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Pitelka, L. F., R. H. Gardner, J. Ash, S. Berry, H. Gitay, I. R. Noble, A. Saunders, R. H. W. These
experimental strategies may indeed yield more decision-relevant information, but, given the
importance of local- and regional-scale information for planning responses to climate change,
continued and expanded investments in regional climate modeling remain a particularly pressing
priority. Emigration to developed countries in the late 1980s and 1990s. Copyright 2008 by the
National Academy of Sciences. Widespread adoption of new transportation or energy technologies
would also demand significant restructuring of the nation’s existing transportation and energy
infrastructure, and scientific and engineering research will play an important role in optimizing that
design. A number of climate and climate-related processes have the potential to damage human and
environmental systems in the coastal zone, including sea level rise; saltwater intrusion; storm surge
and damages from flooding, inundation, and erosion; changes in the number and strength of coastal
storms; and overall changes in precipitation amounts and intensity. However, scientific research can
help inform such efforts by providing information about the feasibility and potential implications of
specific goals. Without proactive policies to address these equity concerns, climate change will likely
reinforce and amplify current as well as future socioeconomic disparities, leaving low-income,
minority, and politically marginalized groups with fewer economic opportunities and more
environmental and health burdens. Improvements in data assimilation systems have led directly to
substantial improvements in numerical weather prediction over the past several decades by improving
the realism of the initial conditions used to run weather forecast models. Register for a free account
to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Chapin, F. S., III, M. Sturm, M. C. Serreze,
J. P. McFadden, J. R. Key, A. H. Lloyd, A. D. These systems should link existing data on physical,
ecological, social, economic, and health variables to each other and develop new data and key
indicators as needed” for estimating climate change vulnerabilities and informing responses intended
to limit and adapt to climate change. Figure 2.7 caption, L1100: a??The top panels are form the
observationsa??, should be. Research investments in the behavioral and social sciences would expand
this knowledge base, but such investments have been lacking in the past (e.g., NRC, 1990a, 1999a,
2003a, 2004b, 2005a, 2007f, 2009k). In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble
efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other
analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by
forming partnerships with action-oriented programs. Unfortunately, many of the needed
observational assets are either underdeveloped or in decline. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech
Industry (JPBI). FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director, Board on Life Sciences. In this project I will
be talking about Climate change and how it has affect on our planet, green house gases, climate and
weathering, the climate system and a few other facts. Although we may like to think that our
judgments about risk are entirely objective, these researchers have demonstrated that emotional
responses to the September 11 terrorist attacks could affect not only a person’s judgment of risk for
future attacks, but also risk estimates for other types of hazards. Sturm, M., C. Racine and K. Tape.
2001. Climate change: Increasing shrub abundance in the. There have been significant advances in in
situ and ground-based monitoring networks over the past several decades. It was concluded that no
TC could be solely attributed to the anthropogenic climate change. Page 109: Besides assumptions
1) and 2), most data assimilation systems make. While much is known about some of these strategies,
others are not well understood, and there are many scientific research needs related to the
development, improvement, implementation, and evaluation of virtually all technologies, policies,
and other approaches for limiting climate change. As with observations, efforts are needed to ensure
that the output from models, analyses, and assessments are appropriately managed, undergo
continuing development, and actually inform decision-making processes at appropriate levels.
Webster, P. J., G. J. Holland, J. A. Curry, H.-R. Chang. 2005. Changes in Tropical Cyclone. He goes
on to argue that recent celebrity documentaries (e.g. DiCaprio’s Before the Flood (2016), and
Thompson’s Save the Arctic short film (2014)), but also Al Gore’s 2006 documentary An
Inconvenient Truth show acts of self-examination, self-criticism and therapeutic action, which are
designed to function as an example to the rest of humanity. The USGCRP also needs to establish
more effective mechanisms to interact with decision makers and other stakeholders. This report,
Advancing the Science of Climate Change ( Box S.1 ), reviews the current scientific evidence
regarding climate change and examines the status of the nation’s scientific research efforts.
Some examples of research needs that fall under this theme include improved understanding of
climate sensitivity, ice sheet dynamics, climate-carbon interactions, crop and ecosystems responses to
climate changes (in interaction with other stresses), and changes in extreme events. Ray, G. C., J.
McCormick-Ray, P. Berg, and H. E. Epstein. 2006. Pacific walrus: Benthic. Other concepts that
could use further discussion include the differences between distributed decision systems and
unitary decision structures. Mueter, F. J., and M. A. Litzow. 2008. Sea ice retreat alters the
biogeography of the Bering Sea. Ice dynamics and thermal expansion are the main drivers of rising
sea levels on a global basis, but ocean dynamics and coastal processes lead to substantial spatial
variability in local and regional rates of sea level rise (see Chapters 2 and 7 ). Continued investments
in scientific research can be expected to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences
of climate change. In addition, the construction of channels and levees and other changes in the
lower delta have affected vegetation, especially the health of cypress swamps. An emerging
challenge is to understand how these networks influence policy and how they transmit and learn
from new information (Bulkeley, 2005; Henry, 2009). Generally, when produced by the NRC, the
content of such. Gregory, J., and P. Huybrechts. 2006. Ice-sheet contributions to future sea-level
change. This review explores the disproportionate impacts of climate change on vulnerable groups in
California and investigates the costs and benefits of the climate change mitigation strategies
specified for implementation in the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32).
Adequate computational resources are critical for Earth system models, regional climate models,
integrated assessment models, impacts-adaptation-vulnerability models, climate forcing scenario
development efforts, and other tools for projecting future changes. The biggest challenge with
reanalysis is the model and the authors are silent on the. Vulnerability is a function of the character,
magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its
adaptive capacity (NRC, 2010a). L1993: This error should be cast in terms of errors in some familiar
quantity like. Koch, P. L., and A. D. Barnosky. 2006. Late Quaternary extinctions: State of the
debate. Annual. Robert Twilley, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Frumhoff, P. C., J. J.
McCarthy, J. M. Melillo, S. C. Moser, and D. J. Wuebbles. 2007. While interagency collaborations
are sometimes valuable, a robust, effective program of Earth observations from space requires
specific responsibilities to be clearly assigned to each agency and adequate resources provided to
meet these responsibilities.”. Emissions from livestock (by category), where methane (CH 4 )
emissions are portrayed in yellow, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) in green, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in red.
However, as noted in Chapter 7, precise projections are not easy to provide. Rahmstorf, S. 2007. A
Semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science. Cloud processes modulate future
changes in temperature and in the hydrologic cycle and thus represent a key feedback. Stirling, I., N.
J. Lunn, J. Iacozza. 1999. Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar. Changes in the large-
scale meridional overturning circulation could also have a significant impact on regional and global
climate and could potentially lead to abrupt changes (Alley et al., 2003; NRC, 2002a). The relative
scarcity of ocean observations, especially in the ocean interior, makes these factors among the more
uncertain aspects of future climate projections. Regional climate models, which are discussed later in
this chapter, are a key tool in this area of research. Get all the information you need for your essays
and coursework with our dedicated study guide. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will
be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Beever, E. A., P. F. Brussard,
and J. Berger. 2003. Patterns of apparent extirpation among. For example, the boundaries for the
analysis must be defined, materials used for multiple purposes must be allocated appropriately, and
the databases typically consulted to estimate emissions at each step of the analysis may have
uncertainties.
It would also inform, evaluate, and improve society’s responses to climate change, including actions
that are or could be taken to limit the magnitude of climate change, adapt to its impacts, or support
more effective climate-related decisions. Linkage of data on land-cover change and its social. Many
decisions related to climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation could benefit from
improvements in regional-scale information, especially over the next several decades. Driven by
population and income growth plus urbanization, the demand for livestock products is growing
rapidly. Again, it appears that there is some redundancy of the material presented in this chapter with
that presented in Chapter 4. States, the report concludes that adaptation planning and action will be
required. Ray, G. C., J. McCormick-Ray, P. Berg, and H. E. Epstein. 2006. Pacific walrus: Benthic.
The so-called transition around 1976 might be an instructive. Chapter 5 provides additional details
on priority setting. Table 3 presents a brief summary of livestock management adaptation strategies,
and a detailed discussion follows. 4.2.1. Animal Genetics Breed selection has traditionally been used
to improve livestock production efficiency and has facilitated a massive increase in livestock
production. Figure 3 provides an overview of the major impacts, emission types, and actions covered
in this review. This understanding is crucial because it allows decision makers to place climate
change in the context of other large challenges facing the nation and the world. Climate and Weather
Weather Weather describes whatever is happening outdoors in a given place at a given time.
Cognitive studies have established that humans have difficulty in processing probabilistic
information, relying instead on cogni-. There are several concerns related to livestock pest
management. Americaa??s climate choices in adapting to impacts of climate change are limited by
the. Emigration to developed countries in the late 1980s and 1990s. Figure 2.20 points out, if only
indirectly, the scarcity of observations of the deep ocean. L4596: The fractional a??variability
relative to the average precipitation should be shown in. Doney, S. C., V. J. Fabry, R. A. Feely, and J.
A. Kleypas. Forthcoming: Annual Review of. Barriers and institutional factors, both in research
funding agencies and in academia more broadly, have also constrained progress in. In the Attribution
summary of Chapter 3, the authors use italics to highlight a??likely a. The devastating turn of events
from environmental factors to scientific one. These changes interact with the regiona??s current
vulnerabilities. It was not, argues the author, the result of leaders responding to political pressure
from below. First, some pests will develop resistance to insecticides and drugs in a short time, which
would limit the effectiveness of insecticides or drugs. IN: Antarctic Ecology: From Genes to
Ecosystems, eds. A. Rogers. Zhenya Gallon, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, Colorado. Stirling, I., N. J. Lunn, J. Iacozza. 1999. Long-term trends in the population
ecology of polar. Benefit-cost analysis is a common method for making trade-offs across outcomes
and thus linking modeling to the decision-support systems (see Chapter 17 ).
For example, while uncertainties in climate sensitivity and future human energy production and
consumption are widely appreciated, improved methods for characterizing the uncertainty in other
socioeconomic drivers of environmental change are needed. If this is the first time you use this
feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Weather
includes daily changes in precipitation, barometric pressure, temperature, and wind conditions in a
given location. Changes in the large-scale meridional overturning circulation could also have a
significant impact on regional and global climate and could potentially lead to abrupt changes (Alley
et al., 2003; NRC, 2002a). The relative scarcity of ocean observations, especially in the ocean
interior, makes these factors among the more uncertain aspects of future climate projections. The
report recommended studies focused on assessing decision quality, exploring decision makers’
evaluations of decision processes and outcomes, and improving formal tools for decision support. To
find out more about cookies and change your preferences, visit our Cookie Policy. Continue. L4553:
a??anda?? should be replaced with a??and an average ofa. Thus, the climate community should
continue to invest in producing, updating and. We also benefitted from many one-on-one discussions
throughout the study process and from the comments and perspectives contributed through the
America’s Climate Choices website. 1 The report also would not have been possible without the
dedication and contributions of the NRC staff. L3222: Use consistent method of citing IPCC reports.
The most influential ones are feed quality and feed intake. Also, you can type in a page number and
press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Statistical significance has to be assessed against
a. L3875-3877: The text gives the impression that where the observed pattern agrees with. The
authors should consider citing the recent review by Garthwaite et al. (2005) on elicitation, Genest
and Zidek (1986) on combining subjective prior distributions from different experts, Mosteller and
Yountz. Page 95: The need to deal with systematic errors in observations and the introduction of.
U.S. support for international adaptation programs. Finally, they suggest incorporating. Emissions
from livestock (by category), where methane (CH 4 ) emissions are portrayed in yellow, nitrous
oxide (N 2 O) in green, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in red. This should include attention to the
extended effect of urban areas on other areas (such as deposition of urban emissions on ocean and
rural land surfaces) as well as interactions between urban and regional heat islands and urban
vegetation-evapotranspiration feedbacks to climate. Emanuel, K. 2005. Increasing destructiveness of
tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature. Non-ruminants also produce methane during
digestion but in much smaller amounts. Progress of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program:
Methods. This moisture then falls back to the Earth as precipitation - rain, snow, sleet, and even the
morning dew on the grass. Field, C. B., D. B. Lobell, H. A. Peters, and N. R. Chiariello. 2007a.
Feedbacks of terrestrial. Because corn ethanol is produced from sugars created by photosynthesis,
which removes CO 2 from ambient air, it might be assumed that substituting corn ethanol for
gasoline produced from petroleum would substantially reduce net GHG emissions. Report prepared
for the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Visit our dedicated information
section to learn more about MDPI. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble
efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other
analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by
forming partnerships with action-oriented programs. Finally, the committee would appreciate a
further elucidation of what the author considers to constitute “deep uncertainty” (page 34 and other
locations). Page 95: The need to deal with systematic errors in observations and the introduction of.