Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main II
Alangilan, Batangas City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS

Mechanical Engineering Department

ME 408 - MACHINE SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE

LABORATORY REPORT 1: GRINDING HSS LATHE TOOL BITS

SUBMITTED BY:
Peñaflor, Marren Jeirelle M.

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Liza Acosta

MARCH 2022
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

I. INTRODUCTION

Manufacturing, at its simplest explanation, is the process in which raw materials or

component elements are purchased then turned into its desired finished product.
Manufacturing is mainly classified into three classes which are: the primary, the
secondary, and the advanced processes. One of the secondary processes in manufacturing
is machining. Machining is a secondary manufacturing process that involves cutting off
excess material by means of shearing them off from a pre-formed blank in the form of
chips with a wedge-shaped cutting tool to achieve the desired shape, polish, and tolerance.
Like manufacturing, machining also has several different processes under it. Some widely
used machining processes are: Turning. Milling, Facing, Drilling, Boring, Knurling, and
Grinding.

Grinding is defined as an abrasive machining process in which a grinding wheel or

grinder is utilized as the cutting tool. This process is used to complete workpieces that
require a high degree of surface quality and form and dimension with high precision. One
very useful skill that a machinist must learn and hone is the art of grinding HSS lathe tool
bit. A tool bit is a non-rotary type of cutting bits made for power tools such as milling
machines and lathes. Moreover, tool bits are particularly formed to cut specific profile,
depth, and width including screw threads, grooves, and flat cuts. Although there are
readily used or preformed tool bits available in the market, learning how to grind HSS tool
bits is still essential as it allows the machinist to create necessary adjustments to the tool
bit to perfectly fit the specific requirements of some workpieces. Furthermore, this also
allows the students and/or beginner machinists to learn and appreciate the process and art
of grinding.

This laboratory activity focuses on grinding, specifically on how to properly grind

different types of HSS lathe tool bit.

II. OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this laboratory activity is to understand and learn how to
properly grind HSS lathe tool bits. Specifically, this laboratory activity aims to:

1. Introduce and prepare the students to the environment of a machinist or a machine

shop environment.
2. Educate the students on how to correctly use and care for a grinding machine.
3. Teach the students the fundamental concepts and procedures in properly grinding
HSS lathe tool bits.
4. Establish the basic machinist skill and knowledge needed by the students.
5. Teach the students the safety protocol in a machine shop and its importance.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

III. MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT

 Safety Goggles
- It is a type of personal protective equipment (PPE)
that is worn to protect the eyes from chemicals,
water, glare and objects that may strike one’s eyes.

 Water or coolant
- It is used to reduce the temperature or cool the
workpiece while it is being shaped or grinded to its
desired form.

 High-Speed Steel (HSS)

- It is a particular type of tool steels known for their
ability to machine and cut materials at high speeds.

 Center Gauge
- It is a machining instrument used to verify the
angle of tool bits used to cut screw threads. It is
also called as fishtail gauge.

 Diamond Grinding Wheel Dresser

- It is used to "dress" or trim the wheel surface. It
helps to clean congested areas and uncover new
grains for better cutting.

 Grinding Machine
- It is a piece of machinery that is used to remove
the rough surface of a workpiece using a rotating
abrasive wheel that serves as a tool. There are
several different types of grinding machine. For
this laboratory activity the type of grinding
machine used is a bench grinding machine or a
bench grinder.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

 Grinding Wheel
- It is a wheel that is created from or covered in hard
grit utilized for removing the surface of a hard
substance. There are several different types of
grinding wheel. The ones presented in this
laboratory activity are aluminum oxide and silicon
carbide grinding wheel. Aluminum oxide grinding
wheel is used for sharpening soft materials
including HSS tool bits, while silicon carbide
grinding wheel is used to sharpen hard materials
including carbide tip tool bit.

IV. PROCEDURE
A. BASIC SAFETY PROTOCOL
 Wear safety goggles.
 Wear safety gloves.
 Make sure that a coolant or water is readily available in front of the
grinding machine.
 Dip the tool bit occasionally into the coolant or water to maintain the
normal temperature. Do not let the tool bit get too hot or burnt.
 When working with a grinding machine, some fingers should be resting on
the tool rest of the machine while other fingers are holding the tool bit
firmly.

B. BASIC CARE FOR THE GRINDING MACHINE

 Assess the condition of the grinding machine and its parts.
 Check the grinding wheel for cracks by means of a ring test.
 Dress the grinding wheel when it is dull (Dressing is the method of
sharpening a grinding wheel by the use of diamond dresser).

C. PROCEDURES ON HOW TO GRIND DIFFERENT HSS LATHE TOOL

BITS
 Right/Left Hand Facing Tool Bit
1. Wait until the full revolution of the grinding wheel is obtained.
2. Grind the front cutting edge together with the front clearance. Grind the
front clearance angle by positioning the tool bit 8° from the lower part of
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

the front face towards the face of the grinding wheel, and 15° for the front
cutting edge.
3. Move the tool bit sideways so that the face of the tool bit will be flattened.
4. For the final touch, apply less pressure to the tool bit against the face of the
grinding wheel. The face of the tool bit should be smooth and flat.
5. Grind the side cutting edge together with the side clearance. Grind the side
clearance angle by positioning the tool bit 10° from the bottom surface.
6. Repeat Step 4.
7. Grind the side rake. Grind the side rake angle by position the tool bit 12°
from its lower part towards the grinding wheel. The side rake angle and side
clearance angle should meet to form a sharp cutting edge.
8. Repeat Step 4.
9. The nose, front cutting edge, side cutting edge, side rake, and side clearance
angle are already produced.
10. Grind the nose radius. To obtain the nose radius, slightly round the nose by
using the corner or the front face of the grinding wheel. Additionally, pivot
the tool bit very lightly on the face of the grinding wheel while maintaining
an 8° for the front clearance.

 V-shape Tool Bit

1. Wait until the full revolution of the grinding wheel is obtained.
2. Grind the side cutting edge together with the side clearance. Grind the side
clearance by positioning the tool bit 10° and 30° for the side cutting edge.
3. Move the tool bit sideways so that the face of the tool bit will be flattened.
4. For the final touch, apply less pressure to the tool bit against the face of the
grinding wheel. The face of the tool bit should be smooth and flat.
5. Repeat Steps 2 – 4 on the opposite side of the first side cutting edge.
6. Make sure that the 2 cutting edges are of equal length and angle so that the
nose will be exactly at their middle point.
7. Measure the included angle of the tool bit by the use of the center gauge or
screw pitch gauge. The center gauge or screw pitch gauge should fit exactly
in both the cutting edges of the tool bit to ensure that the included angle is
60°.
8. If the desired included angle is not yet obtained, continue grinding the tool
bit to create necessary adjustments until the desired form is achieved.
11. Grind the nose radius. To obtain the nose radius, slightly round the nose by
pivoting the tool bit very lightly on the face of the grinding wheel.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

12. To obtain a right-hand V-shape tool bit, make a side rake angle from the
left-side cutting edge. On the other hand, to obtain a left-hand V-shape tool
bit, make a side rake angle from the right-side cutting edge.
 Round Nose Tool Bit
1. Wait until the full revolution of the grinding wheel is obtained.
2. Grind the front clearance. To achieve this, position the tool bit 8°.
3. Move the tool bit sideways so that the face of the tool bit will be flattened.
4. For the final touch, apply less pressure to the tool bit against the face of the
grinding wheel. The face of the tool bit should be smooth and flat.
5. Grind the nose radius. To obtain this, swivel or pivot the tool bit on the face
of the grinding wheel while producing 10° for the side clearance on both
sides.
6. Repeat Step 4.
7. Depending on what the workpiece requires, a side rake may or may not be
grinded onto the round nose tool bit.

 Cut-off Tool Bit

1. Wait until the full revolution of the grinding wheel is obtained.
2. Grind the front clearance. To achieve this, position the tool bit 8°.
3. Move the tool bit sideways so that the face of the tool bit will be flattened.
4. For the final touch, apply less pressure to the tool bit against the face of the
grinding wheel. The face of the tool bit should be smooth and flat.
5. Grind the side cutting edge together with the side clearance. Grind the side
clearance angle by positioning the tool bit 3°, and 1° for the side cutting
edge angle. Do this procedure on both right and left sides of the tool bit.
6. Repeat Step 4.
7. Finish off the tool bit by retouching the front of the tool bit. To obtain this,
grind the front of the tool bit until it is smooth and flat.

V. CONCLUSION

To sum up what is said above, this laboratory activity has greatly helped us, students,
in understanding and learning the key concepts and procedures in grinding tool bits.
Moreover, this has also served as an eye-opener in the real-world application of this
subject, ME 408 - Machine Shop Theory and Practice, and a preparation for the machine
shop environment that we will soon encounter in our career as aspiring mechanical
engineers. Additionally, this has also shown us the safety precautions one has to know and
take to their heart to ensure everyone’s safety in the machine shop. Lastly, this has taught
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

us one of the foundational skills a professional machinist must have to become more
effective and efficient in the machine shop.

This laboratory activity has paved a way for us to somehow experience and be familiar
with the basics of grinding. Not only does this make us knowledgeable on what truly
happens inside of a machine shop, but it also makes us realize the importance of learning
how to grind, or to be more general, the basics of the different types of machining
processes. Overall, this laboratory activity has significantly helped us, students, to become
better engineers in the future.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

VI. REFERENCES

Collins. (n.d.). Grinding wheel definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary.

Collins Dictionaries. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/grinding-wheel

Connor, N. (2021, June 9). What is High-speed Steel - HSS - Definition. Material

Properties. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://material-properties.org/what-

is-high-speed-steel-hss-definition/

Corrosionpedia. (2018, June 13). Grinding. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from

https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/611/grinding#:%7E:text=Grinding

%20is%20an%20abrasive%20machining,plants%20and%20the%20cement

%20industry.

Definition of Machining or Metal Cutting - Examples of Machining Processes. (2018,

May 4). Minaprem.Com. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from

http://www.minaprem.com/machining/introduction/definition-of-machining-or-

metal-cutting-examples-of-machining-processes/

Fleming, E. (2019, July 14). What is a diamond grinding wheel dresser? – SidmartinBio.

SidmartinBio. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from

https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what-is-a-diamond-grinding-wheel-dresser/

Grinding Machine || Definition,Working,Parts,Operation&Types. (2020, March 3).

Mechanical Notes. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from

https://mechanicalnotes.com/grinding-machine-definition-parts-operation/

Prof Johnny. (2020, November 15). (UPDATED) Grinding HSS Tool Bit [Video].

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNXByC5q6Ws

Safeopedia. (2019, January 6). Safety Goggles. Safeopedia.Com. Retrieved March 23,

2022, from https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/73/safety-goggles

Sanker, E. A. (2022, February 28). What Is a Center Gauge? About Mechanics.

Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.aboutmechanics.com/what-is-a-

center-gauge.htm
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines, 4200
Mechanical Engineering Department

Scott, P. (2022, February 12). What is a Tool Bit? About Mechanics. Retrieved March 23,

2022, from https://www.aboutmechanics.com/what-is-a-tool-bit.htm