(Preparation for Lecturer Test )

Quick Review

Chapter # 01 Number Systems

These notes are the summary of the whole chapter

1. Around 5000 B.C, the Egyptians had a number system based on 10.

2. The set of rational numbers is Q = { pq : p, q ∈ Z ∧ q ̸= 0}.

3. Those real numbers which are not rational are called irrational numbers. i.e.,
p
Q′ = {x : p, q ∈ Z ∧ q ̸= 0}
q

4. A decimal which has only a finite number of digits in its decimal part, is called a terminating
decimal . For example 2.333.

5. A decimal in which one or more digits repeat is called A recurring or periodic decimal .
For example 2.333...

6. Terminating or recurring decimals are rational numbers. All others (non terminating, non
recurring) are irrational numbers.
√ √
7. For any real number n, if n is not a complete square, then n is an irrational number. In
√ √ √ q5 q 4 2
particular 3, 12 = 2 3, , = √ ... are irrational numbers.
7 27 3 3

8. The ratio of circumference of any circle and length of its diameter is an irrational number π.

9. A binary operation in a set A is a rule that assigns to every pair of elements of A, another
element of A. Two binary operations in R are addition and multiplication.

10. The numbers of the form z = a + ib are called complex numbers, where i2 = −1 and a, b are
real numbers.

11. The real and imaginary parts of a complex number z = a + ib are a and b respectively.

12. Every real number is a complex number with zero as its imaginary part.

13. If z = a + ib, then the conjugate of z is z = a − ib. For example if z = 3 − 4i, then z = 3 + 4i.
a −b
14. The multiplicative inverse of (a, b) is ( a2 +b 2 , a2 +b 2 ).

15. The sum and product of any two conjugate complex numbers is a real number.

16. In an ordered pair (a, b), a is called abscissa and b is called ordinate.

17. The figure representing one or more complex numbers on the complex plane is called an Argand
diagram.

Notes by: Asad Ali (M.Phil. G.C.U. 03013459208

Mathematics Mathematics — Mathematics Page 2 of 2
√
18. If z = a + if, then the modulus of z is |z| = a2 + b2. The modulus of z is the distance from
the origin to the point representing z.

19. For all complex numbers z, z1, z2, we have

z=z |z| = | − z| = |z| = | − z| ZZ = |z|2

z1 + z 2 = z1 + z2 z1z2 = z1 z2 (z
z
1)
= zz1
2 2

|z1z2| = |z1||z2| |z1| − |z2| ≤ |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|

Properties of Real Numbers

Closure Law w.r.t. Addition ∀ a, b ∈ R, a + b ∈ R

Closure Law w.r.t. Multiplication
Associative Law w.r.t. Addition
Associative Law w.r.t. Multiplication
Additive Identity
Multiplicative Identity
Additive Inverse
Multiplicative Inverse
Commutative Law of Addition
Commutative Law of Multiplication
∀ a, b ∈ R, ab ∈ R
∀ a, b, c ∈ R, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
∀ a, b, c ∈ R, a(bc) = (ab)c
∀ a ∈ R, ∃ 0 ∈ R s.t. a + 0 = a = 0 + a
∀ a ∈ R, ∃ 1 ∈ R s.t. a1 = a = 1a
∀ a ∈ R, ∃ (−a) ∈ R s.t. a + (−a) = 0 = (−a) + a
∀ a(=
̸ 0) ∈ R, ∃ 1a ∈ R s.t. a( 1a ) = 1 = ( 1a)a
∀ a, b ∈ R, a + b = b + a
∀ a, b ∈ R, ab = ba

Properties of Equality

For all a, b, c ∈ R,

Reflexive Property a=a

Symmetric Property a=b⇒b=a
Transitive Property a=b∧b=c⇒a=c
Additive Property a=b⇒a+c =b+c
Multiplicative Property a = b ⇒ ac = bc
Cancellation Property w.r.t. Addition a+c =b+c ⇒a=b
Cancellation Property w.r.t. Multiplication ac = bc ⇒ a = b, c ̸= 0

Properties of Inequality

For all a, b, c ∈ R,

Trichotomy Property either a = b or a < b or b < a

Transitive Property a<b∧b<c⇒a<c
Additive Property a < b ⇒a+c < b+c
Multiplicative Property If c > 0 a < b ⇒ ac < bc and if c < 0, then a < b ⇒ ac > bc.

You just can t beat the person who never gives up. Babe Ruth

Best Of Luck

Notes by: Asad Ali (M.Phil. G.C.U. 03013459208