MAY-24

O’level
POCKET BIOLOGY

Chapter-1 to 9

67 Questions

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Chapter: 01 (Cell & it’s structure/Life process)
1. Compare the plant and animal cell with diagram.
2. Write down the advantage and disadvantage of light and electron microscope.
3. Write down the function of nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall,
mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome’s and
vacuoles.
4. Level of organization in organism.
5. Define tissue, organ and system.
Tissue: group of specialized cells carrying out a particular function in the body.
6. Define stem cell.
7. Write down the advantage and disadvantage of using stem cells in medicine.
Advantage:
- used as a treatment option of diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease.
- Stem cells have regenerative properties. The potential is unlimited.
Disadvantage:-
stem cells can have high rejection rate.
- Obtaining any form of stem cell is a difficult process.
- It is an expensive process.
- Can cause cancer.
8. Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
9. Difference between osmosis and diffusion.
10. Surface area to volume ratio.
11. Describe the process of movement of substance into and out of cell.
12. Factors affecting the movement of substances.
- Surface area
- Temperature
- Distance/ thickness
- Concentration gradient
13. Define enzyme. How do enzymes work?
14. How temperature affects the rate of enzyme activity.

Chapter: 02 (Variety of living organisms)

1. Characteristics of living organisms
- They require nutrition
- They control internal conditions
- They respire
- They reproduce
- They excrete their waste
- They grow and develop
- They respond to their surrounding
- They move
2. Features of bacteria, virus, fungi, protoctists, animal and plant.
3. Diagram of bacteria, yeast and virus.
4. Saprotrophic nutrition- fungi feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes on
to food material and absorption of the organic products.
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Chapter: 03 (Gaseous exchange)

1. Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration with chemical equation.

2. Structure of human respiratory system (diagram labeling).
3. Breathing mechanism/ role of intercostals muscle and diaphragm in ventilation.
4. Adaptation of alveoli for gas exchange/ adaptation of lungs for efficient gaseous
exchange.
5. Biological consequence of cigarette smoking.
(Effect+ Disease)

Chapter: 04 (Food and Digestion)

1. Chemical elements and products of carbohydrate, proteins and lipids.

2. Investigation for presence of glucose, starch, proteins and lipids.
3. Define balance diet.
4. Source, function and deficiency of vitamin- A, C, D, calcium and iron.
5. Function of water and dietary fibre.
6. Structure of human alimentary canal (diaphragm).
7. Describe the process of peristalsis.
8. Role of digestive enzyme in digestion./ process of food digestion
9. Adaptation of small intestine for absorption.
10. Structure and adaption of villus.
11. Investigate energy content in food sample.

Chapter:05 (Transport in Humans)

1. Adaptations of red blood cells make them suitable for the transport of oxygen.
2. How the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells
3. How vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells (which enable future
antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity)
4. How platelets are involved in blood clotting.
5. the structure of the heart and how it functions/ cardiac cycle/ double circulation
6. How the heart rate changes during exercise
7. How factors may increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease
8. How the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their function with
diagram.
9. The general structure of the circulation system, including the blood vessels.
10. The need for a transport system in multicellular organisms
11. why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances
in and out of the cell

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Chapter: 6,7 (Co-ordination and response)

1. How nervous and hormonal communication control responses and the differences
between the two systems
2. Define reflex action. The structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc illustrated
by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
3. The role of neurotransmitters at synapses
4. The structure and function of the eye as a receptor
5. The function of the eye in focusing on near and distant objects, and in responding to
changes in light intensity
6. The sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: adrenaline, insulin,
testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen
7. The sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: ADH, FSH and LH

Chapter: 08 (Excretion & Homeostasis)

1. Define excretion. the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys and skin.
2. How the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulation
3. The structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and
urethra (diagram)
4. The structure of a nephron, including the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus,
convoluted tubules, loop of Henle and collecting duct
5. Describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the composition of the
glomerular filtrate (how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting duct,
why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule)
6. Describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood
7. Define homeostasis. the maintenance of a constant internal environment such as
body temperature and glucose level are examples of homeostasis
8. Structure of skin (diagram )
9. Describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating,
vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Chapter: 09 (Humans reproduction)

1. How the structure of the male and female reproductive systems are adapted for
their functions
2. The roles of oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle
3. The role of the placenta in the nutrition of the developing embryo
4. How the developing embryo is protected by amniotic fluid
5. The roles of oestrogen and testosterone in the development of secondary sexual
characteristics
6. Human fertilization- fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to
produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

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