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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY Autosaved Autosaved
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY Autosaved Autosaved
Submitted by:
Clarence Grabino
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Student
Submitted to:
Joselito Meñoza Velasquez
_____________________________________
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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY
Introduction
Human Behavior – refers to the reaction to facts of relationship between the individual and his
environment. It is mainly influenced by both genes and environment. It is the manner of
conducting oneself which considerably involves action of a person in response to stimuli and
vice versa.
There are three significant contributors of this study, namely: Sigmund Freud, the Father
of Psychoanalysis, Francis Galton and his Heredity and Human Behavior model study as well as
Charles Darwin guided by his Evolution Theory.
According to Freud, human beings are just mechanical creatures that he views as
prisoners of primitive instincts and powers, which he can barely control. Further stating that
man’s purpose is to control these instincts and powers.
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Heredity which refers to the transmission of genes from parents to offspring or the sum of
qualities and potentialities genetically derived from one’s ancestors and the aggregate of social
and cultural conditions of a community wherein a person is situated will tremendously shape and
influence the development, character, type of human behavior of a person and society in general.
Behavior
1. Habitual – refers to demeanors which are resorted to in a regular basis it may be further
characterized as: emotional and language.
Example, a child brushes his teeth every morning and after taking his meals and before
going to bed; Filipinos who have the knack of showing respect to elders by answering in
conversations with “po” and “opo” and mature persons crying when they are sentimental
and hugging and kissing in response to their emotions.
2. Instinctive – are human conduct which is unlearned and inherent, said to be present at
birth of a person and significantly influenced by heredity.
Example, a person will naturally eat and take nourishment the moment he/she becomes
hungry; drinking water when one is thirsty; resting if one is tired; crying if one is hurt;
and the most common instinct of man which is his instinct of self-preservation.
4. Complex – refers to two or more habitual behavior which occurs in one situation.
Example, watching television while eating; texting while driving; singing while working
and the likes.
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The word emotion includes a wide array of observation behaviors, expressed feelings and
changes in the body state. This variety in intended meanings of the word emotion makes it hard
to study. For most persons, emotions are very personal states, difficult to define or to identify
except in the most obvious instances. Moreover, many aspects of emotion give the impression
which is unconscious to us. Even simple emotional states appear to be much more complicated
than states as hunger and thirst.
To simplify the concept of emotions, three definitions of various aspects of emotions can
be distinguished:
a. Emotion is a feeling that is private and subjective. Humans can report an extraordinary
assortment of states, which they can feel or experience. Some reports are accomplished
by obvious signs of enjoyment or distress, but often these reports have no overt
indications. In many cases, the emotions we note in ourselves seem to be blends of
different states.
b. Emotion is a condition of psychological arousal an expression or display of distinctive
somatic and automatic responses. This emphasis implies that emotional states can be
defined by particular constellations of bodily responses. Specifically, these responses
involve autonomously innervated visceral organs, like the heart or stomach. This second
aspect of emotion allows us to observe emotions in both animals and human being.
c. Emotions are actions commonly deemed such as defending or attacking in reaction to a
threat. This aspect of emotion is especially relevant to Darwin’s point of view of the
functional roles of emotion. He said that emotions had an important endurance role
because they generated actions to dangerous situations.
These are three commonly accepted aspects of behavior, but some researchers
add two others aspects: motivational state and cognitive processing.
Categories
Many psychologists have tried to subdivide emotions in categories. For example Wilhelm
Wundt, the great nineteenth (19th) century psychologists, offered the outlook that emotions
consists of three fundamental dimensions, each one of a pair of opposite states:
Pleasantness/unpleasantness
Tension/release
Excitement/relaxation
Plutchik’s advocated that there are eight basic emotions grouped in four pairs of opposites:
Joy/sadness
Acceptance/disgust
Anger/fear
Surprise/anticipation
In Plutchik’s standpoint, all emotions are a combination of these basic emotions. This
hypothesis can be summarized in a three dimensional cone with a vertical dimension reflecting
emotional intensity.
Gestures
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Many of our gestures are unintended. We scratch our head to remove itch, but not to
convey a message to someone else. Although these acts have no specific purpose with regard to
inter-personal communication, they may reveal information about a person.
For example, people who are nervous, tend to scratch their head more frequently than others.
Therefore, it is hard to hide emotional feelings, since many unintentional movements do reveal
information.
If a student following a course lays his head to rest in his hands, it may be a sign of
fatigue, but will also reflect that the course is boring, as most people do not feel tired when
courses are interesting and exciting.
Body Language
Body language is usually more revealing than words. Words by other people usually tell
you what other people want to say, while body posture usually tells, what they really feel and
think. They convey for example emotions, thoughts and how they think. It is easier to lie with
words, than with body language.
Psychologists have discovered that when people try to simulate body language, they
change many other things. By walking more upright, people may really feel more confident.
When body language is changed, people will respond different to these changes. Body language,
therefore, has effects for the interaction with other people.
Meeting People
When you encounter a person for the first time, the first 10 seconds will give an idea,
which to a large extent will determine whether you will like this person or not. In these first ten
seconds, you will become aware of impressions like nervousness, seriousness, etc. these first
seconds will also manipulate to a large extent the rest of the conversation and any further
contacts. Therefore the first impression is very important.
During the first encounter, it is good to look carefully at the other person. If he or she
disapproves your behavior, you should adopt your behavior. Behavior should be appropriate for
the situation. For example, a firm and long hand shaking is quite usual for meeting a friend you
have not seen for a long time, but quite inappropriate on a funeral.
Eyes
A significant factor in the first contact is the eyes. The eyes should gaze at the person. If
you want to astound the person, you should open your eyes slightly more than usual, since
raising the eye brows gives people the impression that they are welcome. After the first “hello”,
you should retain eye contact, whichprevents the impression of nervousness with the other
person. You should also smile and look friendly.
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The Way You Breathe
By breathing you not only supply oxygen for the body. Breathing also displays how you
feel. When you are nervous or angry you will breathe faster and when you are sad you often
breathe in jerks as if you are crying. Your breathing is also signs; when you want to disrupt a
speaking person you can do that by inhaling loudly and shortly, a loud sign means that you
comprehend the matter that is being conveyed to you.
Shrugged Shoulders
You can identify stressed shoulders by the fact that they are a bit shrugged, which does
make the head look smaller. The significance of the signal comes from crouching in dangerous
circumstances. The meaning of this posing relies on the combination. In combination with big
eyes it would mean that someone is concerned about something that is going to happen. In
concoction with a face that is turned away it means that the person wants to be left
unaccompanied. An introvert person has nearly always those stressed shoulders
By most of the people the left and the right shoulder are of the same height. When they
are not, it often means that someone is skeptical about what he is going to do. With this
movement we replicate unconscious that we are weighting the possibilities.
Sometimes when someone makes this movement, his head will move a little like he is
looking above.
1. Primarily native or primarily learned. The extreme of the mechanistic view is the theory of
instincts. An instinct is an innate biological force, which commands the organism to behave
in a particular way. The main advocate of the instinct theory was the psychologist
McDougall. He theorized that all thinking and behavior is the result of instincts, which are
fixed from birth, but which can be adjusted and experience.
In this book Social Psychology McDougall enumerated several instinctive drives,
like fear, curiosity, aggression and reproduction. By changes and combinations of instincts he
tried to explain the whole repertoire of human behavior.
The instinct theory was supported by many psycho-analysts. For example, Freud
emphasized that human behavior could be rationalized by two major instincts: the instinct
survive and the instinct to avoid death which causes aggression.
It became obvious that many instincts were required to explain human behavior and even
worse, these instincts did not explain very much: so many instincts were postulated such that
any type of behavior could be explained. A better phrasing would be to say that instincts
provide a description of behavior, rather than an explanation.
In the 1920’s instinct theory was placed by the theory of drives. A driving force
originates from a natural need, like thirst. Such a situation stimulates the organism to comply
with the need. Lack of food causes chemical changes in the blood, which causes the need for
food, which stimulates the organism to look for food.
Behavior may also be attributed to the learning or cognitive process of man. Learning
denotes a permanent change as the result of specific experiences. Learning is basic for
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understanding behavior. Learning may be defined as a relative permanent change in behavior
that occurs as the result of prior experience.
There are several types of learning:
Associative learning which is the most basic form of learning. It is making a new
association between events in the environment. Psychologists distinguish two types
associative learning: the classical conditioning and the operant conditioning.
Cognitive learning. It is the more complicated type of learning. This type of learning
a large overlap with memory and language.
2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need. Philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth
century Like Descartes and Hobbes shared a mechanistic view. They thought that some of
our actions are the result of internal or external forces, which are not under voluntary control.
Hobbes, for example, claimed that underlying reasons for behavior are the avoidance of pain
and the quest for pleasure.
3. Automatic, Voluntary, Conscious. Every moment of the day your nervous system is active. It
exchanges millions of signals corresponding with feeling, thoughts and actions. A simple
example of how important the nervous system is your behavior is meeting an acquaintance,
relative or a friend or stranger.
The visual information of your eyes is sent to your brain by nervous cells. There the
information is interpreted and translated into a signal to take action. The brain sends a
command to your voice or to another action system like muscles or glands. For example, you
may start walking towards him.
Your nervous system enables this rapid recognition and action. The nervous system is the
most complex system of the human body. The human brain itself consists of at least 10
billion neurons. Single-cell creatures do not need a nervous system. They are in immediate
contact with their environment and do not need communication between cells. Multi-celled
creatures need the nervous system for the communication between their cells.
1. Duration – refers to the aspect of human behavior in terms of function of time, how long
or brief the internal may be.
2. Extensity – traits of human behavior which centers on size, distance, location.
3. Intensity – features of human behavior which focuses in terms of magnitude, mild,
strong.
4. Quantity – refers to the aspect of human behavior dealing with the normal and abnormal
traits.
There are basically three types on how does human behavior takes place:
1. Sensation – the feelings or impression of stimulus which are as follows;
a. Visual – refers to man’s sense of sight.
b. Olfactory – refers to our sense of smelling.
c. Cutaneous - refers to our sense of touch or feeling.
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d. Auditory – man’s sense of hearing.
e. Gustatory – man’s sense of taste.
People intermingle by three (3) psychological positions or behavioral patterns called ego states:
1. Parent ego state – which may be characterized as protective, idealistic, evaluative,
and righteous, refers to laws, rules and standards.
2. Adult ego states – which centers more upon reason, factual, flexible, views as co-
equal, worthy and reasonable human being.
3. Child ego state – which may be easily described as dependent, rebellious, selfish,
demanding, impatient and emotional.
The Id and Ego and the Superego the theory propagated by Freud which basically make
up man’s constitution including man’s conscience making him distinct from the rest of the
animal kingdom. The spirit of a newborn child just has an Id, the instinctive incentives and
reflexes that the human beings have developed during the last centuries. The only function of the
Id is to respond to the incentives. The Ego develops itself from the Id and from the discovery that
the behavior of the id can have tedious results. The Superego, a result of a person’s socialization,
is basically just the conscience, which mediates between needs of the Id and the ego. When you
are getting older, you start to develop more and more values.
Human performance, conduct and execution are classified into two (2) which are as follows:
1. Complimentary – This takes place if stimulus and response patterns from one ego state to
another are parallel.
2. Non-complimentary – This is performed if stimulus and response patterns from one ego
state to another are not parallel.
Transactional Analysis
The study of social interactions of the people its objective is to provide better
understanding of how people relate to each other so that they may develop improve
communication and human relationship.
As we mature and develop in our lives, we also acquire social attitudes which strongly
influence our behavior. We internalize the outlook of the society around us by making the
attitudes our own. Besides attitudes, people internalize social expectations about how to behave.
The process through which society influences individuals to internalize attitudes and
expectations is called “socialization”. Individuals do not automatically recognize but gradually
accept cultural attitudes and roles. The individual is often unconscious of is acceptance of these
socially derived roles, roles are often accepted unconsciously. This is usually accomplished
through the imitation of role models.
When individuals play these character dictated by the culture within which they live, they
are sometimes contradictory with their own inner beliefs. Frequently, we may act as if we concur
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with our perceived social expectations, however we do not want to disappoint the people who
expect us to meet a particular set of requirements. This may create an imbalance which may
cause one’s behavior to become illogical due to these perceived social influences.
Lesson 2
Abnormal Behavior
Psychopathology
1. Deviation from Statistical Norm – the word abnormal means “away from the norm”.
Many population facts are measured such as height, weight and intelligence. Most of the
people fall within the middle range of intelligence, but a few are abnormally stupid. But
according to this definition, a person who is extremely intelligent should be classified as
abnormal. Examples are:
a. Intelligence – it is statistically abnormal for a person to get a score about 145 on an
IQ test or to get a score below 55, but only the lower score is considered abnormal
(Wakefield, 1992).
b. Anxiety – a person who is anxious all the time or has a high level of anxiety and
someone who almost never feels anxiety are all considered to be abnormal.
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2. Deviation from Social Norm – every culture has certain standards for acceptable
behavior; behavior that deviates from that standard is considered to be abnormal
behavior. But those standards can change with time and vary from one society to another.
3. Maladaptive Behavior – this third criterion is how the behavior affects the well-being of
the individual and/or social group. A man who attempts suicide or a paranoid individual
who tries to assassinate national leaders are illustrations under this criterion. The two
aspects of Maladaptive Behavior are:
a. Maladaptive to One’s Self– it refers to the inability of a person to reach goals or to
adapt the demands of life.
b. Maladaptive to Society – it refers to a person’s obstruction or disruption to social
group functioning.
4. Personal Distress – the fourth criterion considers abnormally in terms of the individual’s
subjective feelings, personal stress, rather than his behavior. Most people commonly
diagnosed as mentally ill feel miserable, anxious, depressed and may suffer from
insomnia (whitford, 2006)
Mental Disorder
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a. Psychosis – it refers to a severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality, by
hallucinations and delusions and by social withdrawal.
b. Organic Mental Disorder – it refers to a mental or emotional problem caused by brain
diseases or injuries.
c. Substance - related Disorder – refers to an abuse or dependence on a mood or behavior
altering drug.
d. Mood Disorder – it refers to a disturbance in mood or emotion, such as depression or
mania.
e. Anxiety Disorder – it refers to a disruptive feeling of fear, apprehension or anxiety or a
distortion in behavioral anxiety.
f. Somatoform Disorder – it refers to a physical symptom that mimics a disease or an injury
for which there is no identifiable physical cause.
g. Dissociative Disorder – it refers to a psychological disorder that involves a sudden loss of
memory or changes in identity.
h. Personality Disorder – it is a maladaptive personality pattern. It is a psychological
disorder that is believed to have resulted from personalities that developed during
childhood.
i. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder - it refers to any of a wide range of difficulties with
sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior or sexual adjustment.
j. Neurosis – it is an outdated term once used to refer, as a group, to anxiety disorders,
somatoform disorders and some forms of depression.
Insanity
Insanity is not a psychological or psychiatric term but a legal term. Insanity has not one
but three different legal meanings, depending on whether it’s used as a criminal defense, in a
hearing on competency to stand trial or in a hearing on involuntary commitment to mental
institution (santrock, 2000).
A person is insane if he/she is not able to judge between right and wrong. It is the mental
inability in managing one’s affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one’s actions and it is
established
United States Federal Court legally defines insanity as the inability to appreciate the
nature and quality or wrongfulness of one’s acts (redding, 2006).
McNaughton Rule - In 1724 an English court maintained that a man was not responsible
for act if “he does not know what he is doing, no more a wild beast”
Modern standards of legal responsibility, however, have been based on the McNaughton
decisions of 1843. The McNaughton rule was a standard to be applied by the jury, after hearing
medical testimony from prosecution and defense experts. The rule created a presumption of
sanity, unless the defense proved “at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring
under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not know the nature and quality of the
act he was doing or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong”.
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The rule was adopted in the US, and the disposition of knowing right from wrong
remained the basis for most decisions of legal insanity (smith, et al, 2003).
Durham Rule – states that “an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act is
the product of mental disease or mental defect”. Some State added to their statutes this doctrine
which is also known as “irresistible impulse” recognizing some ill individuals may respond
correctly but may be unable to control their behavior (smith, et al, 2003).
Table 1
Mental retardation is a condition of limited ability in which an individual has a low IQ,
usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life;
he/she first exhibited these characteristics during the so called development period – by age
18(santrock, 2000).
IQ 50 to 70 - Mild Retardation - Able to care their selves; could finish basic education,
holds semi-skilled jobs, can be married and serve as
adequate parents
IQ 35 to 49 - Moderate - May be trained to care their selves; reach primary
Retardation level of education, holds mental jobs often sheltered
workshops, difficulty in maintaining social
relationships, rarely marry.
IQ 20 to 34 - Severe Retardation - May learn sedimentary language and work skills,
unable to care for themselves.
IQ 20 Below - Profound - Spend their lives in institution that provides custodial
Retardation care, not capable of true interaction.
Table 2
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Both tables above present that individuals with intellectual deficiency marked by IQ
below 70 have difficulties performing in everyday life (Landsman and Ramey, 1989). These
difficulties show in self care (such as eating and dressing), school work (such as reading and
arithmetic) and social relationship (such as conversing and developing friendships), (Dizon, et.
al., 1999)
The following provisions of the Revised Penal Code Book 1 Article 12 exempt a person from
crime commission in consideration of intelligence.
1. Any person who has committed a crime while the said person was imbecile or insane
during the commission.
2. Any person above 9 years old but below 15 years old who has committed a crime
provided he acted without discernment. Thus those who acted with discernment of the
same age in the commission of crime are not exempted but would serve to mitigate only
the penalty.
3. Any person having an age of 9 years old and below.
4. Any person who acted under the compulsion of irresistible force.
Note: R.A 9344 otherwise known as Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 raised the criminal
exemption from 9 to 15 years old. In addition, a person of this age is totally exempted whether
he/she acted with or without discernment during the commission of crime.
Fifteen (15) years old is within the stage of adolescence the transition age which is
characterized by curiosity, try-outs and identity crisis. These circumstances expose them to risky
and delinquent behavior. At this age, children are not yet emotionally stable and their social
judgment has not yet matured.
Psychosis came from the word “psyche”, for mind/soul, and “osis” for abnormal
condition/ it means abnormal condition of the mind and is a genetic psychiatric term for a mental
state often described as involving a “loss of contact with reality”.
People suffering from psychosis are said to the psychotic. Disorganization of personality
marked by impaired vocational and social functioning and intellectual deterioration. It has the
following characteristics: disorientation of time, place and/or person: delusion (false beliefs);
hallucination (false perception); bizarre behavior; inappropriate emotion responses; distortion of
thinking, association and judgment.
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d. Schizophrenic Reaction – schizophrenic reactions are bizarre behavior, disturbances of
thought and reality testing; emotional withdrawal; and varying levels of psychotic
thinking and behavior (Beltran, 1996).
Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorder involving distress but neither delusion
nor hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms.
Neurosis is also known as “psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder”, and thus those suffering
from it care said to be neurotic. It involves impaired social, intellectual and/or vocational
functioning without disorganization of personality or loss of contact with reality.
a. Anxiety Reaction – anxiety reaction has diffused fearfulness; tension and restlessness
with sometimes snowball into episodes of panic.
b. Dissociative Reaction – is a massive repression or dissociation of certain aspect of
experience or memory varying in intensity from sleepwalking to amnesias and multiple
personality disturbances.
c. Phobic Reaction – refers to intense irrational fear of specific objects or events that may
have a symbolic significance on the afflicted individual.
d. Obsessive-Compulsive Reaction – Obsessive-compulsive reaction has repetitive,
irrational thoughts and/or actions (compulsions) which usually involve some symbolic
effort at conflict resolution.
e. Depressive Reaction – refers to depression usually accompanied by guilt, feelings of
inferiority and anxiety (Beltran, 1996).
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Criminal Behavior refers to antisocial acts that place the actor at risk of becoming a focus
of the attention of criminal and juvenile justice professionals. It refers to acts that are injurious,
acts prohibited under the law and that render the actor subject to intervention by justice
professionals (Lud-ayen, notes on Human Behavior, 2006).
According to Kalalang, 2001, Criminal Behavior refers to a behavior which is criminal in
nature; a behavior which violates a law. Thus, the moment a person violates the law, he has
already committed criminal behavior.
Criminal Behavior refers to actions that are prohibited by the state and punished under
the law.
Criminal Behavior refers to an action that may be rewarding to the actor but that inflicts
pain or loss to others. That is, criminal behavior is anti-social behavior.
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The following are possible sources of criminal behavior:
1. Biological Factor – heredity as a factor implies that criminal acts are unavoidable,
inevitable consequences of the bad seed or bad blood. It emphasizes genetic
predisposition toward antisocial and criminal conduct. The following are some studies
and theories related to biological causes of crime:
a. Born Criminal by Cesare Lombroso.
b. Physique and Crime by Cesare Lombroso’s Anthropology.
c. Duke and Kalikkak Study by Richard Dugdale and Henry Goddard.
d. Eysenck’s Theory of Personality and Crime.
2. Personality Disorder Factor – refers to an act that exhibits pervasive pattern of disregard
for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and
continuous to adulthood such as Anti-Social Personality Disorder.
3. Learning Factor – learning factors explains that criminal behavior is learned primarily by
observing or listening to people around us. The following are related learning theories:
a. Differential Association Theory by Edwin Sutherland.
b. Imitation Theory by Gabriel Tarde.
c. Identification Theory by Daniel Classer.
The three characteristics of almost all serial killers during their childhood are:
1. Bed Wetting – is the most intimate of these “triad” symptoms and is less likely to be
willfully divulged. By some estimates, 60% of multiple murderers wet their beds past
adolescence. Kenneth Bianchi apparently spent many a night marinating in urine-soaked
sheets.
2. Fire Starting (Fascination of Fire) – Otis Toole and Carl Panzram were two serial killers
who started fires during their childhood. Carl Panzram burned down the reformatory he
was sent to. Toole set fire to a neighbor’s house. Fire fascination (interest) was an early
manifestation of their obsession (passion) with destruction.
3. Animal Torture – most serial killers, before moving to human victims, start with animals.
Ed Kemper killed neighborhood cats. A dog’s severed head was found on a stick in the
wood near Jeffrey Dahmer’s childhood home.
a. Majority of serial killers have a history of sexual and physical abuse during their
childhood.
b. Half of the serial killers families, the biological father had left before the child were 12
years old. In cases where the father didn’t leave, he was domineering and abusive.
c. Delinquent acts such as pyromania, theft and cruelty to animals were present during the
childhood of most serial killers.
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1. Act-focused
This killer generally doesn’t kill for the psychological gratification of the kill, making the
act itself their primary emphasis. He usually kills quickly, with little pomp and circumstance.
Two Subtypes:
a.Visionary – this killer usually receives a vision or hears a voice telling him to kill.
Sometimes the vision or voice comes from God or the devil, both of which legitimate
his violence.
b. Missionary – this killer is on “missions” to eradicate a specific group of people, such as
prostitutes, white-collared bankers, etc.
2. Process-Focused
The majority of serial killers are process-focused. They get off on the method of their
kill. They kill for the enjoyment of it and usually get a perverse sexual thrill out of it, so
therefore they take their time and go very slowly. Hedonism (pleasure seeking or self-
indulgence) at it’s worse.
Four Subtypes:
a. Gain
Murdering someone for profit or personal gain. Most females usually fall into this
category, like Lavinia Fisher, who would murder her hotel guests and keep whatever
belongings and cash they had. You can read up on the 10 most infamous females here
and almost every one of them stood to get personal gain.
b. Thrill
Killing someone gives these people a rush or high. They especially like to watch
the lights to out in their victim’s eyes. It’s the ultimate adrenaline (prepare the body to
fight or flight) rush makes them feel alive and euphoric. They typically don’t engage in
sex either before or after.
c. Power
The pleasure comes from manipulating and dominating although the argument
could be made for this category to fall in with any of the above. Usually sex is involved,
but it’s not as important to this killer as to the lust killer. That’s confusing some research
found led that this is considered the “sociopath”.
d. Lust
Murder is associated with sexual pleasure in the minds of these killers. These sick
folk actually will have sex while in the process of killing or engage in necrophilia after
they have killed. Either or twisted, it seems that Lust Killers are the most prevalent in the
media and certain fiction genres (Read the case of Theodore Bundy).
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Lust Killers basically have sexual gratification as their main motivation. They
almost always exhibit sadism (inflicting pain on others for their pleasure). They usually
are not opportunistic killers, but rather highly organized, with vast amounts of planning
and forethought put into their kills
Phase 4. Post-Kill
The killer will likely feel empty or dresses, because their inner torment was only
relieved short term. More lives will have to be taken in order to have temporary relief. It
would be during this stage that a killer would write a confession to the police or media.
Unless caught, it is inevitable that he will kill again, starting the cycle back over
(Campbell, 2013).
PERSONALITY
Personality refers to the sum total of typing ways of acting, thinking and feeling that
makes each person unique. People are not alike. There are noticeable differences in the ways
they act, think and feel. In other words, different people have a variety of different personalities.
Personality is a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and
emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life (wade, et, al, 2003).
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2. Extrovert – an extrovert is a person whose attention is directed outward. He/she is a bold
and outgoing person.
b. Ego – as the child interacts more with the world, the ego begins to develop. The ego’s
is to meet the needs of the Id, whilst taking into account the constraints of reality. The
ego acknowledges that being impulsive or selfish can sometimes hurt us, so the Id
must be constrained (reality principle). Ego is the moderator between the Id and
superego which seeks compromises to pacify both. It can be viewed as our “sense of
time and place”.
c. Superego (conscience of man) – the superego develops during the phallic stage as a
result of the moral constraints placed on us by our parents. It is generally believe that
a strong superego serves to inhibit the biological instincts of the Id (resulting in a high
level of guilt), whereas a weak superego allows the Id more expression resulting in a
low level of guilt. Superego internalizes societal and parental standards of “good” and
“bad”, “right” and “wrong” behavior (Burger, 2000).
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c. The Unconscious Level – it is the deepest and major stratum of the human mind. It is
the storehouse for primitive instinctual drives plus emotion and memories that are so
threatening to the conscious mind that they have been repressed or unconsciously
pushed into the unconscious mind. Examples of material that might be found in your
unconscious include a forgotten trauma in childhood, hidden feelings of hostility
toward a present and repressed sexual desire of which you are unaware (Hjelle and
Ziegler, 1992).
2. Trait Approach – Trait approach identifies where a person might lie along continuum of
various personality characteristics. Trait theories attempt to learn and explain the traits
that make up personality, the differences between people in terms of their personal
characteristics and how they relate to actual behavior.
TRAIT
Kinds of Trait
According to Allport (1961), the following are the different kinds of traits:
a. Common Traits – these are personality traits that are shared by most members of a
particular culture.
b. Individual Traits – these are personality traits that define a person’s unique individual
qualities.
c. Cardinal Traits – these are personality traits that are so basic that all person activities
relate to it. It is a powerful and dominating behavioral predisposition that provides the
pivotal points in a person’s entire life. Allport said that only few people have cardinal
traits.
d. Secondary Traits – these are traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial, less
generalized and far less enduring that affects our behaviors in specific circumstances.
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undependable, disorganized, impulsive, unreliable, irresponsible, careless, negligent
and lazy.
d. Agreeableness – this factor is composed of a collection of traits that range from
compassion to antagonism towards others. A person high on agreeableness would be
a pleasant person, good-natured, warm, sympathetic and cooperative.
e. Openness to Experience – this factor contrast individuals who are imaginative,
curious, broad-minded and cultured with those who are concrete-minded and practical
and whose interest are narrow (Hogan, et al., 1994 & King, 2008).
Eysenk believed that many personalities are classified as introvert or extrovert and
emotionally stable or unstable.
a. Extrovert – it refers to a person that is sociable, out-going and active.
b. Introvert – it refers to a person that is withdrawn, quiet and introspective.
c. Emotionally Unstable – it is a trait that is being anxious, excitable and easily disturbed.
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It is an explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition and the
effects of social relationships.
Self-Reinforcement
Identification
It is a feeling from which one is emotionally connected to a person and a way of seeing
oneself as himself or herself. The child admires adults who love and care for him/her and this
encourages imitation.
6. Cognitive Approach – cognitive approach looks at differences in the way people process
information to explain differences in behavior. This perspective emphasizes the role of
mental processes that underlie behavior (Burger, 2000).
This is the first psychosexual stage in which the infant’s source of Id gratification is the
mouth. Infant gets pleasure from sucking and swallowing. Later when he has teeth, infant
enjoys the aggressive pleasure of biting and chewing. A child who is frustrated at this stage
may develop an adult personality that is characterized by pessimism, envy and suspicion. The
over indulged child may develop to be optimistic, gullible, and full of admiration for others.
When parents decide to toilet train their children during anal stage, the children learn how
much control they can exert over others with anal sphincter muscles. Children can have the
immediate pleasure of expelling feces, but that may cause their parents to punish them.
This represents the conflict between the Id which derives pleasure from the expulsion of
bodily wastes, and the super-ego which represents external pressure to control bodily functions.
If the parents are too lenient in this conflict, it will result in the formation of an anal expulsive
character of the child who is disorganized, reckless and defiant. Conversely, a child may opt to
retain feces, thereby spiting his parent and may develop an anal retentive character which is neat,
stingy (unwilling to give or spend) and obstinate (stubborn).
Genitals become the primary source of pleasure. The child’s erotic pleasure focuses on
masturbation, that is, on self-manipulation of the genitals. He develops a sexual attraction to the
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parent of the opposite sex; boys develop unconscious desires for their parent and become rivals
with their father for her affection.
This reminiscent with Little Han’s case study, so the boys develop a fear that their father
will punish them for these feelings so decide to identify with him rather than fight him. As a
result, the boy develops masculine characteristics and represses his sexual feeling towards his
mother.
a. Oedipus complex – this refers to an instance where in boys build up a warm and loving
relationship with mothers (mommy’s boy).
b. Electra complex – this refers to an occasion where in girls experience an intense
emotional attachment for their fathers (daddy’s girl).
Note: The Oedipus complex is name for the king of Thebes who killed his father and married
his mother.
Sexual interest is relatively inactive in this stage. Sexual energy is going through the
process of sublimation and is being converted into interest in school work, riding bicycles
playing house and sports.
This refers to the start of puberty and genital stage; there is renewed interest in obtaining
sexual pleasure through the genitals. Masturbation often becomes frequent and leads to orgasm
for the first time. Sexual and romantic interests in others also become a central motive.
Interest how turns to heterosexual relationships. The lesser fixation the child has in earlier
stages, the more chances of developing a “normal” personality, and thus develops healthy
meaningful relationships with those of the opposite sex (rathus, 2003.
Lesson 3
This chapter presents the factors affecting human behavior such as: emotion, conflict,
depression, stress, frustration and coping mechanisms.
1. EMOTION
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Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition. The English
word “emotion” is derived from the French word emouvoir. This is based on the Latin emovere,
where e- (variant of ex-) means “out” and movere means “move”. The related term “motivation”
is also derived from movere (santrock, 2000).
a. James-Lange Theory by William James and Carl Lange – James-Lange theory states that
emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment:
Emotions occurs after physiological reactions. This theory and its derivatives states that a
changes situation leads to a changes bodily state. As James says “the perception of bodily
changes as they occur is the emotion.
James further claims that “we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike,
afraid because we tremble and neither have we cried, strike, nor tremble because we are
sorry, angry or fearful, as the case may be”. The James-Lange theory has now been all
but abandoned by most scholars.
b. Cannon-Bard Theory by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard – this suggests that people feel
emotions first and then act upon them. This is a theory that emotion and physiological
reactions occur simultaneously. These actions include changes in muscular tension,
perspiration (process of sweating), etc. the theory was formulated following the
introduction of the James-Lange theory of emotion in the late 1800s, which alternately
suggested that emotion is the result of one’s perception of their reaction or “bodily
change”.
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion is based on the premise that one reacts to a
specific stimulus and experiences the corresponding emotion simultaneously. Cannon and
Bard posited that one is able to react to a stimulus only after experiencing the related
emotion and experience.
c. Two Factor Theory – this theory was provided by Schachter & Singer, in which they
posited that emotion is the cognitive interpretation of a physiological response. For many,
this remains the best formulation of emotion. Most people consider this to be the
“common sense” theory to explain physiological changes; their physiology changes as a
result of their emotion (Santrock, 2000).
2. CONFLICT
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Conflict is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between
incompatible or contradictory alternatives. It is a negative emotional state caused by an
inability to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulsive (Uriarte, 2009).
Conflict is the state in which two or more motives cannot be satisfied they interfere with
one another (Lahey, 2001).
Types of Conflict
Kinds of Approach-Avoidance
Example: Choice between two colleges, two roommates or two ways of spending the
summer.
Examples: Study or do the dishes. I don’t want this and I don’t want that. A woman with
an unwanted pregnancy may be morally opposed by abortion.
Example: Gina is beautiful but she is lazy. “I want this but I don’t want what this entails”.
Another is the dilemma of the student who is offered a stolen copy of an important final
exam. Cheating will bring guilt and reduced self-esteem, but also a good grade.
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d. Multiple-Approach-Avoidance Conflict – this refers to conflict with complex
combinations of approach and avoidance conflicts. It requires individual to choose
between alternatives that contain both positive and negative consequences (Lahey, 2001).
3. DEPRESSION
Depression is an illness that causes a person to feel sad and hopeless much of the time.
It is different normal feelings of sadness, grief or low energy. Anyone can have depression. It
often runs in families. But it can also happen to someone who doesn’t have a family history of
depression. You can have depression one time or many times.
Causes of Depression
a. Major events that create stress, such as childbirth or a death in the family.
b. Illness, such as arthritis, heart disease or cancer.
c. Certain medicines, such as steroids or narcotics for pain relief.
d. Drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs.
Symptoms of Depression
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2. Dysthymic Disorder - also refer to as “Dysthymia”. The symptoms do not occur for more
than two months at a time. Generally, this type of depression is described as having
persistent but less severe depressive symptoms than major depression. Manifest nearly
constant depressed mood for a least 2 years accompanied by a least two or more of the
following:
a. Decrease or increase in eating.
b. Difficulty sleeping or increase in sleeping.
c. Low energy or fatigue.
d. Low self-esteem.
e. Difficulty concentrating or making decisions; and
f. Feeling hopeless.
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b. Helping others in need – volunteer work, feeling the homeless, etc.
c. Praying - works for all moods, especially depression (Aquino, 1999).
4. STRESS
What is Stressor?
Stressor is anything (physical or psychological) that produces stress (negative or
positive). For example, getting a promotion is appositive event, but may also produce a great
deal of stress with all the new responsibilities, work load, etc.
1. Eustress (positive) – eustress is a word consisting of two parts. The prefix derives from
the Greek eu meaning either “well” or “good”. When attached to the word “stress”, it
literally means “good stress”.
It is a stress that is healthy or gives one a feeling of fulfillment or other positive
feelings. Eustress is aprocess of exploring potential gains. A stress that enhances function
(physical or mental), such as through strength training or challenging work is considered
eustress.
2. Distress (Negative) – Distress is known as the negative stress. Persistent stress that is not
resolved through coping or adaptation, deemed distress, may lead to anxiety or
withdrawal (depression) behavior (Lazarus, 1974).
a. Alarm – alarm is the first stage. When the threat or stressor is identified or realized, the
body’s stress response is a state of alarm. During this stage adrenaline will be produced in
order to bring about the fight or fight response.
b. Resistance – resistance is the second stage. If the stressor persist, it becomes necessary to
attempt some means of coping with the stress. Although the body begins to try adapt to
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the strains or demands of the environment the body cannot keep this up indefinitely, so its
resources are gradually depleted.
c. Exhaustion – exhaustion is the third and final stage in the General Arousal Syndrome
(GAS) model. At this point, all of the body’s resources are eventually depleted and the
body is unable to maintain normal function. The initial autonomic nervous system
symptoms may reappear sweating and raised of heart rate etc. (Selve, 1976 and Lahey,
2001).
The result can manifest itself in obvious illness such as ulcers, depression, and
diabetes, trouble with the digestive system or even cardiovascular problems, along with
other mental illnesses.
1. Acute Time – acute time refers to limited stress that come on suddenly (acute) and are
over relatively quickly. Situations like public speaking and doing math in your head fall
into this category. These things may come on without warning but are short in duration.
2. Brief Naturalistic Stress – brief naturalistic stress is relatively short in duration. Think of
a classroom test or a final exam. These are stresses that rise out of other things (like a
course of study) and are over quickly.
a. Stressful Event Sequences – is a single event that starts from a chain of challenging
situations, for example, losing a job or surviving a natural disaster.
b. Chronic Stress – chronic stress lacks a clear and point. Often they force people to assume
new roles or change their self-perception. Think of a refugee leaving their native country
or an injury leading to permanent disability. These are life-changing events you rarely get
to go back to the way things were.
c. Distant Stress – distant stress may have been initiated in the past (like childhood abuse or
trauma resulting from combat experiences) but continue to affect the immune system.
Distant stressors have long lasting effects on emotional and mental health (Scott, 2011).
5. FRUSTRATION
Frustration is a negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from
reaching a goal. Frustration is an unpleasant state of tension and heightened sympathetic activity,
resulting from a blocked goal. Frustration is associated with motivation since we won’t be
frustrated if we were not motivated to achieve the goal. Frustration may be external or personal.
External Frustration
External frustration is a distress caused by outwardly perceivable conditions that impedes
progress towards a goal.
Personal Frustration
Personal frustration is a distress caused by the individual’s inner characteristic’s that
impedes progress toward a goal (Uriarte, 2009).
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Sources of Frustration
a. Physical Obstacles such as: drought, typhoons, flat tire, etc. that prevents a person from
doing his plans or fulfilling his wishes.
b. Social Circumstances such as: obstacles through the restrictions imposed by other people
and customs and laws of social being.
c. Personal Shortcoming such as: handicapped by diseases, blindness, deafness or paralysis.
d. Conflicts between Motives such as: wanting to leave college for a year to try painting, but
also wanting to please one’s parents by remaining in school.
a. Aggression – it refers to any response made with the intent of harming some person or
objects. The intentional infliction may be a physical or psychological harm.
b. Displaced Aggression – it refers to the redirecting of aggression to a target other than the
actual source of one’s frustration.
c. Scapegoating – it refers to the act of blaming a person or group of people for conditions
not of their making.
d. Escape – it is the act of reducing discomfort by leaving frustrating situation or by
psychologically withdrawal from them such as apathy (pretending not to care) or illegal
drug use (Uriarte, 2009).
Coping Mechanisms are the sum total of ways in which people deal with minor to
major stress and trauma. Some of these processes are unconsciousness ones, others are learned
behavior and still others are skills that individuals consciously master in order to reduce stress or
other intense emotions like depression. Not all ways of coping are equally beneficial and some
can actually be very detrimental.
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8. Conversion 26. Regression
9. Denial 27. Repression
10. Displacement 28. Self-harming
11. Dissociation 29. Somatization
12. Emotionality 30. Sublimation
13. Fantasy 31. Substitution
14. Help-rejecting complaining 32. Suppression
15. Idealization 33. Symbolization
16. Identification 34. trivializing
17. Intellectualization 35. Undoing
18. Introjection 36. Positive coping
Lesson 4
DISORDERS
This chapter presents the common disorders that are somehow associated with abnormal
persons such abnormalities are: anxiety disorders, delusional disorders, mood disorders,
personality disorders, schizophrenia, sexual disorders, somatoform disorders and dissociative
disorders.
ANXIETY DISORDER
Anxiety is defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not
readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas, Fear is an emotional
and physiological response to a recognized external threat or a response to a real danger or
threat.
Symptoms vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder, but general symptoms
include:
a. Feelings of panic, fear and uneasiness.
b. Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts.
c. Repeated thoughts or flashbacks of traumatic experiences.
d. Nightmares
e. Ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated hand washing.
f. Problems sleeping
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g. Cold or sweaty hands and/or feet
h. Shortness of breath
i. Palpitations
j. An inability to be still and calm.
k. Dry mouth.
l. Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
m. Nausea
n. Muscle tension.
o. Dizziness
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder – this disorder involves excessive, unrealistic worry and
tension, even if there is little or nothing to provoke the anxiety. Accordingly, symptoms
include restlessness or feeling keyed up, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle
tension and jitteriness, deep disturbance and unwanted, intrusive worries.
2. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) – people with OCD are plagued by constant
thoughts or fears that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines. The disturbing
thoughts are called “obsessions” – are anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away
(ex. One may have repetitive thoughts of killing a child, of becoming contaminated by a
handshake or of having unknowingly hurt someone in a traffic accident; and the rituals
are called “compulsions” – are irresistible urges to engage in behaviors (ex. A person
with an unreasonable fear of germs who constantly washes his or her hands, compulsive
counting, touching and checking).
3. Panic Disorder – this disorder keeps recurring attacks to a person of intense fear or panic,
often with feelings of impending doom of death. People with this condition have feelings
of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. Other symptoms of a panic
attack include sweating, chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeats) and a feeling of
choking, which may make the person feel like he or she is having a heart attack or “going
crazy”.
4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – PTSD is a condition that can develop following
a traumatic and/or terrifying event, such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected
death of a loved one, or a natural disaster. People with PTSD often have lasting and
frightening thoughts and memories of the event and tend to be emotionally numb.
The Vietnam War appears to have produced an unprecedented 500,000 veterans
with at least mild problems of PTSD (santrock, 2003).
5. Specific Phobias – A specific Phobia is an intense fear of a specific object or situation,
such as snakes, heights or flying, Phobia is an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific
situation, activity or object.
The level of fear usually is inappropriate to the situation and may cause the
person to avoid common everyday situations. Some specific phobias are:
Acrophobia - fear of heights
Ailorophobia - fear of cats
Amaxophobia - fear of vehicles or driving
Anuptaphobia - fear of staying single
Aquaphobia - fear of water or swimming
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Arachnophobia - fear of spiders
Astraphobia - fear of storms, thunder and lighting
Airophobia - fear of flying, airplanes
Biblophobia - fear of books
Blennophobia - fear of slime
Bogyphobia - fear of demons
Cathisophobia - fear of sitting down
Cibophobia - fear of food
Claustrophobia -fear of confinement
Coitophobia - fear of sexual intercourse
Cremnophobia - fear of precipices
Cynophobia - fear of dogs
Demophobia - fear of crowds
Dromophobia - fear of crossing streets
Ecophobia - fear of home
Entomophobia - fear of insects
Gamophobia - fear of marriage
Geascophobia - fear of crossing a bridge or a large body of water.
Gymnophobia - fear of nudity
Hamatophobia - fear of sins or sinning
Hapephobia - fear of touching or being touched.
Hematophobia - fear of blood
Hodophobia - fear of travels
Homilophobia - fear of sermons
Kinesophobia - fear of motion
Kopophobia - fear of mental or physical exams.
Lygophobia - fear of the dark
Microphobia - fear of germs
Nyctophobia - fear of fear of darkness.
Odontiatophobia - fear of dentists
Ophiophobia - fear of snakes
Opthalomophobia - fear of being stared at
Onomatophobia - fear of a certain word or name.
Panophobia - fear of everything
Paralipophobia - fear of responsibility
Pathophobia - fear of disease
Philophobia - fear of falling in love or being love
Phobophobia - fear of fears
Pyrophobia - fear of fire
Phyrotophobia - fear of getting wrinkles
Selenophobia - fear of the moon
Telephonophobia - fear of using the telephone.
Trophophobia - fear of moving
Thanotophobia - fear of death or dying.
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Zenophobia - fear of strangers
Zoophobia - fear of animals in general
6. Social Anxiety Disorder – this is also called “social phobia”. It involves overwhelming
worry and self-consciousness about everyday situations. The worry often centers on a
fear of being judged by others or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or
lead to ridicule (wade, 2004).
1. Persecutory Type (Delusion of Perception) – the person of this type believes that he or
she is being threatened or mistreated by others.
2. Grandiose Type (Delusion of Grandeur) – victims of this disorder believe that they are
extraordinary important people or are possessed with extraordinary power, knowledge or
ability.
3. Jealous Type – this delusion centers on the suspected unfaithfulness of a spouse or sexual
partner. This delusion is more common than others.
4. Erotomatic Type – this is a type of delusional disorder where a person has an erotic
delusion that he/she is loved by another person, especially by someone famous or of
higher status.
5. Somatic Type – the false belief focuses on a delusional physical abnormality or disorder.
The somatic delusion relates to the patient’s body. No matter what the mirror says, a
person suffering from this type of delusion believes his/her body is under attack. The
attack can be from bugs or bad odors or just the belief that there is something terribly
wrong with his/her body.
6. Guilt Delusion – this person believes he/she has done something terribly wrong. One
extremely rare instance of this disease is called “folie a deux” (Uriarte, 2009).
MOOD DISORDERS
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Mood Disorders are disorders characterized by extreme and unwanted disturbances in
feeling or mood. These are major disturbances in one’s condition of emotion, such as depression
and mania. It is otherwise known as “affective disorder” (DSM-IV-TR, 2000).
a. Sadness g. Dejection
b. Difficulty sleeping h. Exaggerated guilt
c. Fatigue i. Changes in appetite
d. Hopelessness j. Feelings of incompetence
e. Despair k. Loss of interest
f. Sense of inferiority l. Inability to function effectively
1. Bipolar Disorder – in bipolar disorder, formerly known as “manic depression”, there are
swings in mood from elation (extreme happiness) to depression (extreme sadness) with
no discernable external cause.
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c. Recurrent – recurrent depression is an extended pattern of depressed episodes.
Depressed episodes can include any of the features of major depressive disorder
(Santrock, 2003).
PERSONALITY DISORDER
Manifestation:
Social isolation and a lack of desire for close personal relationships.
Prefers to be alone and seem withdrawal and emotionally detached.
Seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other people.
b. Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) – although they are prone to unjustified angry or
aggressive outbursts when they perceive others as disloyal or deceitful, those with PPD
more often come across as emotionally “cold” or excessively serious.
Manifestation:
They feel constant suspicion and distrust toward other people.
They believe that others are against them and constantly look for evidence to support
their suspicions.
They are hostile toward others are react angrily to perceived insults.
Manifestation:
They engage in odd thinking, speech and behavior.
They may ramble or use words and phrases in unusual ways.
They may believe they have magical control over others.
They feel very uncomfortable with close personal relationships and tend to be
suspicion of others.
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a. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) – APD is characterized by lack of empathy or
conscience, a difficulty controlling impulses and manipulative behaviors. Antisocial
behavior in people less than 18 years old is called conduct disorder.
Manifestation:
Act in a way that disregards the feelings and the rights of other people.
Anti-social personalities often break the law.
Use or exploit other people for their own gain.
They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively and get into physical fights.
They may mistreat their spouse, neglect or abuse their children and exploit their
employees.
They may even kill other people.
People with this disorder are also sometimes called “sociopaths” or “psychopaths”.
People with this disorder are at high risk for premature and violent death, injury,
imprisonment, loss of employment, bankruptcy, alcoholism, drug dependence and failed personal
relationships.
Manifestation:
They have intense instability, particularly in relationship with other.
They make frantic efforts to avoid real imagined abandonment by others.
They may experience minor problems as major crises.
They express their anger, frustration and dismay through suicidal gestures, self-
mutilation and others self-destructive acts.
They tend to have an unstable self-image or sense of self.
Borderline personalities are at high risk for developing depression, alcoholism, drug
dependence and bulimia; dissociate disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, 10
percent of people with this disorder commit suicide by the age of 30.
Manifestation:
They a grandiose sense of self-importance.
They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited success or
power.
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They believe they are special, unique or superior to others. However, they often have
very fragile self-esteem.
Manifestation:
They strive to be the center of attention.
They act overtly flirtations or dress in ways that draw attention.
They may also talk in dramatic or theatrical style and display exaggerated emotional
reactions.
a. Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) – those with avoidant personalities are often
hypersensitive for rejection and unwilling to take social risks. Avoidance displays a high
level of social discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism, avoidance of activities that involve
interpersonal contact
Manifestations:
They possess intense, anxious shyness.
They are reluctant to interact with others unless they feel certain of being liked.
They fear being criticized and rejected.
They often view themselves as socially inept and inferior to others.
Manifestation:
They have severe and disabling emotional dependency on others.
They have difficulty in making decisions without a great deal of advice and
reassurance from other.
They urgently seek out another relationship when a close relationship ends.
They feel uncomfortable by themselves.
Manifestation:
They have a preoccupation with details, orderliness, perfection and control.
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They devote excessive amounts of time to work and productivity and fail to take time
for leisure activities and friendships.
They tend to be rigid, formal, stubborn and serious.
This disorder differs from obsessive-compulsive disorder, which often includes more
bizarre behavior and rituals (Lahey, 2001 and Snatrock, 2003).
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenic Hallucinations
1. Tactile (touch) – people with schizophrenia often have the sensation that there are things
(like bugs or insects) crawling across their skin.
2. Visual (sight) – this kind of hallucination causes the person to see things that are not
really there.
3. Auditory (hearing) – this is the most common type of hallucination. People with auditory
hallucinations hear voices and sounds that others cannot hear.
4. Olfactory (smell) – the person experiencing an olfactory hallucination smells things
(usually foul smelling things) that others do not smell.
5. Command (hearing) – when a voice commands the person to do something he/she would
not ordinarily do.
Characteristics of Schizophrenia
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a. Persecutory Delusion – the schizophrenic believes that he/she is being talked about,
spied upon or his/her death being planned.
b. Delusions of Reference – the schizophrenic give personal importance to completely
unrelated incidents, objects or people.
2. Disturbances of Perception – during acute schizophrenic episodes, people say that the
world appears different to them, their bodies appear longer, colors seem more intense and
they cannot recognize themselves in a mirror.
3. Disturbances of Affect – schizophrenic persons fail to show ‘normal’ emotions. This
symptom is easiest described as an excessive lack of correlation between what an
individual is saying and what emotion they are expressing. (e.g. recounting an experience
of serious horror while chuckling or a patient may smile while talking over tragic events).
4. Withdrawal from Reality – during schizophrenic episodes, the individual becomes
absorbed in his inner thoughts and fantasies. The self-absorption may be so intense that
the individual may not know the month or day or the place where he is staying.
5. Delusions and Hallucinations – in most cases it is accompanied by delusions. Delusions
are inflexible misleading beliefs. They appear as a result of exaggerations or distortions
of reasoning, as well as false interpretations of things and events.
The most common are beliefs that other persons are trying to control his
thoughts, he may become suspicious of friends (paranoid) and this is the reason why
Robert Kennedy was assassinated (Spoor, 1999).
Kinds of Schizophrenia
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e. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia – people with undifferentiated schizophrenia exhibit the
symptoms of more than one of the above mentioned types of schizophrenia, but without a
clear predominance of a particular set of diagnostic characteristics. This is used when the
patient’s symptoms clearly point to schizophrenia but are so clouded that classification
into the different types of schizophrenia is very difficult (Santrock, 2003).
SEXUAL DISORDERS
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Sexual Dysfunction are disorders related to a particular phase of the sexual response
cycle. Sexual disorders include problems of sexual identity, sexual performance and sexual aim.
Sexual dysfunction is a persistent or recurrent problem that causes marked distress and
interpersonal difficulty and that may involve any some combination of the following:
a. Sexual arousal or the pleasure associated with sex, or
b. Orgasm
It is a disturbance in any phase of the Human Sexual Response Cycle (Lahey, 2001)
The Human Sexual Response Cycle is a four stage model of physiological responses
during sexual stimulation. The term was coined by William H> Masters and Virginia E. Johnson
in their 1966 book Human Sexual Response. The cycles are:
1. Excitement Phase – it is also known as the “arousal phase” or “initial excitement phase”.
It is the first stage of the human response cycle. It occurs as the result of any erotic
physical or mental stimulation, such as kissing, petting or viewing erotic images that lead
to sexual arousal. It is characterized by an erection in males and a swelling of the clitoris
and vaginal lubrication in females.
2. Plateau Phase – it is the period of sexual excitement prior to organism. The plateau phase
is the second phase of the sexual cycle, after the excitement phase with the following
manifestation such as: further increases in circulation and heart rate occur in both sexes,
sexual pleasure increases with increases stimulation, muscle tension increases further,
fort those who never achieve orgasm; this is the peak to sexual excitement. Both men and
women may also begin to vocalize involuntarily at this stage. Prolonged time in the
plateau phase without progression to the orgasmic phase may result in frustration if
continued for too long.
3. Orgasmic Phase – orgasm is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the sexual response
cycle, and is experienced by both males and females. It is accompanied by quick cycles
of muscle contraction in the lower pelvic muscles, which surrounded both the anus and
the primary sexual organs; women also experience uterine and vaginal contractions;
orgasms are often associated with other involuntary actions, including vocalizations and
muscular spasms with other areas of the body and a generally euphoric sensation; in men,
orgasm is usually associated with ejaculation. Each ejection is associated with a wave of
sexual pleasure, especially in the penis and loins; the first and second convulsions are
usually the most intense in sensation and produce the greatest quantity of semen.
Thereafter, each contraction is associated with a diminishing volume of semen and a
milder wave of pleasure. Orgasms in females may also play a significant role in
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fertilization. The muscular spasms are theorized to aid in the locomotion of sperm up the
vaginal walls into the uterus.
4. Resolution Phase (Refractory Period) – the resolution phase occurs after orgasm and
allows the muscles to relax, blood pressure to drop and the body to slow down from its
excited state. Men and women may or may not experience a refractory period and further
stimulation may cause a return to the plateau stage.
This allows the possibility of multiple orgasms in both sexes. However, typically
men enter this refractory period and some may find continued stimulation to be painful
after the orgasmic phase. Women may not have a similar refractory period and may be
able to repeat the cycle almost immediately (Uriarte, 2009).
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Category II. PARAPHILIA
Paraphilia (in Greek “para” means over and “philia means friendship) is a rare mental
health disorder term recently used to indicate sexual arousal in response to sexual objects or
situations that are not part of societal normative arousal/activity patterns or which may interfere
with the capacity for reciprocal affectionate sexual activity.
The disorder is characterized by a 6 month period of recurrent, intense, sexually arousing
fantasies or sexual urges involving a specific act, depending on the paraphilia.
a. Exhibitionism – this is also known as flashing, is behavior by a person that involves the
exposure of private parts of his/her body to another person in a situation when they would
not normally be exposed.
When the term is used to refer to the psychological compulsion for such exposure, it may
be called “apodysophilia” or “a Lady Godiva syndrome”.
Types of Exposure
Various types of behavior classified as exhibitionism includes:
1. Flashing – it is the display of bare breasts and/or buttocks by a woman with an up-
and-down lifting of the shirt and/or bra or a person exposing and/or stroking his or
her genitals.
2. Mooning - refers to the display of the bare buttocks while bending down by the
pulling-down of trousers and underwear. This act is note often done for the sake of
humor and/or mockery than for sexual excitement.
3. Anasyrma – lifting up of the skirt when not wearing underwear, to expose genitals.
4. Martymachlia – is a paraphilia which involves sexual attraction to having others
watch the execution of a sexual act.
b. Fetishism – people with a fetish experience sexual urges and behavior which are associated
with non-living objects. For example, the object of the fetish could be an article of female
clothing, like female underwear. Usually the fetish begins in adolescence and tends to be
quite chronic into adult life. Sexual fetishism, first described as such by Sigmund Freud.
Types of Fetishism
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laughter. Often this involves some form of restraint to prevent escape and/or accidentally
hurting the tickler.
4. Wet and Messy Fetish (WAM) – A form of sexual fetishism that has a person getting
aroused by substances applied on the body like mud, shaving foam, custard pudding,
chocolate sauce, etc. It could also involve wet clothes or any combination of the above.
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m. Necrophilia – is also called “thanatophilia” and “necrolagnia” is the sexual attraction to
corpses. The word is artificially derived from Ancient Greek “nekros” meas corpse or
dead and “philia” means friendship.
n. Coprophilia – coprophilia from Greek “kopros” means escrement and “filia” means
liking, fondness, also called “scatophilia or scat”, is the paraphilia involving sexual
pleasure from feces.
o. Zoophilia - is the practice sex between humans and animals, also known as
“bestiality/bestosexual”. It came from the Greek “zoion” means animal and “philia means
friendship or love, also known as “zoosexuality’. A person who practices zoophilia is
known as a “zoophile”.
p. Urophilia (Urolagnia) – a paraphilia of the fetishistic/talismanic type in which
sexuoerotic arousal and facilitation or attainment of orgasmis responsive to and being
urinated upon and/or swallowing urine in Greek “ouron”, means urine.
q. Gerontophilia (sexual preference for the elderly) – Gerontophilai describes a specific
sexual inclination towards the elderly and may at times explain the sadistic attacks made
upon them.
r. Mysophilia – mysophilia is obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by filth or filthy
surrounding. Put simply, this is getting horny from smelling, chewing or rubbing against
dirty underwear in Greek “mysos” means uncleanness.
s. Hypoxyphilia – is the desire to achieve an altered state of consciousness as an
enhancement to the experience of orgasm.
In this disorder, the individual may use a drug such as nitrous oxide to produce
“hypoxia” or a “high” due to a lack of oxygen to the brain. Autoerotic asphyxiation is
also associated with hypoxic states, but it is classified as a form of sexual masochism.
Kinds of Homosexual
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a. Overt – persons who are conscious of their homosexual cravings, and who make no
attempts to disguise their intention. They make advances towards members of their
own gender.
b. Latent – persons who may or may not be aware of the tendency in that direction but
are inclined to repress the urge to give way to their homosexual yearning.
Types Masturbation
a. Conscious Type – the person deliberately resorts to some mechanical means of producing
sexual excitement with or without orgasm.
Ways of Masturbation:
1. In Male
By manual manipulation to the point of emission.
Ejaculation produced by rubbing his sex organ against some part of the female body
without the use of the hand.
2. In Female
Manual manipulation of clitoris.
Introduction of penis-substitute.
b. Unconscious Type – the release of sexual tension may come about via the mechanism of
nocturnal stimulation with or without emission, which may also be as “masturbation
equivalent”.
6. Gerontophilia - this refers to sexual desire with elder person.
7. Necrophilia – this refers to a sexual perversion characteristics by erotic desire or actual
sexual intercourse with a corpse.
8. Incest – this refers to sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.
1. Over Sex
a. Satyriasis – this refers to an excessive sexual desire of men to intercourse.
b. Nymphomania – this refers to the strong sexual feeling of women. They are
commonly called “hot” or “fighter”.
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2. Under Sex
a. Sexual Anesthesia – this refers to the absence of sexual desire or arousal during
sexual act in woman.
b. Dyspareunia – refers to the painful sexual act in women.
c. Vaginismus – it refers to the painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act.
1. Oralism – this refers to the use of the mouth as a way of sexual gratification. This
includes any of the following:
a. Fellatio (irrumation) – the female agent receives the penis of a man into her mouth
and by friction with the lips and tongue coupled with the act sucking the sexual organ.
b. Cunnilingus – the sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking the external
female genitalia.
c. Anilism (anilingus) – it is a form of sexual perversion wherein a person derives
excitement by licking the anus of another person of either sex.
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2. Mixoscopia (scoptophilia) – it refers to a perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained
by watching couple undress or during their sex intimacies.
1. Triolism – from French word “trios” which means “three”, it is a form of sexual
perversion in which three persons are participating in the sexual orgies. The combination
may consist of two and a woman or two women and a man.
Troilist (a person) becomes aroused and gratified by the “sharing”.
Classification of Intersexuality:
a. Gonadal Agenesis – the sex organ (testes or ovaries) have never developed.
b. Gonadal Dysgenesis – the externals sexual structures are present but at puberty the testes
or the ovaries fail to develop.
c. True Hermaphroditism – a state of bisexuality, having both ovaries and testicles. The
nuclear sex is usually female. The character may be neutral or whichever is dominant.
d. Pseudohermaphrodite – the sex organ is anatomically of one sex but the sex character is
that of the opposite sex.
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
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be sure that they do not have an illness related to a physical cause or central lesion. Patients with
this disorder often become very worried about their health because the doctors are unable to find
a cause for their health problems.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
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Dissociative disorders are disorders in which, under stress, one loses the integration of
consciousness, identity and memories of important personal events. These include four
recognized varieties:
1. Psychogenic Amnesia – it is also known as “dissociative amnesia” is the temporary or
permanent loss of a part or all of the memory. When this is due to extreme psychosocial
stress, it is labeled psychogenic amnesia. This stress is most often associated with
catastrophic events.
PART II
VICTIMOLOGY
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about the impact of criminal victimization upon individual’s mental and physical health, but also
the macro-social costs of victimization (including economic). The third area is practical
responses to victimization. Here, you will learn about the history and development of the
“victims’ rights movement”, as well as social policy and services aimed at restoring victims.
To do well in this course, you will not only need to absorb information, but you must apply won
creative, critical thinking as well. (Danilo L. Tancangco)
Victimology – is the study of the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. Likewise it
is the “scientific study of physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer because of illegal
activities. It is the study of the victim, including the offender and society. Furthermore, it is a
social-structural way of viewing crime and the law and the criminal.
Perpetrator – also known as the offender is an individual who has committed the crime against
the victim. Additionally, he is an aggressor, assailant, criminal, evil doer, felon, lawbreaker,
malefactor, malfeasant, one implicated in the commission of a crime, one who breaks the law,
one who commits a crime, pecan’s, sinner, transgressor, violator, wrongdoer. Law enforcement
agencies use the study of victimology and the theories of victimology to determine why the
victim was targeted by the offender.
Theory of Victimization
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or illegally obtain another’s property or possessions. The Latin word victima means “sacrificial
animal”, but the term victim has evolved to include a variety of targets, including oneself,
another individual, a household, a business, the state or the environment. The act committed by
the offender is usually a violation of a criminal or civil statute but does not necessarily have to
violate a law; Harm can include psychological/emotional damage, physical or sexual injury or
economic loss.
Victimology is the scientific study of victims. Victimologists focus on a range of victim-
related issues, including estimating the extent of different types of victimization, explaining why
victimization occurs to whom or what, the effects and consequences of victimization and
examining victims’ rights within the legal system. Different domains of victimization are also of
interest. Victimology is characterized as an interdisciplinary field – academics, practitioners and
advocates worldwide form the fields of criminology, psychology, social work, sociology, nursing
and medicine focus on victim’s plight.
The “victimization” in this report has two meaning, “an act that exploits of victimizes
someone” and “adversity resulting from being made a victim”. Despite these two descriptions of
the same word, both illustrate the problem of victimization, especially in number as high as the
U.S experiences each year. As a method of counterfeiting the problem of crime and of dealing
with the numerous victims left in their wake, criminologist turn to the study of victims and their
relationship to the criminal act. While caring and understanding the pain and anguish of the
victim and their circle of social influence is of essential, as is providing treatment and
counseling: criminologists now view the role of the victim in the criminal process as imperative
to understanding the crime itself. Studying and researching victimology helps in gaining a better
understanding of the victim as well as the criminal and how the crime may have been
precipitated.
References
1. Jesster P. Eduardo and Carlito R. Panganoron, Human Behavior and Crisis Management
2. Danilo L. Tancangco, Victimology
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