Mechanisms of Evolution

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Most Essential Learning Competency
Explain the mechanisms that produce

change in populations from generation to
generation (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-9)
Specific Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Understand the Mechanisms of Evolution.

2. Explain the Mechanisms of Evolution.
3. Realize the importance of evolution in the organisms’ survival.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
• The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and

genotype frequencies remain stable in a population over
generations if certain conditions are met:
• The population is very large.
• Mating is random.
• There is no immigration or emigration.
• There are no mutations.
• Natural selection is not occurring.
×The beetles come in two colors, dark

gray and light gray, and their color is
determined by the A
gene. AA and Aa beetles are dark gray,
and aa beetles are light gray.
• Let's say that the A allele has a
frequency of 0.3, point,
1. You have sampled a population in which you

know that the percentage of the homozygous
recessive genotype (aa) is 36%.
Using that 36%, calculate the following:
The frequency of the "aa" genotype.
The frequency of the "a" allele.
The frequency of the "A" allele.
The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa."
The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if
"A" is completely dominant over "a."
A very large population of randomly-

mating laboratory mice contains 28%
brown mice. White coloring is caused by
the double recessive genotype, "aa".
Calculate the allelic and genotypic
frequencies for this population.
• What is evolution?
• Evolution is the change in allele

frequencies in a gene pool over
time.
Evolution relies on genetic variation that

is passed down from one generation to
the next.
• Genetic variation is a term used to

describe the variation in the DNA
sequence in each of our genomes.
Genetic variation is what makes us all
unique, whether in terms of hair colour,
skin color or even the shape of our faces.
Most Essential Learning Competency
Explain the mechanisms that produce

change in populations from generation to
generation (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-9)
Specific Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Understand the Mechanisms of Evolution.

2. Explain the Mechanisms of Evolution.
3. Realize the importance of evolution in the organisms’ survival.
What are the five “fingers” of Evolution?
• Gene flow
• Genetic Drift
• Non-Random Mating
• Natural Selection
• Mutations
GROUP ACTIVITY
Gr
Activity: Mechanisms of Evolution
Objective: Identify and explain the

Mechanisms of Evolution given in the
situations.
Materials: Pieces of paper.
Procedure: Group students into four.
Answer the question/s. Presentation.
Discussion.
Observation: Each group will answer the

following:
1. What is the Mechanism of Evolution

involved in the picture? Justify.
2. What happened in the allele frequency?
3. How does the Mechanism of Evolution
involved in your activity affect allele
frequency?
Frequency of allele
before: A:
a:
Frequency of allele
before: A:
a:
Frequency of population
before
LOW:
MEDIUM:
HIGH:
Frequency of population
after
LOW:
1-2 yellow: Low
3-5 yellow-orange: Medium MEDIUM:
6-7 orange-red: High HIGH:
Founder Effect
Bottleneck Effect
• Gene flow is the movement of

genes from one population to
another population, more
specifically, the movement of
different alleles, or forms for genes.
Natural Selection
• Natural selection occurs when one allele (or

combination of alleles of different genes)
makes an organism more or less fit, that is,
able to survive and reproduce in a given
environment.
What are the Mechanisms ofHome
Evolution given
of Scholars, Where Excellence below?
Is a Way of Life
Hopefully you said something like...
● Gene Flow - the boat dropping off the dogs on the island
● Mutation - over time a medium brown fur color arises from
random mutation
● Natural Selection - medium brown colored dogs increase
in population because they were better fit for survival on the
island (their fur could withstand the heat)
● Genetic Drift - a wave (a chance event) wiped out 75% of
the population of dogs, leaving only a small number left to
reproduce for future generations

Mechanisms of Evolution

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Home of Scholars, Where Excellence Is a Way of Life

Most Essential Learning Competency

Explain the mechanisms that produce

• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Understand the Mechanisms of Evolution.

• The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and

×The beetles come in two colors, dark

1. You have sampled a population in which you

A very large population of randomly-

• Evolution is the change in allele

Evolution relies on genetic variation that

• Genetic variation is a term used to

Most Essential Learning Competency

Explain the mechanisms that produce

• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Understand the Mechanisms of Evolution.

What are the five “fingers” of Evolution?

Activity: Mechanisms of Evolution

Objective: Identify and explain the

Observation: Each group will answer the

1. What is the Mechanism of Evolution

• Gene flow is the movement of

• Natural selection occurs when one allele (or

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