Ic ENGINE "Definition of Engine —> An engine is a device which tnanshoams one foam of energy into anathen fonm. However, while taanFonming energy from one form to another , the efficieny of convension plays an impontont role Nonmally, most of the engine, initially chemical energy shored in the system and Hu chemical energy convented to thermal energy. Finally , the thommal energy converted to mechomical energy and thenefone these one called heat engine * Detinition of heat engine — Heat engine ts a device which trantonm the chemical enengy of a fuel into theunol enengy and utilizes the tuanmal energy to pentoom useful wank. Thus the thermal enengy is conyented to mechanical enengy inn heat engine Heat engine con be classified into categonies—> OL. Engine DEL. Engine * Th often sense engine one classified as— © Rotary engine ® Reciprocating engine — General, neci procating type heat engine is used due to some aduontnges * Advanta pes of Aecni.procating type I-C engine © The mechanical system is very simple- ® The tHunmal elficieney is very high. © The hazards one very less. @ Tritiol operational ond maitainance cost is fow- ® Allow the component aonk at on average temperature which is ruth elas the moximam temperotun of Hu wonking Fluid in the cycle.@® lexational layout is vey simple, ® Envinonmental pollution is vew less. Not nequined high skilled operator. ® Chances of accident is very less. ° Disadvantages of Aecni.procating type I-C engine —> © The vibration is the main problem in the neciprocating engine © It is not possible t use a vanely of fuels. ® The fuels one nelostvely sone expensive © Lis Imited to small to moderate power output ® Zk is mone expensive ° External and internal combustion engine —> External combustion engine one those in which combustion tokes place outside of the engine, whereos I-C engine , combustion takes place within the engine. Fon example —> In o steam engine on steom tunbine the heat genenated due to combustion of fuel is employed fo genenate hugh, pressure sheom which is used os Hu working fluid ino reciprocating engine en tunbine CEC) In cose of gosoline on diesel engine , ty products of combustion genenated by the combustion of fuel ond oir within the engine cylinder form of conking fluid. * Basic component and nomenelatune —> Even though neciprocating inkernal combuston engine looks quite simple , they one highly complex. There one two lypes of engine , ie, OST. engine © C.T. engine* Engine component —> The mojon component of SI engine one— © Cylinder Blocks © Cylinder @piston Combustion chamber ® Inlet manifold ©Lxhaust manifold @Inlet and exhaust Valve © Spank value @Connecking nod © Crankshaft OFiston. Rings © Gudgeon pin. (3D Comshatt © Coms Flywheel products — Exhaust Valve Exhoust manifold Cagine cylinba piston, gusgeon pin Cylinder block Cronk case Crank shaft Seamp [Heat tnonten. by fields => Radiaton’)* Cylinder. Block —® The eylindricol block is te main suppont of He various stnuckunal component. The cylinder of a mull -cylinden engine one cast os a single unit , called cylinder block. The cylinden head is mounted on the oylinder block. The cylinder head and cylinder block ane provided with voter jackets in cose of cwaten cooling on with cooling fons in the case of ain cooling. Th. bottom portion of the cylindin block is called cnomk case A coven called crank case hich bewmes a sump fon lubricating oil is fastened to te bottom of the crankcase. The inner sunfose of te cylinder. block hich is machined to a finished acouracy fo cylindrical shope is called bone on face, “Cylinder —> As the name implies it is eylindnical vessel on space in chich Hu piston makes o necipnocating motion . The veaying volume cneaked in the cylinder duniag the operation of Hu engine is Filled with the woaking Fluid ond subjeded to different thermodynamic process. The cylinder. is supplied in the cylinder block . ° Piston —> Tt is a cylindrical component fitted into the oylinden. fonming the moving boundasy of te combustion system. Tt fits perfectly inko the cylinden providing a gos fight spoce with the piston ngs and Hu Lubnicomt . Tt founs tHe finst link in transenitriag the gas fonces & the output shaft. ® Combustion chomber —* The space enclosed in the upper pant of the eylinden, by He oylinden head and Hu piston bop caning the combustion process is called combustion chamben. The combustion of fuel ond the consequent release of thermal enengy nesults in building up of pnessune in this pont of the cylinder© Inlet_manifold—> The pipe which connects He intake system to the inlet value of the engine and through whide ain on oin- fuel mixbne is drawn into Yo eylindsn. is called Hu inlet manifold. ° Lxhoust monifoll —> The pipe which connects Hu. exhoust system to exhoust value of fhe engine and trough chide Ur products of combustion escape into te atmosphene is called exhoust mow fold. * Tnlet and exhoust valve —> Volues ane commonly mushroom shoped poppet type. They one provided either on Ue eplindan. hend on on the side of the oylinder fon negulating tha change coming ino CTV) tu cylinder. and dischanging the products of combustion cév) From the oylinder. * Sponk plup —> Ik is a component to initiate the combustion process in spank ignition CST) engine ond is usually located on the elinden. head * Connecting Rod —> Tt intenconnects thm piston and the crankshaft and transmit tu gos forces from the piston to te enankshafl. The too ends of Ha connecting nod one called as smallend amd the Ligend. Smallend is connected to the piston by th pudgeon pin ond bigend is comecked { te cnankshaft by cnank pin.° Chankshafe —> Tt coments the necipnocaking motion of tha piston into useFul notary motion of te outpub shoft. The cronkshoFh is enclosed in a crankcase. * Piston nings —> Piston fitted inko tu slots onound the piston sprovide a tight seal between the piston. ond the oplinder wall fhus preventing leakage of combustion goes. * Gudpeon_pin—> Tt forms the link bebween small end of te conneching nod and the piston . * Comshaft —P The camshaft and its associabed parts contnol the opening ond closing of two valves. The ossociated pants ane nods, nocken. arms, valve springs and toppets. This shafE alse provide th drive to Hu ignition system. The camshaft is driven by the cnamkshalt through timing geans. * Cams —> These one made as integnal parts of th camshaft ond one designed in such a woay to open the valves ot th cameck Fiming and tf Keep them open fon necessany duration. * Flywheel —> The net fonque impanted to the enankshaft duns one complete cycle oF operation of the engine fluctuates causing ® chomge in the angular velocity of th shaft. In ondin achieve a umifonm tongue an inential mass in Ha form of a wheel is attached to the output shafE and this wheel is called Fly-cheel.NOMENCLATURE * Cylinder. bone (D) —® The nominal inner deameton of thy wonking cylinder. js called the cylinder bone. Tt is denoted by 'D’ Piston oneo. (A) —P The cness section onea of the piston is Known os piston anea. Menenally, diameter of the wylinder bone is equal f th dinmeten of piston. Therefore , A= ™/4 DY * Stroke length on stroke (L) —> The nominal distonce through which a wonking piston moves between hoo successive nevensals of its dinection of motion is called the stake ond is designated by "Land expressed usually in mm * Stucke to Orne nado —> ‘A’ is on impontant panameten. is classifying the size of engine. sit DSL, it is called undin square engine cif L=D ,it is called squane engine cif DAL , it is called oven squane engine * Dead contre The position of the coonking piston and the moving pants chich ane mechomically connected toit, at fhe moment when Hu dineckion of the piston motion is nevensed af either end of the stroke is called Hr dead centne. There ane fwo dead centne in He engine —Omc Mapc. op dead centne (10) —> It is the dead centne when the piston is fanthest from the crankshaft. Tt is designated os "TOc’ fon Ventical engine and "Inner Dead contne fon horizontal engine * Bottom dead centne (BDC) —m Tt is tu dead centne when te pishon is weanest to Hu cnankshofl . Th is designated os “BDC” for vertical engines ond “outer dead centre (00C) Fon honirontal engine Suchion on swept Volume (Vs) —* The nominal volume sarept by the wonking piston when tnowelling from TDC to BDC. Mathematically Vs= Wy DXL ° Cubic copocity on engine capacity (k)——> The swept on suction volume of a cylinder multiplied by He no. of eylindens in on engine will give He cubic capacity on tHe engine copasiby Cubic coposity =kXVs * Clearance Volume (Ve) —> The nominal yolume of combushien chamber above the piston when ib is in TOC is the clearance volume Tt s dented by “ie, ° Compnession nation —> Tt is the aokio of toll cylinder volume (Vr) fo Hn cleonance volumelVe). —> me Ve_ = Vc +Ve Ve Ve >| nett 4FOUR-STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE In spork ignition engine the cycle of operation is completed in four strokes of the piston on two neyolution of enank shoFt . Duning the foun- strokes Hue one 5 events to be completed —> Suction, Compnession, Combustion, Expamsion ond Exhaust Each stroke consist of 180° of crankchoft notation ond hence a far stroke cycle is completed through 720° of crank notation. The cyde of operation fon an ideal foun sinoke SI engine consist of the following foun shrokes —© Suchion @ Compression @ Expansion on power. stroke © Exhaust e > compnession ratio Se t vee cu of S-I engine: 6-10 2 —y * Suckion_on intoke stroke —> Suction stnoke ,O->! stants when He piston is in TDC ond about to move downwand . The inlef value is open at this time and He exhaust valve is closed. Due to the suction created by motion of tu piston towards the BDC, We change consisting of fuel -ain mixture is drawn into the oylinden. When the piston reaches the BDC , Hu suction stnoke ends and the inlet value close*Compnession stroke —> Tha charge taken into the cylinden during the suction stroke is compnessed by the metunn stroke of piston |Z Ouning this nein stroke both inlet valve and exhaust volue one in closed position. This mixtune chich fills the entine eylinden. volume. ig nao compressed inko Yu clearance volume. Ak end of the compnession stroke , tha mivfwr is ignited with help of sponk plug located on the cylinder head. In idea! engine it is assumed that burning takes ploce instantaneously when He piston is ak te TC and hence the burning process con be approximated os heat oddibion at constant volume. Duning the bunning process the chemical energy of the fuel is converted to heat energy producing tempenatine nise of about 2000 C2->3). The pressune at the end of com bustion process is considlenably incnensed due to heat neleosed trom the fuel. * Expansion on _powen stroke —> The high pressure of the burnt gas fonces the piston towards BDC (3—>4), Both valves one im closed pasition.. During the four strokes only in this stroke powen is produced Both pressure ond temperature decneses duning expansion. * Exhoust stroke —> At th end of the expansion stroke the exhaust valve opens and He inlet valve nemain closed. The pressune falls to atmospheric pressure level o part of the burnt goses escope. The piston stants moving from the Bde bo TDC (4-0) ond sweeps He burnt gases out from the eylinder almost ot atmospheric pressure . The exhaust valve closes when the piston reaches TDC. At the end of the exhoust stroke and some nesidual goses trapped in the cleanance volume remain in the cylinder.FOUR-STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE The four-stroke C-L engine is similan to the four-staoke ST engine bak i operates at a much higher compression natio. The compression ratio of an ST engine is between 6 and lo while fora CL engine if is from I6-92. In the C-I engine during suchion shnoke, ain instead of fuel-ain mikbune ,is introduced. Due to high compnession notio employed , the tempenatune ot the end of Yu compnession. shnoke is sufficiently high to self ignite the Fuel hich is injected inko the combustion chamber. In C-I engine a high pressure fuel pump and an injecton one provided to inject the fuel into the combustion chamber. The carbunelfor and ignibion system necessany in the SI engine , bul ib is not raquined in the CI engine. The different strokes ane in C-I engine —> G) Suction Ci") Compnession Ge) Expansion. on power W) Exhaust O Suction stroke —* Ain olone is inducted duning Hu suction shoke Duning this stroke inlet value is open ond exhaust value is closed (0). @) Compnession stroke —> Ain inducted dining the suction stroke is compnessed into the Clearance volume. Both valves nemain ¢losed duning this Stroke (1-2)® Combustion takes place ak the prowess 2-3. Heat is added Gs) Expansion natio—> Fuel injection stants neanly at the end of compression stoke. The nate of injection is such that combustion maintains the paussure. constant inspite of the piston movement on its expansion stroke increase the volumes Heat is ossumed fo hawe been been odded ot constomt pressure Alten injection of fuel is completed Caften cut-off). The product of combustion expansion expand. Both the valves remain closed duving exponsion stnoke. () Exhoust_stooke—> The piston Fnavelling from BDC to TOC pushes out the product of combustion. The exhaust valve is open and inlet vale is closed duning the stnoke. S-I ENGINE wis c-I ENGINE C-I engine Wonks on Diesel cyele on Descniption ST engine Wonks on Obto cycle on constant Volume heat addition eycle. 1) Basic cycle constant paessune“heat cycle 2) Fuel Petrol on gasoline, a haghy volatile} Diesel oil , a non volatile fuel. Selt ignition tewperotune is fuel. Self ignition tempenotune high is_less YIntaoduchion| Fon mixing ond ignition punpose |Fuel injecton and high pressure of fuel canburadton and spank plug used. |furel_pump is used fon ignition 4) A/E ratio [AIF natio vanies from lo-Ib:l [AIF ratio vanies from 8-10: » Compnession n= B- (2:1 (Compression natio) n=15~22+1 (Compnession natio) ©) Load contnol Throttle valve Ceanbunotbon) contnel the quantity of AIF mixture into engine cylinden. The quantity of Fuel ic regulated Ain quantity is not contulledD/P natio less mone 2) Speed vou high moderate to low Thermal loco high ebficiency TWO -STROKE ENGINE ‘In two-stroke engine the cycle is completed in one revolution of the crankshaft. Thr moin diflenence between 2-stnoke and Y-stroke engine is the method of filling fresh change, ond cumoving th buank goses fnom Une cylinder, In a Q-stnske engine, the Filling process is accomplished by the change compnessed in a enankiase an bya blower. The induction of Hu compressed change vores out the product of combustion through exhoust ponk. Thenfore no piston strokes one naquined fon trase fio operation. 2- stnokes ane sufficient to complete the oye, one fon te com pressing fresh chonge ond the other Lon Expansion on power stroke a. plag IN if | det lecton Exhaust pont > A Transfer pont Spring loaded ‘Inlet Valve— > \\ _ \ f Crank case SSThe ain on change inducted into the cnankease Huraugh the spring loaded inlet vol chen the pressure in the cnonKease is reduced due to upuord motion of piston during compnession stroke. Aften the compnession and ignition , expansion takes place in the usual wy « Ouning the. expansion stroke the change in the cnonkease is compnessed. Nean the end of expansion stnoke , the piston uncovens the exhoust ponts and Hu cylinder pressure. drops to atmospheric pressure as the combustion product leaves Ge eylinder The top of tu piston hos usally a prajection to defled the fresh change basends the cylinder befone flowing fo exhaust pots. This Sewes Hu double purpose of siovenging theuppen. pant of the cylinden of fhe combustion product and preventing the fresh change from flowing dinectly exhaust pont. The some objective can be ochxeved cwithout piston deflector by praper shaping of tnonsfor pont. Dunit Ge upeoand rnokion, of piston from @DC te Enonsfen pout close Finst and then the exhoust pant close cohen compnession of the change begins and the cyde is repeated .FOUR-STROKE ENGINE vis TWO-STROKE ENGINE Foun-stnoke engine © The thermodynamic cycle is completed in 4stnokes of the piston on in 2-nevlution of the cnankshoft. ® | poser stroke is obtained in even 2-nevelution of the crankshaft ie, tanning moment is nol unifonm and hence heavier flysheel is naguined Two-stroke engine O The theamodpnomic cycle is compleled in 2-stnokes of the piston on in. |-nevolutin of the cnankshoft. ® | poser stroke is obtained in each revolution of the crankshaft ie, tunning moment is mone uniform and hence lighter Flywheel is used . @ W/P ts mone in Y-shoke engine « @® w]e robio is less. © Wean ond teon is less. © Volumetric efbicieney is mane due f mone tHme fon induction. © Thermal efficiency is higher. ® Initial cost is mone ® Mechanism of engine is complex. @ Wean and teon is mone. © Volumetnic efticienyy is low due fo lessen Hyme Fon induction _ © Thermal etficiency is lessen. ® Ivatial cost is less. ® Mechanism of engine is simple. ® Maintanonce wst is less ® Maintononce cost is high.