Revision Notes

[k.
M&^d* % vifBr&vocks/kue~
v/;k; & 1 vifBr&x|ka'k%
Lej.kh; fcUnq
1. loZizFke vifBr x|ka'k dks nks&rhu ckj vPNh rjg i<+uk pkfg,] D;ksafd vuqPNsnkssa dks i<+us ls gh mudk vfHkizk; Li"V gksrk
gSA
2. i<+us ds i'pkr~ x|ka'k ds iz'ukssa dk Kku Hkh vko';d gSA iz'uksa dks Hkyh izdkj i<+us ds i'pkr~ gh muds mÙkj fy[kus pkfg,A
3. x|ka'k esa fn, x, vO;;kssa] foHkfDr;kssa vkSj izR;;kssa dks fo'ks"k /;ku ls i<+sa] D;ksafd budk vFkZ Kku u gksus ls mÙkj izk;% v'kq¼ gks
tkrk gSA

[k.M&^[k* % jpukReda dk;Ze~

v/;k; & 2 i=ys[kue~
Lej.kh; fcUnq
1. laLÏr Hkk"kk essa i= fjDr LFkkuksa ds :i essa gksrs gSa] blfy, loZizFke i= ds fo"k; dk Li"Vhdj.k vko';d gSA i= fdlds fy,
fy[kk tk jgk gS] bldk Kku Hkh vko';d gSA
2. fo"k; ds Li"Vhdj.k ds fy, i= dks ckj&ckj i<+uk vfuok;Z gSA
3. e´tw"kk esa fn, gq, 'kCnkssa dk Hkh vFkZ Kkr gksuk pkfg,] mlds i'pkr~ fn, x, 'kCnkssa ls fjDr LFkkukssa dh iwfrZ djuh pkfg,A
4. fjDr LFkkukssa dh iwfrZ ds i'pkr~ Hkh i= dks i<+uk vfuok;Z gSA

v/;k; & 3 fp=o.kZue~ vFkok vuqPNsn ys[kue~
Lej.kh; fcUnq
I. fp=o.kZue~
fp=o.kZue~
v= Nk=sH;% laf{kIrokD;jpuk visf{krk orZrsA osGoya okD;'kqf¼% æÔO;kA vL; iz'uL; izeq[ke~ mís';a okD;jpuk vfLrA okD;a
nh?kZe~ vfLr vFkok y?kq% bfr egÙoiw.k± ukfLrA izfrokD;e~ v/kZ% vÁ% HkkoL; Ïrs v/kZ% vÁ% p O;kdj.kkn`Ô;k 'kq¼rkfufeÙka
fu/kkZfjr% vfLrA e´tw"kk;ka iznÙkk% 'kCnk% lgk;rkFk± lfUrA Nk=% rs"kka okD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqG;kZnso bfr vfuok;± ukfLrA Nk=%
Loes/k;k vfi okD;kfu fuekZrqa 'kDuksfrA e´tw"kk;ka iznkÙkkuka 'kCnkuka foHkfä&ifjo`R; vfi okD;fuekZ.ka 'kD;rsA
2] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] laLÏr&IX
fp=o.kZue~
cPpksa ls ljy] laf{kIr okD; iw£r visf{kr gSA osGoy okD; dh 'kq¼rk ns[kh tk,A bl iz'u dk izeq[k mís'; okD; jpuk gSA okD;
y?kq gks vFkok nh?kZ] ;g egRoiw.kZ ughaA izfrokD; vk/kk vad Hkko osG fy, vkSj vk/kk vad O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls 'kq¼rk osG fy, gSA
e´tw"kk esa fn, 'kCn lgk;rkFkZ gSaA cPps muesa ls 'kCn pqusa vFkok ugha&vko';d ughaA os Lo;a 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dj okD;&fuekZ.k
dj ldrs gSaA cPps Lo;a Hkh eatw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dh foHkfä;k¡ vkfn Hkh cny ldrs gSa vr% vad fn, tk,¡A
II. vuqPNsn ys[kue~

vuqPNsnys[kue~
v;a fodYi% losZH;% vfLrA Nk=k% e´tw"kk;ka iznÙkkuka 'kCnkuka foHkfDra ifjo`R; vfi okD;fuekZ.ka drq± 'koqGUofUrA vr% vÁk%
ns;k%A izR;soaG okD;fufeÙke~ vÁesde~ bfrA
vuqPNsnys[kue~
;g fodYi lcosG fy, fn;k x;k gSA cPps Lo;a Hkh eatw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dh fofHkfä;k¡ vkfn cny ldrs gSaA vr% vad fn,
tk,¡A izR;sd okD; osG fy, 1 vad gSA

v/;k; & 4 fgUnh@ vkÂy&Hkk"kkr% laLÏrsu vuqokn%
Lej.kh; fcUnq
Lej.kh; fcUnq
fgUnhHkk"k;k laLÏr Hkk"kk;ka vuqokna vk³~Xy Hkk"k;k laLÏr Hkk"kk;ka ok vuqokna dj.ke~µ
,dL;k% Hkk"kk;k% 'kCnkFk± vij% Hkk"kk;k% 'kCnkFksZ izdVa dj.ka vuqokn% dF;rsA fgUnh Hkk"kk;ke~ vk³~xyHkk"kk;ka ok laLÏr Hkk"kk;ke~
vuqokna drq± O;kdj.kfu;ekuqlkj fØ;k lnSo drqZ% vuqlkja iz;qT;rsA dÙkkZ ;L; iq#"kL; ;L; opuL; p Hkofr] fØ;k vfi
rL; iq#"kL;] rL; opuL; HkofrA vuqokna drq± ljy i;kZ;'kCnkuka iz;ksxa oqG;kZr~A izR;sd okD;fufefÙke~ ,de~ vade~ vfLrA
fgUnh Hkk"kk ls laLÏr Hkk"kk esa vuqokn vFkok vk³~Xy Hkk"kk ls laLÏr Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djukµ
,d Hkk"kk osG 'kCnkFkZ dks nwljh Hkk"kk osG 'kCnkFkZ esa izdV djuk vuqokn dgk tkrk gSA fgUnh@vaxzsth Hkk"kk ls laLÏr Hkk"kk esa vuqokn
djus osG fy, fØ;k lnk drkZ osG vuqlkj gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA drkZ ftl iq#"k vkSj ftl opu dk gksrk gS] fØ;k Hkh mlh iq#"k ;k
opu dh gksrh gSA izR;sd okD; osG fy, 1 vad gSA vuqokn djus osG fy, ljy i;kZ; 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

[k.M&^x* % vuqiz;qDr&O;kdj.ke~
v/;k; & 5 lfU/kdk;Ze~
Lej.kh; fcUnqq
vR;Ur lehiorhZ nks ;k nks ls vf/kd o.kks± ds esy ls fdlh fu;e ds vUrxZr gksus okys ifjorZu dks lfU/k dgrs gSaA
lfU/k ds çdkj
Loj lfU/k% O;´tu lfU/k% folxZ lfU/k%

(jek $ bZ'k% ¾ jes'k%) (mr~ $ pkj.ke~ ¾ mPpkj.ke~) (fu% $ pye~ ¾ fu'pye~)
vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] laLÏr&IX [3
;gk¡ dsoy mUgha lfU/k;ksa dk foospu fd;k tk jgk gS] tks ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr gSaµ
(vd% lo.ksZnh?kZ%) (v) Loj lfU/k%
1. nh?kZ% lfU/k % iwoZin ds vUr esa âLo Loj ;k nh?kZ Loj esa ls dksbZ ,d gks vkSj mÙkjin ds 'kq: esa Hkh leku âLo Loj ;k nh?kZ Loj
gks rks nksuksa dks feykdj nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
v $ v ¾ vk µ /ku $ vFkhZ ¾ /kukFkhZ
v $ vk ¾ vk µ fge $ vky;% ¾ fgeky;%
vk $ v ¾ vk µ fo|k $ vFkhZ ¾ fo|kFkhZ
vk $ vk ¾ vk µ fo|k $ vky;% ¾ fo|ky;%
b $ b ¾ bZ µ eqfu $ bUæ% ¾ equhUæ%
b $ bZ ¾ bZ µ eqfu $ bZ'k% ¾ equh'k%
bZ $ b ¾ bZ µ egh $ bUæ% ¾ eghUæ%
bZ $ bZ ¾ bZ µ unh $ bZ'k% ¾ unh'k%
m $ m ¾ Å µ y?kq $ mRlo% ¾ y?kwRlo%
m $ Å ¾ Å µ y?kq $ Å£e% ¾ y?kw£e%
Å $ m ¾ Å µ o/kw $ mRlo% ¾ o/kwRlo%
Å $ Å ¾ Å µ o/kw $ Å£e% ¾ o/kw£e%
½ $ ½ ¾ ½¤ µ fir` $ ½.ke~ ¾ fir¤.ke~
2. xq.k% lfU/k (vkn~xq.k%) % iwoZin ds vUr esa v ;k vk esa ls dksbZ ,d o.kZ rFkk mÙkjin ds 'kq: esa ^b@bZ* gksus ij ^,*] ^m@Å* gksus
ij ^vks*] ^½@¿* gksus ij ^vj~* rFkk ^y`* gksus ij ^vy~* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
v $ b ¾ , µ xt $ bUæ% ¾ xtsUæ%
vk $ bZ ¾ , µ egk $ bZ'k% ¾ egs'k%
vk $ m ¾ vks µ egk $ mn;% ¾ egksn;%
v $ Å ¾ vks µ p´py $ ÅfeZ% ¾ p´pyks£e%
vk $ ½ ¾ vj~ µ egk $ ½f"k% ¾ egf"kZ%
v $ y` ¾ vy~ µ ro $ y`dkj% ¾ roYdkj%
3. o`f¼% lfU/k (o`f¼jsfp) % iwoZin ds vUr esa v vFkok vk rFkk mÙkjin ds 'kq: esa ,@,s gksus ij ^,s* rFkk vks@vkS gksus ij ^vkS* gks
tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
v $ , ¾ ,s µ v| $ ,o ¾ v|So
vk $ , ¾ ,s µ ckyk $ ,dk ¾ ckySdk
v $ ,s ¾ ,s µ er $ ,sD;e~ ¾ erSD;e~
vk $ ,s ¾ ,s µ Ï".kk $ ,sD;e~ ¾ Ï".kSD;e~
v $ vks ¾ vkS µ ty $ vks?k% ¾ tykS?k%
vk $ vks ¾ vkS µ fo|k $ vkst% ¾ fo|kSt%
v $ vkS ¾ vkS µ :i $ vkSnk;Ze~ ¾ :ikSnk;Ze~
vk $ vkS ¾ vkS µ fo|k $ vkSRlqD;e~ ¾ fo|kSRlqD;e~
4. ;.k~ lfU/k (bdks;.kfp) % iwoZin ds vUr esa b@bZ gks rFkk mÙkjin ds 'kq: esa vleku Loj gks rks b@bZ dk ^;~* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
b $ v ¾ ;~ µ ;fn $ vfi ¾ ;|fi
b $ , ¾ ; µ bfr $ ,o ¾ bR;so
iwoZin ds vUr esa m@Å gks rks rFkk mÙkjin ds 'kq: esa vleku Loj gks rks m@Å dk ô~* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
m $ v ¾ o~ µ vuq $ v;% ¾ vUo;%
iwoZin ds vUr esa ½@¿ gks rFkk mÙkjin ds 'kq: esa vleku Loj gks rks ½ dk ^j~* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
½ $ vk ¾ j~ µ fir` $ vkKk ¾ fi=kKk
iwoZin ds vUr esa y` gks vkSj mÙkjin ds 'kq: esa vleku Loj gks rks y` dk ^y~* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
y` $ v ¾ y~ µ y` $ vdkj% ¾ ydkj%
5. v;kfn% lfU/k (,pks·;ok;ko%) % ;fn ,] vks] ,s] vkS ds ckn dksbZ Hkh (leku ;k vleku) Loj vk, rks Øe'k% ^,* dk ^v;~*
^vks* dk ^vo~*] ^,s* dk ^vk;~*] ^vkS* dk ^vko~* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
v;kfn lfU/k cks/kd pØe~
iwoZo.kZ% ijo.kZ% ifjorZue~
, + Loj% , LFkkus v;~ , → v;~ + Loj%
,s + Loj% ,s LFkkus vk;~ ,s → vk;~ + Loj%
vks + Loj% vks LFkkus vo~ vks → vo~ + Loj%
vkS + Loj% vkS LFkkus vko~ vkS → vko~ + Loj%
mnkgj.kkfuµ
1. , + Loj% = v;~ + Loj% 2. ,s + Loj% = vk;~ + Loj%
;Fkkµus + vue~ = u~ + , + vue~ ;FkkµuS + vd% = u~ + ,s + vd%
u~ + v;~ + vue~ = u;ue~ u~ + vk;~ + vd% = uk;d%
,oesoµ'ks + vue~ = 'k~ + , + vue~ ,oesoµxS + vd% = x~ + ,s + vd%
'k~ + v;~ + vue~ = 'k;ue~ x~ + vk;~ + vd% = xk;d%
3. vks + Loj% = vo~ + Loj% 4. vkS + Loj% = vko~ + Loj%
;FkkµHkks + vue~ = Hk~ + vks + vue~ ;FkkµikS + vd% = i~ + vkS + vd%
Hk~ + vo~ + vue~ = Hkoue~ i~ + vko~ + vd% = ikod%
(c) O;atu lfU/k%
fdlh O;´tu dk O;´tu osG lkFk esy gksus ij tks ifjorZu gksrk gS rks og O;´tu lfU/k gksrh gS_ tSlsµ lr~ $ tu% ¾ lTtu%A bl
mnkgj.k esa r~ $ t dk esy gksus ij izFke v{kj ^r~* osG LFkku ij n~ vkSj n~ ds LFkku ij t~ gks x;kA
O;´tu lfU/k osG Hksn osG vUrxZr ikB~;Øekuqlkj fuEufyf[kr lfU/k;ksa dk v/;;u visf{kr gSµ
oxhZ; izFkeo.kZL; r`rh;o.ksZ ifjorZue~ (t'Ro lfU/k%)
bldk lw= ß>yka t'kks·UrsÞ gS vFkkZr~
izFke in ('kCn) osG vUr esa fdlh Hkh oxZ osG izFke o.kZ] (o~G] p~] V~] r~] i~) osG ckn f}rh; in ('kCn) dk igyk o.kZ dksbZ Loj
vFkok oxZ dk rhljk] pkSFkk] ik¡pok¡ o.kZ gks vFkok ;~] j~] y~] o~] vk;s rks izFke in osG vfUre o.kZ osG LFkku ij vius oxZ dk rhljk
o.kZ gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ
okxh'k% ¾ oko~G $ bZ'k% (d~ ¾ x~) vCt% ¾ vi~ $ t% (i~ ¾ c~)
"kM~n'kZue~ ¾ "kV~ $ n'kZue~ (<~ ¾ M~) fnxUr% ¾ fno~G $ vUr% (d~ ¾ x~)
okXnkue~ ¾ oko~G $ nkue~ (d~ ¾ x~) vtUr% ¾ vp~ $ vUr% (p~ ¾ t~)
lnkpkj% ¾ lr~ $ vkpkj% (r~ ¾ n~) lqcUr ¾ lqi~ $ vUr% (i~ ¾ c~)
"kMkuu% ¾ "kV~ $ vkuu% (V~ ¾ M~) fpnkuUn% ¾ fpr~ $ vkuUn% (r~ ¾ n~)
ê~* LFkkus vuqLokj%
vuqLokj lfU/k% (eks·uqLokj%)
ê~* dk ^vuqLokj* ( a )µ;fn igys in osG vUr esa ê~* vk, vkSj mlosG ckn dksbZ Hkh O;atu vk, rks ê~* dk vuqLokj gks tkrk gS]
tSlsµ
xzkee~ $ ;kfr ¾ xzkea ;kfr (e~ ¾ –.) ikBe~ $ iBfr ¾ ikBa iBfr (e~ ¾ –.)
gfje~ $ oUns ¾ gfja oUns (e~ ¾ –.) dk;Ze~ $ oqG# ¾ dk;± oqG# (e~ ¾ –.)
bZ'oje~ $ Hktfr ¾ bZ'oja Hktfr (e~ ¾ –.) x`ge~ $ xPNfr ¾ x`ga xPNfr (e~ ¾ –.)
(l) folxZ lfU/k%
folxZ osG ckn Loj ;k O;´tu osG gksus ij folxZ esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks folxZ lfU/k dgk tkrk gSA tSls jke% $ p ¾ jke'pA
folxZ lfU/k osG Hksnµuohure ikB~;Øe osG vuqlkjµd{kk uoeh osG fy, mRoa vkSj lRoa lfU/k izLrqr gSµ
mRo lfU/k
fu;e (1)µ;fn folxZ ls iwoZ ^v* gks rFkk ckn esa Hkh ^v* gks rks folxZ lfgr iwoZ ^v* dk ^vks* gks tkrk gS rFkk ckn osG ^v* osG
LFkku ij voxzg ^·* gks tkrk gSA
mnkgj.kµ
iq#"k% $ vfLr ¾ iq#"kks·fLr (% ¾ vks) d% $ v;e~ ¾ dks·;e~ (% ¾ vks)
izFke% $ v/;k;% ¾ izFkeks·/;k;% (% ¾ vks) ,"k% $ vfi ¾ ,"kks·fi (% ¾ vks)
fu;e (2)µfolxZ ls iwoZ ;fn ^v* gks vkSj ckn esa fdlh Hkh oxZ dk rhljk] pkSFkk rFkk ik¡pok¡ o.kZ gks vFkok ;~] j~] y~] o~] g~ buesa
ls dksbZ o.kZ gks rks folxZ ^v* dk ^vks* gks tkrk gSA
mnkgj.kµ
nso% $ xPNfr ¾ nsoks xPNfr (% ¾ vks) eu% $ gj% ¾ euksgj% (% ¾ vks)
jke% $ t;fr ¾ jkeks t;fr (% ¾ vks) ;'k% $ xkue~ ¾ ;'kksxkue~ (% ¾ vks)
ckyd% $ fy[kfr ¾ ckydks fy[kfrA (% ¾ vks)
jRoe~ lfU/k
;fn folxZ ls igys v ;k vk dks NksM+dj vkSj dksbZ Loj gks rks rFkk ckn esa dksbZ Loj] oxZ dk rhljk] pkSFkk] ik¡pok o.kZ ;k ;~] j~]
y~] o~] g~ buesa ls dksbZ o.kZ gks rks ml folxZ dk ^j* gks tkrk gSA
;Fkkµ lfU/kPnsn izfØ;k lfU/k
izkr% $ xPNfr ¾ folxZ → j~ izkrxZPNfrA
vg% $ fu'ke~ ¾ folxZ → j~ vgfuZ'ke~A
o"kZ'krS% $ vfi ¾ folxZ → j~ o"kZ'krSjfiA
iqu% $ vkLrs ¾ folxZ → j~ iqujkLrsA

v/;k; & 6 'kCn:ikf.k

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
1. okD;s"kq 'kCn:ik.kka ç;ksxk% (okD;ksa esa 'kCn :iksa ds ç;ksx)

2. vdkjkUr vFkkZr~ ftu 'kCnksa ds vUr esa ^v* o.kZ gks] tSlsµckyd] jke vkfnA
3. bdkjkUr vFkkZr~ ftu 'kCnksa ds vUr esa ^b* o.kZ gks] tSlsµdfo] jfo vkfnA
4. mdkjkUr vFkkZr~ ftu 'kCnksa ds vUr esa ^m* o.kZ gks] tSlsµlk/kq vkfnA
5. ½dkjkUr vFkkZr~ ftu 'kCnksa dk vUr ^½* o.kZ ls gksrk gks] tSlsµfir` vkfnA
6. blh çdkj vkdkjkUr] bZdkjkUr vFkkZr~ vk@bZ ls lekIr gksus okys 'kCn vFkkZr~ jek] unh vkfnA
1. ckyd osG 'kCn :i gSaµ
foHkfDr% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFkek ckyd% ckydkS ckydk%
f}rh;k ckyde~ ckydkS ckydku~
r`rh;k ckyosGu ckyoGkH;ke~ ckyoSG%
prqFkhZ ckydk; ckyoGkH;ke~ ckyosGH;%
i´peh ckydkr~ ckyoGkH;ke~ ckyosGH;%
"k"Bh ckydL; ckyd;ks% ckydkuke~
lIreh ckyosG ckyd;ks% ckyosG"kq
lEcks/ku gs ckyd! gs ckydkS! gs ckydk%!
2. lk/kqor~ osG 'kCn :i gSaµ
izFkek lk/kq% lk/kw lk/ko%
f}rh;k lk/kqe~ lk/kw lk/kwu~
r`rh;k lk/kquk lk/kqH;ke~ lk/kqfHk%
prqFkhZ lk/kos lk/kqH;ke~ lk/kqH;%
i´peh lk/kks% lk/kqH;ke~ lk/kqH;%
"k"Bh lk/kks% lk/oks% lk/kwuke~
lIreh lk/kkS lk/oks% lk/kq"kq
lEcks/ku gs lk/kks! gs lk/kw! gs lk/ko%!
3. firòr~ osG 'kCn :i gSaµ
izFkek firk firjkS firj%
f}rh;k firje~ firjkS firù~
r`rh;k fi=k fir`H;ke~ fir`fHk%
prqFkhZ fi=s fir`H;ke~ fir`H;%
i´peh firq% fi=ks% fir`H;%
"k"Bh firq% fi=ks% fir`.kke~
lIreh firfj fi=ks% fir`"kq
lEcks/ku gs fir%! gs firjkS! gs firj%!
4. jktu~ osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (jktk)
izFkek jktk jktkukS jktku%
f}rh;k jktkue~ jktkukS jkK%
r`rh;k jkKk jktH;ke~ jktfHk%
prqFkhZ jkKs jktH;ke~ jktH;%
i´peh jkK% jktH;ke~ jktH;%
"k"Bh jkK% jkKks% jkKke~
lIreh jkfK@jktfu jkKks% jktlq
lEcks/ku gs jktu~! gs jktkukS! gs jktku%!
5. Hkor~ osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (vki)
izFkek Hkoku~ HkoUrkS HkoUr%
f}rh;k HkoUre~ HkoUrkS Hkor%
r`rh;k Hkork Hkon~H;ke~ Hkon~fHk%
prqFkhZ Hkors Hkon~H;ke~ Hkon~H;%
i´peh Hkor% Hkon~H;ke~ Hkon~H;%
"k"Bh Hkor% Hkorks% Hkorke~
lIreh Hkofr Hkorks% HkoRlq
lEcks/ku gs Hkou~! gs HkoUrkS! gs HkoUr%!
6. xqf.ku~ osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (xq.koku~)
izFkek xq.kh xqf.kukS xqf.ku%
f}rh;k xqf.kue~ xqf.kukS xqf.ku%
r`rh;k xqf.kuk xqf.kH;ke~ xqf.kfHk%
prqFkhZ xqf.kus xqf.kH;ke~ xqf.kH;%
i´peh xqf.ku% xqf.kH;ke~ xqf.kH;%
"k"Bh xqf.ku% xqf.kuks% xq.khuke~
lIreh xqf.kfu xqf.kuks% xqf.k"kq
lEcks/ku gs xqf.ku~! gs xqf.kukS! gs xqf.ku%!
7. fon~ol~ osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (if.Mr)
izFkek fon~oku~ fon~okalkS fon~okal%
f}rh;k fon~okale~ fon~okalkS fonq"k%
r`rh;k fonq"kk fon~on~H;ke~ fon~on~fHk%
prqFkhZ fonq"ks fon~on~H;ke~ fon~on~H;%
i´peh fonq"k% fon~on~H;ke~ fon~on~H;%
"k"Bh fonq"k% fonq"kks% fonq"kke~
lIreh fonqf"k fonq"kks% fon~oRlq
lEcks/ku gs fon~ou~! gs fon~okalkS! gs fon~okal%
8. yrk osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (csy)
izFkek yrk yrs yrk%
f}rh;k yrke~ yrs yrk%
r`rh;k yr;k yrkH;ke~ yrkfHk%
prqFkhZ yrk;S yrkH;ke~ yrkH;%
i´peh yrk;k% yrkH;ke~ yrkH;%
"k"Bh yrk;k% yr;ks% yrkuke~
lIreh yrk;ke~ yr;ks% yrklq
lEcks/ku gs yrs! gs yrs! gs yrk%!
9. unh osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (unh)
izFkek unh un~;kS un~;%
f}rh;k unhe~ un~;kS unh%
r`rh;k un~;k unhH;ke~ unhfHk%
prqFkhZ un~;S unhH;ke~ unhH;%
i´peh un~;k% unhH;ke~ unhH;%
"k"Bh un~;k% un~;ks% unhuke~
lIreh un~;ke~ un~;ks% unh"kq
lEcks/ku gs ufn! gs un~;kS! gs un~;%!
10. ekr` (ekrk) osG 'kCn :i gSaµ
izFkek ekrk ekrjkS ekrj%
f}rh;k ekrje~ ekrjkS ekr`
r`rh;k ek=k ekr`H;ke~ ekr`fHk%
prqFkhZ ek=s ekr`H;ke~ ekr`H;%
i´peh ekrq% ekr`H;ke~ ekr`H;%
"k"Bh ekrq% ek=ks% ekr`.kke~
lIreh ekrfj ek=ks% ekr`"kq
lEcks/ku gs ekr%! gs ekrjkS! gs ekrj%!
loZuke'kCnk%
11. ^vLen~* osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (eSa@ge nksuksa@ge)
izFkek vge~ vkoke~ o;e~
f}rh;k eke~ vkoke~ vLeku~
r`rh;k e;k vkokH;ke~ vLekfHk%
prqFkhZ eáe~ vkokH;ke~ vLeH;e~
i´peh er~ vkokH;ke~ vLer~
"k"Bh ee vko;ks% vLekde~
lIreh ef; vko;ks% vLeklq
12. ;q"en~ osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (rw@rqe nksuksa@ rqe)
izFkek Roe~ ;qoke~ ;w;e~
f}rh;k Roke~ ;qoke~ ;q"eku~
r`rh;k Ro;k ;qokH;ke~ ;qLekfHk%
prqFkhZ rqH;e~ ;qokH;ke~ ;q"eH;e~
i´peh Ror~ ;qokH;ke~ ;q"er~
"k"Bh ro ;qo;ks% ;q"ekde~
lIreh Rof; ;qo;ks% ;q"eklq
13. fde~ (iq¡fYyÂ) osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (dkSu)
izFkek d% dkS ds
f}rh;k de~ dkS dku~
r`rh;k dsu dkH;ke~ dS%
prqFkhZ dLeS dkH;ke~ dsH;%
i´peh dLekr~ dkH;ke~ dsH;%
"k"Bh dL; d;ks% ds"kke~
lIreh dfLeu~ d;ks% ds"kq
14. fde~ (L=hfyÂ) osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (dkSu)
izFkek dk ds dk%
f}rh;k dke~ ds dk%
r`rh;k d;k dkH;ke~ dkfHk%
prqFkhZ dL;S dkH;ke~ dkH;%
i´peh dL;k% dkH;ke~ dkH;%
"k"Bh dL;k% d;ks% dklke~
lIreh dL;ke~ d;ks% dklq
15. fde~ (uiqaldfyÂ) osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (dkSu)
izFkek fde~ ds dkfu
f}rh;k fde~ ds dkfu
r`rh;k dsu dkH;ke~ dS%
prqFkhZ dLeS dkH;ke~ dsH;%
i´peh dLekr~ dkH;ke~ dsH;%
"k"Bh dL; d;ks% ds"kke~
lIreh dfLeu~ d;ks% ds"kq
16. rr~ (iq¡fYyÂ) osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (og)
izFkek l% rkS rs
f}rh;k re~ rkS rku~
10 ] vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] laLÏr&IX
r`rh;k rsu rkH;ke~ rS%
prqFkhZ rLeS rkH;ke~ rsH;%
i´peh rLekr~ rkH;ke~ rsH;%
"k"Bh rL; r;ks% rs"kke~
lIreh rfLeu~ r;ks% rs"kq
17. rr~ (L=hfyÂ) osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (og)
izFkek lk rs rk%
f}rh;k rke~ rs rk%
r`rh;k r;k rkH;ke~ rkfHk%
prqFkhZ rL;S rkH;ke~ rkH;%
i´peh rL;k% rkH;ke~ rkH;%
"k"Bh rL;k% r;ks% rklke~
lIreh rL;ke~ r;ks% rklq
18. rr~ (uiqaldfyÂ) osG 'kCn :i gSaµ (og)
izFkek rr~ rs rkfu
f}rh;k rr~ rs rkfu
r`rh;k rsu rkH;ke~ rS%
prqFkhZ rLeS rkH;ke~ rsH;%
i´peh rLekr~ rkH;ke~ rsH;%
"k"Bh rL; r;ks% rs"kke~
lIreh rfLeu~ r;ks% rs"kq
19. ßbne~Þ (;g) iqfYyÂ

izFkek v;e~ bekS bes
f}rh;k bee~ bekS beku~
r`rh;k vusu vkH;ke~ ,fHk%
prqFkhZ vLeS vkH;ke~ ,H;%
i´peh vLekr~ vkH;ke~ ,H;%
"k"Bh vL; vu;ks% ,"kke~
lIreh vfLeu~ vu;ks% ,"kq
20. bne (;g) L=hfyÂ

izFkek b;e~ bes bek%
f}rh;k beke~ bes bek%
r`rh;k vu;k vkH;ke~ vkfHk%
vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- v/;k; Rofjr leh{kk] laLÏr&IX [ 11
prqFkhZ vL;S vkH;ke~ vkH;%
i´peh vL;k% vkH;ke~ vkH;%
"k"Bh vL;k% vu;ks% vklke~
lIreh vL;ke~ vu;ks% vklq
21. bne~ (;g) uiaqldfyÂ

izFkek bne~ bes bekfu
f}rh;k bne~ bes bekfu
22. dfo&ds 'kCn :i gSaµ ('ks"k iqfYyaxor~)
izFkek dfo% doh do;%
f}rh;k dfoe~ doh dohu~
r`rh;k dfouk dfoH;ke~ dfofHk%
prqFkhZ do;s dfoH;ke~ dfoH;%
i´peh dos% dfoH;ke~ dfoH;%
"k"Bh dos% dO;ks%] dfouke~
lIreh dokS dO;ks%] dfo"kq
lacks/ku gs dosA gs dohA gs do;%A

v/;k; & 7 /kkrq:ikf.k

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
1.
okD;s"kq /kkrq :ik.kka iz;ksxk% (okD;ksa esa /kkrq :iksa ds iz;ksx)
2.
fØ;k dk ewy:i /kkrq dgykrk gSA
3.
yV~ydkj dks orZeku dky] y`V~ydkj dks Hkfo";r~ dky rFkk y³~ydkj dks Hkwr dky dgrs gSaA
4.
ijLeSinh esa vfr] vr%] vfUr rFkk vkReusinh esa vrs] ,rs] vUrs izR;; tqM+rs gSa_ tSlsµ
iB~ $ vfr ¾ iBfr] iB~ $ vr% ¾ iBr%] iB~ $ vfUr ¾ iBfUr (ijLeSinh)
lso~ $ vrs ¾ lsors] lso~ $ ,rs ¾ lsosrs] lso~ $ vUrs ¾ lsoUrs (vkReusinh)
fVIi.khµnksuksa gh yV~ydkj (orZeku dky) ds :i gSaA
uohure ikB~;Øe esaµlso~] yHk~ (yV~ydkjs] y`V~ydkjs p) rFkk iB~] xe~] on~] Hkw] ØhM~] uh] n`'k~] vl~] Ï] ik (fic~)
(i´plqydkjs"kq)A
1. iB~ /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
iq#"k% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFke iq#"k% iBfr iBr% iBfUr
e/;e iq#"k% iBfl iBFk% iBFk
mÙke iq#"k% iBkfe iBko% iBke%
yksV~ ydkj%
(2)
izFke iq#"k% iBrq iBrke~ iBUrq
e/;e iq#"k% iB iBre~ iBr
mÙke iq#"k% iBkfu iBko iBke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% viBr~ viBkre~ viBu~
e/;e iq#"k% viB% viBre~ viBr
mÙke iq#"k% viBe~ viBko viBke
(4) fof/kfy³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% iBsr~ iBsrke~ iBs;q%
e/;e iq#"k% iBs% iBsre~ iBsr
mÙke iq#"k% iBs;e~ iBso iBse
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% ifB";fr ifB";r% ifB";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% ifB";fl ifB";Fk% ifB";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% ifB";kfe ifB";ko% ifB";ke%
2. xe~ /kkrq :i
yV~ ydkj%
(1)
izFke iq#"k% xPNfr xPNr% xPNfUr
e/;e iq#"k% xPNfl xPNFk% xPNFk
mÙke iq#"k% xPNkfe xPNko% xPNke%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% xPNrq xPNrke~ xPNUrq
e/;e iq#"k% xPN xPNre~ xPNr
mÙke iq#"k% xPNkfu xPNko xPNke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vxPNr~ vxPNrke~ vxPNu~
e/;e iq#"k% vxPN% vxPNre~ vxPNr
mÙke iq#"k% vxPNe~ vxPNko vxPNke
izFke iq#"k% xPNsr~ xPNsrke~ xPNs;q%
e/;e iq#"k% xPNs% xPNsre~ xPNsr
mÙke iq#"k% xPNs;e~ xPNso xPNse
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% xfe";fr xfe";r% xfe";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% xfe";fl xfe";Fk% xfe";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% xfe";kfe xfe";ko% xfe";ke%
3. on~ /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% onfr onr% onfUr
e/;e iq#"k% onfl onFk% onFk
mÙke iq#"k% onkfe onko% onke%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% onrq onrke~ onUrq
e/;e iq#"k% on onre~ onr
mÙke iq#"k% onkfu onko onke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vonr~ vonrke~ vonu~
e/;e iq#"k% von% vonre~ vonr
mÙke iq#"k% vone~ vonko vonke
izFke iq#"k% onsr~ onsrke~ ons;q%
e/;e iq#"k% ons% onsre~ onsr
mÙke iq#"k% ons;e~ onso onse
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% ofn";fr ofn";r% ofn";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% ofn";fl ofn";Fk% ofn";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% ofn";kfe ofn";ko% ofn";ke%
4. Hkw (gksuk) /kkrq :i (Hokfnx.k)
(1)yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% Hkofr Hkor% HkofUr
e/;e iq#"k% Hkofl HkoFk% HkoFk
mÙke iq#"k% Hkokfe Hkoko% Hkoke%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% Hkorq Hkorke~ HkoUrq
e/;e iq#"k% Hko Hkore~ Hkor
mÙke iq#"k% Hkokfu Hkoko Hkoke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vHkor~ vHkorke~ vHkou~
e/;e iq#"k% vHko% vHkore~ vHkor
mÙke iq#"k% vHkoe~ vHkoko vHkoke
izFke iq#"k% Hkosr~ Hkosrke~ Hkos;q%
e/;e iq#"k% Hkos% Hkosre~ Hkosr
mÙke iq#"k% Hkos;e~ Hkoso Hkose
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% Hkfo";fr Hkfo";r% Hkfo";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% Hkfo";fl Hkfo";Fk% Hkfo";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% Hkfo";kfe Hkfo";ko% Hkfo";ke%
5. ØhM~ /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% ØhMfr ØhMr% ØhMfUr
e/;e iq#"k% ØhMfl ØhMFk% ØhMFk
mÙke iq#"k% ØhMkfe ØhMko% ØhMke%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% ØhMrq ØhMrke~ ØhMUrq
e/;e iq#"k% ØhM ØhMre~ ØhMr
mÙke iq#"k% ØhMkfu ØhMko ØhMke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vØhMr~ vØhMrke~ vØhMu~
e/;e iq#"k% vØhM% vØhMre~ vØhMr
mÙke iq#"k% vØhMe~ vØhMko vØhMke
izFke iq#"k% ØhMsr~ ØhMsrke~ ØhMs;q%
e/;e iq#"k% ØhMs% ØhMsre~ ØhMsr
mÙke iq#"k% ØhMs;e~ ØhMso ØhMse
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% ØhfM";fr ØhfM";r% ØhfM";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% ØhfM";fl ØhfM";Fk% ØhfM";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% ØhfM";kfe ØhfM";ko% ØhfM";ke%
6. uh /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% u;fr u;r% u;fUr
e/;e iq#"k% u;fl u;Fk% u;Fk
mÙke iq#"k% u;kfe u;ko% u;ke%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% u;rq u;rke~ u;Urq
e/;e iq#"k% u; u;re~ u;r
mÙke iq#"k% u;kfu u;ko u;ke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vu;r~ vu;rke~ vu;u~
e/;e iq#"k% vu;% vu;re~ vu;r
mÙke iq#"k% vu;e~ vu;ko vu;ke
izFke iq#"k% u;sr~ u;srke~ u;s;q%
e/;e iq#"k% u;s% u;sre~ u;sr
mÙke iq#"k% u;s;e~ u;so u;se
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% us";fr us";r% us";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% us";fl us";Fk% us";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% us";kfe us";ko% us";ke%
7. n`'k~ /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% i';fr i';r% i';fUr
e/;e iq#"k% i';fl i';Fk% i';Fk
mÙke iq#"k% i';kfe i';ko% i';ke%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% i';rq i';rke~ i';Urq
e/;e iq#"k% i'; i';re~ i';r
mÙke iq#"k% i';kfu i';ko i';ke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vi';r~ vi';rke~ vi';u~
e/;e iq#"k% vi';% vi';re~ vi';r
mÙke iq#"k% vi';e~ vi';ko vi';ke
izFke iq#"k% i';sr~ i';srke~ i';s;q%
e/;e iq#"k% i';s% i';sre~ i';sr
mÙke iq#"k% i';s;e~ i';so i';se
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% æ{;fr æ{;r% æ{;fUr
e/;e iq#"k% æ{;fl æ{;Fk% æ{;Fk
mÙke iq#"k% æ{;kfe æ{;ko% æ{;ke%
8. vl~ (gksuk)
yV~ ydkj%
(1)
izFke iq#"k% vfLr Lr% lfUr
e/;e iq#"k% vfl LFk% LFk
mÙke iq#"k% vfLe Lo% Le%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vLrq Lrke~ lUrq
e/;e iq#"k% ,f/k Lre~ Lr
mÙke iq#"k% vlkfu vlko vlke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vklhr~ vkLrke~ vklu~
e/;e iq#"k% vklh% vkLre~ vkLr
mÙke iq#"k% vkle~ vkLo vkLe
izFke iq#"k% L;kr~ L;krke~ L;q%
e/;e iq#"k% L;k% L;kre~ L;kr
mÙke iq#"k% L;ke~ L;ko L;ke
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% Hkfo";fr Hkfo";r% Hkfo";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% Hkfo";fl Hkfo";Fk% Hkfo";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% Hkfo";kfe Hkfo";ko% Hkfo";ke%
9. Ï /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% djksfr oqG#r% oqGoZfUr
e/;e iq#"k% djksf"k oqG#Fk% oqG#Fk
mÙke iq#"k% djksfe oqGoZ% oqGeZ%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% oqG#rkr~@djksrq oqG#rke~ oqGoZUrq
e/;e iq#"k% oqG#@oqG#rkr~ oqG#re~ oqG#r
mÙke iq#"k% djokf.k djoko djoke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vdjksr~ voqG#rke~ voqGoZu~
e/;e iq#"k% vdjks% voqG#re~ voqG#r
mÙke iq#"k% vdjoe~ voqGoZ voqGeZ
izFke iq#"k% oqG;kZr~ oqG;kZrke~ oqG;qZ%
e/;e iq#"k% oqG;kZ% oqG;kZre~ oqG;kZr
mÙke iq#"k% oqG;kZe~ oqG;kZo oqG;kZe
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% dfj";fr dfj";r% dfj";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% dfj";fl dfj";Fk% dfj";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% dfj";kfe dfj";ko% dfj";ke%
10. ik (fic) /kkrq :i (ihuk)
yV~ ydkj%
(1)
izFke iq#"k% ficfr ficr% ficfUr
e/;e iq#"k% ficfl ficFk% ficFk
mÙke iq#"k% fickfe ficko% ficke%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% ficrq ficrke~ ficUrq
e/;e iq#"k% fic] ficrkr~ ficre~ ficr
mÙke iq#"k% fickfu ficko ficke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vficr~ vficrke~ vficu~
e/;e iq#"k% vfic% vficre~ vficr
mÙke iq#"k% vfice~ vficko vficke
izFke iq#"k% ficsr~ ficsrke~ fics;q%
e/;e iq#"k% fics% ficsre~ ficsr
mÙke iq#"k% fics;e~ ficso ficse
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% ikL;fr ikL;r% ikL;fUr
e/;e iq#"k% ikL;fl ikL;Fk% ikL;Fk
mÙke iq#"k% ikL;kfe ikL;ko% ikL;ke%
11. 'kd~ /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% 'kDuksfr 'kDuqr% 'kDuqofUr
e/;e iq#"k% 'kDuksf"k 'kDuqFk% 'kDuqFk
mÙke iq#"k% 'kDuksfe 'kDuqo% 'kDuqe%
(2) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% v'kDuksr~ v'kDuqrke~ v'kDuqou~
e/;e iq#"k% v'kDuks% v'kDuqre~ v'kDuqr
mÙke iq#"k% v'kDuoe~ v'kDuqo v'kDuqe
(3) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% 'kDuksrq 'kDuqrke~ 'kDuqoUrq
e/;e iq#"k% 'kDuqfg 'kDuqe~ 'kDuqr
mÙke iq#"k% 'kDuokfu 'kDuoko 'kDuoke
izFke iq#"k% 'kDuq;kr~ 'kDuq;krke~ 'kDuq;q%
e/;e iq#"k% 'kDuq;k% 'kDuq;kre~ 'kDuq;kr
mÙke iq#"k% 'kDuq;ke~ 'kDuq;ko 'kDuq;ke
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% 'k{;fr 'k{;r% 'k{;fUr
e/;e iq#"k% 'k{;fl 'k{;Fk% 'k{;Fk
mÙke iq#"k% 'k{;kfe 'k{;ko% 'k{;ke%
12. ^Kk* (tkuuk) /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% tkukfr tkuhr% tkufUr
e/;e iq#"k% tkukfl tkuhFk% tkuhFk
mÙke iq#"k% tkukfe tkuho% tkuhe%
(2) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vtkukr~ vtkuhrke~ vtkuu~
e/;e iq#"k% vtkuk% vtkuhre~ vtkuhr
mÙke iq#"k% vtkuke~ vtkuho vtkuhe
(3) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% tkukrq tkuhrke~ tkuUrq
e/;e iq#"k% tkuhfg tkuhre~ tkuhr
mÙke iq#"k% tkukfu tkuko tkuke
izFke iq#"k% tkuh;kr~ tkuh;krke~ tkuh;q%
e/;e iq#"k% tkuh;k% tkuh;kre~ tkuh;kr
mÙke iq#"k% tkuh;ke~ tkuh;ko tkuh;ke
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% KkL;fr KkL;r% KkL;fUr
e/;e iq#"k% KkL;fl KkL;Fk% KkL;Fk
mÙke iq#"k% KkL;kfe KkL;ko% KkL;ke%
13. Jq (lquuk) /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% Ük`.kksfr Ük`.kqr% Ük`.ofUr
e/;e iq#"k% Ük`.kksf"k Ük`.kqFk% Ük`.kqFk
mÙke iq#"k% Ük`.kksfe Ükq.kqo% Ük`.e%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% Ük`.kksrq Ük`.kqrke~ Ük`.oUrq
e/;e iq#"k% Ük`.kq Ük`.kqre~ Ük`.kqr
mÙke iq#"k% Ük`.kokfu Ük`.koko Ük`.koke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vÜk`.kksr~ vÜk`.kqrke~ vÜk`.ou~
e/;e iq#"k% vÜk`.kks% vÜk`.kqre~ vÜk`.kqr
mÙke iq#"k% vÜk`.koe~ vÜk`.kqo vÜk`.e
izFke iq#"k% Ük`.kq;kr~ Ük`.kq;krke~ Ük`.kq;q%
e/;e iq#"k% Ük`.kq;k% Ük`.kq;kre~ Ük`.kq;kr
mÙke iq#"k% Ük`.kq;ke~ Ük`.kq;ko Ük`.kq;ke
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% Jks";fr Jks";r% Jks";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% Jks";fl Jks";Fk% Jks";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% Jks";kfe Jks";ko% Jks";ke%
fo'ks"kµyV~] yksV~] y³~] fof/kfy³~ eas ^Jq* gks tkrk gSA
14. nk (nsuk) /kkrq :i
(1)yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% nnkfr nÙk% nnfr
e/;e iq#"k% nnkfl nRFk% nRFk
mÙke iq#"k% nnkfe nn~o% nn~e%
(2) yksV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% nnkrq nÙkke~ nnrq
e/;e iq#"k% nsfg nÙke~ nÙk
mÙke iq#"k% nnkfu nnko nnke
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vnnkr~ vnÙkke~ vnnq%
e/;e iq#"k% vnnk% vnÙke~ vnÙk
mÙke iq#"k% vnnke~ vn} vnn~e
izFke iq#"k% n|kr~ n|krke~ n|q%
e/;e iq#"k% n|k% n|kre~ n|kr
mÙke iq#"k% n|ke~ n|ko n|ke
(5) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% nkL;fr nkL;r% nkL;fUr
e/;e iq#"k% nkL;fl nkL;Fk% nkL;Fk
mÙke iq#"k% nkL;kfe nkL;ko% nkL;ke%
15. Øh ([kjhnuk) ds /kkrq #i
(1)yV~ ydkj% (orZeku dky)
izFke iq#"k% Øh.kkfr Øh.khr% Øh.kfUr
e/;e iq#"k% Øh.kkfl Øh.khFk% Øh.khFk
mÙke iq#"k% Øh.kkfe Øh.kho% Øh.khe%
(2) y³~ ydkj% (Hkwrdky)
izFke iq#"k% vØh.kkr~ vØh.khrke~ vØh.ku~
e/;e iq#"k% vØh.kk% vØh.khre~ vØh.khr
mÙke iq#"k% vØh.kke~ vØh.kho vØh.khe
(3) y`V~ ydkj% (Hkfo";r~ dky)
izFke iq#"k% Øs";fr Øs";r% Øs";fUr
e/;e iq#"k% Øs";fl Øs";Fk% Øs";Fk
mÙke iq#"k% Øs";kfe Øs";ko% Øs";ke%
(4) yksV~ ydkj% (vkKk] izkFkZuk)
izFke iq#"k% Øh.kkrq Øh.khrke~ Øh.kUrq
e/;e iq#"k% Øh.khfg Øh.khre~ Øh.khr
mÙke iq#"k% Øh.kkfu Øh.kko Øh.kke
(5) fof/kfyÁ (pkfg, ds iz;ksx esa)
izFke iq#"k% Øh.kh;kr~ Øh.kh;krke~ Øh.kh;q%
e/;e iq#"k% Øh.kh;k% Øh.kh;kre~ Øh.kh;kr
mÙke iq#"k% Øh.kh;ke~ Øh.kh;ko Øh.kh;ke
16. lso~ osG /kkrq :i
yV~ ydkj%
(1)
izFke iq#"k% lsors lsosrs lsoUrs
e/;e iq#"k% lsols lsosFks lso/os
mÙke iq#"k% lsos lsokogs lsokegs
(2) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% lsfo";rs lsfo";srs lsfo";Urs
e/;e iq#"k% lsfo";ls lsfo";sFks lsfo";/os
mÙke iq#"k% lsfo";s lsfo";kogs lsfo";kegs
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vlssor vlssosrke~ vlsoUr
e/;e iq#"k% vlsoFkk% vlsosFkke~ vlso/oe~
mÙke iq#"k% vlsos vlsokofg vlsokefg
(4) yksVydkj%
izFke iq#"k% lsorke~ losrke~ lsoUrke~
e/;e iq#"k% lsoLo losFkke~ lso/oe~
mÙke iq#"k% lsos lsoko gS lsoke gS
(5) fof/kfyÁydkj%
izFke iq#"k% lsosr~ lsos;krke~ losju~
e/;e iq#"k% lsosFkk% lsos;kFkke~ lsos/oe~
mÙke iq#"k% lsos; lsokofg lsokefg
17. yHk~ osG /kkrq :i
(1) yV~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% yHkrs yHksrs yHkUrs
e/;e iq#"k% yHkls yHksFks yHk/os
mÙke iq#"k% yHks yHkkogs yHkkegs
(2) y`V~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% yIL;rs yIL;srs yIL;Urs
e/;e iq#"k% yIL;ls yIL;sFks yIL;/os
mÙke iq#"k% yIL;s yIL;kogs yIL;kegs
(3) y³~ ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% vyHkr vyHksrke~ vyHkUr
e/;e iq#"k% vyHkFkk% vyHksFkke~ vyHk/oe~
mÙke iq#"k% vyHks vyHkkofg vyHkkefg
(4) yksV ydkj%
izFke iq#"k% yHkrke~ yHksrke~ yHkUrke~
e/;e iq#"k% yHkLo yHksFkke~ yHk/oe~
mÙke iq#"k% yHkS yHkkogS yHkkegS
(5) fof/kfyÁydkj%
izFke iq#"k% yHksr~ yHksrke~ yHksju~
e/;e iq#"k% yHksFkk% yHks;kFkke~ yHks/oe~
mÙke iq#"k% yHks; yHksofg yHksefg

v/;k; & 8 dkjd&miin foHkDr;%

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
miin foHkfDrµtc okD; esa fdlh fo'ks"k 'kCn ds dkj.k dkjd fpg~uksa ds vuqlkj foHkfDr u yxdj dksbZ fo'ks"k foHkfDr yx
tk,] rks mls miin foHkfDr dgrs gSaA ;Fkkµ
f}rh;k foHkfDr%
ifjr% µ fo|ky;a ifjr% jktiFka orZrsA
le;k µ xzkea le;k unh izogfrA
fud"kk µ uxja fud"kk unh ogfrA
çfr µ nhua izfr n;ka oqG#A
fouk µ Roka fouk vga u xfe";kfeA
mHk;r% µ ekxZe~ mHk;r% o`{kk% lfUrA
f/kd~ µ f/kd~ nq"Ve~A
r`rh;k foHkfDr%
lg@lea@lk/kZe~ µ lhrk jkes.k lg oue~ vxPNr~A
fouk µ ifjJes.k foUkk lQyrka u izkIuksfrA
vye~ µ vye~ dksykgysuA
ln`'k% µ /kesZ.k /keZL; ok ln`'k%A
prqFkhZ foHkfDr%
#p~ µ eº;a eksnda jksprsA
nk µ jktk czkg~e.ksH;% oL=a nnkfrA
ue% µ uhyd.Bk; ue%A
dqi~ µ firk ckydk; dqI;frA
Lokgk µ o#.kk; LokgkA
LofLr µ Hkkjr ns'k tusH;% LofLrA
i´peh foHkfDr%
fouk µ er~ (en~) fouk dFka xfe";fl \
cfg% µ fo|ky;kr~ cfg% nsoky;% vfLrA
Hk;kFksZ µ e`x% flagkr~ foHksfrA
j{k~ µ v;a pkSjkr~ j{kfrA
iwoZe~ µ Hkkstukr~ iwoZe~ gLrkS vo';a iz{kky;A
½rs µ Kkukr~ ½rs u eqfDr%A
"k"Bh foHkfDr%
mifj µ okuj% o`{kL;ksifj fr"BfrA
i`"Br% µ okguL; i`"Br% l% vxPNr~A
v/k% µ dk"BQyL; v/k% ØhMuda orZrsA
iqjr% µ xqjks% iqjr% Nk=k% xPNfUrA
fu/kkZj.ks µ uk;dkuka mÙke ujsUæ eksnhA
nf{k.kr% µ ;equk u|k% nf{k.kr% efUnje~ vfLrA
lIreh foHkfDr%
fLug~ µ firk lqrk;ka fLug~;frA
fuiq.k% µ jke% v/;kius fuiq.k% orZrsA
fo'ol~ µ ekrk iq=s fo'oflfrA
iVq% µ lk iVrjk vfLrA

v/;k; & 9 çR;;k%

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
izR;;µos 'kCn ;k 'kCnka'k ftudk viuk dksbZ LorU= vFkZ ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu fdlh Hkh 'kCn ;k /kkrq ds ihNs tqM+dj mlds vFkZ
dks cny nsrs gSa] izR;; dgykrs gSaA ÏnUr izR;; /kkrqvkssa ds lkFk tksM+s tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr izR;;kssa dk o.kZu fd;k tk
jgk gSA
1. DRok (djds) dk ^Rok* 'ks"k cprk gSA DRok izR;;kUr 'kCn vO;; gksrk gSA ;Fkkµ
iB~ + DRok = ifBRok xe~ + DRok = xRok
py~ + DRok = pfyRok Hkw + DRok = HkwRok
ue~ + DRok = uRok gl~ + DRok = gflRok
2. rqequ~ (ds fy,)µ^rqequ~* dk ^rqe~* 'ks"k cprk gSA rqequ~ izR;;kUr 'kCn vO;; gksrk gSA ;Fkkµ
iB~ + rqequ~ = ifBrqe~ xe~ + rqequ~ = xUrqe~
py~ + rqequ~ = pfyrqe~ Hkw + rqequ~ = Hkforqe~
ue~ + rqequ~ = uUrqe~ gl~ + rqequ~ = gflrqe~
3. Y;i~ (djds) tgk¡ /kkrq ls igys milxZ gks] ogk¡ DRok ds LFkku ij ^Y;i~* izR;; dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ^Y;i~* dk ^;* 'ks"k cprk gSA
Y;i~ izR;;kUr 'kCn vO;; gksrk gSA ;Fkkµ
le~ + iB~ + Y;i~ = laiB~; vk + xe~ + Y;i~ = vkxR;@vkxE;
fo + Hkze~ + Y;i~ = foHkzE; le~ + Hkw + Y;i~ = laHkw;
iz + ue~ + Y;i~ = iz.kE; fo + gl~ + Y;i~ = fogL;
4. Dr&Drorq çR;;µDr çR;; deZokP; rFkk HkkookP; esa Hkwrdky esa ç;qDr gksrk gSA ;Fkkµ
xe~ $ Dr = xr% iB~ $ Dr = ifBr%
n`'k~ $ Dr = n`"V% Ï $ Dr = Ïr%
dr`ZokP; esa Hkwrdky esa ^Drorq* dk ç;ksx gksrk gS ;Fkkµ
py~ + Drorq = pfyroku~ n`'k~ + Drorq = n`"Voku~
fy[k~ + Drorq = fyf[kroku~ Ï + Drorq = Ïroku~
Luk + Drorq = Lukroku~
5. 'kr` çR;;µ'kr` çR;; dsoy ijLeSinh&/kkrqvksa ds lkFk gh ç;ksx gksrk gS ;Fkkµ
ØhM~ + 'kr` = ØhMr~ (iqa- µ ØhMu~] L=h µ ØhMUrh] uiqa&ØhMr~)
py~ + 'kr` = pyr~] (iqa- µ pyu~] L=h µ pyUrh] uiqa&pyr~)
jp~ + 'kr` = jp;r~ (iqa- µ jp;u~] L=h µ jp;Urh] uiqa&jp;r~)
iwt~&'kr` = iwt;r~ (iqa- µ iwt;u~] L=h µ iwt;Urh] uiqa-&iwt;r~)
6. 'kkup~&çR;;µ'kkup~ çR;; 'kr` ds leku gksrk gSA ;g vkReusinh /kkrq ds lkFk vku ;k eku tqM+us ls curk gSA ;Fkkµ
dEi~ + 'kkup~ = dEieku (iqa-µdEieku%] L=hµdEiekuk] uiqa-µdEiekue~)
yHk~ + 'kkup~ = yHkeku (iaq-µyHkeku%] L=hµyHkekuk] uiqa-µyHkeku~)
lso~ + 'kkup~ = lsoeku (iqa-µlsoeku%] L=hµlsoekuk] uiqaµlsoekue~)

v/;k; & 10 la[;k

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
la[;k okpd 'kCn fo'ks"k.k Hkh gksrs gSa vkSj fo'ks"; HkhA ,d ls v"Vkn'ku~ rd la[;k,¡ fo'ks"k.k gh gksrh gSaA uon'k ls ijk¼Z rd
la[;k,¡ dgha fo'ks"k.k rks dgha fo'ks"; gksrh gSaA ;s la[;kokpd 'kCn nks izdkj osG gksrs gSaµ
1. x.kukokpdµx.kukokpd la[;k 'kCnksa ls lkèkkj.kr;k fdlh oLrq dh la[;k dk Kku gksrk gS_ tSlsµ,d] f}] f=] prqj~] i´pu~
bR;kfnA
2. ØeokpdµØeokpd la[;kokph 'kCnksa ls Øe dk cksèk gksrk gSA izFke] f}rh;] r`rh;] prqFkZ] i´pe] bR;kfnA
(i) ,d 'kCn ,dopukUr] f} 'kCn f}opukUr] f= ls v"Vkn'ku~ rd cgqopukUr gksrs gSaA
(ii) ,d] f}] f=] prqj~ 'kCnksa dk fyax vius fo'ks"; osG vuqlkj gksrk gS vkSj bl fo'ks"; osG vuqlkj gh muesa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
la[;s;okpds"kq :iHksn%
iqfYyÂ L=hfyÂ uiqaldfyÂ
mnkgj.kµ ,d% ckyd% ,dk ckfydk ,da iqLrde~
}kS ckydkS }s ckfyds }s iqLrds
=;% ckydk% frL=% ckfydk% =hf.k iqLrdkfu
pRokj% ckydk% prL=% ckfydk% pRokfj iqLrdkfu
3. i´pu~ ls v"Vkn'ku~ osG :i i´pu~ osG gh leku gksrs gSaA buosG :i rhuksa fyÂksa esa ,d tSls jgrs gSaA
la[;s;okpds"kq lekua :ie~

iqfYyÂ L=hfyÂ uiqaldfyÂ
mnkgj.kµ i´p ckydk% i´p ckfydk% i´p iqLrdkfu
"kV~ ckydk% "kV~ ckfydk% "kV~ iqLrdkfu
lIr ckydk% lIr ckfydk% lIr iqLrdkfu
v"V ckydk% v"V ckfydk% v"V iqLrdkfu
uo ckydk% uo ckfydk% uo iqLrdkfu
n'k ckydk% n'k ckfydk% n'k iqLrdkfu
la[;kokpd% 'kCn%
vad la[;kokpdk% 'kCnk% vad la[;kokpdk% 'kCnk% vad la[;kokpdk% 'kCnk%
1 ,d (,d%] ,dk] ,de~) 2 f} (}kS] }s] }s) 3 f= (=;%] frò%] =hf.k)
4 prqj~ (pRokj%] prò%] pRokfj) 5 i´p (i´p) 6 "kV~ ("kM~)
7 lIr 8 v"V (v"V] v"VkS) 9 uo
10 n'k 11 ,dkn'k 12 }kn'k
13 =;ksn'k 14 prqnZ'k 15 i´pn'k
16 "kksM'k 17 lIrn'k 18 v"Vkn'k
19 uon'k@,dksufoa'kfr% 20 foa'kfr% 21 ,dfoa'kfr%
22 }kfoa'kfr% 23 =;ksfoa'kfr% 24 prqfo±'kfr%
25 i´pfoa'kfr% 26 "kM~foa'kfr% 27 lIrfo±'kfr%
28 v"Vkfoa'kfr% 29 uofoa'kfr%@,dksuf=a'kr~ 30 f=a'kr~
31 ,df=a'kr~ 32 }kf=a'kr~@f}f=a'kr~ 33 =;fL=a'kr~
34 prqfL=a'kr~ 35 i´pf=a'kr~ 36 "kV~&f=a'kr~
37 lIrf=a'kr~ 38 v"Vkf=a'kr~ 39 uof=a'kr~@,dksupRokfja'kr~
40 pRokfja'kr~ 41 ,dpRokfja'kr~ 42 f}pRokfja'kr~
43 f=pRokfja'kr~ 44 prq'pRokfja'kr~ 45 i´ppRokfja'kr~
46 "kV~pRokfja'kr~ 47 lIrpRokfja'kr~ 48 v"VkpRokfja'kr~
49 uopRokfja'kr~@,dksui´pk'kr~ 50 i´pk'kr~ 51 ,di´pk'kr~
52 f}i´pk'kr~ 53 f=i´pk'kr~ 54 prq%i´pk'kr~
55 i´pi´pk'kr~ 56 "kV~i´pk'kr~ 57 lIri´pk'kr~
58 v"V~i´pk'kr~ 59 uoi´pk'kr~ 60 "kf"V%
61 ,d"kf"V% 62 f}"kf"V% 63 f="kf"V%
64 prq%"kf"V% 65 i´p"kf"V% 66 "kV~"kf"V%
67 lIr"kf"V% 68 v"V"kf"V% 69 uolIrfIr%
70 lIrfr% 71 ,d lIrfr% 72 f}lIrfr%
73 f=lIrfr% 74 prq% lIrfr% 75 i´plIrfr%
76 "kV~lIrfr% 77 lIrlIrfr% 78 v"VlIrfr%
79 uolIrfr% 80 v'khfr% 81 ,dk'khfr%
82 n~O;'khfr% 83 «;'khfr% 84 prqj'khfr%
85 i´pk'khfr% 86 "kM~'khfr% 87 lIrk'khfr%
88 v"Vk'khfr% 89 uok'khfr% 90 uofr%
91 ,duofr% 92 f}uofr% 93 f=uofr%
94 prquZofr% 95 i´puofr% 96 "k..kofr%
97 lIruofr% 98 v"Vuofr% 99 uouofr%
100
'kre~
la[;kokpd 'kCnksa osG :i

,d (lnk ,dopu esa) (One)
foHkfDr% iqfYyaxe~ L=hfyaxe~ uiqaldfyaxe~
izFkek ,d% ,dk ,de~
f}rh;k ,de~ ,dke~ ,de~
r`rh;k ,osGu ,d;k ,osGu
prqFkhZ ,dLeS ,dL;S ,dLeS
i´peh ,dLekr~ ,dL;k% ,dLekr~
"k"Bh ,dL; ,dL;k% ,dL;
lIreh ,dfLeu~ ,dL;ke~ ,dfLeu~
f} = nks (lnk f}opu esa) (Two)
foHkfDr% iqafYyaxe~ L=hfyaxe~ uiqaldfyaxe~
izFkek }kS }s }s
f}rh;k }kS }s }s
r`rh;k }kH;ke~ }kH;ke~ }kH;ke~
prqFkhZ }kH;ke~ }kH;ke~ }kH;ke~
i´peh }kH;ke~ }kH;ke~ }kH;ke~
"k"Bh };ks% };ks% };ks%
lIreh };ks% };ks% };ks%
f= = rhu (lnk] cgqopu esa) (Three)

izFkek =;% frò% =hf.k
f}rh;k =hu~ frò% =hf.k
r`rh;k f=fHk% frl`fHk% f=fHk%
prqFkhZ f=H;% frl`H;% f=H;%
i´peh f=H;% frl`H;% f=H;%
"k"Bh =;k.kke~ frl`.kke~ =;k.kke~
lIreh f="kq frl`"kq f="kq
prqj~ = pkj (lnk cgqopu esa) (Four)
izFkek pRokj% prò% pRokfj
f}rh;k prqj% prò% pRokfj
r`rh;k prq£Hk% prl`fHk% prq£Hk%
prqFkhZ prqH;Z% prl`H;% prqH;Z%
iapeh prqH;Z% prl`H;% prqH;Z%
"k"Bh prq.kkZe~ prl`.kke~ prq.kkZe~
lIreh prq"kqZ prl`"kq prq"kqZ
i´pu~] "kV~] lIru~] v"Vu~] vkfn lHkh fyaxksa esa leku gksrs gSaA
foHkfDr% i´pu~ "kV~ lIru~
izFkek i´p "kV~] "kM~ lIr
f}rh;k i´p "kV~] "kM~ lIr
r`rh;k i´pfHk% "kM~fHk% LkIrfHk%
prqFkhZ i´pH;% "kM~H;% lIrH;%
i´peh i´pH;% "kM~H;% lIrH;%
"k"Bh i´pkuke~ "k..kke~ lIrkuke~
lIreh i´plq "kV~lq lIrlq
foHkfDr% v"Vu~ uou~ n'ku~
izFkek v"Vk] v"V uo n'k
f}rh;k v"Vk] v"V uo n'k
r`rh;k v"VkfHk%] v"VfHk% uofHk% n'kfHk%
prqFkhZ v"VkH;%] v"VH;% uoH;% n'kH;%
i´peh v"VkH;%] v"VH;% uoH;% n'kH;%
"k"Bh v"Vkuke~ uokuke~ n'kkuke~
lIreh v"Vklq] v"Vlq uolq n'k"kq

v/;k; & 11 milxkZ%

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
tks fdlh 'kCn ds vkfn esa vkdj mlds vFkZ esa fo'ks"krk mRiék dj nsrs gSa ;k loZFkk gh mlds vFkZ dks cny nsrs gSa] os milxZ dgs
tkrs gSaA milxZ vO;; gksrs gSaA
tSls ^gkj* ls igys ç] vk] le~] fo] ifj] milxZ yxkus ls Øe'k% ^çgkj] vkgkj] lagkj] fogkj] ifjgkj* 'kCn curs gSaA
milxsZ.k /kkRoFkksZ cyknU;= uh;rsA
çgkjkgkj lagkj fogkj ifjgkjor~AA
milxZ ds }kjk /kkrq dk vFkZ cyiwoZd vU;= ys tk;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ cny fn;k tkrk gSA tSls&çgkj] vkgkj] lagkj] fogkj vkSj
ifjgkj (ds leku)A
laLÏr Hkk"kk esa milxks± dh la[;k 22 gksrh gSµç] ijk] vi] le~] vuq] vo] ful~] fuj~] nql~] nqj~] fo] vk³~ (vk)] fu] vf/k] vfi]
vfr] lq] mr~] vfHk] çfr] ifj] mi~A
milxZ vFkZ mnkgj.k
ç vf/kd] çd"kZ çy;%] çpkj%] çlkj%] çokye~] çgkj%] çek.ke~] ç[;kre~A
ijk fu"ks/k] fojks/k ijkt;e~] ijkØee~] ijkHkoe~] ijke'kZe~] ijkdk"Bke~A
vi ghurk] U;wurk] cqjk vidkj%] viokj%] vigj.ke~] vid"kZ%] vieku%] vi;'k%] vi'kCn%]
vi'kdque~A
le~ vPNk lEesyu%] laxzg%] lE;d~] lEiék%] laLdkj% lalxZ%] ladYi%A
vuq ihNs] de] lekurk vuqHkoe~] vuq'kklue~] vuqiee~] vuqpj%] vuqdj.ke~A
vo ghurk] fuEurk voyksdue~] voxq.k%] voufr%] voKk] volkue~A
ful~ fu"ks/k] jfgr] ckgj fu"Qye~] fu"dklue~] fu"çHke~A
fuj~] fu (fu) ckgj] fu"ks/k jfgr fu'py] fu%'kad%] fujijk/k%] fuHkZ;e~] funksZ"k%A
nql~] nq (nq) dfBu] cqjk nq"V] ghu nqLrj%] nqyZHk%] nqtZu%] nq"deZ%] nq''kklue~] nqjkpkj%] nqLlg%] nqxqZ.k%A
fo fof'k"Vrk jfgr foKkue~] fons'k%] fookn%] fo'ks"k%A
fofHkékrk fo'kkjn%] fou;%] foHkkx%] fojkx%] foeuk%] fo/kok] fo;ksx%] fouk'k%A
vk³~ (vk) i;ZUr vktUe%] vkjEHk%] vkjksg.ka] vkleqæe~] vkd.Be~] vkpj.ke~] vkxeue~A
fu fu"ks/k] Hkhrj] uhps] vfrfjDr fuokj.ke~] funkue~] fujks/k%] fuikr%] fu;qDr%] fucU/k%] fu;ksx%A
vf/k lkehI;] vf/kdkj] Åij v/;{k% vf/kjkt%] vf/kdre%] vf/kifr%] v/;kRe%A
vfr vf/kd vfrØe.ke~] vfrfu/kZu%] vR;Ure~] vfrcye~] vfrfjDre~A
lq vPNk lqdeZ] lqÏre~] lqHkxe~] lqdfo%] lqnje~A
mr~ Åij] Å¡pk mÙke% mRifÙk%] mRd"kZ%] mékfr%A
vfHk bPNk çdV djuk] pkjksa vksj] lkeus vfHkKkue~] vfHk;ksx%] vfHk'kkie~] vfHkuoe~] vfHk;kue~A
çfr fo#¼] lkus] gj ,d çfr/ofu%] çfrdwye~] çR;sd] çfroknh] çR;{ke~] çfrfuf/k%] çfrekue~ çfrfnue~]
çfri{ke~A
ifj vklikl] pkjksa vksj ifjp;%] ifjrq"V%] ifjrki%] ifjtu%] ifjR;kx%] ifjf/k%A
mi lehi] veq[;] NksVk mixÂe~] mins'k%] miHksn%] miuke] miea=h] mioue~] mikpk;Z%] miklukA
nqj~ dq] cqjs vFkZ esa] dfBu nqHkkZoe~] nqO;Zogkj%] nqxZfre~] nqjkpkje~A
vfi vkoj.k vfi/kku] vfifgr] vfixh.kZA
dqN 'kCn ,d ls vf/kd milxks± ds ;ksx ls Hkh curs gSaA tSls&
O;ogkj% = fo + vo + gkj%A
leUo; = le + vuq + v;%A
nqO;Zogkj% = nqj~ + fo + vo + gkj%A
dqN vO;;ksa rFkk fo'ks"k.kksa dk Hkh ç;ksx milxks± dh Hkk¡fr gksrk gSA tSlsµ
'kCn vFkZ mnkgj.k
vUr% vUnj vUr% iqje~A
lr~ vPNk lTtu%A
dq cqjk dqekxZ%A
fo'ks"kµ1. dqN milxks± dk ç;ksx Hkh LorU= jhfr ls fdlh /kkrq rFkk 'kCn ls vyx gksrk gSA tSls&tie~ vuq çko"kZr~ (ti ds ckn
o"kkZ gqbZA)
2. ;s milxZ vO;; ds gh vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
milxks± dk ç;ksx
milxks± dk ç;ksx /kkrqvksa ls igys gh gksrk gSA buds dkj.k /kkrq dk lkekU; vFkZ fo'ks"k gks tkrk gS] cny tkrk gS rFkk ped tkrk
gSA dgha buds ç;ksx ls /kkrq cy'kkfyuh cu tkrh gSA
milxZ;qDr /kkrq,¡µNk=ksa ds Kku ds fy, lksilxZ /kkrq,¡ nh tkrh gSaA vuqokn djrs le; bu fØ;kvksa dk vPNk mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA
Hkw = gksuk vfHk Hkofr = nckrk gS] frjLdkj djrk gSA
Hkofr = gksrk gSA ijkHkofr = ijkHko djrk gSA
ifjHkofr = frjLdkj djrk gSA vigjfr = pqjkrk gSA
çHkofr = iSnk gksrk gSA çdV gksrk gSA vuqgjfr = udy djrk gSA
mn~Hkofr = mRiék gksrk gSA ifjgjfr = NksM+rk gSA
çknqHkZofr = mRiék gksrk gSA mnkgjfr = mnkgj.k nsrk gSA
frjksHkofr = fNikrk gSA çgjfr = çgkj djrk gS] ekjrk gSA
vkfoHkZofr = çdV gksrk gSA lagjfr = lagkj djrk gSA
on~ (cksyuk) mikgjfr = ykrk gSA
onfr = cksyrk gSA lekgjfr = bdV~Bk djrk gSA
vionfr = xkyh nsrk gSA vkgjfr = [kkrk gS] ykrk gSA
vuqonfr = vuqokn djrk gSA O;kgjfr = cksyrk gSA
mionfr = çkFkZuk djrk gSA O;kogjfr = O;ogkj djrk gSA
foçonrs = fo#¼ cksyrk gSA m¼jfr = m¼kj djrk gSA
çfronfr = tokc nsrk gSA çR;qnkgjfr = nwljk mnkgj.k nsrk gSA
laonfr = ckrphr djrk gSA Ï = djuk
lçonrs = feydj cksyrk gSA midjksfr = midkj djrk gSA
xe~ = tkuk vf/kdjksfr = vf/kdkj djrk gSA
xPNfr = tkrk gSA O;kdjksfr = O;k[;k djrk gSA
vkxPNfr = vkrk gSA fodjksfr = nwf"kr djrk gSA
fuxZPNfr = ckgj tkrk gSAs vidjksfr = vidkj djrk gSA
vf/kxPNfr = fudyrk gS] Åij p<+rk gSA vuqdjksfr = udy djrk gSA
çfrxPNfr = ykSVrk gSA fodqoZrs = mPpkj.k djrk gSA
vixPNfr = nwj gVrk gSA uhps tkrk gSA frjLdjksfr = frjLdkj djrk gSA
LFkk = Bgjuk] #duk laLdjksfr = laLdkj djrk gSA
çfr"Brs = çLFkku djrk gS (vkReusin) vikdjksfr = [k.Mu djrk gS] de djrk gSA
vçfr"Brs = mRFkku djrk gSA çR;qidjksfr = çR;qidkj djrk gSA
fr"Bfr = Bgjrk gS] cSBrk gSA çdq#rs = tcjnLrh djrk gS] /kekZFkZ yxrk gSA
mfÙk"Bfr = mBrk gSA mRdq#rs = pqxyh djrk gSA /kedkrk gSA
lafÙk"Brs = ejrk gSA (vkReusin) lqdjksfr = iq.; djrk gSA
uh = (ys tkuk) l` = ljduk (pyrk)
u;fr = ys tkrk gSA ljfr = ljdrk gS] tkrk gSA
fou;fr = fou; djrk gS] >qdrk gSA vuqljfr = vuqlj.k djrk gSA
fox.kfr = fxurk gS ;k [kpZ djrk gSA çljfr = QSyrk gSA
vuq;fr = ekurk gSA voljfr = fudyrk gSA
vfHku;fr = vfHku; djrk gSA
viljfr = ihNs gVrk gSA
ifj.k;fr = fookg djrk gSA
çlkj;fr = QSykrk gSA
fu.kZ;fr = fu.kZ; djrk gSA
fuLljfr = fudkyrk gSA
miu;fr = ikl ykrk gS] ikl ys tkrk gSA
fuLlkj;fr = fudkyrk gSA
miku;fr = HksaV nsrk gSA
bZ{k~ = ns[kuk
viu;fr = nwj djrk gS] gVkrk gSA
bZ{krs = ns[krk gSA
vku;fr = ykrk gSA
vis{krs = bPNk djrk gSA
mék;fr = mékfr djrk gS] mBrk gSA
ç.k;fr = çse djrk gSA mis{krs = ykijokgh djrk gSA
â (gj~) = ys tkuk vFkok pqjkuk oh{krs = ns[krk gSA
gjfr = ys tkrk gSA çrh{krs = çrh{kk djrk gSA
fogjfr = fogkj djrk gSA leh{krs = leh{kk djrk gSA
vUoh{krs = fpUrk djrk gS ;k euu djrk gSA
v;~ = tkuk vx`g~.kkfr = fNirk gSA
v;rs = tkrk gSA nqjkx`g~.kkfr = gB djrk gSA
iyk;rs = Hkkxrk gSA çfrx`g~.kkfr = nku ysrk gSA
O;;rs = [kpZ djrk gSA fux`g~.kkfr = dSn djrk gSA
fuj;rs = fudyrk gSA Øh = Ø; djuk] [kjhnuk
nqj;rs = nq%[kh gksrk gSA Øh.khrs = [kjhnrk gSA
nqy;rs = nq%[kh gksrk gSA foØh.khrs = csprk gSA
foy;rs = foyhu gksrk gSA ifjØh.khrs = eksy ysrk gSA
f{ki~ = Qsaduk voØh.khrs = [kjhnrk gSA
f{kifr = Qsaduk gSA ,fr = tkuk
vkf{kifr = nks"k yxkrk gSA vUosfr = ihNs feyrk gSA
mfR{kifr = Åij Qsadrk gSA foi;sZfr = mYVk le>rk gSA
fof{kifr = fof{kIr gksrk gSA çR;sfr = fo'okl djrk gSA
fuf{kifr = uhps Qsadrk gSA vR;sfr = u"V gksrk gSA
vl~ = Qsaduk çfri|rs = vkKk ek¡xrk gSA
vL;fr = Qsadrk gSA miSfr = ikl vkrk gS] çkIr djrk gSA
vikL;fr = nwj djrk gSA O;;sfr = [kpZ djrk gSA
v/;L;fr = vkjksi yxkrk gSA voSfr = tkurk gSA
fujL;fr = gVkrk gSA Hkosfr = ekurk gSA
viSfr = nwj gksrk gSA
mnL;fr = fudyrk gSA
mnsfr = mn; gksrk gSA
ijkL;fr = ijkLr djrk gSA
vH;sfr = lkeus ys vkrk gSA
leL;fr = laf{kIr djrk gSA
vUosfr = ihNs&ihNs pyrk gSA
vH;L;fr = d.BLFk djrk gSA
vki~ = çkIr djuk] ikuk
foU;L;fr = LFkkfir djrk gSA
vkIuksfr = çkIr djrk gSA
r` = rSjuk
O;kIuksfr = O;kIr djrk gSA
rjfr = rSjrk gSA
lekIuksfr = lekIr djrk gSA
vorjfr = mrjrk gSA vorkj ysrk gSA
çkIuksfr = ikrk gSA
forjfr = ck¡Vrk gS] nsrk gSA
fp = pquuk
mÙkjfr = tokc nsrk gSA
fpuksfr = pquuk gSA
lUrjfr = rSjrk gSA
ifjfpuksfr = igurk gSA
in~ = pyuk] tkuk fufpuksfr = bdV~Bk djrk gSA
i|rs = tkrk gSA mifpuksfr = c<+krk gSA
lEi|rs = lq[kh gksrk gSA vifpuksfr = ?kVkrk gSA
foi|rs = ejrk gSA lf´puksfr = lafpr djrk gSA
vki|rs = vkQr esa iM+rk gSA vofpuksfr = ,d= djrk gSA
çi|rs = 'kj.k esa tkrk gSA Kk = tkuuk
çfri|rs = vkKk ek¡xrk gSA tkukfr = tkurk gSA
v´p~ = tkuk ;k iwtk djuk tkuhrs = çlék gksrk gSA
v´pfr = tkrk gS] iwtk djrk gSA vitkuhrs = fNikrk gSA
ijk´pfr = ykSVrk gSA çfrtkuhrs = çfrKk djrk gSA
çR;´pfr = voufr ikrk gSA vuqtkukfr = vuqefr nsrk gSA
mn´pfr = Åij tkrk gSA mitkukfr = çkjEHk djrk gSA
vnk´pfr = v/kkseq[k gksrk gSA votkukfr = vieku djrk gSA
x`g~ = ysuk latkuhrs = ns[krk gSA
x`g~.kkfr = ysrk gSA ir~ = fxjuk
vu`x`g~.kkfr = Ïik djrk gSA irfr = fxjrk gSA
çf.kirfr = çek.k djrk gSA vkjksfgr = c<+rk gSA
fuirfr = fxjrk gSA ljksgfr = feyrk gSA
mRirfr = mM+rk gSA yi~ = cksyuk
çirfr = fxjrk gSA foyifr = foyki djrk gSA
Øe~ = iSny pyuk çyifr = odckl djrk gS] çyki djrk gSA
Øefr = pyrk gSA vkyifr = cksyrk gS] vkyki djrk gSA
ifjØefr = ifjØek djrk gSA layifr = okÙkkZyki djrk gSA
Øers = mRlkg djrk gSA viyifr = fNikrk gSA
miØers = vkjEHk djrk gSA ln~ = Bgjuk] nq%[kh gksuk
foØers = vkxs c<+rk gSA lhnfr = Bgjrk gS] nq%[kh gksrk gSA
fu"Økefr = fudyrk gSA çlhnfr = çlék gksrk gSA
vkØefr = Åij tkrk gS] vkØe.k djrk gSA fo"khnfr = f[kék gksrk gSA
viØefr = gVrk gSA fu"khnfr = Fkdrk gS] cSBrk gSA
pj~ = ?kweuk volhnfr = Fkdrk gS] nq%[kh gksrk gSA
pjfr = ?kwerk gS milhnfr = ikl cSBrk gSA
pjfr = [kkrk gSA
Ï = djuk (vkReusin)
lapjfr = lapj.k djrk gS] lkFk pyrk gSA
dq#rs = djrk gSA
fopjfr = fopj.k djrk gSA
mRdq#rs = pqxyh djrk gSA
vkpjfr = vkpj.k djrk gSA
mRdq#rs = /kedkrk gSA
vuqpjfr = ihNs pyrk gSA
midq#rs = lsok djrk gSA
mPpjrs = mYya?ku djrk gSA
çdq#rs = tcjnLrh djrk gSA
mPpjfr = Åij tkrk gS] cksyrk gSA
miLdq#rs = lq/kkj djrk gSA
mipjfr = mipkj djrk gSA
çdq#rs = dFkk dgrk gSA
vuqpjfr = vuqlj.k djrk gSA
l´pjrs = Hkze.k djrk gSA çdq#rs = /kekZFkZ yxkrk gSA
vipjfr = foijhr djrk gSA cU/k~ = ck¡/kuk
O;fHkpjfr = O;fHkpkj djrk gSA c/ukfr = ck¡/krk gSA
ifjpjfr = lsok djrk gSA çc/ukfr = çcU/k djrk gSA
/kk = /kkj.k djuk] iks"k.k djuk fuc/ukfr = fucU/k fy[krk gSA
n/kkfr = /kkj.k djrk gSA çfrc/ukfr = jksd yxkrk gS] çfrcU/k yxkrk gSA
fu/kfÙk = j[krk gSA mn~c/ukfr = Qk¡lh yxkrk gSA
çf.k/kÙks = /;ku j[krk gSA fuc/ukfr = çse djrk gSA
çfrfu/kÙks = çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA t;~ = thruk (vkReusin)
fon/kfr = fo/kku djrk gSA t;rs = thrrk gSA
vUr/kZÙks = fNikrk gSA fot;rs = thrrk gS] fot;h gksrk gSA
vk/kÙks = LFkkfir djrk gSA ijkt;rs = ijkftr gksrk gSA gkjrk gSA
#g~ = teuk LFkk (fr"B) = Bgjuk (vkReus in)
jksgfr = mxrk gSA fr"Brs = Bgjrk gSA
çjksgfr = mRiék djrk gSA lfUr"Brs = ekjrk gSA
vf/kjksgfr = p<+rk gSA vofr"Brs = Bgjrk gSA
vojksgfr = mrjrk gSA çfr"Brs = lEeku ikrk gSA
fofr"Brs = fopyrk gSA

v/;k; & 12 vO;;kfu

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
vO;; (vfodkjh)µos 'kCn gSa] tks rhuksa fyÂksa esa] rhuksa opuksa esa lHkh foHkfDr;ksa esa ,d tSls jgrs gSaA û O;;sfr* bfr vO;;e~
vFkkZr~ tks [kpZ ugha gksrs] os gh vfodkjh ;k vO;; 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
^ln`'ka f="kq fyÂs"kq] lokZlq p foHkfDrlqA
losZ"kq p opus"kq] ;Ru O;;ksfr rnO;;e~û
vFkkZr~µos in vO;;in dgs tkrs gSa] ftl in esa fyax foHkfDr opu dkj.k ls ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS] mlh :i esa fLFkr jgrk gS] og
vO;; in dgykrk gSA tSlsµf/kd~] fouk] ;nk] dnk vkfnA
;|fi vO;; vusd gSa ysfdu ikB~;Øe esa v/kksfyf[krkfu vO;;kfu inkfu lfUr gSA

[k.M&^?k* % ifBr&vocks/kue~
v/;k; & 13 x|ka'k%
Lej.kh; fcUnqq
f}rh;% ikB% µ Lo.kZdkd%

lkjka'k %
;g ikB Jh in~e 'kkL=h }kjk jfpr ßfo'odFkk 'krde~Þ uked dFkklaxzg ls fy;k x;k gS] ftlesa fofHkUu ns'kksa dh lkS yksd
dFkkvksa dk laxzg gSA ;g cekZ (E;kaekj) ns'k dh ,d Js"B dFkk gS] ftlesa yksHk vkSj mlds nq"ifj.kke ds lkFk&lkFk R;kx vkSj mlds
lqifj.kke dk o.kZu ,d lqugjs ia[kksa okys dkSos ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gSA
izkphu dky esa fdlh xk¡o esa ,d fu/kZu o`¼ L=h jgrh FkhA mldh ,d cgqr fouez rFkk lqUnj iq=h FkhA ,d ckj mldh ekrk us
Fkkyh esa pkoy j[kdj viuh iq=h dks vkns'k fn;kµlw;Z dh èkwi esa j[ks pkoyksa dh if{k;ksa ls j{kk djksA dqN le; ds i'pkr~ ,d
vuks[kk dkSvk mM+dj mlds ikl vk x;kA
lksus ds ia[k okyk rFkk pk¡nh dh pksap okyk dkSvk mlus igys dgha ugha ns[kk FkkA ml i{kh dks pkoy [kkrs gq, rFkk g¡lrs gq,
ns[kdj ckfydk jksus yxhA mls jksdrh gqbZ og izkFkZuk djus yxhµpkoy er [kkvks] esjh ekrk cgqr xjhc gSA lksus ds ia[k okyk
dkSvk cksykµnq%[kh er gksA rqe lw;ksZn; ls igys xk¡o ds ckgj ihiy ds o`{k ds ihNs vkukA eSa rqEgsa pkoyksa dk ewY; ns nw¡xkA izlUu
ckfydk dks uhan Hkh ugha vkbZA
og lw;ksZn; ls igys gh ogk¡ mifLFkr gks x;hA o`{k ds Åij ns[kdj og vk'p;Zpfdr gks xbZ fd ogk¡ lksus dk egy gSA tc dkSvk
lksdj tkxk rks mlus lksus dh f[kM+dh esa ls >k¡ddj dgkµvjh ckfyds! rqe vk xb±A Bgjks] eSa rqEgkjs fy, lh<+h mrkjrk gw¡A crkvks
lksus dh] pk¡nh dh vFkok rk¡cs dh lh<+h esa ls dkSu&lh mrk:¡\ yM+dh us dgk] eSa fu/kZu ekrk dh csVh gw¡] eSa rk¡cs dh lh<+h ls gh
vkÅ¡xh] fdUrq og lksus dh lh<+h ls lksus ds egy esa igq¡phA
og ckfydk egy esa vyx&vyx jaxksa ls lth gq;h oLrqvksa dks ns[kdj vk'p;Z esa iM+ x;hA ml ckfydk dks Fkdk ns[kdj dkS,
us dgkµigys rqe FkksM+k tyiku dj yksµcksyks rqe lksus dh Fkkyh esa Hkkstu djksxh] pk¡nh dh Fkkyh esa ;k fQj rk¡cs dh Fkkyh esaA
ckfydk us mÙkj fn;kµeSa xjhc rk¡cs dh Fkkyh esa gh Hkkstu d:¡xhA og ckfydk rc vk'p;Zpfdr jg xbZ tc mls lksus ds dkS, us
lksus dh Fkkyh esa Hkkstu ijkslkA ml ckfydk us ,slk Lokfn"V Hkkstu dHkh ugha [kk;k FkkA dkSvk dgus yxk fd gs ckfyds! eSa pkgrk
gw¡ fd rqe ges'kk ;gha jgks ijUrq rqEgkjh ekrk vdsyh gSA vr% rqe 'kh?kz vius ?kj tkvksA
,slk dgdj dejs esa ls rhu lUnwd fudky dj dkSvk mlls cksyk fd bPNkuqlkj ,d lUnwd ys yksA lcls NksVk lUnwd ysdj
ckfydk us dgkµbruk gh gS esjs pkoyksa dk ewY;A ?kj vkdj mlus lUnwd [kksykA mleas cgqewY; ghjksa dks ns[kdj og cgqr izlUu
gqbZ rFkk ml fnu ls og /kuoku gks xbZA
Bhd blds foijhr mlh xk¡o esa ,d vU; yksHkh o`¼ L=h jgrh FkhA mldh Hkh ,d iq=h FkhA mlus ml Lo.kZ dkS, dk jgL; tku
fy;kA lw;Z dh /kwi esa pkoy j[kdj mlus Hkh viuh iq=h dks mudh j{kk djus dk vkns'k fn;kA mlh izdkj lksus ds ia[k okys dkS,
us pkoy [kkrs gq, mls ogha cqyk;kA izk;% ogk¡ tkdj dkS, dh fuUnk djrs gq, mlus dgkµgs uhp dkS,! eSa vk xbZ gw¡] eq>s pkoyksa
dk ewY; nksA dkS, us dgkµeSa rqEgkjs fy, lh<+h mrkjrk gw¡] rks cksyks lksus dh] pk¡nh dh ;k rkacs dh dkSu lh mrk:¡\ ?ke.Mh ckfydk
us dgkµeSa lksus dh lh<+h ls vkÅ¡xh] ijUrq lksus ds dkS, us mldks rkacs dh lh<+h gh nhA mlus Hkkstu Hkh mls rkezi= esa gh djk;kA
okfil ykSVrs le; lksus ds dkS, us dejs ds vUnj ls rhu isfV;k¡ mlds lkeus j[khaA ml yksHkh yM+dh us lcls cM+h isVh ys yhA
?kj vkdj dkSrqgy o'k tSls gh mlus ml isVh dks [kksyk mlesa Hk;adj dkyk lk¡i ns[kkA ykyph yM+dh dks ykyp dk Qy fey
x;kA mlds i'pkr~ mlus ykyp dk ifjR;kx dj fn;kA
'kCnkFkkZ%
U;olr~ volr~ jgrk Fkk@jgrh Fkh
nqfgrk lqrk iq=h
LFkkY;ke~ LFkkyhik=s Fkkyh esa
[kxsH;% if{kH;% if{k;ksa ls
leqM~Mh; mRIyqR; mM+dj
mtxke lehie~ vkxroku~ ikl igq¡pk
Lo.kZi{k% Lo.kZe;% i{k% lksus dk ia[k
jtrp´pq% jtre;% p´pq% pk¡nh dh pksap
r.Mqyku~ v{krku~ pkoyksa dks
fuokj;Urh okj.ka dqoZUrh jksdrh gqbZ
ek 'kqp% 'kksda ek dq# nq%[k er djks
çksokp vdFk;r~ dgk
çg£"krk çlékk [kq'k gqbZ
çklkn% Hkoue~ egy
xok{kkr~ okrk;ukr~ f[kM+dh ls
lksikue~ lksikue~ lh<+h
vorkj;kfe vorh.k± djksfe mrkjrk gw¡
vkllkn çkIuksr~ igq¡pk
foyksD; n`"V~ok ns[kdj
çkg mokp dgk
çkrjk'k% dY;orZ% lqcg dk uk'rk
O;ktgkj vdFk;r~ dgk
i;Zosf"kre~ i;Zos"k.ka Ïre~ ijkslk x;k
egkgkZf.k cgqewY;kfu cgqewY;
yqC/kk yksHko'khHkwrk yksHkh
fuHkZRlZ;Urh HkRlZuka dqoZUrh fuUnk djrh gqbZ
i;ZR;tr~ vR;tr~ NksM+ fn;k
6. HkzkUrks cky%
lkjka'k %

izLrqr ikB ^laLÏr izkS<ikBkofy%* uked xzUFk ls lEikfnr dj fy;k x;k gSA bl dFkk esa ,d ,sls ckyd dk fp=.k gS] ftldk eu
v/;;u dh vis{kk [ksy&dwn esa yxk jgrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd og [ksyus ds fy, i'kq&if{k;ksa rd dk vkokgu (vkàku) djrk gS]
fdUrq dksbZ mlds lkFk [ksyus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gksrkA blls og cgqr fujk'k gksrk gSA vUrr% mls cks/k gksrk gS fd lHkh vius&vius
dk;ks± esa O;Lr gSaA dsoy ogh fcuk fdlh dke ds b/kj&m/kj ?kwerk jgrk gSA og fu'p; djrk gS fd vc O;FkZ esa le; x¡okuk
NksM+dj viuk dk;Z djsxkA
,d Hkzfer ckyd ikB'kkyk tkus ds le; [ksyus ds fy, pyk x;k] fdUrq mlds lkFk [ksyksa ds }kjk le; fcrkus ds fy, dksbZ
Hkh fe= ekStwn ugha FkkA os lHkh igys fnu ds ikBksa dks ;kn djds fo|ky; tkus dh 'kh?kzrk ls rS;kjh dj jgs FksA vkylh ckyd
yTtko'k mudh n`f"V ls cprk gqvk vdsyk gh m|ku esa izos'k dj x;kA
og lkspus yxkµ;s cspkjs iqLrd ds xqykeA ogha #ds] eSa rks viuk euksjatu d:¡xkA dqfir xq#th dk psgjk eSa ckn esa ns[kw¡xkA o`{k
ds dksVj ([kks[kyksa) esa jgus okys ;s izk.kh (i{kh) esjs fe= cu tk,¡xsA
rc mlus ml miou esa ?kwers gq, Hk¡ojs dks ns[kdj [ksyus ds fy, iqdkjkA Hk¡ojs us mldh nks&rhu vkokt+ksa dh vksj rks /;ku gh ugha
fn;kA rc ckj&ckj gB djus okys ml ckyd ds izfr mlus xquxquk;kµge rks Qwyksa ds jl ds laxzg esa yxs gq, gSaA
rc ml ckyd us vius eu esa Ô;FkZ esa bl >wBs xoZ okys dhM+s dks NksM+ks* ,slk lkspdj nwljh rjQ ns[krs gq, ,d i{kh (fpfM+;k)
dks pksap ls ?kkl&fruds vkfn mBkrs gq, ns[kk! og mlls cksykµßvjs lw[ks fruds dks NksM+ks] eSa rqEgsa Lokfn"V [kk| oLrqvksa ds xzkl
nw¡xkAÞ eq>s cjxn ds isM+ dh 'kk[kk ij ?kksalyk cukuk gS] vr% eSa dke ls tk jgk gw¡µ,slk dgdj og i{kh Hkh vius dke esa O;Lr
gks x;kA
rc nq%[kh ckyd us dgkµ;s i{kh euq";ksa ds fudV ugha vkrs] vr% eSa euq";ksa ds ;ksX; fdlh vU; euksjatu djus okyksa dks [kkstrk
gw¡µ,slk lkspdj Hkkxrs gq, fdlh dqRrs dks ns[kkA izlUu gksdj ml ckyd us dgkµgs euq";ksa ds fe=! bruh xehZ ds fnu essa O;FkZ
D;ksa ?kwe jgs gks\ bl ?kuh vkSj 'khry Nk;k okys o`{k dk vkJ; ys yksA eSa Hkh [ksy esa rqEgsa gh mfpr lkFkh le>rk gw¡A dqÙkk cksykµ
tks iq= ds leku esjk ikyu&iks"k.k djrk gS] ml Lokeh ds ?kj dh j{kk ds dk;Z esa yxs gksus ls eq>s FkksM+k&lk Hkh ihNs ugha gVuk
pkfg,A
lHkh ds }kjk bl izdkj euk dj fn, tkus ij VwVs euksjFk okyk og ckyd lkspus yxkµbl lalkj esa izR;sd izk.kh vius&vius dk;Z
esa layXu gSA dksbZ Hkh esjh rjg le; u"V ugha dj jgk gSA bu lcdks iz.kke] ftUgksaus vkyL; ds izfr eq>esa ?k`.kkHkko mRiUu dj
fn;kA vr% eSa Hkh viuk mfpr dk;Z (fo|kizkfIr) djrk gw¡ ,slk lkspdj og 'kh?kz gh ikB'kkyk pyk x;kA
rc ls og fo|k esa #fp okyk gks x;kA mlus fo}rk] dhfrZ ,oa /ku dks izkIr fd;kA
mDr ikB esa dqRrs dh dÙkZO;ikyu Hkkouk ls izHkkfor gksdj ckyd fo|k/;;u dh vksj vkÏ"V gksdj fo|ky; tkrk gSA
'kCnkFkkZ%

HkzkUr% Hkze;qDr% Hkzfer
ØhfMrqe~ [ksfyrqe~ [ksyus ds fy,
futZxke fu"ØkUr% fudy x;k
dsfyfHk% ØhMkfHk% [ksy }kjk
dkya {ksIrqe~ le;a ;kif;rqe~ le; fcrkus ds fy,
Rojek.kk% Rojka dqoZUr%] Roj;Ur% 'kh?kzrk djrs gq,
rUækyq% vyl% vfØ;% vkylh
n`f"ViFke~ n`f"Ve~ fuxkg
fpUr;kekl vfpUr;r~ lkspk
iqLrdnklk% iqLrdkuka nklk% iqLrdksa ds xqyke
mik/;k;L; vkpk;ZL; xq# ds
fu"dqVokflu% o`{kdksVjfuokflu% o`{k ds dksVj esa jgus okys
ØhMkgsrks% dsfyfufeÙke~ [ksyus ds fufeÙk
vkàkue~ vkeU=.ke~ cqykok
gBekpjfr vkxzgiwoZda O;ogkja dqoZfr lfr gB djus ij
e/kqlaxzgO;xzk% iq"ijlladyurRijk% iq"i ds jl ds laxzg esa yxs gq,
Hkw;ks Hkw;% iqu% iqu% ckj&ckj
feF;kxfoZrsu O;FkkZgÁkj;qDrsu >wBs xoZ okys
pVde~ i{kh fpfM+;k
p´Pok p´pqiqVsu pksap ls
vknnkue~ x`g~.kUre~ xzg.k djrs gq, dks
Loknwfu Lokfn"Vkfu Lokn;qDr
Hk{;doykfu Hk{k.kh;xzklk% [kkus ds fy, mi;qDr dkSj
LodeZO;xz% Lodh;dk;sZ"kq rRij% vius dk;ks± esa layXu
vUos"k;kfe vUos"k.ka djksfe [kkstrk gw¡
fouksnf;rkje~ euksj´tudkfj.ke~ euksjatu djus okys dks
iyk;ekue~ /kkoUre~ Hkkxrs gq,
voyksd;r~ vi';r~ ns[kk
oVæqe'kk[kk;ke~ oVo`{kL; 'kk[kk;ke~ cjxn ds isM+ dh 'kk[kk ij
lacks/k;kekl lacksf/kroku~ lacksf/kr fd;k
funk?kfnols xzh"efnus xehZ ds fnu esa
dsyhlgk;e~ ØhMklgk;de~ [ksy esa lg;ksxh
vuq:ie~ ;ksX;e~ mi;qDr
dqDdqj% 'oku% dqÙkk
j{kkfu;ksxdj.kkr~ lqj{kkdk;Zo'kkr~ j{kk ds dk;Z esa yxs gksus ls
Hkz"VO;e~ ifrrO;e~ gVuk pkfg,
bZ"knfi vYiek=ke~ vfi FkksM+k&lk Hkh
fuf"k¼% vLohÏr% euk fd;k x;k
HkXueuksjFk% [kf.Mrdke% VwVh bPNkvksa okyk
dky{ksie~ le;L; ;kiue~ le; fcrkuk
rUækyqrk;ke~ rUækyqtuL; Hkkos] vylRos vkyL; esa
dqRlk ?k`.kk] HkRlZuk ?k`.kkHkko
fo|kO;luh v/;;ujr% fo|k esa jr jgus okyk
izFkke~ izflf¼e~ [;kfr] izflf¼
11. i;kZoj.ke~
lkjka'k%
;g ikB i;kZoj.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj fy[kk x;k ,d y?kq fucU/k gSA orZeku ;qx esa iznwf"kr okrkoj.k ekuo&thou ds fy, Hk;adj
vfHk'kki cu x;k gSA ufn;ksa dk ty dyqf"kr gks jgk gS] ou o`{kksa ls jfgr gks jgs gSa] feV~Vh dk dVko c<+us ls ck<+ dh leL;k,¡
c<+rh tk jgha gSaA dy&dkj[kkuksa vkSj okguksa ds /kq,¡ ls ok;q fo"kSyh gks jgh gSA oU; izkf.k;ksa dh tkfr;k¡ Hkh u"V gks jgha gSaA oSKkfudksa
ds vuqlkj o`{kksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa ds vHkko esa euq";ksa ds fy, thfor jguk vlEHko izrhr gksrk gSA i=] iq"i] Qy] dk"B] Nk;k ,oa
vkS"kf/k iznku djus okys ikniksa ,oa o`{kksa dh mi;ksfxrk orZeku le; esa iwokZis{k;k vf/kd gSA
i`Foh lHkh izkf.k;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, iz;kl djrh gSA ;g fofHkUu izdkjksa ls lcdks iq"V cukrh gS rFkk lq[k&lk/kuksa ls rÌr djrh
gSA i`Foh] ty] vfXu] ok;q vkSj vkdk'k ;s blds izeq[k rRo gSaA os gh feydj vFkok fHkUu&fHkUu gekjs i;kZoj.k dks cukrs gSaA
lalkj ftlds }kjk lc vksj ls vkPNkfnr fd;k tkrk gS] og î;kZoj.k* dgykrk gSA ftl izdkj vtUek f'k'kq viuh ekrk ds xHkZ
esa lqjf{kr jgrk gS] mlh izdkj euq"; i;kZoj.k dh dks[k esa lqjf{kr jgrk gSA ifj"Ïr rFkk iznw"k.k ls jfgr i;kZoj.k gesa lalkfjd
thou lq[k] vPNs&fopkj] vPNs ladYi rFkk ekaxfyd lkexzh nsrk gSA izÏfr dk izdksi tSlsµck<+] vfXu] HkwdEi] vka/kh&rwQkuksa
rFkk mYdk vkfn ds fxjus ls lUrIr ekuo dk dgk¡ dY;k.k gS\ vFkkZr~ dgha ughaA
blfy, gesa izÏfr dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A blls i;kZoj.k vius vki lqjf{kr gks tk,xkA izkphudky esa yksd dY;k.k pkgus okys
½f"k ou esa gh jgrs Fks D;ksafd ou esa gh lqjf{kr i;kZoj.k miyC/k FkkA ufn;k¡ rFkk ioZrh; >jus ve`r ds leku Lokfn"V ifo= ty
nsrs gSaA o`{k rFkk yrk,¡ Qy] Qwy rFkk b±/ku dh ydM+h cgqr ek=k esa nsrs gSaA 'khry] eUn rFkk lqxfU/kr ouok;q vkS"k/k ds leku
izk.kok;q dks forfjr djrh gSaA
ijUrq LokFkZ esa vU/kk gqvk euq"; vius i;kZoj.k dks vkt u"V dj jgk gSA FkksM+s&ls ykHk ds fy, euq"; cgqewY; /kkrqvksa dks u"V dj
jgs gSaA dkj[kkuksa dk fo"kSyk ty ufn;ksa esa fxjk;k tk jgk gS] ftlls eNyh vkfn typjksa dk iyHkj esa gh uk'k gks tkrk gSA ufn;ksa
dk ty Hkh ihus ;ksX; ugha jg tkrk gSA ou ds o`{k O;kikj c<+kus ds fy, va/kk/kqa/k dkVs tk jgs gSa] ftlls o"kkZ dh deh gksrh gS
rFkk ou ds i'kq vlgk; gksdj xk¡oksa esa miæo mRiUu djrs gSaA o`{kksa ds dV tkus ls 'kq¼ ok;q Hkh nqyZHk gks x;h gSA bl izdkj LokFkZ
esa vU/ks euq";ksa ds }kjk fodkj;qDr izÏfr gh mudh foukf'kuh gks x;h gSA i;kZoj.k esa fodkj vk tkus ls fofHkUu jksx rFkk Hkh"k.k
leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks jgh gSaA
i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djuk Hkh /keZ dk gh vax gSA blfy, dq¡,] rkykc vkfn cuokuk] eafnj] foJkex`g vkfn dh LFkkiuk /keZflf¼ ds
lk/ku ds :i gh ekus x, gSA dqRrs] lwvj] lk¡i] usoys vkfn LFkypjksa rFkk eNyh] dNq,] exjePN vkfn typjksa dh Hkh j{kk djuh
pkfg, D;ksafd os i`Foh rFkk ty dh efyurk dks nwj djus okys gSaA izÏfr dh j{kk ds }kjk gh lalkj dh j{kk gks ldrh gSµblesa
rfud Hkh lUnsg ugha gSA
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa gekjk drZO; gS fd ge i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.kkFkZ mik; djsaA o`{kkjksi.k] unh&ty dh LoPNrk] ÅtkZ dk laj{k.k
ckoM+h] dqvk¡] rkykc] m|ku vkfn ds fuekZ.k vkSj mudks LoPN j[kus esa iz;Ru'khy gksa rkfd thou lq[ke; gks ldsA
'kCnkFkkZ%
fuukn; furjka okn; xqaftr
iq".kkfr iks"k.ka djksfr iq"V djrk gS
vtkr% f'k'kq% vuqRiUutkrd% vtUek f'k'kq
dq{kkS xHksZ xHkZ esa
tyIykouS% tykS?kS% ck<+ ls
okR;kpØS% okrpØS% vk¡/kh] coaMj
yksdeÂyk'kaflu% lektdY;k.kdkek% turk ds dY;k.k dks pkgus okys
Jks=jlk;ue~ d.kkZe`re~ dku dks vPNk yxus okyk
fxfjfu>Zjk% ioZrkuka izikrk% igkM+ksa ls fudyus okys >jus
;U=kxkjk.kke~ ;U=ky;kuke~ dkj[kkuksa ds
vis;e~ ikrqe~ v;ksX;e~ u ihus ;ksX;
o`{kdrZukr~ o`{kk.kke~ mPNsnkr~ isM+ksa ds dkVus ls
nsok;rue~ nsoky;% efUnje~ ok efUnj
LFkyeykiuksfnu% Hkwfeeykilkfj.k% Hkwfe dh xUnxh dks nwj djus okys

v/;k; & 14 i|ka'k%

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
1. HkkjrholUrxhfr%
lkjka'k%

izLrqr xhr vk/kqfud laLÏr&lkfgR; ds iz[;kr dfo ia- tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=h dh jpuk ^dkdyh* uked xhrlaxzg ls ladfyr
gSA blesa ljLorh dh oUnuk djrs gq, dkeuk dh xbZ gS fd gs ljLorh! ,slh oh.kk ctkvks] ftlls e/kqj e´tfj;ksa ls ihr iafDr
okys vke ds o`{k] dks;y dk dwtu] ok;q /khjs&/khjs cguk] vejkb;ksa esa dkys Hkzejksa dk xq´tkj vkSj ufn;ksa dk (yhyk ds lkFk cgrk
gqvk) ty] olUr ½rq esa eksgd gks mBsA Lok/khurk laxzke dh i`"BHkwfe esa fy[kh x;h ;g xhfrdk ,d uohu psruk dk vkokgu
djrh gS rFkk ,sls oh.kkLoj dh ifjdYiuk djrh gS tks Lok/khurk izkfIr ds fy, tuleqnk; dks izsfjr djsA
(1) gs ljLorh! uohu oh.kk dks ctkvks vkSj lqUnj uhfr;ksa ls iw.kZ xhr dk e/kqj xku djksA bl olUr ½rq esa e/kqj e´tfj;ksa ls ihyh
rFkk ljl vke ds o`{kksa dh iafDr;k¡ lq'kksfHkr gks jgh gSaA vkd"kZd dwd okys dks;yksa ds lewg lqUnj yx jgs gSaA gs ljLorh! uohu
oh.kk ctkvksA
(2) ;equk unh ds csrl yrkvksa ls f?kjs gq, rV ij ty ds fcUnqvksa ls iwfjr ok;q ds eUn&eUn cgus ij Qwyksa ls >qdh gqbZ e/kq ek/koh
yrk dks ns[kdj gs ljLorh! uohu oh.kk dk oknu djksA
(3) pUnu o`{k dh lqxfU/kr ok;q ls Li'kZ fd, gq, dks;y iÙkksa okys o`{kksa] iq"iksa vkfn ij dkys o.kZ okys Hkzejksa dh xq´tkj djrh gqbZ
iafDr dks ns[kdj gs ljLorh! uohu oh.kk dk oknu djksA
(4) rqEgkjh vkstfLouh oh.kk dks lqudj yrkvksa ds vR;Ur 'kkUr lqeu fgy mBs] vkSj ufn;ksa dk LoPN ty ØhM+k djrk gqvk mNy iM+sA
gs ljLorh! uohu oh.kk dk oknu djksA
'kCnkFkkZ%
fuukn; furjka okn; xqaftr djks@ctkvks
e`nqe~ pk#] e/kqje~ dksey
yfyruhfryhuke~ lqUnjuhfrlayXuke~ lqUnj uhfr esa yhu
e´tjh vkezdqlqee~ vkeziq"i
fi´tjhHkwrekyk% ihri³~Dr;% ihys o.kZ ls ;qDr iafDr;k¡
ylfUr 'kksHkUrs lq'kksfHkr gks jgh gSa
bg v= ;gk¡
ljlk% jliw.kkZ% e/kqj
jlkyk% vkezk% vke ds isM+
dykik% lewgk% lewg
dkdyh dksfyykuka /ofu% dks;y dh vkokt
luhjs ltys ty ls iw.kZ
lehjs ok;kS gok esa
dfyUnkRetk;k% ;equk;k% ;equk unh ds
lokuhjrhjs ossrl;qDrs rVs csar dh yrk ls ;qDr rV ij
urke~ ufrizkIre~ >qdh gqbZ
e/kqek/kohuke~ e/kqek/kohyrkuke~ e/kqj ekyrh yrkvksa dk
yfyriYyos euksgjiYyos eu dks vkd£"kr djus okys iÙks
iq"iiq´ts iq"ilewgs iq"iksa ds lweg ij
ey;kek#rksPpqfEcrs ey;kfuylaLi`"Vs pUnu o`{k dh lqxfU/kr ok;q ls Li'kZ
fd;s x;s
e´tqdq´ts 'kksHkuyrkforkus lqUnj yrkvksa ls vkPNkfnr LFkku
LouUrhe~ /ofua dqoZUrhe~ /ofu djrh gqbZ
rfrZe~ if³ e~ lewg dks
ä
izs{; n`"V~ok ns[kdj
efyuke~ Ï".ko.kkZe~ efyu
vyhuke~ Hkzejk.kke~ Hkzejksa dss
lqee~ dqlqee~ iq"i dks
'kkfUr'khye~ 'kkfUr;qDre~ 'kkfUr ls ;qDr
mPNysr~ Å/o±xPNsr~ mPNfyr gks mBs
dkUrlfyye~ euksgjtye~ LoPN ty
lyhye~ ØhMklfgre~ [ksy&[ksy ds lkFk
vkd.;Z JqRok lqudj
5. lwfDrekSfDrde~
lkjka'k%

izLrqr ikB esa lkjxfHkZr ,oa ljy :i esa uSfrd f'k{kk,¡ nh xb± gSaA bl ikBka'k esa vusd xzUFkksa ls lax`ghr vusd izdkj ds uSfrd
f'k{kk cks/ku 'yksd fy, x, gSa ftudk mi;ksx djds euq"; vius thou dks lQy vkSj le`¼ cuk ldrk gSA ,sls gh euksgkjh vkSj
cgqewY; lqHkkf"kr ;gk¡ ladfyr gSa] ftuesa lnkpj.k dh efgek] fiz; ok.kh dh vko';drk] ijksidkjh iq#"k dk LoHkko] xq.kktZu dh
izsj.kk] fe=rk dk Lo:i vkSj mÙke iq#"k ds lEidZ ls gksus okyh 'kksHkk dh iz'kalk vkSj lRlaxfr dh efgek vkfn fo"k;ksa dk izfriknu
fd;k x;k gSA
;gk¡ 'yksdksa esa ,slh gh izsj.kkizn lwfDr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSµpfj= dh iz;RuiwoZd j{kk djuh pkfg, D;ksafd /ku rks vkrk&tkrk
jgrk gSA /ku ls ghu O;fDr rks lEiUu gks tkrk gS] ijUrq pfj= ls ghu O;fDr iwjh rjg u"V gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ftlus viuk pfj=
[kks fn;k mlus ekuks lc dqN [kks fn;kA /keZ dk lkj lquks vkSj lqudj mls xzg.k djks rFkk mldk ikyu djksA vius fy, izfrdwy
O;ogkj dk vkpj.k nwljksa ds izfr dHkh ugha djuk pkfg,A lHkh izk.kh e/kqj okD; cksyus ls lUrq"V gksrs gSa] vr% e/kqj opu gh
cksyus pkfg,A Hkko ;g gS fd e/kqj opu cksyus ls lHkh izlUu gksrs gSa_ vr% euq"; dks e/kqj opu cksyus esa dHkh Ïi.krk ugha
cjruh pkfg,A
ufn;k¡ Lo;a ty ugha ihrha gSa] o`{k Lo;a Qy ugha [kkrs gSa] ckny fu'p; gh vUu dk Hk{k.k ugha djrs] blh izdkj lTtuksa dh
lEifÙk;k¡ Hkh nwljksa ds midkj ds fy, gksrh gSaA euq"; dks lnk xq.kksa dks izkIr djus dk gh iz;kl djuk pkfg,A nfjæ gksrk gqvk Hkh
xq.koku~ O;fDr] ,s'o;Z'kkyh xq.kghu ds leku ugha gks ldrk vFkkZr~ og mlls dgha vf/kd Js"B gksrk gSA
nq"Vksa ,oa lTtuksa dh fe=rk esa vUrj Li"V djrs gq, vkpk;Z Hkr`Zgfj dgrs gSa fd ftl izdkj Nk;k fnu ds izkjEHk esa cM+h gksrh gS
rFkk fQj vfgLrk&vfgLrk NksVh gksrh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj nq"Vksa dh fe=rk igys xgjh gksrh gS vkSj /khjs&/khjs de gksrh tkrh gSA
blh izdkj lTtuksa dh fe=rk igys de rFkk /khjs&/khjs nwljs ds xq.k&LoHkko vkfn le>dj c<+rh gSA
i`Foh dks lq'kksfHkr djus okys gal Hkwe.My esa lHkh txg izos'k djus esa leFkZ gSa] gkfu rks mu ljksojksa dh gS ftudk mu galksa ls fo;ksx
(vyx gksuk) gks tkrk gSA xq.koku~ yksxksa ds jgus ds dkj.k gh xq.kksa dks lxq.k dgrs gSaA xq.kghu dks izkIr djds os nqxZq.k (nks"k) cu
tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] ufn;k¡ lqLoknq ty okyh gksrh gSa ijUrq leqæ dks izkIr djds dqLoknq (uedhu) gks tkrh gSaA rkRi;Z ;g
gS fd [kkjs leqæ esa feyus ij Lokfn"V ty okyh ufn;ksa dk ty vis; gks tkrk gSA blh Hkko lkE; ds vk/kkj ij dgk x;k gSµ
ßalalxZtk% nks"kxq.kk% HkofUrAÞ
'kCnkFkkZ%
foÙke~ /kue~ /ku] ,s'o;Z
o`Ùke~ vkpj.ke~ vkpj.k] pfj=
v{kh.k% u {kh.k%] lEiUu% ok u"V u gqvk
/keZloZLoe~ dÙkZO;lkj% /keZ (drZO;cks/k) dk lc dqN
izfrdwykfu foijhrkfu vuqdwy ugha
rq";fUr rks"ke~ vuqHkofUr lUrq"V gksrs gSa
oDÙkO;e~ dFkuh;e~ dguk pkfg,
okfjokgk% es?kk% ty ogu djus okys ckny
foHkwr;% le`¼;% lEifÙk;k¡
xq.k;qDr% xq.koku~] xq.klEiUu% xq.kksa ls ;qDr
vxq.kS% xq.kjfgrS% xq.kghuksa ls
vkjEHkxqohZ vknkS nh?kkZ vkjEHk esa yEch
{kf;.kh {k;'khyk ?kVrh LoHkko okyh
o`f¼erh o`f¼e~ mixrk yEch gksrh gqbZ] yEch gqbZ
iwokZ¼Zijk¼ZfHkékk iwokZ¼sZu ijk¼sZu p i`FkXHkwrk iwokZg~u vkSj vijkg~u (Nk;k)
dh rjg vyx&vyx
[kylTtukuke~ nqtZulqtukuk´p nq"Vksa vkSj lTtuksa dh
eghe.Mye.Muk; i`fFkohe.Myky³~dj.kk; i`Foh dks lq'kksfHkr djus ds fy,
ejkyS% galS% galksa ls
foiz;ksx% fo;ksx% vyx gksuk
xq.kKs"kq xq.kKkr`"kq tus"kq xq.kksa dks tkuus okyksa esa
vkLok|rks;k% Loknuh;tylEiékk% Lokn;qDr ty okyh
vklk| izkI; ikdj
vis;k% u is;k%] u iku;ksX;k% u ihus ;ksX;
10. tVk;ks% 'kkS;Ze~

lkjka'k%
;g ikB~;ka'k vkfndfo okYehfd iz.khr jkek;.ke~ ds vj.;dk.M ls mn~?k`r fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa tVk;q vkSj jko.k ds ;q¼ dk o.kZu
gSA iapoVh dkuu esa lhrk dk d#.k foyki lqudj if{kJs"B tVk;q mudh j{kk ds fy, nkSM+sA os egkcyh tVk;q vius rh[ks u[kksa
rFkk iatksa ls jko.k ds 'kjhj esa vusd ?kko dj nsrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k jko.k fojFk gksdj i`Foh ij fxj iM+rk gSA dqN gh {k.kksa ckn
Øksèkka/k jko.k tVk;q ij izk.k?kkrd izgkj djrk gS] ijUrq if{kJs"B tVk;q mlls viuk cpko dj ml ij pksap ls izgkj djrs gSaA
mlds ck;sa Hkkx dh n'kksa Hkqtkvksa dks {kr&fo{kr dj nsrs gSaA
iapoVh esa jko.k }kjk vigj.k dh x;h fo'kky us=ksa okyh d#.k foyki djrh gq;h vR;Ur nq%[kh lhrk us fo'kky o`{k ij fLFkr
tVk;q dks ns[kdj dgk fd gs Js"B tVk;q! nq"deZ djus okys bl jk{kljkt jko.k ds }kjk vukFk ds leku ys tkbZ tkrh vkSSj jksrh
eq>s ns[kksA rc lks, gq, ml tVk;q us ;g 'kCn lquk rFkk jko.k dks ns[kdj 'kh?kz gh mlus lhrk dks ns[kkA rc ioZr f'k[kj ds leku
dkfUr okys rst pksap okys o`{k ij fLFkr 'kksHkk;qDr rFkk Js"B i{kh ml tVk;q us lqUnj ok.kh esa bl izdkj dgk fd gs jko.k! ijkbZ
L=h dks Li'kZ djus ls viuh uhp cqf¼ dks rqe gVk yksA cqf¼eku euq"; dks ,slk vkpj.k ugha djuk pkfg, ftlls vU; yksx mldh
fuUnk djsaA eSa rks o`¼ gw¡ fdUrq rqe ;qod gks] jFk lfgr gks] dop/kkjh rFkk ck.k /kkj.k fd, gq, gks fQj Hkh rqe lhrk dks ysdj
dq'kyiwoZd ;gk¡ ls ugha tk ikvksxsA
rc egku rstLoh ml tVk;q us eksrh dh ef.k;kas ls foHkwf"kr rFkk ck.k lfgr mlds pki vkSj fo'kky /kuq"k dks vius nksuksa iSjksa ls rksM+
fn;kA rc jFkghu og jko.k ftldk èkuq"k VwV x;k Fkk rFkk ?kksM+s ,oa lkjFkh ekjs tk pqds Fks] lhrkth dks xksn esa ysdj i`Foh ij vk
fxjkA Øks/k esa ikxy gksdj jko.k us lhrk dks ck;ha xksn esa /kkj.k djds ryokj dh ewB ls 'kh?kz gh tVk;q ij Hk;adj izgkj fd;kA
rRi'pkr~ ml i{khjkt tVk;q us 'k=quk'kh ij viuh pksap ls >iVdj vk?kkr fd;k vkSj jko.k dh n'kksa Hkqtkvksa dks u"V dj fn;kA
Hkko ;g gS fd tVk;q i´poVh ou ds if{k;ksa dk jktk Fkk tgk¡ vius ijkØe ,oa cqf¼ dkS'ky ls 'kklu djrk FkkA i´poVh esa
jko.k }kjk vigj.k dh x;h lhrk ds foyki dks lqudj tVk;q us lhrk dh j{kk ds fy, jko.k ds lkFk ;q¼ fd;k vkSj ohjxfr izkIr
dhA bl izdkj jkt/keZ dh j{kk esa vius izk.kksa dk mRlxZ djus okys tVk;q dks Hkkjrh; laLÏfr dk egku uk;d ekuk tkrk gSA
'kCnkFkkZ%
fÎ;ek.kke~ uh;ekuke~ ys tkbZ tkrh@vigj.k dh tkrh gqbZ
jk{klsUæs.k nkuoifruk jk{klksa ds jktk }kjk
ijnkjkfHke'kZukr~ ijL=hLi'kkZr~ ijkbZ L=h ds Li'kZ ls
foxgZ;sr~ fuU|kr~ fuUnk djuh pkfg,
/kUoh /kuq/kZj% /kuq/kZj
doph dop/kkjh dop /kkj.k fd;k gq,
'kjh ck.k/kj% ck.k dks fy, gq,
O;ktgkj vdFk;r~ dgk
fuorZ; okj.ka dq# euk djks] jksdks
O;ikgjr~ mR[kkroku~ m[kkM+ fn;k
oSnsghe~ lhrke~ lhrk dks
oz.kku~ izgkjtfurLQksVku~ izgkj (pksV) ls gksus okys ?kkoksa dks
cHk´t HkXua Ïroku~ rksM+ fn;k
irxs'oj% tVk;q% tVk;q (if{kjkt)
fo/kw; vilk;Z nwj gVkdj
HkXu/kUok HkXu% /kuq% ;L; l% VwVs gq, /kuq"k okyk
grk'o% grk% v'ok% ;L; l% ekjs x, ?kksM+ksa okyk
vknk; x`ghRok ysdj
vfHkt?kku vkØkUroku~ geyk fd;k
vk'kq 'kh?kze~ 'kh?kz gh
rq.Msu eq[ksu] p´Pok pksap ds }kjk
[kxkf/ki% if{kjkt% if{k;ksa dk jktk
vfjUne% 'k=qneu% 'k=quk'kd% 'k=qvksa dks u"V djus okyk

v/;k; & 15 ukV~;ka'k%

Lej.kh; fcUnqq
3. xksnksgue~
lkjka'k%
;g ukV~;ka'k Ï".kpUæ f=ikBh }kjk jfpr ^prqO;wZge~* uked iqLrd ls laf{kIr djosG rFkk lEikfnr djosG mn~/k`r fd;k x;k gSA bl
ukVd esa ,d ,sls O;fä dk dFkkud gS tks /kuoku~ vkSj lq[kh cuus dh bPNk ls viuh xk; ls ,d eghus rd nw/k ugha fudkyrk
rkfd eghus Hkj osG nw/k dks ,d lkFk fudkydj cspdj /kuoku cu losGA bl izdkj ,d ekl i'pkr~ tc og xk; dks nqgus dk
iz;kl djrk gS rc vR;f/kd nw/k dk rks dguk gh D;k] mls nw/k dh ,d cwan Hkh ugha feyrhA ,d lkFk vf/kd ek=k nw/k osG feyus
ds LFkku ij mls feyrs gSaµxk; osG iSjksa ls izgkj ftlls vkgr vkSj jDrjf´tr gksdj og tehu ij fxj iM+rk gS vkSj tku tkrk gS
fd nSfud dk;Z ;fn eghus rd laxzg djosG fd;k tkrk gS rks ykHk osG LFkku ij gkfu gh gksrh gSA
izFke n`';
,dkadh esa efYydk yM~Mw cukrh gqbZ /khes Loj esa f'koLrqfr dj jgh gS] blosG ckn yM~Mw dh lqxU/k dk vuqHko djrs gq, izlUueu
pUnu izos'k djrk gSA pUnu dgrk gS fd vjs! ;g lqxU/k rks eu dks gjus okyh gSA vjs] ;s yM~Mw cuk, tk jgs gSa\ ([kq'k gksdj)
rc rd eSa Lokn ysrk gw¡A efYydk ozGks/k Hkjs Loj esa dgrh gSµ#dks] #dks] bu yM~Mqvksa dks er NqvksA
pUnu µ fdlfy, xqLlk gks jgh gks\ rqEgkjs gkFk ls cuk, gq, yM~Mqvksa dks ns[kdj eSa vius dks fu;fU=r djus esa vleFkZ gw¡]
D;k rqe ;g ugha tkurh gks\ efYydk dgrh gSµukFk! eSa Hkyh izdkj tkurh gw¡ ysfdu ;s yM~Mw iwtk osG fufeÙk gSaA
pUnu µ rks tYnh gh iwtu djks vkSj izlkn nksA
efYydk µ vjs! ;gk¡ iwtu ugha gksxkA eSa viuh lgsfy;ksa osG lkFk dy lqcg dk'kh fo'oukFk efUnj tkÅ¡xh] ogk¡ ge lc xaxk
Luku vkSj /kkfeZd ;k=k djsaxsA
pUnu µ lgsfy;ksa osG lkFk] esjs lkFk D;ksa ugha] dgdj nq%[kh gksrk gSA
efYydk µ gk¡! pEik] xkSjh] ek;k] eksfguh] dfiyk vkfn lHkh tk jgh gSaA blfy, esjs lkFk rqEgkjs tkus dk vkSfpR; ugha gSA
ge lc lIrkg osG vUr esa okil ykSVsaxsA rc rd ?kj dh O;oLFkk vkSj xk; dk nw/k nqgus dk dk;Z djksA
f}rh; n`';
pUnu µ Bhd gSA tkvksA lf[k;ksa osG lkFk /kkfeZd ;k=k dk vkuUn yksA eSa lHkh dk;Z dj yw¡xkA vkidh ;k=k dY;k.kdkjh
gksA
pUnu µ efYydk rks /keZ;k=k ij x;h gSA Bhd! nw/k nqgdj mlosG ckn eSa tyiku dk izcU/k d:¡xkA (L=hos'k /kkj.k oGjosG]
nw/k dk crZu gkFk esa ysdj ufUnuh osG ikl tkrk gS)
mek µ ekeh] ekehA
pUnu µ mes! eSa rks ekrqy gw¡] rqEgkjh ekeh rks xaxkLuku osG fy, dk'kh x;h gq;h gSA dgks] eSa D;k dk;Z d:¡\
mek µ ekrqy! nknk dgrs gSa] eghus osG vUr esa gekjs ?kj esa egksRlo gksxkA ogk¡ rhl yhVj nw/k dh vko';drk gSA ;g
O;oLFkk vkidks djuh pkfg,A
pUnu µ (izlUu eu ls) rhl yhVj nw/k] vPNk] nw/k dh O;oLFkk gksxh gh bl izdkj nknkth ls rqEgsa cksyuk pkfg,A
mek µ /kU;okn ekrqy! vc eSa tk jgh gw¡] ;g dgdj og fudy tkrh gSA
r`rh; n`';
pUnu µ (izlUu gksdj] v¡xqfy;ksa ij fxurs gq,) vjs! rhl yhVj nw/k] blls rks cgqr /ku izkIr d:¡xkA (ufUnuh dks
ns[kdj) vjs ufUnuh! rqEgkjh o`Gik ls rks eSa /kfud gks tkÅ¡xkA izlUu gksdj og xk; dh lsok djrk gSA lksprk
gS eghus osG vUr esa gh nw/k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;fn eSa izfrfnu nqgrk gw¡ rks nw/k lqjf{kr ugha jg ik,xk] rks eSa
eghus osG vUr esa gh lEiw.kZ nw/k nqgrk gw¡A bl izdkj lkr fnu chr tkrs gSaA lIrkg osG vUr esa efYydk ykSV vkbZA
efYydk (izos'k djosG) Lokeh! eSa ykSV vkbZ] izlkn yks] pUnu yM~Mw [kkrk gS vkSj cksyrk gSA efYydk! rqEgkjh
;k=k rks lQy gks xbZA dk'khfo'oukFk dh o`Gik ls fiz; fuosnu djrk gw¡A efYydk vk'p;Zpfdr gksdj dgrh gS
/kkfeZd ;k=k osG vykok ;s fiz; D;k\
pUnu µ xzke izeq[k osG ?kj esa eghus osG vUr esa egksRlo gksxkA ogk¡ rhl yhVj nw/k gekjs }kjk nsuk gSA efYydk dgrh gS]
fdUrq bruk nw/k ge dgk¡ ls izkIr djsaxs\
pUnu µ efYyosG lkspks! izfrfnu nw/k nqgus ls og vf/kd le; rd lqjf{kr ugha jg ik,xk] blfy, nw/k ugha nqgk x;kA
mRlo osG fnu gh lkjk nw/k nqgsaxsA ;g lqudj efYydk dgrh gSµLokeh! rqe rks prqj gks] vfr mRre fopkj gSA
vc nw/k nqguk NksM+dj osGoy ufUnuh dh lsok gh djsaxsA blls vf/kd&ls&vf/kd nw/k eghus osG vUr esa ik,¡xsA
(nksuksa gh xk; dh lsok esa yx tkrs gSaA blh ozGe esa nksuksa xk; dks ?kkl] xqM+ vkfn f[kykrs gSa] dHkh lhaxksa esa rsy
yxkrs gSa] fryd yxkrs gSa)
pUnu µ efYyosG! vkvks] ge nksuksa dks oqGEgkj osG ;gk¡ pydj nw/k osG fy, crZu dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A (nksuksa fudy
tkrs gSa)
prqFkZ n`';
oqGEgkj ?kM+k cukus esa yhu gksrk gqvk xkrk gSµ
^êSa thfodk fuokZg osG fy, ?kM+ksa dks cukrk gw¡A tkurk gw¡ fd thou {k.k Hkj esa u"V gksus okyk gS] Bhd blh izdkj tSls feV~Vh dk
?kM+k VwVdj lekIr gksus okyk gSA**
pUnu ueLdkj djosG dgrk gS rkr! iUæg ?kM+ksa dks ysuk pkgrk gw¡ D;k nksxs\ nsos'k dgrk gS] D;ksa ugha\ lc cspus osG fy, gSaA ?kM+ksa
dks ys yks vkSj ipkl #i;s ns nksA pUnuµBhd gS] ysfdu dher (ewY;) rks nw/k cspdj gh ns ldrk gw¡A
nsos'k µ iq= {kek dhft,] ewY; osG fcuk rks ,d Hkh ?kM+k ugha nw¡xkA efYydk vius vkHkw"k.k nsuk pkgrh gSA vHkh ewY;
vko';d gS rks ;g vkHkw"k.k ys yksA nsos'kµcsVh! eSa iki dk;Z ugha djrk gw¡A eSa rqedks fdlh izdkj Hkh vkHkw"k.k
jfgr ugha djuk pkgrkA bPNkuqlkj ?kM+ksa dks ys tkvksA nw/k cspdj gh ?kM+ksa dh dher ns nhft,A nksuksaµrqe /kU;
gks! /kU; gks!
i´pe n`';
(eghus osG vUr esa lU/;k dk le; gSA ,d txg [kkyh u, ?kM+s j[ks gq, gSaA nw/k [kjhnus okys vkSj nwljs xk¡ooklh nwljh txg cSBs
gq, gSaA)
pUnu µ (xk; dks iz.kke djosG] eaxykpj.k djosG] efYydk dks cqykrk gS) efYyosG! tYnh vkvksA efYydk dgrh gS]
Lokeh vkrh gw¡A rc rd nqguk 'kq: djksA
pUnu µ (tc xk; osG ikl tkdj nw/k nqguk pkgrk gS] rc xk; ihNs ls izgkj djrh gS vkSj pUnu crZu osG lkFk fxj tkrk
gSA ufUnuh! nw/k nks! rqedks D;k gks x;k gSA (fQj iz;kl djrk gS) ufUnuh ckj&ckj iSjksa osG izgkj ls ekjdj pUnu
dks [kwu ls yFkiFk dj nsrh gSA gk;! eS ekjk x;k gw¡ (phRdkj djrk gqvk fxjrk gSA) lHkh vk'p;Z ls pUnu vkSj
,d&nwljs dks ns[krs gSaA
efYydk µ (phRdkj lqudj] 'kh?kzrk ls izos'k djosG) Lokeh! D;k gks x;k\ oSGls rqe [kwu ls yFkiFk gks x,\
pUnu µ xk; nw/k nqgus dh vkKk gh u nsrh gSA nqgus dh izfozG;k 'kq: gksrs gh eq>dks ekjrh gSA
(efYydk xk; dks] ykM+&I;kj ls cqykdj nw/k nqgus dk iz;Ru djrh gS ysfdu xk; nw/kghu izrhr gksrh gSA)
efYydk pUnu ls dgrh gSµLokeh! ;g ge nksuksa ds }kjk Bhd ugha fd;k x;k fd eghus rd xk; dks nqgk ugha x;k] og nq%[k dk
vuqHko dj jgh gS] blfy, gh ekj jgh gSA
pUnu dgrk gS gs nsfo! eSaus Hkh ;g tkuk gS fd ge yksxksa ds }kjk ges'kk ;g xyr gh fd;k x;k fd iwjs eghus rd (nw/k) nqgk ugha
x;kA blfy, nw/k lw[k x;k gSµlR; gh dgk x;k gSµ
orZeku esa dksbZ Hkh dk;Z ;fn fu;r le; ij u djosG dbZ fnuksa osG i'pkr~ ,d lkFk djus osG fy, lax`ghr fd;k tkrk gS rks mlls
gksus okyk ykHk] gkfu esa ifjofrZr gks ldrk gSA
efYydkµgk¡ Lokeh! lR; gh gS] esjs }kjk Hkh i<+k x;k gS fdµ
ßdY;k.k pkgus okys yksxksa osG }kjk vPNh izdkj fopkj djosG gh dk;Z djuk pkfg,A og fcuk fopkj dk;Z djus ls nq%[k gh izkIr
djrk gSA**
fdUrq izR;{k :i ls vkt gh ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k gSA
lHkh ,d Loj esa dgrs gSa fd izR;sd fnu dk dke mlh fnu esa djuk pkfg,A tks ,slk ugha djrk gS og fuf'pr :i ls nq%[k izkIr
djrk gSA fu;r le; ij fd;k x;k dk;Z gh mRre Qy nsrk gSA vle; fd, x, dk;Z dks le; (dky) mlosG jl dks ih tkrk
gSA vr% gesa lnSo vius lHkh dk;Z ;Fkkle; djus osG fy, iz;Ru'khy jguk pkfg,A
izLrqr ikB Nk=ksa dks ;gh lUns'k nsrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh dk;Z mfpr le; ij gh mfpr ykHk nsrk gSA blosG foijhr vuqfpr le; ij
fd;k x;k dk;Z gkfu esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
'kCnkFkkZ%
/ksuq% xkS% xk;
eUnLojs.k fuEuLojs.k /kheh vkokt+ esa
euksgj% vkd"kZd% eueksgd
foje fr"B #dks
ftàkyksyqirke~ jlukyksHke~ thHk dk ykyp
v{ke% vleFkZ% vlgk;
/keZ;k=ke~ rhFkZ;k=ke~ /kk£ed ;k=k dks
lsVde~ ,dyhVjfere~ ,d yhVj
izR;kxrk izR;k;krk ykSV vkbZ
lk'p;Ze~ lfoLe;e~ gSjkuh ls
nqX/knksgue~ i;ksnksgue~ nw/k nqguk
fujrkS layXukS nksuksa tqVs gq,
Hk³~xqje~ Hk´tu'khye~ VwVdj lekIr gksus okyk
foØh; foØ;a ÏRok cspdj
fjDrk% 'kwU;k% [kkyh
jDrjf‘re~ 'kksf.krkIykfore~ [kwu ls luk gqvk
vU;ksU;e~ ijLije~ vkil esa
vuqefre~ vkKk vuqefr
'kq"de~ uhjle~ lw[kk
/kzqoe~ fuf'pre~ fuf'pr :i ls
dY;k.kdkfÀ.kk dY;k.ksPNqosGu dY;k.k pkgus okys osG }kjk
fo"khnfr nq%[ke~ vkIuksfr nq%[kh gksrk gS
tofudk ;ofudk inkZ
f{kize~ æqre~ 'kh?kzrk ls
9. fldrklsrq%
lkjka'k%
çLrqr ukV~;ka'k lksensojfpr dFkklfjRlkxj ds lIre yEcd (v/;k;) ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;gk¡ rikscy ls fo|k ikus ds fy,
ç;Ru'khy riksnÙk uked ,d ckyd dh dFkk dk o.kZu gSA mlds leqfpr ekxZn'kZu ds fy, os"k cnydj baæ mlds ikl vkrs gSa
vkSj ikl gh xaxk esa ckyw ls lsrqfuekZ.k ds dk;Z esa yx tkrs gSaA mUgsa oSlk djrs ns[k riksnÙk mudk migkl djrk gqvk dgrk gS&^vjs!
fdlfy, xaxk ds ty esa O;FkZ gh ckyw ls iqy cukus dk ç;Ru dj jgs gks\* baæ mls mÙkj nsrs gSaµ^;fn i<+us] lquus vkSj v{kjksa dh
fyfi ds vH;kl ds fcuk rqe fo|k ik ldrs gks rks ckyw ls iqy cukuk Hkh lEHko gSA baæ ds vfHkçk; dks tkudj riksnÙk riL;k
djuk NksM+dj xq#tuksa ds ekxZn'kZu esa fo|k dk Bhd&Bhd vH;kl djus ds fy, xq#dqy pyk tkrk gSA
ukV~;ka'k izLrqfr esa riL;k esa yhu riksnÙk izos'k djosG dgrk gS] eSa riksnÙk gw¡A cpiu esa iwT; firkth osG }kjk izsfjr fd, tkus ij Hkh
eSaus fo|k ugha i<+hA blhfy, eSa ifjokj osG lc lnL;ksa] fe=ksa vkSj lEcfU/k;ksa osG }kjk viekfur fd;k x;kA ml le; esjh oSGlh
nq"V cqf¼ gks x;h Fkh] eSaus ;g Hkh ugha lkspk fd oL=ksa rFkk vkHkw"k.kksa ls lqlfTtr ijUrq fo|k ls ghu euq"; ?kj ij vFkok lHkk esa
ef.kjfgr lk¡i dh Hkk¡fr dHkh Hkh lq'kksfHkr ugha gksrkA fnu esa iFkHkz"V gqvk euq"; 'kke rd ?kj vk tk, rks Hkh Bhd gSA og Hkze;qDr
ugha ekuk tkrkA vc eSa riL;k osG }kjk fo|k izkfIr esa yx tkrk gw¡A brus esa gh dgha ls ikuh osG mNyus dh vkokt lquh tkrh gSA
vjs! ;g ygjksa osG mNyus dh vkokt dgk¡ ls vk jgh gS\ 'kk;n cM+h eNyh vFkok exjePN gS] pyks eSa ns[krk gw¡A
riksnÙk ,d iq#"k dks ckyw ls iqy cukus dk iz;kl djrs gq, ns[kdj g¡lrs gq, dgrk gS] vjs! bl lalkj esa ew[kks± dh Hkh deh ugha
gSA rst izokg okyh unh esa ;g ew[kZ ckyw ls iqy cukus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA tksj&tksj ls g¡ldj dgrk gS fd gs egk'k;! ;g D;k
dj jgs gSa vki\ cl&cl ifjJe u djsa] ns[kks] lkspks D;k dgha jsr }kjk Hkh iqy cuk;k tk ldrk gS\ ;g lqudj iq#"k cksykµgs
rifLou~! rqe eq>s D;ksa jksdrs gks\ iz;kl djus ls D;k fl¼ ugha gksrk gS\ f'kykvksa dh D;k vko';drk\ eSa ckyw ls gh iqy cukus
osG fy, ladYic¼ gw¡A
riksnÙk dgrk gSµvk'p;Z gS] ckyw ls gh iqy cukvksxs\ D;k rqeus ;g lkspk gS fd ckyw tyizokg ij fdl izdkj Bgj ik,xh\ iq#"k
riksnÙk dh ckr dk [k.Mu djrs gq, dgrk gS fd lkspk gS] lkspk gS] vPNh izdkj lkspk gSA eSa lhf<+;ksa osG ekxZ ls vVkjh ij p<+us esa
fo'okl ugha djrkA eq>esa Nykax ekjdj tkus dh {kerk gSA
riksnÙk O;aX;kRed opu dgrk gS] 'kkck'k! 'kkck'k~! rqe rks v´tfuiq= guqeku dk Hkh vfrozGe.k dj jgs gksA iq#"k lksp&fopkj dj
dgrk gS] vkSj D;k\ blesa D;k lUnsg gS\
^^;fn fyfi rFkk v{kj Kku osG fcuk osGoy riL;k ls fo|k rqEgkjs o'k esa gks tk,xh] rks mlh izdkj esjk ;g iqy Hkh osGoy ckyw ls
gh cu tk,xkA**
;g lqudj riksnÙk yfTtr gksdj dgrk gS] vjs! ;g lTtu eq>s gh y{; djosG vk{ksi yxk jgk gSA fu'p; gh ;gk¡ eSa lPpkbZ ns[k
jgk gw¡A eSa v{kj Kku osG fcuk gh fo}rk izkIr djuk pkgrk gw¡A ;g rks nsoh ljLorh dk vieku gSA eq>s xq#oqGy tkdj gh fo|k dk
v/;;u djuk pkfg,A iq#"kkFkZ ls gh y{; izkIr gksrk gSA gs Js"B iq#"k! eSa ugha tkurk fd vki dkSu gSa\ ijUrq vkius esjs us= [kksy
fn,A riL;k ek= ls gh fo|k dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrk gqvk eSa Hkh ckyw ls gh iqy cukus dk iz;kl dj jgk Fkk] rks vc eSa fo|k
izkIr djus osG fy, xq#oqGy tkrk gw¡A
'kCnkFkkZ%
fldrk ckyqdk jsr
lsrq% tycU/k% iqy
riL;kjr% ri% dqoZu~ riL;k esa yhu
fir`pj.kS% rkriknS% firkth ds }kjk
Dys';eku% larkI;eku% O;kdqy fd;k tkrk gqvk
v/khroku~ v/;;ua Ïroku~ i<+k
dqVqfEcfHk% ifjokjtuS% dqVqfEc;ksa }kjk
KkfrtuS% cU/kqckU/koS% cU/kq&ckU/koksa }kjk
x£gr% fufUnr% viekfur
fu%'oL; nh?kZ'okla R;DRok yEch lk¡l NksM+dj
nqcqZf¼% nqeZfr% nq"V cqf¼okyk
ifj/kkuS% oL=S% diM+ksa ls] igukoksa ls
ekxZHkzkUr% iFkHkz"V% jkg ls HkVdk gqvk
miSfr çkIuksfr] lehia xPNfr tkrk gS] lehi tkrk gS
ri'p;Z;k rilk riL;k ds }kjk
tyksPNyu/ofu%
tyks/oZxrs% 'kCn% ikuh ds mNyus dh vkokt
dYyksyksPNyu/ofu% rjÂksPNyuL; 'kCn% rjaxksa ds mNyus dh /ofu
dqokZ.ke~ dqoZUre~ djrs gq,
lgkle~ gkliwoZde~ g¡lrs gq,
lksRçkle~ migkliwoZde~ f[kYyh mM+krs gq,] pqVdh ysrs gq,
lkV~Vgkle~ vV~VgkliwoZde~ tksj ls g¡ldj
vV~Ve~ vV~Vkfydke~ vVkjh dks
vf/kjks<qe~ mifj xUrqe~ p<+us ds fy,
mi#.kfRl vojks/ka djksf"k jksdrs gks
vk´tus;e~ guqeUre~ v´tfuiq= guqeku~ dks
lfoe'kZe~ fopkjlfgre~ lksp&fopkj dj
loSy{;e~ lyTte~ yTtkiwoZd
oSnq";e~ ikf.MR;e~ fo}Ùkk
mUehfyre~ mn~?kkfVre~ [kksy nh
12. ok³~eu% izk.kLo:ie~
lkjka'k
izLrqr ikB NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ ds NBs v/;k; ds i´pe [k.M ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa eu] izk.k rFkk okd~ (ok.kh) ds lUnHkZ esa jkspd fooj.k
izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA mifu"kn~ ds xw<+ izlax dks cks/kxE; cukus ds mn~ns'; ls bls vk#f.k rFkk 'osrdsrq ds laokn :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k
gSA vk"kZ ijEijk esa Kku izkfIr ds rhu mik; crk, x, gSa ftuesa ifjiz'u Hkh ,d gSA ;gk¡ xq: lsok ijk;.k f'k"; ok.kh] eu rFkk izk.k ds
fo"k; esa iz'u iwNrk gS vkSj vkpk;Z mu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsrs gSaA
'osrdsrq µ 'osrdsrq vk#f.k dks iz.kke djrk gS vFkkZr~ gs Hkxou! eSa 'osrdsrq iz.kke djrk gw¡A
vk#f.k µ gs iq=! nh?kkZ;q gksA
'osrdsrq µ Hkxou~! dqN iwNuk pkgrk gw¡A
vk#f.k µ rqEgsa vkt D;k iwNuk gS \
'osrdsrq µ gs Hkxoku! eSa iwNuk pkgrk gw¡ fd ;g eu D;k gS \
vk#f.k µ gs iq=! iw.kZr% [kk, gq, vUUk dk lcls NksVk Hkkx eu gksrk gSA
'osrdsrq µ vkSj izk.k D;k gS \
vk#f.k µ fi, x, rjy æO;ksa dk lcls NksVk Hkkx izk.k gksrk gSA
'osrdsrq µ gs Hkxou~A ok.kh D;k gS \
vk#f.k µ gs iq=! xzg.k dh xbZ ÅtkZ dk tks lcls NksVk Hkkx gS] og ok.kh gSA gs lkSE;! eu vUue;] izk.k tye; rFkk ok.kh
rstkse; gSµ;g Hkh le> ysuk pkfg,A
'osrdsrq µ gs Hkxou! vki eq>s iqu% le>kb,A
vk#f.k µ gs lkSE;! /;kuiwoZd lquksA eFks tkrs gq, ngh dh vf.kek (eykbZ) Åij rSjus yxrh gSA mldk ?kh cu tkrk gSA
'osrdsrq µ gs Hkxou! vkius rks ?kh mRifÙk dk jgL; le>k fn;k] eSa vkSj Hkh lquuk pkgrk gw¡A
vk#f.k µ lkSE;! blh izdkj [kk, tkrs gq, vUu dh vf.kek eu cu tkrh gSA gs iq=! mins'k ds vUr esa eSa rqEgsa fQj ls ;gh
le>kuk pkgrk gw¡ fd vUu dk lkj rRo eu] ty dk izk.k rFkk rst dk ok.kh gSA blds vfrfjDr vkSj D;k \ esjs
mins'k dk lkj ;gh gS fd euq"; tSlk vUu xzg.k djrk gS mldk eu] cqf¼ vkSj vgadkj oSlk gh cu tkrk gSA gs
iq=! bl lcdks ân; esa /kkj.k dj yksA
'osrdsrq µ tSlh vkidh vkKk Hkxou! eSa vkidks iz.kke djrk gw¡A
vk#f.k µ gs iq=! nh?kkZ;q gks] rqEgkjk v/;;u rstfLork ls ;qDr gksA
'kCnkFkkZ%
iz"Vqe~ iz'ua dqrqZe~ iz'u djus@iwNus ds fy,
iz"VO;e~ iz"Vqa ;ksX;e~ iwNus ;ksX;
vf'krL; Hkf{krL; [kk;s gq, dk
vf.k"B% yf?k"B%] y?kqre% vR;Ur y?kq vFkok lokZf/kd y?kq
vU;e;e~ vUufodkjHkwre~ vUu ls fufeZr
vkikse;% tye;% ty esa ifj.kr
rstkse;% vfXue;% vfXu dk ifj.kkeHkwr
vo/kk;Ze~ voxUrO;e~ le>us ;ksX;
foKki;rq izcks/k;rq le>kb;s
Hkw;ks·fi iqujfi ,d ckj vkSj
leqnh"kfr leqfÙk"Bfr] leq|kfr] leqPNyfr Åij mBrk gS
lfiZ% ?k`re~] vkT;e~ ?kh
v';ekuL; Hk{;ek.kL;] fuxh;Zek.kL; [kk;s tkrs gq, dk
mins'kkUrs izopukUrs O;k[;ku ds vUr esa
rstfLo rstks;qDre~ rstfLork ls ;qDr
ukS v/khre~ vko;ks% ifBre~ ge nksuksa }kjk i<+k gqvk


Revision Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Revision Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

[k.

[k.M&^[k* % jpukReda dk;Ze~

v/;k; & 3 fp=o.kZue~ vFkok vuqPNsn ys[kue~

II. vuqPNsn ys[kue~

v/;k; & 4 fgUnh@ vkÂy&Hkk"kkr% laLÏrsu vuqokn%

Loj lfU/k% O;´tu lfU/k% folxZ lfU/k%

v/;k; & 6 'kCn:ikf.k

1. okD;s"kq 'kCn:ik.kka ç;ksxk% (okD;ksa esa 'kCn :iksa ds ç;ksx)

19. ßbne~Þ (;g) iqfYyÂ

20. bne (;g) L=hfyÂ

21. bne~ (;g) uiaqldfyÂ

v/;k; & 7 /kkrq:ikf.k

v/;k; & 8 dkjd&miin foHkDr;%

v/;k; & 9 çR;;k%

v/;k; & 10 la[;k

la[;s;okpds"kq lekua :ie~

la[;kokpd 'kCnksa osG :i

f= = rhu (lnk] cgqopu esa) (Three)

v/;k; & 11 milxkZ%

v/;k; & 12 vO;;kfu

f}rh;% ikB% µ Lo.kZdkd%

v/;k; & 14 i|ka'k%

10. tVk;ks% 'kkS;Ze~

v/;k; & 15 ukV~;ka'k%

You might also like