HEAT TRANSFER

Course Introduction

Dr. Waheed Miran

SCME, NUST

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 Course Introduction
COURSE CODE: CHE-242
COURSE NAME: Heat Transfer
CREDIT HOURS: Theory = 3
Practical = 1
Total = 4
CONTACT HOURS: Theory = 48

Practical = 48

Total = 96

PREREQUISITES: None

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 Course Introduction

MODE OF TEACHING:
Instruction: Three hours of lecture per week 75%
Practical/ Laboratory Demonstration: Three hours of Lab work per week 25%

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course is an introduction to the principal concepts and
methods of heat transfer. The objectives of this integrated subject
are to develop the fundamental principles and laws of heat transfer
and to explore the implications of these principles for system
behaviour; to formulate the models necessary to study, analyse
and design heat transfer systems through the application of these
principles; to develop the problem-solving skills essential to good
engineering practice of heat transfer in real-world applications.
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 Course Introduction
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (Theory):
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be
able to:
Learning
No. CLO PLO
level
Describe the fundamentals of heat transfer
1 related to steady state conduction, 1 C-2
convection, and radiation
Extend the knowledge of heat transfer model
2 equations to solve problems related to heat 2 C-3
transfer systems
Solve and analyze complex engineering
3 problems pertaining to heat transfer 4 C-4
operations
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 Course Introduction
RELEVANT PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (Theory):
The course is designed so that students achieve following PLOs:

Environment and
1 Engineering Knowledge  7 ☐
Sustainability
2 Problem Analysis  8 Ethics ☐
Design/Development of Individual and Team
3 ☐ 9 ☐
Solutions: Work
4 Investigation  10 Communication ☐
5 Modern Tool Usage ☐ 11 Project Management ☐
The Engineer and
6 ☐ 12 Lifelong Learning ☐
Society

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 Course Introduction
Week Topic
1-2 Conduction in steady state and unsteady state cases for one dimension
3-4 Heat transfer by Convection (Natural & Forced Convection)
5-6 Application of dimensional analysis to convection
7-8 Heat transfer by Radiation
9-10 Radiation from black and real surfaces, radiation between black surfaces,
radiation between grey surfaces, radiation from gases
11 Concept of film and overall heat transfer coefficients
12 Unsteady state heat transfer
13-14 Heat transfer equipment’s, their types and selection criteria
15 Heat Exchangers and their design
16 Heat transfer with phase change; Condensation and boiling heat transfer
and designing of single component condensers
17 Evaporation
18 End Semester Exam
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 Course Introduction
ASSESMENT SYSTEM:
Theoretical/Instruction
75%
Assignments
10%
Quizzes
10%
Mid Semester Exams
30%
End Semester Exam
50%

Practical Work
25%
Total
100%

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Let's Begin…

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 The Role of a Chemical Engineer
Primary role of a Chemical Engineer is to:

Design and develop (or operate) processes that convert

raw materials into desired useful products at industrial
scale in a

✓ Safe and
✓ Economical way

The expertise in the subject of heat transfer help in designing

and developing processes that are safe and economical.

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 Introduction to heat transfer

• Heat transfer is a science which deals with the energy transfer

between two given locations as a result of temperature
difference.

• Thermodynamics encompasses systems at equilibrium and does

not give any information about rate of a quantity, here, rate of
heat transfer. Time is not a thermodynamic variable.
Thermodynamics predicts only the maximum possible amount
of a quantity that can be transferred.

• Heat transfer, on the other hand, deals with rates and predicts
how fast or slow the heat will flow from one point to the other.
Therefore, it helps in sizing the heat transfer equipment.

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Applications of heat transfer

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 Modes of heat transfer
• Conduction Heat conduction is applied to
the mechanism of internal exchange from one
body to another in contact. This exchange is
the kinetic energy exchange by vibration of
the atomic lattice, by movement of free
electrons, or by molecular activity.
• Convection Heat transfer by convection
is due to fluid motion on a scale, i.e. heat
transfer mechanism occurs in a fluid by Modes of heat transfer
mixing of one portion of the fluid with
another portion due to movement of the
mass of the fluid. Energy transported from
one point to the other by displacement of fluid
itself.
• Radiation is unique as it does not require
any physical medium for heat transfer. Energy
transfer by radiation occurs by means of
electromagnetic radiations. 12
Modes of heat transfer

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 Conduction heat transfer
Fourier’s law of heat conduction
The rate of flow of heat through a single
homogeneous solid is directly
proportional to the area of the section at
right angles to the direction of heat flow, Joseph Fourier
and to the change of temperature with
respect to the length of the path of the
heat flow (temperature gradient).

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 Conduction heat transfer
Fourier’s law of heat conduction

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 Conduction heat transfer
Thermal conductivity:
Thermal conductivity is defined as the transportation of energy due to
the random movement of molecules across the temperature gradient.
In simple words, it is defined as the measure of a material’s ability to
conduct heat. It is denoted by k.

Units: SI

English system

The inverse of thermal conductivity is thermal resistivity. It is defined

as the temperature difference by which a material can resist heat flow.16
 Conduction heat transfer
Thermal conductivity of common materials:

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 Effect of Temperature and Pressure on k
Gases:
• Thermal conductivity increases with increasing pressure. The
effect is small at low pressures and near 1.0 bar the effect is
ignorable.
• Generally, for gases, thermal conductivity increases with increase
in temperature.
• Thermal conductivity increases nearly as square root of the
absolute temperature up to few atmospheres.
• At high pressures, increasing temperature, decreases the value.

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 Effect of Temperature and Pressure on k
Gases:
• Thermal conductivity increases with increasing pressure. The
effect is small at low pressures and near 1.0 bar the effect is
ignorable.
• Generally, for gases, thermal conductivity increases with increase
in temperature.
• Thermal conductivity increases nearly as square root of the
absolute temperature up to few atmospheres.
• At high pressures, increasing temperature, decreases the value.

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 Effect of Temperature and Pressure on k
Liquids:
• Thermal conductivity of liquids are relatively not affected by
pressure.
• Raising the temperature , usually decreases the thermal
conductivity, and the variation may be expressed as linear.
Solids:
• The thermal conductivity of pure metals decreases with an increase
in temperature. Explain Why?

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Effect of Temperature and pressure on k

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 Example
Q: Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area for an insulating
wall composed of 25.4 mm thick fiber insulating board, where the
inside temperature is 352.7 K and the outside temperature is 297.1 K.
Thermal conductivity of the material is 0.048 W/ m·K.

Answer: 105.1 W/m2

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