Leckune-| Nonmol Steel without anneoling Stress yield annealed Steel * Normal steel stnain Handening —+ Annealed steel —— Sknain Annealed Steel mosEquilibrium - equilibaium * TF on infinitesimally small configuration doesn't change the on state of a system we will soy th system is in equilibrium . maximum PE fotential enengy — configuration Stoble —> Ostable quilbniam : min Energy © anstable equilibrium: mox Energy © Metastoble : Local minimum. (Fe, Al, Ag Au) © Most stable: Global minimum Cenengy) CFen03, AlaO3 , CuSOu)lectune-2 Y ohere, Uo = Intemal Thternal Enewy —* UF Ue } vd T energy ot OK 6 Tnternal energy U increases with innease in temperature [change ot stote ——> Distance Equilbnium Uo = When too atoms one at infinite dishince we consider their energy is zero & when we bring trem together Huy forum some bond . Bond enenpy | Enthalyy — Tt is defined os the enerpy nequined to break ( mole of stated bond Ex- — Bond enengy of a single 0-H bend —> 463KI/mole ive, this O-H bond nequines 463kKT mole enengy to break it's bond Therefore, Bond energy is always on endothermic change since energy is_absonbed f break He bond Endothennic prscess—> QH>O While, formadion of bond is an exothermic change Exothenmic process —> AH Hote +f cya |e Be ety ? Ol He ut PV H is “a Hed fon solids Therefore, fon solid , internal energy is equal to enthalpy Poof , PV is negligible —> Lek us take tmol of Cu oF tokm “PVE p.foix io Net x 2.09 x16 on? >PVro7e Ts dmol of Cu has 6mol of Cur Cu bond Bond enengy = 6X 564 = 3384 KT = 3381007 -. Fon solid [Aeu The stote of motten doesn't a tiga). depend on internal energy on enthalpy, a in the gnoph solid has lower enthalpy | intemal energy before ond often melting point than the liquid fonm.So, the state of matter depends on free enengy latent heat Pantion CHis less fon solid) Ho > Tempenatune "We cant differentiate solid state and liquid state in terms of enthalpy , 90 equilibrium doesn’t depend upon enthalpy [intennol energy* Bound enengy on Entropy focton ~ This enengy is bound to the system & is not owoileble for doing ovy Kind of wonk done. All the material howe some centain internal configuration. and to that configuration. conbain enoyy is involved , this energy uhich is involved with that conligunotion is called bound energy Entropy focton = T.S * Temperature * Entropy S=entnopy Centnopy at Ok tempenstune is zero) T PS = f cP at oO SOLID STRUCTURE Crystalline stuectune Non- Crystalline structure (Regular amangement & (Structure similen to liquid) Periodically repeating pattenn) * Difference belween Oszillatony motion con only be found in atoms of solid state And of zero kelvin no motion is available in atom. —* When solid is about to mach its melting point some notational motion can begin at that ime . Rotational motion can't take place in solids othenwise—> Th oscillatory motion the frequency increase with innease im temperature . Thenetone , at zenro Kelvin frequency becomes zeno (no motion). But Frequency incneases with manrease in temperatin upto Yook (ater ook it will stabilise). This Fruquency is called vibration frequency Lattice Viboation frequency —P ¥= 10" pen see Constant) (ot tempencttine gnenten than 200K) —— This oscillation energy which is owailable to atoms in crystol solids is pelered to as thermal enengy —> hug. energy per atom pr mole of oseillotion = KT when , K=Bollamon's constant 2 1.98KIo™ Tk with Avogadno’s Const (Ne), KNo> Universal (ros Constant PR: 8.314 Thmol KR * Entnopy- Meosunes the nandomness in materials. Randomness is the dinection ond amplitude of th oscillatony motion. Atoms in crystalline solids one oscillating about its mean position with vanying amplitude ond vanying dinection. So, vosying dine ction is the nandomness and amplitude is the measun of enengy Highen amplitude means highen lowen y and loven amplitude means eningy Every atoms have ditfenend level of enungy so omplihade will also vary. As the amplitude is not some fon every afoms thin moy be some collision among atoms. Due br collision some abms may absanb ond some may naject* Moxisell- Boltzmann Stotistics —> Phobobility thet in on ensemble ot a species has energy 2E of temperature = exp (—£_ ) = thaction of species hawing eneapy2E at temp. T * Configunational entropy —> $= K lag) where w=no. of contigunation o-b aa b-b a b having same energy Gi) (iii) We'Scg = 161 = 12870 oanongements 1B! We Pl c.g K log W By sbinaling's Appnoximation log acl = a¢log oe (uhen >> 1) x log W * Entropy (TS Bound enengy available) Thermal entnopy = KT (Temperature dependent ) Centnitugal entnopy CTempenatune independent) Bound enengy = TS whene, T= temperature Free enengy (or) = H-TS S= Entnopy G=H TS Entropy focton He enthalpy Fee energy = Enthalpy - Bound enengy* Thermodynamic Free enengy — The enengy available in a physical system which con be converted to wonk in panticulon . This type of free enengy is Theamodyrarnic thee energy * Helmholtz free enengy — The enengy ina physical system that can be convented to wonk at a constant temperatune and volume is called helmholts free energy. [E=u-15 *_Gibb's tree enengy — The enengy ina physical system that can be converted to aonk at o constant bemperatune and pressune is called helmholte free enengy. | Gi= H-TS Heute PHA | Gee in solids CPV is negligible in solids) Belone mlbing point the hquid has mane fnee enengy than solid and after melting point solid has mane free enengy than liquid [the stoke in which free enenpy is minimum that stole ail ngmain in eqpilibninm at that condition] t Tm= melting point Slope O liquid Solid tT Here, Befone melti point os the tree energy of Hu solid is less than free enengy of liquid Solid is in equilibnium before melting point & often malbing point solid is having mone free enengy than the liquid so liquid is in equilibrium after melbing point* So, stote of a motter depends on Fhee energy, ie, the state in which Pree energy is minimum that state is in equilibrium ot that condition thus that stability criteria depends on tree energy nok on internal enengy on enthalpy ® In spantaneous process change in free enengy must be negative change in BBG = Geng ~Qistial now it DG Ths process is a Spontoneous process * Crystal Geometny — O Spoce lattice @ Crystal structune ® Crystol dinection & planes * Spoce lattice —* Infinite omay of point in 30 space such thot every point has identical sunnoundings oe e ec ee ee © © 2% allase having ee 3 eoceeee oe ident icol e e eoee e 4 : x ee .. e e e 3 somounding ee e ~C gee e did @ Relational symmetiy ee af fo e eee © (oe get identical shape eee eee © © @ © often 360° notation) eee NON ° = ee ee “_N ee ee ee ee 8 8 8 F & Translation symmeli e e e e e e e e e all e e e 4 e e e e e e e e x e e e dey > co-planar. e e e e e e e e e e e e e but non-colineon e e e e e e e e e e e e e© Cell —> Tf we hove 3 different vectons Clet a°,b 4 <7) , so with the help of 3 vectons if ik is possible to constnuct o parallelepiped then it is Known as cell ae ‘Oo * Primitive cell >The smallest cell with lattice points at its 8 connens , only 4. lattice point in the volume of this cell is called primitive cell b Zath poot of the fom is in thu parallelepiped , similonly in 8 connens we hawe & atoms, fon 8 connens— -. Ve XB = atom into the . whole volume of the cell© Brovais Space lattice > Maximum Symmetry with min/| smallest size Gonsidenation— i) Mox symmet, ") Minionum size Total no. of space lattice ='4 os pen Brovais space lattice These amrongement of space [attice point in the unit cell has been considered with > ) 8 connens (P) ) 8 connns & | body centne CZ) ") 8 connens b& 6 face centne CF) ) & connen & 2 opposite face Cc) v) Hexagonal umit cell hating 12 connens Zeentnes of hexagonal faces *Phase—> Chemically s homogeneous f & Physically +distinet Mechanically: Sepanable A theufone is te negate of Hu matenials ewhenein the BS mixing of component occuns ot the atomic on molecular level ° Components —> Constituents like element, ions on compounds , wholes amount ia the material can be vanied independent of the other constituents thot moy be pnesent in the material is called component. > TF we hase two on thue constituent in a material ond we can von the percentage ot @ constituent independent of the other constituent ,then it is called component Ex >) H20 water) , we con't vow the constituent independently 2 iF we vary tem if will foam o nes component (hse “itfonet constituent) o's He BO one not component of water2 Tra sugar + water solution we can vong Hu perentoge of sugar and waten independently , $0 Sugon & wattrn one component of solution * Vonioble of Hu system >) Thermodynamic veniable — Pressure — Tempenatunt 2) Composition vaniable CNo. of component present in phase -1) * symp —* Fol. Water Goold Alloy =z or a id S71. Fe ° Symbols —> C— No. of component P >No. of phase V > No. oF Vanables E No. of Equilibrium Constraints F — Degnee of freedom