NAME: OTEJU KAUSARA FOLAKUNMI

MATRIC NO; 18/1292

COURSE; STATISTICS

Question 1

Write on Parametric and non parametrics data analysis

Parametric statistics is a branch of statistics which assumes that sample data comes from a population
that can be adequately modeled by a probability distribution that has a fixed set of
parameters.Conversely a non-parametric model does not assume an explicit (finite-parametric)
mathematical form for the distribution when modeling the data. However, it may make some
assumptions about that distribution, such as continuity or symmetry. Most well-known statistical
methods are parametric. Regarding nonparametric (and semiparametric) models, Sir David Cox has
said, "These typically involve fewer assumptions of structure and distributional form but usually
contain strong assumptions about independencies". Parametric analysis is a branch of inferential
statistics wherein one obtains a sample from a population in order to estimate population parameters
(e.g., mean) and investigate relationships between the estimated parameters. Because this estimation
process involves a sample, a sampling distribution, and a population, certain parametric assumptions
are required to ensure all components are compatible with each other.

Parametric analysis refers to a specific approach to data analysis where the research bases the validity
of the statistical model on the tenability of its assumptions. The Student’s t test and analysis of
variance are examples of parametric statistical tests.

Nonparametric statistics is the branch of statistics that is not based solely on parametrized families of
probability distributions (common examples of parameters are the mean and variance).
Nonparametric statistics is based on either being distribution-free or having a specified distribution
but with the distribution's parameters unspecified. Nonparametric statistics includes both descriptive
statistics and statistical inference. Nonparametric tests are often used when the assumptions of
parametric tests are violated.

Parametric and nonparametric are two broad classifications of statistical procedures.

 Parametric tests are based on assumptions about the distribution of the underlying
population from which the sample was taken. The most common parametric assumption is
that data are approximately normally distributed.
 Nonparametric tests do not rely on assumptions about the shape or parameters of the
underlying population distribution.
 If the data deviate strongly from the assumptions of a parametric procedure, using the
parametric procedure could lead to incorrect conclusions.
 You should be aware of the assumptions associated with a parametric procedure and should
learn methods to evaluate the validity of those assumptions.
  If you determine that the assumptions of the parametric procedure are not valid, use an
analogous nonparametric procedure instead.
 The parametric assumption of normality is particularly worrisome for small sample sizes (n <
30). Nonparametric tests are often a good option for these data.
 It can be difficult to decide whether to use a parametric or nonparametric procedure in some
cases. Nonparametric procedures generally have less power for the same sample size than the
corresponding parametric procedure if the data truly are normal.
 Interpretation of nonparametric procedures can also be more difficult than for parametric
procedures.
 Visit with a statistician if you are in doubt about whether parametric or nonparametric
procedures are more appropriate for your data.

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Probability distributions are a fundamental concept in statistics and probability theory. A probability
distribution is a function that describes the probability of different outcomes in a random event or
experiment. In other words, it provides the mathematical relationship between the possible
outcomes of a random variable and their associated probabilities. There are many types of probability
distributions, each with its own set of characteristics and applications. In this article, we will discuss
some of the most common types of probability distributions.

Discrete Probability Distributions

Discrete probability distributions describe the probability of outcomes that can be counted or
enumerated. They are used when the outcomes of a random variable are discrete or distinct, such as
the number of heads in a coin toss or the number of cars passing through a toll booth in an hour.
Some common examples of discrete probability distributions include:

Bernoulli Distribution: The Bernoulli distribution describes the probability of two possible outcomes,
typically success and failure. It is often used in binary experiments such as coin flips, where success
might represent heads and failure tails.

Binomial Distribution: The binomial distribution describes the probability of a specific number of
successes in a fixed number of trials, where the probability of success remains constant. For example,
the number of heads obtained after flipping a coin 10 times.

Poisson Distribution: The Poisson distribution describes the probability of a given number of events
occurring in a fixed interval of time. It is often used in studies of rare events, such as the number of car
accidents on a given stretch of road in a day.
Continuous Probability Distributions

Continuous probability distributions describe the probability of outcomes that can take any value
within a given range. They are used when the outcomes of a random variable are continuous or can
take any value within a range, such as the height of a person or the weight of a package. Some
common examples of continuous probability distributions include:

Normal Distribution: The normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is perhaps the
most well-known probability distribution. It describes the probability of continuous variables that
follow a bell-shaped curve, with most observations clustering around the mean. The normal
distribution is used in a wide range of applications, from finance to biology.

Exponential Distribution: The exponential distribution describes the probability of a specific amount
of time passing before an event occurs, given that the event occurs at a constant rate. For example,
the time it takes for a light bulb to burn out.

Uniform Distribution: The uniform distribution describes the probability of a random variable taking
any value within a specified range. It is often used when all values within the range are equally likely,
such as rolling a fair die.

Probability distributions are a crucial tool in statistics and probability theory, helping us to understand
and quantify the likelihood of different outcomes in a random event or experiment. There are many
types of probability distributions, each with its own set of characteristics and applications.
Understanding the different types of probability distributions and their properties is essential for
interpreting statistical results and making informed decisions in a wide range of fields.