Comenzado el viernes, 14 de mayo de 2021, 12:00

Estado Finalizado
Finalizado en viernes, 14 de mayo de 2021, 12:55
Tiempo empleado 55 minutos 20 segundos
Puntos 21,00/23,00
Calificación 9,13 de 10,00 (91%)
Información

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is currently classified as an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, optic nerves). The disease
attacks myelin, the protective covering of the nerves (the fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the nerve fibers), causing inflammation and o en
damaging the myelin. Myelin is necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses through nerve fibers. If damage to myelin is slight, nerve impulses
travel with minor interruptions; however if damage is substantial and if scar tissue replaces the myelin, nerve impulses may be completely disrupted,
and the nerve fibers themselves can be damaged.
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder a ecting the central nervous system. In 2013, about 2.3 million people were a ected
globally with rates varying widely in di erent regions and among di erent populations. That year about 20,000 people died from MS, up from 12,000 in
1990. The disease usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50 and is twice as common in women as in men. MS was first described in 1868. A number
of new treatments and diagnostic methods are under development.
Signs and symptoms
This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental,
and sometimes psychiatric problems. No two people with MS are likely to have the same symptoms in the same way. Some may come and go or appear
once and not again. The symptoms depend on the area of the brain or spinal cord that the disease has damaged. They can include:
§ Eye pain and vision problems such as double vision or jumpy vision. These problems may be the first sign you have RRMS.(relapsing-remitting
multiple sclerosis)
§ Numbness and tingling
§ Sensitivity to heat
§ Pain that runs down the spine, like a mild electrical shock, when you bend your neck
§ Dizziness
§ Bowel or bladder problems
§ Sexual problems, like trouble getting aroused or climaxing
§ Sti muscles and trouble moving your body
§ Feeling weak and tired
§ Problems with balance and coordination
§ A hard time thinking clearly
§ Depression
MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). Between
attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems o en remain, especially as the disease advances.
Causes
While the cause is not clear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the myelin-producing
cells. Proposed causes for this include genetics and environmental factors such as being triggered by a viral infection.
Smoking has been shown to be an independent risk factor for MS. Stress may be a risk factor although the evidence to support this is weak. Association
with occupational exposures and toxins has been evaluated, but no clear conclusions have been reached.
 MS is not considered a hereditary disease; however, a number of genetic variations have been shown to increase the risk. Some of these genes appear to
have higher levels of expression in microglial cells than expected by chance.
The probability of developing the disease is higher in relatives of an a ected person, with a greater risk among those more closely related. If both
parents are a ected the risk in their children is 10 times that of the general population.
Diagnosis
MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests. It can be di icult to confirm,
especially early on, since the signs and symptoms may be similar to those of other medical problems. The McDonald criteria, which focus on clinical,
laboratory, and radiologic evidence of lesions at di erent times and in di erent areas, is the most commonly used method of diagnosis with
the Schumacher and Poser criteria being of mostly historical significance. While the above criteria allow for a non-invasive diagnosis, some state that the
only definitive proof is an autopsy or biopsy where lesions typical of MS are detected.
Treatment
There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatments attempt to improve function a er an attack and prevent new attacks. Medications used to treat
MS, while modestly e ective, can have side e ects and be poorly tolerated. Physical therapy can help with people's ability to function.
Many people pursue alternative treatments, despite a lack of evidence. The long-term outcome is di icult to predict, with good outcomes more o en
seen in women, those who develop the disease early in life, those with a relapsing course, and those who initially experienced few attacks. Life
expectancy is on average 5 to 10 years lower than that of an una ected population.
Prognosis
The expected future course of the disease depends on the subtype of the disease; the individual's sex, age, and initial symptoms; and the degree
of disability the person has. Female sex, relapsing-remitting subtype, optic neuritis or sensory symptoms at onset, few attacks in the initial years and
especially early age at onset, are associated with a better course.
The average life expectancy is 30 years from the start of the disease, which is 5 to 10 years less than that of una ected people. Almost 40% of people with
MS reach the seventh decade of life. Nevertheless, two-thirds of the deaths are directly related to the consequences of the disease. Suicide is more
common, while infections and other complications are especially dangerous for the more disabled. Although most people lose the ability to walk before
death, 90% are capable of independent walking at 10 years from onset, and 75% at 15 years.

Pregunta 1
Incorrecta
Puntúa 0,00 sobre 1,00

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the nerves, producing inflammation and damage of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves

Seleccione una:

Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Falso'

Pregunta 2
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

TWO of the sentences below are TRUE. Identify them.

a. The central nervous system is more frequently a ected by MS than by any other autoimmune disorder. 

b.
This disease has a twofold e ect on men.

c. Research is being conducted to device new treatment and diagnostic procedures. 

d. There was a striking mortality drop between 1990 and 2013.

e. The onset of MS generally takes place before adulthood.

Respuesta correcta
Las respuestas correctas son:
The central nervous system is more frequently a ected by MS than by any other autoimmune disorder.
,
Research is being conducted to device new treatment and diagnostic procedures.
Pregunta 3
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

FOUR of the following symptoms are NOT typically present in MS. Identify them

a. Problemas sexuales
b. Problemas visuales (dolor, visión doble, etc.)
c. Dolor a lo largo de la columna vertebral al inclinar el tronco

d. Problemas de equilibrio y coordinación
e. Entumecimiento y hormigueo
f. Sensación de mareo
g. Dificultad en la movilidad
h. Problemas intestinales o urinarios
i. Flaccidez muscular

j. Dificultad para recordar

k. Sensación de debilidad y cansancio
l. Sensibilidad al frío

m. Depresión

Respuesta correcta
Las respuestas correctas son:
Flaccidez muscular,
Sensibilidad al frío,
 Dificultad para recordar

Pregunta 4
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

Though permanent neurological problems frequently linger between attacks, symptoms may not be present particularly as the disease progresses.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Verdadero'

Pregunta 5
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

The reason/s why the immune system attacks the central nervous system is still unknown.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Verdadero'

Pregunta 6
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

Stress is a major risk-factor.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero

Falso 

La respuesta correcta es 'Falso'

Pregunta 7
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

TWO of the following utterances about “Genetics” are CORRECT. Identify them

a. Los niños tienen diez veces mayores chances de desarrollar esclerosis múltiple si existen personas afectadas en la familia.
b. Las variaciones genéticas relacionadas con el riesgo de desarrollar esclerosis múltiple permiten clasificarla como una enfermedad hereditaria.
c. Los niños tienen diez veces mayores chances de desarrollar esclerosis múltiple si ambos progenitores la padecen. 

d. Aunque ciertas variaciones genéticas constituyen un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la esclerosis múltiple, no existe evidencia para

considerarla como una enfermedad hereditaria.

Respuesta correcta
Las respuestas correctas son:
Aunque ciertas variaciones genéticas constituyen un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la esclerosis múltiple, no existe evidencia para considerarla
como una enfermedad hereditaria. ,
Los niños tienen diez veces mayores chances de desarrollar esclerosis múltiple si ambos progenitores la padecen.
Pregunta 8
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

Accurate diagnosis is made straightforwardly

Seleccione una:
Verdadero

Falso 

La respuesta correcta es 'Falso'

Pregunta 9
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

Although non-invasive diagnosis is possible, it is believed that only an autopsy or biopsy of damaged areas will definitely confirm the disease.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Verdadero'

Pregunta 10
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

THREE of the following statements about “Treatment” are TRUE. Identify them.

a. Although side e ects have been detected, symptoms are successfully treated with medications
b. People su ering from MS tend to live no longer than 5 to 10 years a er being diagnosed.

c. A definite cure for MS has not been found yet. 

d. The ultimate goals of treatments involve overcoming function impairment a er an attack and new attack prevention.


e.
Women seem to achieve better results than men. 

Respuesta correcta
Las respuestas correctas son:

A definite cure for MS has not been found yet. ,

The ultimate goals of treatments involve overcoming function impairment a er an attack and new attack prevention. ,

Women seem to achieve better results than men.

Pregunta 11
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

Identify the correct words/phrases to complete the following sentences about “Prognosis”
...... depende del subtipo de la enfermedad; el sexo, la edad y síntomas iniciales del paciente; y del grado de discapacidad que presente la persona.

a. El desarrollo de la esclerosis múltiple


b. La frecuencia de los ataques
c. La cura de la esclerosis múltiple

Respuesta correcta
La respuesta correcta es:
El desarrollo de la esclerosis múltiple

Pregunta 12
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

Identify the correct words/phrases to complete the following sentences about “Prognosis”
La expectativa de vida promedio es de 30 años......

a. desde el tratamiento de la enfermedad

b. sin posibilidades de alcanzar los 70 años de vida
c. desde el inicio de la enfermedad


Respuesta correcta
La respuesta correcta es:
desde el inicio de la enfermedad
Pregunta 13
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

Identify the correct words/phrases to complete the following sentences about “Prognosis”.
Dos tercios de las muertes......

a. se deben a suicidios
b. tienen su origen en infecciones y otras complicaciones de la enfermedad.
c. se relacionan directamente con consecuencias de la enfermedad


Respuesta correcta
La respuesta correcta es:
se relacionan directamente con consecuencias de la enfermedad

Pregunta 14
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

On average, patients su ering from MS die 5 to 10 years earlier than healthy people

Seleccione una:

Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Verdadero'

Pregunta 15
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

The ability to walk is rarely lost a er 15 years from the disease onset.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero

Falso 

La respuesta correcta es 'Falso'

Información

Watch a video about four people living with MS (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h19muxVqiOs) and complete the tasks accordingly.
Pregunta 16
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

What does the white man in the video mean when he says, “my whole le side”? (3 marks)

a. El brazo izquierdo
b. El lado izquierdo de su cuerpo


Respuesta correcta
La respuesta correcta es:
El lado izquierdo de su cuerpo

Pregunta 17
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

He was immediately diagnosed with MS.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero

Falso 

La respuesta correcta es 'Falso'

Pregunta 18
Incorrecta
Puntúa 0,00 sobre 1,00

While visiting Disneyland, the woman in the video woke up one day and realized she couldn’t see at all.

Seleccione una:

Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Falso'

Pregunta 19
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

A er being diagnosed with MS, the black man realized he had lost sensation in his palm.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero

Falso 

La respuesta correcta es 'Falso'

Pregunta 20
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

What does the girl in the video mean when she says, “wrap your head around”?

a. Que la cabeza te da vueltas

b. Asumir la realidad


Respuesta correcta
La respuesta correcta es:
Asumir la realidad

Pregunta 21
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

What does the white man in the video mean when he says, “it’s the kryptonite that really poisons us”?

a. Algo que indefectiblemente destruye a la persona


b. Se compara con un superhéroe por resistir

Respuesta correcta
La respuesta correcta es:
Algo que indefectiblemente destruye a la persona
Pregunta 22
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

The woman says that for her, the lack of sight doesn’t mean you can’t see.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Verdadero'

Pregunta 23
Correcta
Puntúa 1,00 sobre 1,00

They all agree that MS should not ruin the desire to go on living.

Seleccione una:
Verdadero 
Falso

La respuesta correcta es 'Verdadero'

 