MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Prelim coverage

Module 1 : PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORLD

Pattern
-Define as: Regular, Repeated, recurring from or designs
-Find logical connections to form generalizations.
-Prediction
Example:
1.) Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?

2.) Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?

3.) Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?

4.) Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?

5.) What number comes next? 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ____.

Symmetry
-Define as: symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts are mirror
images of each other.
Examples: butterfly, dragonfly, Leonardo da Vinci’s Virtuvian Man, starfish
-butterfly or dragonfly is symmetric about the axis indicated by the line.
Note that the left and right portions are exactly the same. This type of symmetry is called bilateral symmetry.
-Leonardo da Vinci’s Virtuvian Man shows the proportion and symmetry of the human body
There are other types of symmetry depending on the number of sides or faces that are symmetrical.
-Starfish
note that if we rotate the starfish we can still achieve the same appearance as the original position. This is
known as the rotational symmetry.
The smallest measure of angle that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the original position is called the
angle of rotation.
A more common way of describing rotational symmetry is by order of rotation.
Order of Rotation
1
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 𝑛 of a complete turn leaves the
𝟑𝟔𝟎˚
figures unchanged. To compute the angle of rotation we can use this formula: 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒏
Example of Angle of Rotation:
-snowflakes repeats six times, indicating that there is a 6-fold symmetry. Using the formula, the angle of rotation is 60:
𝟑𝟔𝟎˚
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟔
= 𝟔𝟎˚
Honeycomb
-why bees used hexagon in making honeycomb and not any other polygons?
Packing Problem
It involves finding the optimum method of filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container.
1.) Proof: suppose we have circles of radius 1 cm each of which will then have an area of 𝜋𝑐𝑚2 .
We are then going to fill a plane with these circles using square packing and hexagonal packing.

Square packing

To compute percentage the square area.

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟒𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟒%

The area of ach triangle is given by:

𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝟐 . √𝟑
𝑨=
𝟒
(𝟐𝒄𝒎)𝟐 . √𝟑
𝑨= Hexagonal packing
𝟒
𝟒𝒄𝒎𝟐 . √𝟑
𝑨=
𝟒
𝑨 = √𝟑𝒄𝒎𝟐

To compute percentage the square area.

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝟑𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟔√𝟑𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 %

Tigers Stripes and Hyena’s Spot

-Pattern exhibited in the external appearance of animals. The tiger looks and hyena’s
spot, these seemingly random designs are believed to be governed by mathematical
equation.
-According to the theory of Allan Turing the chemical factors in the cell determine
growth patterns, and influence factors like hair color. There are two chemical processes:
reaction and diffusion.

The Sunflower
-Looking at a sunflower, there is a definite pattern of clockwise and counterclockwise
arc of spirals extending outward from the center of the flower.

The Snail’s Shell

-As the snail grow, their shells also expand also expand
proportionally. This process results in a refined spiral structure, it is
called as equiangular spiral.

The Flowers Petals

-Flowers are easily considered as things of beauty.
-Flowers with five petals are said to be the most common.
-Number of petals are all Fibonacci numbers.
Population Growth
-Mathematics used to model population growth with the formula

Where; A – is the size of the population after it grows

P - is the initial number of people
r – is the rate of growth
t – is time
e – is the Euler’s constant with an approximately value of 2.718.

Example: The exponential growth model 𝐴 = 30𝑒 0.02𝑡 describes the population of a city in the Philippines in thousands,
t year after 1995.
a. What was the population of the city in 1995?
-Given: Since our exponential growth model describes the population t years after 1995, we consider 1995
as t = 0, P=30, r=0.02

𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝒕
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟐(𝟎)
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎(𝟏)
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎
Therefore, the city population in 1995 was 30,000.

b. What will be the population in 2017?

-Given: we need to find A for the year 2017. To find t, we subtract 2017 and 1995 to get
t=22, which we then plug in to our exponential growth model.
P=30, r=0.02
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝒕
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟐(𝟐𝟐)
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟒𝟒
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎(𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟏)
𝑨 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟑
Therefore, the city population would be about 46,581 in 2017.

The Fibonacci Sequence

Leonardo of Pisa – Fibonacci (nicknamed)

-Fibonacci is the greatest European mathematics of the Middle Ages.
-Born in 1170 and died in 1240
-He introduced the Arabic number system in Europe.

Origin of Fibonacci Sequence

-Fibonacci Sequence was discovered after an investigation on the reproduction of rabbits
Growing Population of Rabbits
Problem: Suppose a newly-born pair of rabbits (one male, one female) are put in a field. Rabbits are able to
mate at the age of the second month, a female can produce another pair of rabbits.
-Fibonacci sequence is an integer in the infinite sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, … of which the first two terms are 1
and 1 and each succeeding terms is the sum of the two immediately preceding.
Simple rule: add the last two terms to get the next term.
Example: 1.) How many pairs will be there in one year?
- 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,…
- So, 144 pairs will be there at the end of one year.
Fibonacci Sequence in Nature
-Fibonacci Spiral in Sunflowers
-Fibonacci Spiral in Pinecones
-Flowers (number of petals)
-Fruits (Pineapple and it’s crown, fruitlets)
-Banana
-Apple
Question! Can plant do math? No, but their growth is based on this sequence.
The Golden Ration
-The golden ratio is often denoted by the Greek letter 𝜑(𝑝ℎ𝑖).
-This is approximately equal to 1.618.
-The golden ratio can be expressed as the ratio between two numbers.
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏
= 𝑎

The Golden Ratio in Nature

-Painting of Mona Lisa
-Norte Dame Cathedral
-Parthenon

Example: Find the indicated term of the Fibonacci Sequence.

9th term __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __,
9th term

15th term __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __, __,
15th term
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Prelim coverage

Module 2 : MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOL

Language
-Define as: Language is a systematic way of communication with other people use of sounds or conventions symbols.
Importance of Language
-Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.
-The language of mathematics was designed:
. numbers
. sets
. functions
. perform operations
Symbols commonly used in Mathematics
1. The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
2. Operations: +(addition) , - (subtraction) , x (multiplication), ÷ (Division)
3. Sets: ∩ (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛), ∪ (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛), ⸦ (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡), ⸧ (𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑡)
4. Variables: a, b, c, x and y
5. Special symbols: =, <, >, ≤, ≥, 𝜋 and etc.
6. Logic symbols: ~ (𝑛𝑜𝑡) , ˄(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛), ˅ (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛), → (𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛), ↔ (𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓)
7. Set Notations: N (natural number), W (whole number), Z (integers), Q (rational number), R (real number, C
(complex number)

Some important sets are the following:

N = {1, 2, 3, …} = the set of natural numbers.
W= {0, 1, 2, 3, …} = the set of whole numbers.
Z = {…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …} the set of integers.
Q= the set of rational numbers.
Q’ = {2.222222, 3. 33333} the set of irrational numbers.
C= {2i, √−𝟐 } the set of complex numbers

The Grammar of Mathematics

-The mathematical notation used for formulas has its own grammar, not dependent on a specific natural
language, but shared internationally by mathematicians regardless of their mother tongues.

Characteristics of the Mathematics Languages

-Precise (accurate)
-Concise (briefly /summary)
-Powerful (express complex)

Difficulties (examples)
-The word “ is “ could means equality, inequality, or member in a set.
-Different use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal, ratio)
-Mathematical objects may be represented in many ways such as set and functions.
-The word “ and “ and “ or “ means differently in mathematics from its English use.
Variables
-It is represented by a letter, like x or y.
-A symbol for a value we don’t know yet

Advantage of Using Variables

-It allows you to give a temporary name to what you are seeking so that you can perform concrete computations
with it to help discover its possible values.
Example:
Is there a number with the following property:
- Doubling it and adding 3 gives the same result as squaring it?
“Is there a number x with the property that 2x + 3 = x2 “
[ Is there a number [ ] with the property that 2[ ] + 3 = [ ]2 ?
-to illustrate the second use of variables, consider the statement:
No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2, then its square is
greater than 4.
-Introducing a variable to give a temporary name to the number you might choose enables
you to maintain the generality of the statement.
Is there a number x with the property that 2x + 3 = x2
No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2, then its square
is greater than 4.
No matter what number x might be chosen, if x greater than 2, then x2 is greater
than 4.

Writing Sentences Using Variables

-Use variables to rewrite the following sentences more formally.
a. Are there numbers with the property that the sum of their squares equals the square of their sum?
Solution:
- Are there numbers x and y with the property x2 + y2 = (x + y)2
- Are there numbers x and y such that x2 + y2 = (x + y)2
- Do there exist any numbers x and y such that x2 + y2 = (x + y)2

b. Gives any real number, its square is nonnegative.

Solution:
- Gives any real number r, r2 is nonnegative.
- For any real number r, r2 ≥ 0
- For all real number r, r2 ≥ 0

Some Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements

-Universal Statement – says that a certain property is true for all elements in a set. “For all”
Example: All positive number are greater than zero.
-Conditional Statement- says if one thing is true then some other thing also has to be true, “If-then”
Example: If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.
-Existential Statement- says that there is at least one thing for which the property is true.
Example: There is a prime number that is even.

-Universal Conditional Statements – A statement that is both universal and conditional.

Example: For all animals a, if a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
-They can be rewritten in ways that make them appear to be purely universal or purely conditional
Example: If a is a dog, then a is a mammal. (CS)
If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal. (CS)
For all dogs a, a is a mammal. (US)
All dogs are mammals. (US)

Example: (Rewriting a Universal Conditional Statement)

Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
For all real number x, if x is nonzero then x2 is positive.
1. If a real number is nonzero, then its square _______________________.
2. For all nonzero real number x, _________________________.
3. If x ______________________________, then __________________________.
4. The square of any nonzero real number is ___________________.
5. All nonzero real number have ___________________________.
 -Universal Existential Statements – A statement that is universal because its first part says that a certain
property is true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential because its second part asserts the existence
of something.
Example: Every real number has a n additive inverse
-All real number have additive inverses.
-For all real numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r.
-For all real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is an addition inverse.
Example: (Rewriting an Universal Existential Statement)
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
Every pot has a lid.
1. All pots _______________________.
2. For all pots P, there is ______________________.
3. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that ______________________.

-Existential Universal Statements – A statement that is existential because its first part assert that a certain
object satisfies a certain property for all things of a certain kind.
Example: There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every positive integer.
Example: (Rewriting an Existential Universal Statement)
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every person in my class.
1. Some __________________________ is at least as old as _____________________.
2. There is a person p in my class that p is _____________________________________.
3. There is a person p in my class with the property that for every person q in my class, p
is______________________________.

Sets
-A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.
. It usually represented by capital letters.
. The objects of asset are separated by commas.
. The objects that belong in a set are the elements, or members of the set.
. It can be represented by listing its element between braces.
. A set is said to be well – defined if the elements in a set are specifically listed.
Examples:
A = {a, e, I, o, u}
B = {set of plane figures}
C = {Ca, Au, Ag}
Notation
-If S is a set, the notation.
- 𝒙 ∈ 𝑺 Means that x is an element of S.
- 𝒙 ∉ 𝑺 Means that x is not an element of S.
. A variation of notation is used to describe a very large set.
- {1, 2, 3, …, 100} refer to set of all integers from 1 to 100.
- {1, 2, 3, …} refer to set of all positive integers.
. The symbol … is called an ellipses and is read “and so forth”

Using the Set – Roster Notation

-A set may be specified using the set-roster notation by writing all elements between braces.
Example:
- Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3. 3. 3}. What are the element of A, B, and C? How are A, B,
and C related?
A, B, C have exactly the same three elements, 1, 2, 3. Therefore A, B and C are simply
represented in different ways.
- Is {0} = 0?
{0} ≠ 0 because {0} is a set with one element, namely 0, whereas 0 is just the symbol that
represents the number zero.
A set may be specified using the set-roster notation by writing all elements between are in the
set {1, {1}}?
Example:
-How many elements are in the set {1, {1}}?
The set {1, {1}} has two elements: 1 and the set whose only element is 1.
-For each nonnegative integer n, let Un = { n, -n}. Find U1 , U2, and U0.
U1 = {1, -1}, U2 = {2,-2}, U0.= {0,-0} = {0, 0} = {0}.
Cartesian Sets of Numbers
-Some important sets are the following:
1. N = {1, 2, 3, …} = the set of natural numbers.
2. W= {0, 1, 2, 3, …} = the set of whole numbers.
3. Z = {…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …} the set of integers.
4. Q= the set of rational numbers (terminating or repeating decimals).
5. Q’ = the set of irrational numbers (non terminating, non repeating decimals).
6. R = the set of real numbers

Set-Builder Notation
-Let S denote and let P(x) be a property that elements of S may or may not satisfy. We define a new set to be the
set of all elements x in S such that P(x) is true. We denote this set as follows:
{𝑥 ∈ 𝑆|𝑃(𝑥)}

The set of all such that

Using the Set-Builder Notation

-Gives that R the set of all real numbers, Z the set of all integers, and Z+ the set of all positive integers, describe
the following sets.
a. {𝑥 ∈ ℝ| − 2 < 𝑥 < 5}
{𝑥 ∈ ℝ| − 2 < 𝑥 < 5} is the open interval of real numbers (strictly) between -2 and 5. It is pictured as follows:

𝑏. {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍| − 2 < 𝑥 < 5}
{𝑥 ∈ 𝑍| − 2 < 𝑥 < 5} is the set of all integers (strictly) between -2 and 5. It is equal to equal to the set {-
1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

c. {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 + | − 2 < 𝑥 < 5}
{𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 + | − 2 < 𝑥 < 5} Since all the integers in 𝑍 + are positive, {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 + | − 2 < 𝑥 < 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Definitions Regarding Sets

-A set is finite if the number of elements is countable.
Examples: A = {even numbers less than 10}
B = {days in a week}
-A set is infinite if the numbers of elements cannot be counted.
Examples: A = {even numbers greater than 20}
B = {odd numbers}
C = {stars in the sky}

Equal and Equivalent Sets

-Equal sets are set with exactly the same elements and cardinality.
Example: A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {r, a, c, e}
-Equivalent sets are set with the same number of elements or cardinality.
Example: A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
-Joint sets are set with common elements (intersection).
Example: A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {b, e, a, r, s}
-Disjoint sets are set with no common elements.
Example: A = {a, b, c}
B = {e, f, g}
Are disjoint sets, since no elements is common.
-Universal set – the set of all elements. We will use the U to denote universal set.
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3,} and B = {3, 4, 5, 5}, then the universal set U is,
U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
-The empty set or null set is the set that contains no elements. The symbol Ø or { } is represent the empty set.
Example: A = {day start with letter L}
B = {triangles with 4 sides}
Subsets
-If A and B are sets, then A is called a subset of B, written A ⊆ B, if, and only if, every element of A is also an
element of B.
- A ⊆ B means that, for all elements x, if x ∈ A then x ∈ 𝑩.
Symbolically:
- The phrases A is contained in B and B contains A are alternative ways of saying that A is a
subset of B.
- A ⊈ B means that, there is at least one element x such that x ∈ A then x ∉ 𝑩.

Proper subset
-Let A and B be sets, A is a proper subset of B, if, and only if, every element of B is in B but there is a least one
element of B that is not in A.
Example: Let A = Z+, B = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍|0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 100}, and
C= { 100, 200, 300, 400, 500}.
Evaluate the truth and falsity of each of the following statements.
1. B ⊆ A
-False. Zero in not a positive integer. Thus zero is in B but zero is not in A, and so B ⊈ 𝑨
2. C is a proper subset of A.
–True. Each element in C is a positive integer and, hence, is in A, but there are elements
in A that are not in C. For instance, 1 is in A and not in C.
3. C and B have at least one element in common.
- True. For example, 100 is in both C and B
4. C ⊆ B
- False. For example, 200 is in C but not in B
5. C ⊆ C
- True. Every element in C is in C . In general, the definition of subset implies that all sets
are subsets of themselves.
6. Which of the following are true statements.
a. 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3, }
b. {2} ∈ {1, 2, 3}
c. 2 ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
d. {2} ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
e. {2} ⊆ {{1}, {2}}
f. {2} ∈ {{1}, {2}}
Only (a), (d), (f) are true.
Ordered Pair
-Given element a and b, the symbol (a, b) denotes the ordered pair consisting of a and b together with the
specification that a is the first element of the pair and b is the second element. Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are
equal if, and only if, a=c and b=d. Symbolically
(a, b) = (c, d) means that a = c and b=d
Example:
1. Is (1, 2) = (2, 1)?
No, by definition of equality of ordered pairs.
5 1
2. Is (3, ) = (√9, ) ?
10 2
Yes, by definition of equality of ordered pairs.
3. What is the first element of (1, 1) ?
In the ordered pair (1, 1), the first and the second elements are both 1.
Cartesian Product
-Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A x B and read “ A times B,” is the set of all
ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically:
A x B = { (a, b)|𝒂 ∈ 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ∈ 𝑩
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {u, v}
Find A x B. A x B = { (1,u), (2,u), (3,u), (1,v), (2,v), (3,v)}
Find B x A. B x A = { (u,1), (u,2), (u,3), (v,1), (v,2), (v,3)}
Find B x B. B x B= { (u,u), (u,v), (v,u), (v,v)}
:How many elements are in AxB, BxA, and BxB?
AxB has six elements.
BxA has six elements.
BxB has four elements.

Find A x A. A x A = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3)}
Relation
-Relations abound in daily life. People are related to reach other in many ways as parents and children, teachers
and students, employers, and employees, and many others. In business things that are bought are related to their cost
and the amount paid is related to the number of things bought.
- A Relation is rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called
the range).
- The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule to these inputs to
generate one or more outputs.
- A relation is also a set of ordered pair (x, Y).
Example:
R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}

A Relation as a Subset
-Let A = {1 ,2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any (x,y) ∈ A x B
𝑥−𝑦
(x, y) ∈ R means that 2 is an integer.
1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B and which are in R.
A x B = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}
1−1 0
(1, 1) ∈ R because 2 = 2 = 0
1−2 −1
(1, 2) ∉ R because 2
= 2
1−3 −2
(1, 3) ∈ R because = = −1
2 2
2−1 1
(2, 1) ∉ R because =
2 2
2−2 0
(2, 2) ∈ R because = =0
2 2
2−3 −1
(2, 3) ∉ R because 2 = 2
Thus, R = { (1,1), (1, 3), (2, 20}

2. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?
1−1 0
(1, 1) ∈ R because 2 = 2 = 0
1−2 −1
(1, 2) ∉ R because =
2 2
1−3 −2
(1, 3) ∈ R because 2 = 2
= −1
2−1 1
(2, 1) ∉ R because 2 = 2
2−2 0
(2, 2) ∈ R because 2 = 2
=0
2−3 −1
(2, 3) ∉ R because 2 = 2
Yes, 1 R 3 because (1, 3) ∈ R.
No, 2 𝑅 3 because (2, 3) ∉ R.
Yes, 2 R 2 because (2, 2) ∈ R.

3. What are the domain and range of R?

The domain of R is (1, 2) and
the range is {1, 2, 3}.

Function
- A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some
rule.
- The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule so that each input
corresponds to only one output.
- A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-
values.

-Function can be represented in different ways.

1. A table of values
2. Ordered pair
3. Graph
4. An equation
 Example: Which of the following relations are function?
1. f = { (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5 )}
Function
2. g = { (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)}
not Function
3. h = { (1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), …., (n, 3n),…}
function

Example: Which of the following mapping diagram represent function?

1. . 2. . 3.

The Vertical Line Test

-A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
Example:

Example: Which of the following represents a function?

1. y = 2x + 1
function
2. y = x2 – 2x + 2
function
3. x2 + y2 = 1
not function
4. y = √𝑥 + 1
function
2𝑥+1
5. y = 𝑥−1
function

Example: Evaluating a Function

1. Evaluate q(x) = x2 -2x + 2 at x=2
q(2) = x2 -2x + 2
= (2)2 -2(2) + 2
= 4 – 4 +2
=2
2. Evaluate f(x) = 2x + 1 at x = 3x -1.
F(3x-1) = 2x + 1
= 2(3x-1) +1
= 6x – 2 + 1
= 6x -1