larger social
community.
B. University Stakeholders
University stakeholders have a very important
role in helping the university to apply the concept
of sustainability. University stakeholders can
provide advice and input related to the
implementation process and help the university
management to reduce obstacles and challenges
in the implementation process. University
stakeholders have the right to obtain information
about the university's long-term plans and
policies. Stakeholders must realize that a
stakeholder engagement process or mechanism is
a process that aims to supervise and monitor
university management, and this process aims to
ensure that university programs and policies are
in line with the main objectives of the university.
C. Policy Makers
This research has identified that one of the
obstacles and challenges in the process of
13
implementing the concept of sustainability in
universities is that there are no standards or
guidelines for implementing the concept of
sustainability in universities. The existence of
these standards or guidelines is needed so that
university management has comprehensive
guidelines for the process of adopting and
implementing the concept of sustainability.
Furthermore, the Sustainability Accounting
Standards Board (SASB), an organization
focused on developing sustainable accounting,
has developed guidelines and standards for the
implementation of sustainable accounting in
higher education institutions. In the future, the
implementation of the concept of sustainability
cannot only be applied within the higher
education environment: Public sector
organizations will be able to the concept of
sustainability. When the concept of sustainability
can be widely implemented, policies and
standards as supporting infrastructures are
necessary.
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