1 eed SI A auan rmopuciOn PRESENTATION ‘ONE Qu TIehe tem quay 2 map production ty Dlacuse areas areas in aap production where “quality can be assensed, ey poten on srw conti uy zt check on mar + department of surveys and mapping js curently digtng maps FY" a) Te er yop ter geo fren part ofthe maps of S708 43/3/3/SW/4 «), Explain how you would carry out the exercise QUESTION TWO A. Differentiate between basic map and a derived map Z Avasic map is a map that is drawn from freshly collected data from the ffeld for example coordinates. cadastral maps is an example of a basic nap While A derived map is formed by generation and modification of existing original maps. = Aderived map is based on secondary data While A Basic map is based on. primary data, «= Abasic map is majorly based on existing situation While A derived map is pot only limited to existing situation but can also be a planning proposs! b. What are the sole maps in the development of the country? What are tee rors uae topographic maps when they arc planning roads, buildings orother human-made structures. > Mother hae apie ape especialy in areas where there are no roads with Tigns hence a source of income. 5 ign benes tain the eecuriy sector to Jocate operational reas in the country Maps of wmoting peace and stability which are casental forthe country’s development. > errclePmerige maps to demarcate boundaries of land inthe country 20s to prevent land conflicts among the natives. > Pirvene maps are tsed in the Agricultural Sector to show regions with the eines climatic conditions which enables farmers to be aware of the suitable dierent grow in the identified regione ts improve agriculture in the country,a enable the goveriient 0 determine orto Imow the nun Pebpt living ina specific area tus PFOPCF Or equitable delivery of goods ang Tkceeke wopery development > Mapsare tned fo alocate uansportand communication routes for proper istibution of goods and services. > Gealoginl mare are used to diaply the arrangementa of geological features at Parise av ares Ms roar cppeauest ala whicis hepa in ndceret Lientiioaton for example oil in hoima. D. A cartographic supervisor in UBOS has tasked a mapping assistant to generate census map from a topographic map series 1: 50000.write down fentures on the topogrephio map that deem Useful for census map. + Communication and transport routes + Settlement patterns * Towns/cities/provinces + Water (lakes, rivers and swamps) ‘©. What would be the relevance of including the features above on the map? + Boundaries To define specific areas in a map for example Districts and Countries. + Comrunication and transport routes They show accessibility of an area + Settlement patterns It shows the way the population is distributed in an area. + Towns eities/provinces For easy identification of areas in your map. ‘+ Water bodies ic. rivers, lakes ‘To show water catchment areas on the map. ¢. Elaborate the following statements A basic map is a base map, Explain the use of each of the iems above + LEGEND; This is used to explain signs and symbols used on the map thus preventing congestion on the map. for example, features are presented using points, lines , polygons and different colors are used to present those features SCALE MAP HISTORY * A scale is a ratio of the ground distance to the vary distance on the map.This is used to show the different scales used on the map, the author, date, and various map versions. + GRIDSFoini ever So oso orat parallel lines running at right angles to cach other. ‘ne set rans from North to South and the other rans from Bast to West. The (ne ee Sfunese act of line are in ether an even mamber of ert oF mers ‘gris serve a function of accurately locating features on © AP + BOARDER the space between the margin and the neat line of the map ‘Thi tte sed to enclosure different map features. e: Aeartographer made a mapo hursedly and fre 2 Stes the items listed CA cae ron challengews that the map user would experice ‘whileusing the map ‘without thefdollowing snide ‘one would find a difficult of not knowing the purpose of the ms. iL Date ‘= One would find it difficult to reference the map. © Its hard to find its validity. il, Data source one would find it difSeult to cazry out manual proofing and checking a m#p's validity. since data source gives relevant information about the validity ofthe map. te. Copyright One would find it difficult to determine whether the map is genuine or not, since @ ‘map without copyright can easily be duplicated. Some features would not be visible on a map without a it since the ; out a coy since there are no restrictions regarding production of various copies. cae vy, AuthorPetietiee te apevert in case eesophiPOUt an Author'a map user would fing, Ailficult to reference a map : QUESTION FOUR ‘.Different between grid from graticule + Agrid is a networke of two equally spaced parallel ines running at right angles to'cach other, one set running from North to South and the other from East to West. While graticule are lines showing parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude for the earth. Grids are used to display major measured locations using projected coordinates on a map while graticule ean be sed to show locations using geographic coordinates. ‘-What is the importance of having grids on the maps. * Grids help people to locate places on a map. On small scale maps, a grid is often made up of latitudes and longitudes. The intersection ofa latitude and a longitude is a coordinate and it helps to identily the exact location of a place. Clarity or order. Grids bring order to a layout making it easier for visifors to find and navigate through information. Bficiency. Grids allows a designer to quickly add elements to a layout because many layout decisions are addressed while building the grid structure, Economy. Grids make it easier for other designers to work and collaborate on the design as they provide the plan to place elements, Consistency. Grids lead to consist tency in the layout of pages across a single site (or several sites creating a structural harmony in the design Explain how one can construct grids on maps Draw diagonal lines through the sheet corners, at the intersection ofthe diagonals Plot exactly equal distances along each line, These points should be approximately ‘one inch from the edge of the paper. Join the four plotted points so that they form a rectangle. You must ensure that all the lines pass through the centre ofthe plotted Points whether in pencil or ink. Check opposite sides of the rectangle and make sure that the opposite sides are equal. If they are not equal, there must be a plotting error Which must be found and corrected before proceeding further.} forkout the size of the area required to be covered by the grid. The size of the grid ‘will be [Easting of the Eastern most grid ling minus Easting of the Wentern most ‘grid ine] and (Northing of Northern mont grid line minus Northing of Southern ‘most ged line). Knowing the size ofthe required rectangle, you must decide on its position within the outside rectangle taking into consideration any information that ‘may have to go in the margin. Now set off the required length on the sides of the rectangle. This gives the approximate position of the neat line ie. the line round the outside edge of the map: Work out the distance from the approximate position of the neat line to the first grid line by subtracting the southwest corer from the vnlue of the next grid line. ‘Scale off this distance from the provisional sheet corner. This will be the first the first grid. Carryout the same procedure for the eastern and western rectangle lines, Plot the position of the grid lines on the basic rectangle by scaling from one comer. ‘Then check by measuring the size of each grid square. A second cheek is carried out by laying a straight edge diagonally across the grids at the grid intersections. If the there is no error in the grid, the straight edge will pass exactly through the intersections. 4, Discuss ways on how one can plot coordinaten using grid Point plotting is an clementary mathematical stil required in analytic ‘geometry. Invented by René Descartes and originally uséd to locate positions on Ahlitary maps, this skill is now assumed of everyone who wants to locate grid 7A.on any map. Using point ploting, one associates an ordered pair of real numbers (x,y) with 4 point in the plane in a one-to-one manner. As a result, one obtains the 2. dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. ‘Tobe able to plot points, one needs to first decide on a point in plane which will be called the origin, and a couple of perpendicular lines, called the x and y ‘¢9, a8 well asa preferred direction on each of the lines, Usually one chooses the x axis pointing right and the y axis pointing up, and these will be named the positive directions. Also, one picks a segment in the plane which is declared to be of unit length. Using rotated versions of this segment, one can measure distances along the x and y axes. Having the origin and the axes in place,trough the second point will intersect at precisely one point, which will be called the point with coordinates 0% 9) ©. Discuss distortions of grids 7 a: Distortion of grids ia caused either by shrinkage or stretching of the material aft plotting. It can be avoided to a certain extent by seasoning the material before use, but this almost overcome by the introduction of plastic materials which can stand all weathers. ‘The art of plotting on distorted grids lies is the positioning of the scale so that the distance plotted is in correct proportion to the undistorted length, Ifthe grid line is too short the scale should be twisted slightly so that it fits to the grid ne. I the grid line is too long the scale must be positioned on the line to minimize the error by proportioning the exces the plotted point on the grid line. ‘at both ends in relation to the position. of QUESTION FIVE * Different between map productions from map revision A map is a graphical representation of geographical information on a two dimensional surface, Revision is the process of changing a document, book etc. in order to improve it, correct mistakes, or make it contain the most recent information, Map production is the process of arran; in @ way that eveh without many shows. ging map clements on a piece of paper words, you can understand what the map In other words, maps are usually produced for presentations and feports where the audience or reader is a politician, citizen or a learner with no Professional background in GIS. Because of this, a map has to be effective in communicating spatial information, common elements of a map which include legend, title, scale bar, map body, north arrow, acknowledgement and map border. Whereas, Map revision is the updating, improving, and correcting map content at the Same scale. A complete revision consists of all deficiencies in planimetry and relief features including improvement of accuracy, vertical and or horizontal to result in a class one map, which meets current specifications in all respects./ e/ 7. ee ee ta re ote } Cycle revision; this 8 Tied over a number of years and then « | eet ar ANS eee ed to renew therm all. THIS SPS ot scar oiler ‘to maps at medium Fevnlon i apple parece inion in not ied 1 Fare iseine boquency of revision is therefore determined by the amount efchanges in form of data inflow and ficld surveys. This is normally Sroployel for large cle ma “oy » SESE EST eal of rvson which achiews revision of a ae a ede of cory. Tao princy being ear irurgency of demand or eof enange. c.What is the importance of map revision? ‘+ ‘The main importance of map revision is to keep all published maps up to date with changes taking place on the landscape. This therefore makes maps ‘maintain their usefulness. ‘+ Map revision helps in the making of planning proposals, which leads to development. ‘+ Map revision also enables a map-reader to allocate new features on a map. + Revised maps are used as a source of literature review. This therefore makes, rescarch easy for map users. + Map revision also stimulates correction of map content. * Due to map revision, there is solving of problems in the fields of the earth and social sciences. ‘+ Ithelps to keep file copies of the latest issues of the map sheet. Map revision enables reading and interpretation of the contents on a map. ‘Map revision also enables collection of data depending on the changes on a map. 4. Explain the sources of data for map revision * Acrial survey; this is a source for collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, balloons, drones and other aerial methods. Typical types of data collected include aerial photography, remote sensing, LIDAR and ‘geographical data. * Satellite imagery; the advantage of using satellite imagery for map revision is that they have a global coverage, fewer images are required to cover an area & hence reduce the number of control points.+ Ground survey; the survey enables the observation of information directly the ground measurements instead of an image. However, itis time consuming \\ and costly in terme of manpower recuired to eapture the data. Ground eur/ey more useful and economical for revision of large-scale maps but itis impractical for amall-scale maps. + isting mnps; these as used as references for purposes of coming UP Witt AGE changes of the existing situations for instance they enables & map-reades id) nnew features like transport routes, buildings, commercial centers of «Global Positioning System(GPS) is a network of satelites and recciving SSE Reedvisideterine the ground pestion|ofiam|oblect: They provide Teese Segeiet iougitade and aitiuade, GPS reseiversiare wo sccumso (Ai aia establish their location within one centimeter. QUESTION SX &. Contrast analogue and digital mapping, be; List tems that are needed in digital mapping office ¢. Define this terms 3, Deed plan ii, Cadastral mapping iii, Map production iv. Population census: v. Resolution vi, Normal data vii, Qualitatiative data ~ viii, Quantitative data ~" ‘Mention the items that are included in the deed plan QUESTION SEVEN a. Explain this terms JPG= eee IV. Seren printing i pee yo Ea mrt UESTION BIGHT Ree ON Ghat is map proofing? “ integrity and also prooting isthe printing checliit which ensures map integrity and ae en ey milan fr exarple ensuring that the map is ensures that there are no rinted. : Proof isthe ial printing ofa map for checking process b) Explain factors considered in proofing c i i sin ‘The main distinction here is between ‘superimpostre (single sheet) methods which all colors ae printed down onto the same piece of base material; and ‘overlay’ proofs where each of the colors constitutes a separate transparent, layer. + Range of colors Many of the commercially available graphic arts proofing methods relate to multi-color reproduction using the standard four-color process (cyan, magenta, yellow and black). Others provide only a limited range of colors which it is possible to mix or combine. This facility, enabling the creation of a particularly required color, is often of significant advantage in cartography. * Format Commonly, map production results in the generation of large format imagery. A number of potentially useful systems may prove of limited value because the available working area is too small for mapping requirements. + Substrata (base materials) If proofs of color are required, it is virtually essential to produce these on the same paper stock that it is intended to use during final printing. For proofs in color, particularly in the case of the ‘overlay’ system, itis necessary to employ a yosohuble coating and liquid dyes in association with a polyester or polyvinyl base Fee Bleemect Pg ol protec access to large format exposure and snc map of rotucon agence hare acs ola format exposure an developing facilites, together with contact frames, sinks and possibly & Ctr ‘Some may still have a ‘whirler’ which can be used to coat plastic sheets, these are now much less common than was formerly the case. ee ‘and materials used, “The price of producing a proof depends on the equipment and materi | And sso lect by thes levels of responsible pereonne and he unt of proofing undertaken. If arge numbers of stan 8 S aoe ue heqated, the high purchase cst of necessary expensive machinery ‘may soon be justified. + Reprographlc material : a All pre-press photo mechanical proofing methods require exposure, chrough cither a combined positive or negative, to bring about image transfer. The difference involved in working with either positives or negatives is important. co ere aes ia stn Gal pring whee a coy is continuously removed to chook wher the color image is fl Advantages + Profing can bt exactly asthe final printing plate or may be printing ise + Takes care of any special printing characteristics ofthe printing plate ite + Paper can be as press run ie. glossy makes a great difference to color intensity. *+ Progressive proofs help the printer to select the correct printing weight for each color. + No danger of metameric mis matching in the pressroom, ¥ Photo proofing; this is done before the real printing is carried out to check for the nature of image before production, Advantages Low cost in material and time,a L i i esi Ss tae thickness and type of BE nmi Pi cae Bop ated using an intensity nob SPICE, exposure HOM oy ac for master in any PAG sandwit # wnt lamp. Ultraviolent light penetrates iazo paper) pass infront of an ultraviolent the orginal and neutralizes the light sensitive diazonium salt wherever there was no image on the master. These areas become the white areas on the J not penetrate can often be seen as very light locations where the UV light could ‘yellow or white marks or lines on the diazo sheet. This completes the exposure ‘The frst is exposre; where a. phase. Next, the original is peeled from the diazo paper as the sandwich of master and iazo exists the machine, and the diazo sheet is fed into the developing ‘chamber. Here fumes of ammonium hydroxide create an extremely alkaline environment. Under these conditions, the azodyes (couplers) react with the remaining diazonium salt and undergo a chemical reaction the results in the ‘unexposed lines changing color from invisible (or yellow) to a visible dark color. ‘The range of colors for these lines is usually blue or black, but sepia (a brownish hue) is also quite popular. When making multiple copies of original no more than four or five copies can typically be made at a'time, due to the build- up of ammonia fumes, even with ventilation fans in the duplication room. A slight delay of perhaps five mimutes is often required for the fumes to subside ‘enough to permit making additional copies if no ventilation exists. Many blueprint shops ran ventilation ducts from the machines to outside. Smaller and mid-size blueprint machines were often outfitted with neutralizers which ‘absorbed some of the ammonia for a period of time. If the lines are too light, itis also possible to run the blue-line through the developing chamber once more, which often increases the contrast of the lines relative to the base media. Repeated lack of contrast and light prints is also a tip-off that the operator needs to adjust the speed or amount of ammonia. ‘Sometimes both the master and the diazo print are inadvertently fed through the developing chamber. If this occurs, one simply peels the master from the i:dere printing was one ofthe most economic methods to reproduce lar ‘and architectural drawings. reo what Ia the importance of the shove Prose, inthe cadastral section @), Used in the production of prints to Pitierentiate titled and non-titled land as they use different colors. 4 itallows mosifieation of printouts eines AE different colors to identify videront features or identifies features Wiferent «) There is high quality output which appears cesthetically pleasing to the user due ‘to different colors used. $) The process is quick in terms of production hence saves time as compared to venrual which takes a long time in applying colors ‘manually, fg) Full color range can be developed. hy It gives room to check on the quality of work ‘before final printing is done- ION NINE Wr cive the functions of the following terms(LMG 223: MAP PROUCTION {she process of arranging map clements on a shect of paper ina way that, even oP many wor be avg Person can undead wht sal about Map ae wvlly vont for preseitons an epors where the auene or ede isa plisian, czen ora i no professional background in GIS. provides the views and visual specification tools for consistent, repeatable, where you define what symbol or representation should be applied to learner with Production Mapping rule-based symbology features based on their attribute combination “Available with Production Mapping license. The ArcGIS Production Mapping extension your GIS data and map production by providing tools that facilitate data creation, streamlines ity cartographic products. ‘maintenance, and validation, as well as tools for producing high-qualit COMMON TERMS USED IN MAP PRODCTION Amap Map layout: Map layout or map composition isthe pat of Cartographic design that involves assembling _various map elements on a page. This may include the map image itself, along with ttl, legends, scale indicators, inset maps, and ther elements It follows principles similar to page Jayout in graphic design such as balance, gestalt, and visual hierarchy. The term map composition is also used forthe assembling of features and symbols within the map image itself which can cause some confusion; these two processes share a few common design principles but are distinct procedures in practice. ‘Map design Cartographic design or map design is the process of crafting the appearance of a map, applying the principles of design and knowledge of how maps are used to create a map that has both ‘esthetic appeal and practical function. Five of the main design principles are legibility, visual Contras, figure-ground, hierarchical orga n, and balance, Visual variables(4) orientation, (6) color nue: (©) olor value, fo visually represent a real-world feaire O° amaPs 1s may include point ‘of symbols. Map symbol ext these canbe designed visually in their shaPS> ent a variety of information about each graphical device used fashion as other forms continuous fields, variables to repress srorkng inthe 2 arkrs ines ren color ptr, and oer septic pheaomenon being represented. “Asymbol is zack, sign, ot word that indicates) signifies o is understood as representing een bY sides, cbjet or lationship, Symbols allow people 10 go beyond what is known or s ‘eating Tinkages berween otherwise very different concepts ond exPensnes Alleommunication (and data processing) i achieved through the use of symbols. Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures ideas, or visual images and are used 9 conve} other ideas mn symbol for "STOP"; on maps, blue lines and beliefs For example a red octagon is comm offen represent vers; and ared rose often symbolizes love and compassion. Numerals are symbols for numbers; eters of an alphabet may be symbols for certain phonemes and personal names are symbols representing individuals. The variable x in @ ‘mathematical equation, may symbolize the position of a partiele in space. Advantages of symbols + Appredefined look and behavior + Easy to create using the Symbol Editor + Easy integration in application + Highly customizable ihmed when te saz he form of map features, usualy pet a changing he as sller scale, Iisa seale depend ‘of map objects is necessary. enetztion ithe process of opi esstomed fom oe map sae rar the sale te restr ene Map sale 4 het of tance 0 he ap tte corexponding SHAD he the carvan ofthe Eas urface, WHI OT ‘pecomes meaningful i ‘Theseale of map is pound This simple concepts complicated Freee oxrnc orn, Becase of ls sion, one of scale two distinct ways, ap sen fers tothe lationship (orto) beeen sce om 899 and the corresponding Mieence on the round Fr example, 0021100000 sale ap, tem one m=P equals 1m on the ground. os because the smaller the mp Map seis fen confused or interpreted income, peas ie, a 1:100000 seale map is seal the large the ference number and vice vers, For exam considered a larger seal than a 1:250000 scale map. Daa flow diagram ‘patel dlapam isa way of epresetng a flow of aa through proces ora sytem (WsaY tn information syste), The DFD also provides infomation about the oupus and inputs of ech tty andthe proces isl. A dataflow diagram has no control flow —there are no decision rules and no loops, Specific operations based on the data can be represented by 2 flowchart ‘Aflowehartis a typeof diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows Other terms use produetion. 4) Resolution: te ability of technique and material to show or distinguish small units. (Unit is dpi) }) Tint screen: regular or iregular(dot/ine) pattern for printing, ©) Sereen angle: the angle under which a seren is placed4) Postscript page desertion language fr high quality out «) PDF: poruble Document Forma, based on osscrip colour management, management of ‘colour and colour production such that a pre-defined sting cn be reached {). TIFF-Tagges Image File Format )JPEG- Joint Photograph Expert Group. AMAP. [Anump is symbolic depiction emphasizing reationships between clement of some spac, ch as objets, regions or themes. Many maps are stati, ied o paper or some oer rable medium, while ters re dynamic oF Jmnenctve.Atthough most commonly wed to depict geography, maps may represen any sPBeE ea or ftonal, without regard o context or sae, such asin brain mapping, DNA mapping oF computer network topology mapping. The space bring mapped maybe two dimensions, sch as the surface ofthe earth, thre mensional, such stheiterior ofthe earth, or even more abstract having many independent spaces of any dimension, such s rise in modeling phenomena variables. ‘Types of Maps 4 Typesof Maps, Maps are generally clasified into one of tre categories: (1) general purpose, 2) themati, and (3) cartometric maps, ‘General Purpose Maps. General Purpose Maps are often also called basemaps or reference maps “Thematic Maps, Thematic Maps are sometimes also called special purpose, single topic, or staistical maps, They highlight features, data, or concepts, and these data may be qualitative, quantitative, or bth + Cartometic Maps. Cartometrie Maps are a more specialized typeof map and are designed for making accurate measurements. General Purpose Maps