For 10.02: 1. 1) Read Chapter 1, be ready to discuss the opening part.

The first abstract takes 2 opening pages and

finishes before the story. Know every word, be ready to formulate the idea: what the narrator is after.
2) Revise the theory of word-combinations
2. Write down 10 sentences to relate N story: his background, origin, education. The summary should include a very
important question – why did he leave his native place and what for did he arrive in New York?

To begin with, the story is narrated from the point of view of Nick Carraway who intentionally places
himself on the background, considering his figure rather as a supporting character than the main one. This may be
one of the reasons, as I see it, why his biography in the first chapter is presented in an implicit way, surrounded in a
haze of mystery. Just think of how reticent he is /ˈretəsənt/ when Buchanans suggest that he was engaged.

His most revealing trait is the way he cherishes his father’s words: "Whenever you feel like criticizing any
one," "just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had." To my mind, it
adds to the idea of his capability of being detached and not overwhelmed by emotions, but observant which can
imply that he is a reliable narrator (“I'm inclined to reserve all judgments” he says) who can also set apart from
the characters he refers to.

More important is that it is this tolerance which helps him to win one’s favor: the reader learns how he
“was privy to the secret griefs of wild, unknown men”.

He does not expand a lot on his background. It is quite clear that he comes from the privileged circle which
largely determines his behavior. Moreover, NC defines his family as “prominent, well-to-do people in this middle-
western city for three generation” who were thought to be descended from the Dukes, whereas in fact the line was
founded by his grandfather’s brother who came to America in 1851, “sent a substitute to the Civil War and started
the wholesale hardware business that my father carries on today”. This fact is quite revealing as well: it implies both
some lack of high morals in their family circle (his relative obviously did not have any pangs of conscience) and a
certain entrepreneurial streak. In this respect, Nick can be also viewed as a practical man. He has some decent
education by graduating from New Haven in 1915 and participated in the first World War

After the war he experiences some sort of inner crisis (instead of being the warm center of the world the
middle-west now seemed like the ragged edge of the universe –and thus in 1922 he decided to go east and finds
himself in West Egg village, one of suburbs of NE. The obvious reason is that he wants to master the bond business
which suggests that he is not contented by the quietness of his native town, that he has some other aspirations. There
he plans to be absorbed in volumes on banking and credit and investment securities. However, closer to the end of
the chapter we also learn that The fact that gossip had published the banns was one of the reasons I had come
east. which implies some sort of mysterious affair that he had there.

What is also significant in his biography is that he used to write a series of very solemn and obvious
editorials for the "Yale News", which shows that he has some level of writing.

In conclusion, it’s important to emphasize what relationship he has with Buchanans Daisy Buchanan is his
second cousin but they are not so close at the beginning – we learn that he even did not attend her wedding – and he
was in the same college with her husband.

divulge

He was born in 1882. He wanted to study bond business because he wanted to be rich.
promising to unfold the shining secrets that only Midas and Morgan and Maecenas knew: his name
suggests the idea of wealth and danger, death. In the time of F there were 2 famous Morgans, the father and the son.
Maecenas – Меценат. His name is now a common name, a person who is a patron of arts and literature. He wrote
for the newspaper – F also started as a person who wrote advertisements, plays, etc. NC is an ambitious young man
who wants to rise in world. He is dreaming of writer’s career.

THE THEORY OF WORD-COMBINATIONS

It is based on 5 categories
1) The category of connotativeness
connotative vs. neutral word-combinations
yellow press vs. yellow car

2) The category of reproducibility / clichéd expressions

highly reproducible W-C vs. non-reproducible
collocation (strong collocation)
 Is there any link between these categories? connotative W-C are usually not highly reproducible.

3) the category of idiomaticity

Idiomatic W-C are always reproducible. What are they characterized by? Their meaning is unpredictable.
Many reproducible W-C which meaning can be deduced from the meaning of separate parts

4) the category of conceptual determination

conceptually determined: broad smile are mostly reproducible!
высокая трава – conceptually determined in Russian
long grass in English! They assess grass in terms of its length, not height

5) The category of sociolinguistic determination

socio-linguistically determined vs. socio-linguistically undetermined W-C
A nice girl – девушка из общества
The fact that Tom played polo is also socio-linguistically determined (only rich people could afford it)
glistening boots – unmistakable sign of extremely rich.

Most significant categories: the category of reproducibility and the category of connotativeness. What is
prevailing in the book is highly individual use of words.
to be inclined to
in one’s younger years to reserve judgment (was used 3 times – a
give advice sign of importance)
to turn over a word, advice, to make someone the victim of
recommendation in one’s mind to be unjustly accused of
to feel like doing smth to be privy to secrets
to have an advantage over someone to feign sleep
in a reserved way intimate revelations
to be communicative unmistakable sign of something

on the hard rock or the wet marshes – metaphors. When they are used directly they are conceptually
determined, reproducible W-C. Here they are used metaphorically, have to do with morals – wet marshes are
associated with loose morals, hard rock – strong morals.
F plays with the words: the world to be in uniform. military meaning acquires a different sense. at a sort of
moral attention: to stand at attention – a military phrase, выполнять команду. But F distorts the phrase and adds an
attribute – moral attention. He plays upon the military context and uses the device of sustained metaphor (these two
matters are semantically linked to each other).

What for this information given to the reader on the opening pages?
By using the phrase “reserving the judgments” he says that he is going to be a very detached narrator, he is
going to apply his father’s principle while describing the events. He is not going to be involved and therefore he
takes on a tone of the distant narrator – impartial, unprejudiced.
What does NC say about Gatsby?
First of all, he says that he felt to people like G “unaffected scorn” - неподдельное презрение. Then:
“Gatsby turned out to be alright” – the reader has to see the change of the narrator’s attitude to Gatsby. By the end of
the novel he feels admiration, respect to him, his death is a great loss to him.
A matter of fascination, admiration.
There are many links to Polonius Advice to Laertes, some of the uses are almost quotations: Give every
man thy ear, but few thy voice; Take each man’s censure, but reserve thy judgment
NC was taught to be tolerant to hear everything but he did not react – this is what made confessions.
Polonius uses two words “rich, not gaudy”. Gaudy and its derivatives acquire greater artistic significance,
they are used to portray Gatsby. Gaudiness is his indispensable feature. Direct link between Shakespearean texts and
F’s texts – the matter of literary allusion. This part of the text is characterized by rich vertical context.
At the same time there are instances of historical context. the narrator’s name is NC. In his draft notes to
the novel he spelled his name as Caraway. There was an American senator, famous for his honesty. He was not
involved in any scandals. He is the part of American history as the most sincere politician in history.
F uses the word “politician” (2 senses: 1. a name of the profession, person in politics 2. политикан a person
who uses other people to benefit from them). But he wouldn’t use this information – therefore he was “unjustly”
accused.
F was the reporter by nature, he appeals to contemporary readers and played upon information which
everyone was familiar with. By the end of chapter 4 he refers to himself as “the most honest man”.

Highly individual word-combinations prevail in the text:

 vulnerable (1. quite sensitive, easily to be hurt – уязвимый, не восприимчивый). He was in fact taught to
be tolerant to his own disadvantage.
veteran bores – unstable compound. veteran worker – who has worked for a long time. How is this
adjective used here? Зануды.

10. Literary tutors of F.S. Fitzgerald: Edmund Wilson, Ringold Lardner, William Perkins.

Among all literary tutors, the figure of Edmund Wilson remains the most ambivalent. He was as been
considered as a father figure and his guidance and encouragement were essential for Fitzgerald. A member of
eastern gentry, he was haughty and aloof – his personality differed greatly from the Fitzgerald’s impulsiveness and
openness.
During the early months of Fitzgerald's sophomore year, Wilson, then a junior, urged his friend to submit
manuscripts to Princeton’s literary magazine. Shortly afterwards Fitzgerald showed Wilson “Shadow Laurels” (a
play) and “The Ordeal” (a story). Wilson published both of these in the Nassau Lit for April and June of that year
(1915). Before their appearance Wilson had corrected his friend's faulty spelling and punctuation and, in Wilson's
term, “trimmed” his phrases. It became a decisive step in Fitzgerald's career as a writer, for it marked an important
stage in his transition from amateur to professional.
However, his criticism was quite harsh, sometimes egoistic and self-serving and their friendship remained
ambivalent. It can be due to the fact that Wilson’s own fictional gifts were rather scarce and he was prickly and
ungracious towards F. He didn’t respect his character and was envy of his worldly success. F saw himself rather as a
discipline and was always eager to learn and to listen even the most malicious criticism. Interestingly enough, he
took revenge in his fiction: the head of the bond firm in the novel “The Beautiful and the Damn” and the man who
killed Jay Gatsby are called Wilsons.
After he became F’s literary mentor. He discussed the art of the novel with F, urging him to pay more
attention to form. Wilson thought that he sacrificed his integrity by publishing trashy stories in popular magazines.
Once F said to him “For God’s sake, Bunny, write a novel and don’t waste your time editing collections of war
stories”. In The Crack-Up F says: “for twenty years a certain man had been my intellectual conscience. That was
Edmund Wilson”. But despite his hostility Wilson was F’s ideal reaser.
He introduced F to George Jean Nathan who published his first stories in the Smart Set. In the review of his
novel “The Side of Paradise” he writes: F has been given imagination without intellectual control of it, he has been
given a desire for beauty without an aesthetic ideal”. He considered him to be shallow but F usually tolerated his
sharp criticism with good-natured resignation. Wilson’s attitude – a mixture of condescension and envy, admiration
and dislike – remained as ambivalent as it was In college.

Another friend of F was Ring Lardner, America's most widely read humorist. At first glance they did not
have much in common - Lardner was 37 and Fitzgerald was 26. Moreover, their wives got on quite well. Lardner
had published 12 books but none had been a success - not even the classic "You Know Me, Al." F devised a plan
whereby Scribners would publish a volume of Lardner's stories; introduced Lardner to his editor&
In "The Great Gatsby," F included Lardner as the character Owl Eyes, who speaks Gatsby's obituary: "The
poor son of a bitch." When "The Great Gatsby" was in proof, Lardner acted as volunteer proofreader, informing
Fitzgerald: "On pages 31 and 46 you spoke of the newsstand on the lower level, and the cold waiting room on the
lower level of the {Pennsylvania Station. There ain't any lower level at that station and I suggested substitute terms
for same. On page 82, you had the guy driving his car under the elevated at Astoria, which isn't Astoria, but Long
Island City.
One case became one of the anecdotes on American literary history. F and L wanted to pay tribute to
Joseph Conrad, who then visited America for the first time, and they decided to dance for him on the lawn in front
of his house. They were naturally thrown away and never met him.
In later years Fitzgerald spoke of Lardner as "my alcoholic" - meaning that Lardner had become for him a
symbolic figure, providing warning and a cause for regret.

The role of William Perkins, the editor in the publishing house of Charles Scribner’s House was also
essential for F’s career. By this time Scribner’s had published mainly respectable authors such John Galsworthy,
Henry James, and Edith Wharton. When in 1918 Scott F. sent his manuscript of the first novel Egotist to the
publishing house, it landed on the desk of William Maxwell Perkins who gently rejected it. However, he was
sending F many encouraging letters giving some specific advice. When he met him for the first time in 1919 Perkins
advised him to switch his narration from first to third person. F continued working on his manuscript, changed the
name to This Side of Paradise. When the novel was rejected for the third time by Scribner, Perkins stood up for its
publication by indicating how much talent F. has. He said: “If we’re going to turn down the likes of Fitzgerald, I will
lose all interest in publishing books.”

Д/З 1) отрывок – описание дома в особняке Бьюкененов we went through a high hallway – ballooned
slowly to the floor.
2) the semantic level – что предстает перед нами
 3) Tom and Daisy описываются по-разному, список словосочетаний, которые характеризуют того
и другого. Том - a cruel body, husky tenor, …swank of his …. clothes. С точки зрения коннотативности,
концептуальной обусловленности и т.д. объяснить – первое впечатление про мужа-монстра и жену-
ангела, показать, что они belong together. Daisy Miller and Daisy – какой у них прототип? Почему Daisy?

THE USA IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR

America entered the war in 1917, First World War started 1914 and ended in 1918. Yet, America profited
from this war and there were many people who perished in the war. Two fronts they fought – how is the war related
to what we discuss? Gatsby and the narrator belong to the same military unit, fought at the Western front.
It refused to take part at the beginning. How the president was made to change his decision? What kind of
intrigue was involved?

THE LOST GENERATION

disorientation, restlessness
when the soldiers returned home – disillusioned with the government.1920-1923 – Prohibition, the
government forbade the manufacture of alcohol. They rejected social taboos
The problem of lost generation is shared by all those who participated in the War, in Europe in particular.
How did it happen that those young people were back home from the war they felt unequal, they could not look into
the future and see any prospective. It follows from the book that officers were offered great opportunities, they were
supported financially, they could enter the most prestigious universities across the world. Jay Gatsby studied in
Oxford – but he could not graduate because of his illusions. Something wrong in the very concept of war – it
affected their psychic.
Who is said to put the term into circulation? Gertrude Stain, related it to the mechanic who could not fix her
car, she was displeased and he was rebuked “you are the lost generation”

THE AMERICAN DREAM

The ship portrays it! Gatsby seems to be the embodiment of the American Dream. It is unattainable?
The very notion of American dream remains to be challenging, Every men have equal rights, everything
that is attainable can be attained, you may enjoy equal opportunities.
It’s not Gatsby’s dream to have Daisy – see the end of Ch. 6, when he is shown in stark contrast to Daisy.
His relationship with Daisy, if he wins her and marries her it will be a failure. + it was his father who showed Nich
his diary where he presented his plans for the future – it shows him as a self-made man. But, basically, because of
Daisy’s mercenary nature and manners his dreams cannot come true.
F shows how the very idea of the American dream can be distorted and how it fails in the case of Gatsby’s
personality.
Final sentence of the book! born back easefully into the past
the Great Gatsby – a higher degree of personalization. In his essay SF dwells on his contemporaries, people
who related to this generation. “The Great Gatsby” is based on the reality of the 20-s.

JAZZ
1931, echoes of the jazz age. It is interesting in the sense that F looks back with nostalgia to those years. He
defines “The Jazz Age” = the Roaring Twenties = the Boom. The time when the Stock Exchange broke and caused
the years of Depression.
The term: the period was characterized by the energy that was not spanned during these years, raised spirit
in the American society which caused the development of new technologies, economics – every sphere of life was
boosted. The evolution of literature! He specifies the term “jazz”: transformation of the term jazz to respectability, it
used to be obscene. 1) jazz was associated with sex – requires energy, gives a lot of pleasure 2) the extent was dance
3) style music.
The term jazz in terms of F’s works has nothing to do with jazz as it is. It is the word of Afro-American
origin.
jazz breakfast – крутой, классный. The Jazz Age relates to the whole era. Неутоленная энергия.

FITZGERALD
1896-1940
They moved to the South of France. He started writing a novel but he failed to do it, he needed some
tranquility and balance to sit and write it. It was only a design, he managed to earn a great sum of money and
afforded the family to move to France – there he worked hard on the text and finished the novel in Rome. His wife
was ill and he had to pay for her treatment in Switzerland and thus worked hard.
Zelda’s character, personality is very significant, she influenced a great deal of his works. What made F
dedicate the novel to Zelda? He loved her and made such a dedication.

ZELDA FITZGERALD
artist, the liberated womanhood.
 EPIGRAPH
If that will move you (will as a modal)

Homework
Tom
he was a sturdy, straw haired man of thirty with a
rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner
Two shining, arrogant eyes had established dominance
over his face and gave him the appearance of always
leaning aggressively forward. Not even the effeminate
swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous
power of that body—he seemed to fill those glistening
boots until he strained the top lacing and you could see a
great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved
under his thin coat. It was a body capable of enormous
leverage—a cruel body.
His speaking voice, a gruff husky tenor, added to the
impression of fractiousness he conveyed. There was a
touch of paternal contempt in it, even toward people he
liked—and there were men at New Haven who had
hated his guts.
Daisy
a conscientious expression, an absurd, charming little
laugh
I looked back at my cousin who began to ask me
questions in her low, thrilling voice. It was the kind of
voice that the ear follows up and down as if each speech
is an arrangement of notes that will never be played
again. Her face was sad and lovely with bright things
in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth—but
there was an excitement in her voice that men who had
cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing
compulsion, a whispered "Listen," a promise that
she had done gay, exciting things just a while since
and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the
next hour.
She looked at us all radiantly.

It was a matter of chance that I should have rented a house in one of the strangest communities in North America.
То, что я оказался в одном из самых странных мест в Северной Америке, было чистой случайностью (в
начале – рема). It’s Suppositional – used in the Dependent Clauses, among other semantic groups it’s in group of
words expressing surprise. They introduce the very idea of probability (associated with surprise, doubt, fear,
volition – it was curious that, it was odd that). Although F uses set-expressions, it is not obviously surprise. Nick
Carraway is himself surprised to find himself in this place. He describes it on the surface, relates it to the place
strangest – interesting, lexically it belongs to the semantic group expressing surprise and the grammatical suffix
renders the idea of superlative degree to emphasize surprise: natural curiosities, unusual formations, enormous
eggs, the great wet barnyard, perpetual confusion, a more arresting phenomenon (more emphatic than interesting)
– the idea of miracle, surprise.
It was on that slender riotous island which extends itself due east of New York and where there are, among other
natural curiosities, two unusual formations of land. Twenty miles from the city a pair of enormous eggs, identical in
contour and separated only by a courtesy bay, jut out into the most domesticated body of salt water in the Western
Hemisphere, the great wet barnyard of Long Island Sound. They are not perfect ovals—like the egg in the Columbus
story they are both crushed flat at the contact end—but their physical resemblance must be a source of perpetual
confusion to the gulls that fly overhead. To the wingless a more arresting phenomenon is their dissimilarity in every
particular except shape and size.
THE FIRST STEP OF ANALYSIS – WE APPROACH SEMANTICALLY AND STYLISTICALLY
(METHASEMIOTICALLY)
slender riotous island: is it conceptually determined? The word “slender” is semantically two-fold, it consists of
two meanings: a) thin, small in width (be thin but large in length). Под номером 1 идет thin which is used to refer
to a human being or some parts, when a person is slender. More common to refer the word to slender wrist, slender
arm, slender legs. This is regarded as physically attracted. A slender island is conceptually-determined, should be
taken as a connotative too.
riotous: a riotous party, riotous behavior – associated with human activity. A garden riotous with flowers – буйная
растительность. Which type of metaphor is used in this W-C? PERSONIFICATION because both words refer to
animate objects because of its form and size. Its form is too long, too narrow and is surrounded by other natural
curiosities.
courtesy bay – not a W-C, buy a loose/non-stable compound. A bay is too small so it could be called a bay only out
of courtesy.
to the wingless – substantivized adjective, an instrument of periphrasis

THE LEVEL OF METAMETASEMIOTIC – THE ARTISTIC LEVEL OF LANGUAGE USE

The contrast between the East and West Egg – they are similar from the outside but they differ. F makes it
indirectly. The way of lives, the homes of inhabitants! On the basis of the description we can figure out that the idea
is introduced contrast. It is supported by two emphatic emotional attributes
bizarre and not a little (=obviously) sinister contrast – in the first part of the text words have to do with surprise.
The reader might make the conclusion that in such unusual place something peculiar is going to happen. On the
other hand, this description makes us think of rather unusual people. Therefore it is a preview to portray Gatsby as
a great man.
Two direct ways to referring to contrast – a noun contrast and “dissimilarity”. The idea of sinister contrast is
important because the reader is recommended to be on alert!
Indirect linguistic means used to demonstrate contrast:
less fashionable – inadequate, a matter of understatement, of comparison. Less fashionable – the use of the
comparative degree. Grammatical means of expressing the opposition
mansion – особняк, opposed to an eye-sore, a small eye-sore: while the reference is identical, the wording is
different.
What is shown in contrast is price, the sums of money, the price paid to rent these places.
Gatsby’s mansion was a colossal affair by any standard
Hôtel de Ville in Normandy – городская ратуша,
I lived at West Egg, the—well, the less fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag to express the
bizarre and not a little sinister contrast between them. My house was at the very tip of the egg, only fifty yards from
the Sound, and squeezed between two huge places that rented for twelve or fifteen thousand a season. The one on
my right was a colossal affair by any standard—it was a factual imitation of some Hôtel de Ville in Normandy, with
a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool and more than forty
acres of lawn and garden. – the first sentence in the long series of description devoted to Gatsby. The same type of
long sentence, consisting of many parts of homogenous parts which are brought together by “and” – irony and
monotonous (you get tired while enumerating them. Not only lexical words are artistically significant, but even
conjunctions can perform an artistic function in the text. It is a linguistic means which acquires artistic significance
in the context). It was Gatsby's mansion. Or rather, as I didn't know Mr. Gatsby it was a mansion inhabited by a
gentleman of that name. My own house was an eye-sore, but it was a small eye-sore, and it had been overlooked, so
I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbor's lawn, and the consoling proximity of millionaires—all for
eighty dollars a month.

Although these paragraphs are separated at the beginning and the end, it falls into two parts.
NC and Gatsby are villagers of West Egg. Who are the inhabitants? Millionaires from East Egg – symbolize the so-
called old money while new money is accumulated in West Egg. What makes NC so surprised? He has nothing to
do with it как это он сюда затесался, so he has natural curiosity (on the surface), but actually it is a matter of the
opposition new money vs. old money.

Home task: to prepare a question

Questions to approach the text for analysis:
1) What does the abstract describe? What information does it provide the reader with? (analyze the text
semantically and metasemiotically, stylistically). For instance, we observe semantically peculiar combinations 0
slender riotous island and stylistic devices: the wingless (periphrasis), personification (island), references to the
history of America (Columbus egg) + a semantic group of words related to surprise. These stylistic devices are
meant to decorate the text but these means are not artistically significant.
On the contrary, the idea of contrast and the way it is represented by direct and indirect oppositions of East
and West Egg are artistically significant. Because it is the part of global purport of the book. It is not this social
contrast that lies between Gatsby and Daisy, it is a contrast which lies and separated the world of the Rich.
2) What is the idea of the text or abstract?
3) Which linguistic means are used to describe the text in most general way and to formulate ideas – the
artistic significance of the abstract under analysis.

TOM BUCHANAN
4 semantic groups

Tom’s physical appearance W-C, phrases which show W-C which His way of Way of
Tom looking like a portray Tom’s thinking speakin
woman contempt g
sturdy, straw haired man effeminate swank of his supercilious harsh, defiant
shining eyes riding clothes manner wistfulness
a hard mouth – массивный (женственная роскошь arrogant eyes (задумчивость)
подбородок его костюма), имеется в touch of paternal to move someone
enormous power of that body виду его самолюбование. contempt politely and
great pack of muscle Его мужественность dominance abruptly
a cruel body угрожающая, его жена He was N’s ideas to TB’s
a broad flat hand говорит ему a great brutal. domineering ideas about the
a body capable of enormous the impression of book? Tom
leverage fractiousness – agrees: it has been
капризность, the type of scientifically
such description of man behavior typical of women proved. But! Here
produces a favourable and children. Discrepancy: a mixed attitude.
impression – it is part of his on the one hand, a pack of Part of historical
masculinity. Here the narrator muscles, on the other – context: NC
emphasizes his athletics, strong. fractiousness remarks
But the choice of words? Cruel high-pitched voice – afterwards –
body – not a reproducible W-C, unlikely to be found in a something
it is individual and therefore man physically strong like pathetic, as if his
connotative. “Cruel” is not him. He spoke in a high complacency was
often used with “body”. voice. Masculinity is not enough, stale
Therefore, it is not conceptually associated with low voices. ideas (stales is
determined (a cruel person, used when we talk
behaviour). In spite of the fact about air, bread –
that N chooses to evade, to be затхлый,
indirect as a narrator, we do черствый)ю Here
understand that it’s a W-C that – banal, vulgar,
produces strong negative not interesting at
connotation. all (even though
What other W-C? He leaned he graduated from
aggressively to. Thus, the Yale).
reader takes TB as a danger
person, there’s something
threatening in his description.

-What linguistic means words and (word-combinations) portray Jordan Baker most clearly?

We see JB from NC’s perspective. In the first chapter he meets her at the Buchanan’s and although at first she seems
unfamiliar there is something in her appearance that immediately caught his attention. She is attractive but in a non-
conventional way which is rendered by some peculiar linguistic means and word-combinations.
Now, I would like to address her first description
The younger of the two was a stranger to me. She was extended full length at her end of the divan, completely
motionless and with her chin raised a little as if she were balancing something on it which was quite likely to fall.
If she saw me out of the corner of her eyes she gave no hint of it—indeed, I was almost surprised into murmuring an
apology for having disturbed her by coming in…
Here the combination under analysis is completely motionless. The very word motionless according to the
dictionaries means “not moving at all”, it is only enhanced by the adverb of degree which intensifies this imagery
and renders NC’s surprise. Then Fitzgerald utilized simile by establishing the comparison: her chin raised a little
(not an explicit move) as if she were balancing something on it which was quite likely to fall. Thus, her upright
posture is highlighted and it adds to the idea of JB as a chilly and stiff, almost prim character and on the other, her
courtly manners and solemnity are emphasized.
At any rate Miss Baker's lips fluttered, she nodded at me almost imperceptibly and then quickly tipped her head back
again—the object she was balancing had obviously tottered a little and given her something of a fright. Again a
sort of apology arose to my lips. Almost any exhibition of complete self sufficiency draws a stunned tribute from
me…
The image of balancing something on your head is to my mind quite reproducible and common but F uses it
creatively in a further abstract. When JB tipped her head back again—the object she was balancing had obviously
tottered a little and given her something of a fright. This imagery of a balancing object becomes more concrete.
The idea of fragility was implied in a previous quotation (which was likely to fall) and now is fully realized. This
idea of subtlety is emphasized by the choice of words: to tip someone’s head back quickly, to totter a little,
something of a fright. Thus, the way she sheds the motionless manner implies for NC that he disturbs her piece,
hence his inclination to apologize.
For NC her appearance embodies “self-sufficiency” which according to Miriam Webster Dictionary can refer to
economics but here it is more the idea of having confidence in your own, the sense of dignity and independence
which is conveyed through a visual impression. A W-C “stunned tribute” implies the sort of respect to her and the
way people react to her.

I strongly believe that the idea of movement is fundamental for understanding the character of JB. When Tom
Buchanan says that he cannot live anywhere else except East Egg, JB said "Absolutely!" with such suddenness that I
started. Here her abruptness comes to the fore and it is further enhanced by the way her motion is described: “a
series of rapid, deft movements” which may be at odds with the traditional image of a woman who is supposed to
move fluidly and slowly (rapid – something very quick; the word deft is skillful and often quick). So, the W-C rapid
movement or deft movement is conceptually determined and reproducible. However, the contrast here is implied
because there is a certain discrepancy between it and the word “yawn” which the reader comes across quite a number
of times.
At this point Miss Baker said "Absolutely!" with such suddenness that I started—it was the first word she uttered
since I came into the room. Evidently it surprised her as much as it did me, for she yawned and with a series of
rapid, deft movements stood up into the room.

Then, her appearance is rendered more explicitly and still her posture is the most characteristic trait. After
scrutinizing her NC finally comes to recognize who she is. Again, the W-C slender girl here is used as a conceptually
determined and reproducible (unlike slender island), as well as the W-C “erect carriage” (the image that was
rendered through a comparison before). I see that the idea of her being man-like is realized in this passage: she
accentuated by throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet which is usually associated with a
man, and also it points out the idea of discipline that JB has and as we understand later it is also the consequence of
her occupation. “Sun-strained eyes” is an individual W-C and therefore connotative: it is static and shows her as an
aloof character. The chain of epithets a wan, charming discontented face is quite revealing – the first refers to the
physical quality, looking pale, the second reflects NC’s impression and it is at odds with “discontented”, unhappy for
unclear reasons.

I enjoyed looking at her. She was a slender, small-breasted girl, with an erect carriage which she accentuated by
throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet. Her grey sun-strained eyes looked back at me with
polite reciprocal curiosity out of a wan, charming discontented face. It occurred to me now that I had seen her, or a
picture of her, somewhere before.

There is an idea of her beauty which is embedded here. And the peculiar example of creative use of language is “The
autumn-leaf yellow of her hair” which corresponds to the lamp-light but also is a metaphor? and implies how
naturally pretty she is.

The lamp-light, bright on his boots and dull on the autumn-leaf yellow of her hair, glinted along the paper as she
turned a page with a flutter of slender muscles in her arms.

I knew now why her face was familiar—its pleasing contemptuous expression had looked out at me from many
rotogravure pictures of the sporting life at Asheville and Hot Springs and Palm Beach. I had heard some story of her
too, a critical, unpleasant story, but what it was I had forgotten long ago

In conclusion, I think that F managed to render the image of a typical woman of Roaring Twenties: the one who
poses herself, who is aloof and self-serving but the one who never reveals her true thoughts.

How is Daisy described?

Related to Daisy’s appearance

Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth: it is used three times
in the text.
Which meaning does bright have? Something that attracts attention: “attractive”. passionate mouth = she has full lips.
Lovely, attractive, glowing and bright are synonymous.

low, thrilling voice – low voices are particularly attractive.

Indiscreet – to speak with discression. Осторожный/неосторожный. Why is voice chosen as one of most important
objects of description? You can always hear whether she is sincere or not. The emphasis is laid on the artificial
laughter. Sincerity/insincerity are two extremes that can easily be experienced if you take into account the human
voice. We are given just glimpses, it's not a portrait in a proper sense. The accent is given to voice and is maintained
throughout the novel.
 We walked through a high hallway into a bright rosy-colored space, fragilely bound into the house by
French windows at either end. The windows were ajar and gleaming white against the fresh grass outside that
seemed to grow a little way into the house. A breeze blew through the room, blew curtains in at one end and out the
other like pale flags, twisting them up toward the frosted wedding cake of the ceiling—and then rippled over the
wine-colored rug, making a shadow on it as wind does on the sea.
The only completely stationary object in the room was an enormous couch on which two young women
were buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon. They were both in white and their dresses were rippling and
fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house. I must have stood for a few
moments listening to the whip and snap of the curtains and the groan of a picture on the wall. Then there was a
boom as Tom Buchanan shut the rear windows and the caught wind died out about the room and the curtains and
the rugs and the two young women ballooned slowly to the floor.

The color symbolism in the abstract: the women we address in white and the white frames, pale flags –
very close. 1. the number of its uses
2. to differentiate references to the color – direct and indirect means of expression
indirect means of expressing white color: the frosted wedding cake of the ceiling. It’s a metaphore – the
ceiling is compared to wedding cake and it evokes not only the color but its shape as well.
The events of the novel are set in the year 1922. “Calais people”: the author examines every detail of the
epoch, white color was at the height of its fashion in 1922. F reports the actual state of affairs. White was
particularly fashionable!!! But F. uses it symbolically, the references to the white for his own purposes.
Illusion
The references to the white color are indispensible part of vocabulary that help to portray Daisy in a
particular way.
She is associated with goddess. What makes for her angelic looks?
Balloon as a noun and a verb – to compare with the couch, and what happens to the women. She becomes a
real person – what is emphasized is what he saw – a miracle, illusion that lasts for some seconds.
In which extent white color makes for the angelic vision of Daisy?
The reference to white colour sets the mood and can be associated with youth, beauty. She is charming,
young lady – young men find her unforgettable. The atmosphere is dependent on white color. Associated with
angels and goddesses. Morphological opposition boy up – weigh down: Daisy is no longer associated with this
ethereal creature. She is viewed as an idol who is material and pragmatic. The idea of lightness and weightlessness.
The other part of vocabulary is that large semantic groups of words denoting weightlessness and motion.
Motion here depends on weightlessness. Normally motion is expressed by verbs, but here are many nouns which
express this idea:
what is the normal word used when the window is opened? normally “draft” but it is too heavy. A lot of
verbs which take the form of present participles. The role of present participles! Grammatically it is meant to denote
the action in process which is simultaneous. Here the description shows that for Nick at certain stage time stopped.
What made him stop? He has fallen under her charm, therefore he is observing this picture. NC is paralyzed with
surprised fascination.
fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house – Subjunctive 2,
shows unrealistic action. It is emphasized grammatically after so many lexical means were used. The idea of breeze
or draught is rendered by onomatopoetic words: to the whip and snap of the curtains and the groan of a picture on
the wall, a boom. These sounds are produced by means of flattering objects in the draught. The moment Tom closes
the French windows the air is caught up and the illusion is shattered to pieces.
Adverbial modifiers (adverbs, adverbial phrases) which support her real state (she pretends to be happy but
she is not). The main obstacle for her being happy is her husband: he is having an affair with another woman.

In spite on the fact that on the surface they might look like antipodes at the same time they belong
together.
Tom’s contempt for people. Here the word scorn is used to refer to Daisy – belongs to this semantic group.
She is portrayed by means of defy. Peremptory heart – but Daisy behaves peremptorily.
Their interest rather touched me and made them less remotely rich—nevertheless, I was confused and a
little disgusted as I drove away. It seemed to me that the thing for Daisy to do was to rush out of the house, child in
arms—but apparently there were no such intentions in her head. As for Tom, the fact that he "had some woman in
New York" was really less surprising than that he had been depressed by a book. Something was making him nibble
at the edge of stale ideas as if his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart.
 Tom and Daisy belonging to some secret society: I waited, and sure enough, in a moment she looked at me
with an absolute smirk on her lovely face as if she had asserted her membership in a rather distinguished secret
society to which she and Tom belonged.
It’s quite a realistic account of Daisy and Tom – they share the same views. Tom may have many
mistresses, Daisy may express her disgust – but these two will never part. The money, their attitude to people and to
life in general make them an indissoluble whole.
Daisy’s name and double significance:
How did the name originate? The day’s eye! Daisy opens up at the first sun beams. It stands up after Henry
James – his Daisy wears white muslin. They are both traced back to Margaret Dasiy. Father Fay, catholic priest,
introduced her to Fitzgerald. He pays her homage.
JORDAN BAKER
She is the most dishonest girl. Her dishonesty harmed her reputation – she cheated on the tournament. She
is a dangerous driver. “I hate callous people. That is why I like you” – she is one of the callous characters.
Her name is play on two automobile brands. Baker was criticized because they had a lot of technical
drawbacks, therefore they caused many load accidents. Edith Cummings in real life was an honest woman.

CHAPTER 2
About half way between West Egg and New York the motor-road hastily joins the railroad and runs beside
it for a quarter of a mile, so as to shrink away from a certain desolate area of land. This is a valley of ashes—a
fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens where ashes take the forms
of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and
already crumbling through the powdery air. Occasionally a line of grey cars crawls along an invisible track, gives
out a ghastly creak and comes to rest, and immediately the ash-grey men swarm up with leaden spades and stir up an
impenetrable cloud which screens their obscure operations from your sight.
But above the grey land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, after a
moment, the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg. The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic—their retinas
are one yard high. They look out of no face but, instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over
a nonexistent nose. Evidently some wild wag of an oculist set them there to fatten his practice in the borough of
Queens, and then sank down himself into eternal blindness or forgot them and moved away. But his eyes, dimmed a
little by many paintless days under sun and rain, brood on over the solemn dumping ground.
The valley of ashes is bounded on one side by a small foul river, and when the drawbridge is up to let
barges through, the passengers on waiting trains can stare at the dismal scene for as long as half an hour. There is
always a halt there of at least a minute and it was because of this that I first met Tom Buchanan's mistress.
Words denoting colour terms
Direct Indirect
referring to the landscape: a valley of ashes
a line of grey cars rising smoke
the ash-grey men swarm up move dimly
leaden spades: a leaden sky or sea is dark grey powdery air
the grey land the spasms of bleak dust
Doctor T.J. Eckleburg:
The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic paintless days
yellow spectacles

The depressing character of an industrial area between New York and West Egg is also rendered through
the color terms. Grey is a prevailing color which can refer to the pollution of the land and the general sense of
hopelessness. It represents decay and spiritual death. It is a faceless color, and can also be considered as absence of
any color. Thus, the word combination “paintless days” which we come across closer to the end of the abstract,
implies melancholy and facelessness. It might as well remind us of the “grey sun-strained eyes” of Jordan Baker
who was aloof and impersonal. In addition to that, it may symbolize the gloomy life of the low class and the
spiritual emptiness. There are grey cars crawling along an invisible track and ash-grey men swarming up with
leaden spades. The valley reminds Eliot’s “wasteland” and can be interpreted as spiritual ruins. Here people feel
depressed and afflicted. Indirect means of rendering this feeling include: a valley of ashes, rising smoke, move
dimly, powdery air, the spasms of bleak dust – these combinations indirectly denote the idea of grey color but add to
the general spirit of hopelessness.
The reader comes across the blue color when the eyes of T.J. Eckleburg are described (they are blue and
gigantic) and they are opposed to the grey/colorless valley of ashes. It can evoke an association with the eyes of God
who is looking over the dashes. What is emphasized here is his omnipresence, tranquility and loneliness. His glasses
looking over the wasteland of America, are yellow which can stand for high social position and is associated with
money.
Thus colors, used in this abstract play an important role in the novel. Grey builds its basic background tone
which indicates the disillusionment of the American dream and moral decay.

HOW IS COLOR DEVELOPED IN THE CHAPTER?

The interior was unprosperous and bare; the only car visible was the dust-covered wreck of a Ford which
crouched in a dim corner. This shows how the ideas and the semantic groups are represented here. The grey color is
used to portray Wilson;s
dust-covered – indirect means.
dim – lack in light. The idea of blindness! “the only car visible” – it has to do with the idea of blindness,
you can see only one object, the rest of the room is in dark. “The only completely stationary object in the room was
an enormous couch” – the same method, meaning that everything is in air.
the group of words with negative affixes – the lack of color, happiness: unprosperous.
How is the idea of blindness revealed? George can’t see the obvious; in what sense is Myrtle blinded? She
doesn’t see that her husband loves her (the scene of his mourning of her).
He shows her contempt of these people, on the other hand, she changes four dresses because she wants to
show off. McKees заискивают перед ней. She demonstrates that she has sex – it’s a matter of pride for her. F anted
to show her impropriety, the lost of dignity which naturally leads to a tragedy.

Find information about Ringgold Wilmer Lardner (1885-1933) and relate it to the Owl-Eyed Man.
The unnamed minor character Owl Eyes appears in the third chapter. NC meets him in Gatsby’s library the
first time he goes to one of Gatsby's large parties: A stout, middle-aged man with enormous owl-eyed spectacles was
sitting somewhat drunk on the edge of a great table, staring with unsteady concentration at the shelves of books. As
we entered he wheeled excitedly around and examined Jordan from head to foot. He claims to be drunk for a week
and is examining Gatsby's books and marvels that they are real but notes that the pages are not cut: “Absolutely real
— have pages and everything. I thought they’d be a nice durable cardboard. Matter of fact, they’re absolutely real.
Pages and — Here! Lemme show you.”
Taking our scepticism for granted, he rushed to the bookcases and returned with Volume One of the
“Stoddard Lectures.”
“See!” he cried triumphantly. “It’s a bona-fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fella’s a regular
Belasco. It’s a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop, too — didn't cut the pages.". Thus,
although books are real, Gatsby does not read them. He compares Gatsby to Belasco, a Broadway producer famed
for his realistic sets, suggesting he sees Gatsby as an illusionist and creator. Owl Eyes comments about Gatsby are
correct, as we find out his books have never been read but have been chosen to make him appear well-read and
articulate. It seems fitting that Owl Eyes is the one to see through Gatsby’s illusion, as owls are known as a symbol
of wisdom.
Then he appears at the end of the same chapter when he is involved in a minor car accident and finally in
Chapter 9 at Gatsby’s funeral.
It is generally believed that he has a real-life prototype, as Owl Eyes was one time a nickname applied to Ring
Lardner, one of America’s most widely read humorists. Earlier in his career he was a sports writer covering the 1919
World Series. This was the Series fixed by a group of New York inspired by Arnold Rotstein and in the Great
Gatsby by Meyer Wolfsheim. One of the fellow writers recalls as Ring Lardner poked fun at Rollie Zeider’s nose,
Rollie countered by calling him Owl Eyes but those owl eyes, too, were seeing a lot of strange things”. Lardner was
11 years older than Fitzgerald and they differed greatly in terms of personality: he was rather reserved, while
Fitzgerald - unpredictable. What united them was alcohol. But it was not just a drinking companionship but real
friendship since F tried to promote Lardner, introduced him to his editor Maxwell Perkins and helped him to publish
a book “How to write short stories”.
It seems plausible that he created and named his owl-eyed character as a humorous tribute to his friend. In
the story he is the gentle, genial drunk who comes to pay homage on Gatsby’s funeral and appears as no longer
comical but almost profound figure.
In fact, Owl-Eyes relates immediately to the major symbol the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg in the billboard
with its huge yellow spectacles overlooking the Valley of Ashes. He may be interpreted as one of the characters who
is as NC perceptive enough to comprehend Gatsby’s greatness. Although the fact that he wears glasses may suggest
that he is almost blind whereas in fact he sees more clearly than anyone else.
We straggled down quickly through the rain to the cars. Owl-eyes spoke to me by the gate.
“I couldn’t get to the house,” he remarked.
“Neither could anybody else.”
“Go on!” He started. “Why, my God! they used to go there by the hundreds.”
Owl-Eyes is a decent person who unlike other partygoers does not use Gatsby just for entertainment but
who has full empathy for him.
Lardner remained on Fitzgerald mind during the years after “The Great Gatsby” while Fitzgerald was
trying to complete the novel that became “Tender Is the Night.” In the early stages of composition Fitzgerald
introduced the character Abe North, gifted musician who is destroyed by drink and loss of belief in his work Abe
North looks like Lardner and has Lardner's wit. In these years Fitzgerald spoke of Lardner as “my alcoholic”—
meaning that Lardner had become for him a symbolic figure, providing warning and a cause for regret.
Belasco?

GEORGE WILSON
He was a blonde, spiritless man, anaemic, and faintly handsome. When he saw us a damp gleam of hope sprang into
his light blue eyes. His voice faded off
His lack of life is opposed to Mirtle’s vitality.
Tom’s physical power is opposed to George’s physical weakness, his self-consciousness, shyness.

MYRTLE WILSON
Then I heard footsteps on a stairs and in a moment the thickish figure of a woman blocked out the light from the
office door. She was in the middle thirties, and faintly stout, but she carried her surplus flesh sensuously as some
women can. Her face, above a spotted dress of dark blue crepe-de-chine, contained no facet or gleam of beauty but
there was an immediately perceptible vitality about her as if the nerves of her body were continually smouldering.
N’s description is focused on her body. Physical appearance. The series of ling means is used to be
thickish figure and faintly stout are synonymous: she is not excessively thick, she is not overweight to a larger
extent. The matter of attractiveness.
smouldering: her vitality is synonymous to her sexy look. What attracted Tom to her? The fact that she looks sexy.
Metasemiotically, stylistically F while describing how the room is becoming smaller (as she expanded the room
grew smaller around her until she seemed to be revolving on a noisy, creaking pivot through the smoky air) uses
irony which reveals itself in connotative W-C, it expresses his attitude. They acquire artistic significance.
The French word – vanity. Shows her pretentiousness, overbearing pride and superiority over others.
She is a working-class girl, yet she chooses to be like that. She does it out of inferiority complex. But in view of the
situation – she is Tom’s mistress – she is quite sure that more arrogant she is more easier it would be for her to join
Tom who belongs to the rich world. She believes that arrogance is an indispensible feature of this world

HER SPEECH: I'm going to make a list of all the things I've got to get. A massage and a wave and a collar for the
dog and one of those cute little ash-trays where you touch a spring, and a wreath with a black silk bow for mother's
grave that'll last all summer. I got to write down a list so I won't forget all the things I got to do."
get is the most frequent word she uses. She wants to get something. The person who is obsessed with material
things: she is a very mercenary woman. In this way she is opposed to Gatsby who was very ambitious, yet in their
wish to get something they are similar. Gatsby is after to get Daisy, Myrtle is after to get to this world – their dreams
cannot come true because they are dishonest. The word “get” brings them closer, it is sometimes explained as based
on the use of the word “to get”. The wish of getting as much as possible. Both get murdered at the end because they
are too violent and aggressive in their wishes which are dishonest.
In Chapter 5 Daisy and Gatsby meet: it is emphasized that green light has lost its significance, it is set directly. He
thought that his goal was unattainable, the moment he gets it, he sees that its importance has been played down.
His words, that he cannot divorce because of Catholicism, are a reference to Margaret Chenler. Myrtle is very down-
to-earth.
She is of low maintenance: she asked for a puppy and he did it. That was the end of party. Do we feel sorry when
Tom broke her nose? No, because her behaviour was extremely provocative. Her behaviour was indecent – there’s a
difference between a wife and a mistress, the latter cannot ask for respect.
Why does he cheat on Daisy? We know that long time ago she was in love with Gatsby, she waited for him but
couldn’t wait long. The day before the wedding she received a letter of Gatsby. She doesn’t love him and as a result
he is unfaithful.

Simon Called Peter by Robert Keable - a nurse called Julie, very controversial book. While the narrator is
reading it, they sneaked to bedroom. Correspondence between Edward Hoe and [another girl who was killed] – she
says that she was so happy while reading it (indicating she was not happy in her marriage). It was extremely popular
in the 20-s. The murder was shown favourably.
F. hated the author of this book

CHAPTER 3
G doesn’t enjoy the crowds of people but he gives these parties in the hope that one day she will come.
What semantic group is the most significance?
1) color terms! and motions – for one person
2) grammar: зачем нужны только наст. времена и почему оно значимо и no nouns in singular! много
существительных во мн. числе excessiveness.
Motion, change

By seven o'clock the orchestra has arrived—no thin five-piece affair but a whole pitful of oboes and
trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos and low and high drums. The last swimmers have
come in from the beach now and are dressing upstairs; the cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive,
and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary colors and hair shorn in strange new ways
and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. The bar is in full swing and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the
garden outside until the air is alive with chatter and laughter and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on
the spot and enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each other's names.
The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun and now the orchestra is playing yellow
cocktail music and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. Laughter is easier, minute by minute, spilled with
prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word. The groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and
form in the same breath—already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter
and more stable, become for a sharp, joyous moment the center of a group and then excited with triumph glide on
through the sea-change of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light.
Suddenly one of these gypsies in trembling opal, seizes a cocktail out of the air, dumps it down for courage
and moving her hands like Frisco dances out alone on the canvas platform. A momentary hush; the orchestra leader
varies his rhythm obligingly for her and there is a burst of chatter as the erroneous news goes around that she is
Gilda Gray's understudy from the "Follies." The party has begun.
 GRAMMATICAL MEANS
Present simple:
Continuous forms: the extensive use of participial forms together with cont. forms in terms of their artistic
role are meant to show immediacy, to make the atmosphere vivid, to make the reader’s perception immediate, to
bring his parties closer to the reader – as if they were participants themselves.
A lot of plural nouns, but they are semantically different
musical instruments, Thus the excessiveness is brought out. What is the artistic significance? They are
means of indirect characterization of Gatsby – his wealth and richness, generosity, prodigality (is not used with the
reference to the money but implies it). He throws parties and spends money like the prodigal son. Therefore when it
comes to the artistic significance of the text plural nouns seem to be so important because they signal the
information about the hero.
From a synt. point of view there are a lot of long sentences, including homogenous parts of sentences.
LEXICAL MEANS
They vary in terms of semantics and parts of speech, but there are 2 semantic groups which appear to be
quite significant and acquire artistic significance
The artistic significance colour terms Verbs denoting
motion
Motion is usually
denoted by verbs but here
there are also other
Direct Indirect People need to soculate
gaudy with primary colors musical instruments – golden and The bar is in full swing –
(yellow and blue – we can get silver are implied; the ability of вовсю, a good phrase; the use
all others by mixing them), the reader to perceive this of the word swing – as a
gaudy – inpleasant, strident, picture. polyphonic word to show its
ostentatious. Gaudy is used relation to jazz music, the
gypsy – multicolour
indirectly as directed to Gatsby alternation of short and long
(gaudily, Ch. 6 ineffable + opal – may change colour syntagms – the abstract itself
gaudiness) while changing light is similar to jazz music,
syncopated rambled rhythm.
yellow cocktail music – very the sun, the electric lights are No regularity in terms of the
specific, consists of 3 elements. mentioned to emphasize the length
How are they interrelated? The significance of yellow. The idea
head of the phrase is music, of multi-coloured atmos
others are used attributively.
It’s a loose compound,
represented by cocktail and
music. Yellow is an attribute
provided for cocktail music.
This highly unusual
combination, yellow prevails
and is used on its own.
Cocktail – петушиный хвост,
it is colourful, suggest a
multicolor object

gypsy is used not in literal meaning – the culture that never settled in. Here it used as a metaphor (the
transfer of meaning is based on similarity – it is related to the group of colour terms and also it is synonymous to the
word “wanderers”.
WHAT IS THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENCE AND HOW DOES IT
appear – disappear
 emerge – vanish imply; emerge – appear suddenly, unexpectedly, therefore it adds to the perception of
mystery. He is standing alone under the stary sky and looking out to sea

CHAPTER 4
On Sunday morning while church bells rang in the villages along shore the world and its mistress returned
to Gatsby's house and twinkled hilariously on his lawn.
Abundance of proper names. It signals that there are many people. What kind of origin is that?
Mrs. Ulysses Swett's automobile ran over his right hand. The Dancies came too and S. B. Whitebait, who
was well over sixty, and Maurice A. Flink and the Hammerheads and Beluga the tobacco importer and Beluga's
girls. People come for richness, forming to pursue American dream, to enjoy opportunities with the others.
American equality of opportunities.
For NC he is a person of undefined origins. The narratoe signals that something is wrong with Gatsby –
maybe he is involved with the dirty dealings. This scene foreshadows the final chapter – no one comes to his
funeral.