OSI Model: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI).
*Developed by the International Network & app of network: A network can be defined as a number of autonomous
Organization for Standardization (ISO).* Model for understanding and developing
computer-to-computer communication architecture that is flexible, robust and
interoperable. *It is not a protocol.* Developed in the 1980s. *Divides network
architecture into seven layers.
1. Application layer 2.Presentation layer 3. Session layer 4.Transport layer
5. Network layer 6.Data Link layer 7. Physical layer
*Each layer performs a subset of the required communication functions. *Each layer
relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions. *Each layer provides
services to the next higher layer *Changes in one layer should not require changes in
other layers *Layer 1,2,3 are the network support layer, deals with the physical aspects
of moving data from one device to another. *Layer 5,6,7 are the user support layer,
allow the interoperability among unrelated software. *Layer 4 ensures that what the
lower layer have transmitted is in a form that the upper layers can use.
Why Layering: *Dealing with complex systems *explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces *layered reference model for discussion
*modularization eases maintenance, updating of system *change of implementation of
layer’s service transparent to rest of system *e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t
affect rest of system
Physical Layer: *Transmitting individual bits from one to the next. *Physical
characteristics of interface and media. *Representation of bits: a stream of bit(0s,1s),
*Data rate. *Synchronize of bits *Line configuration *Physical topology *Transmission
mode Data Link Layer: *Transmitting individual bits from one to the next. *Physical
characteristics of interface and media. *Representation of bits: a stream of bit(0s,1s)
*Data rate. *Synchronize of bits *Line configuration *Physical topology *Transmission
mode Network Layer: *The delivery of individual packets from the original source to the
final destination. *Logical addressing: if the packet passes the network boundary we
need another addressing system to help (source to destination) connection. *Routing:
route or switch the packet to final destination. *Source-to-destination delivery (End-to-
End). Transport Layer: Service point or Port addressing *Segmentation and reassembly:
a message is divided into transmittable segments each segment containing a sequence
no. *Connection Control: connection oriented or connectionless. *Flow control *Error
control Session Layer: Dialog control: design to establish, maintain, and synchronize the
interaction between communicating systems. *Synchronization: it allows a process to
add checkpoints or synchronization points to a data stream. Presentation: *Design to
the handle the syntax and semantic of the information exchanged between 2 systems.
*And design for data translation, encryption, decryption, and compression.
Protocol: A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication
between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all generally use packet
switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of packets.
Protocol Data Units (PDU): *At each layer, protocols are used to communicate *Control
information is added to user data at each layer *For example, the transport layer may
fragment user data *Each fragment has a transport header added: 1. Destination
Address 2. Sequence number 3.Error detection code *This creates a transport protocol
data unit (TPDU)
Hop-to-Hop delivery: The Hop-to-hop delivery is also called the node-to-node delivery
and it is the delivery between two nodes connected to the same network by a link and
this jib is carried out by the data link layer
Source to Destination Delivery: The network layer is responsible for the source to
destination delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks (links) .If two systems
are attached to different networks there is often a need for the network layer to
accomplish source to destination delivery. This is done using connecting devices called
routers that switch the packets to their final destination.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite: *The TCP/IP protocol suite is a hierarchical protocol, made of five
layers: Physical, Data link, Network, Transport, Application *The layers in the TCP/IP
protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model. *The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport,
and application.
Addressing: Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP
protocols: physical address, logical address, port address and specific address.
Devices: Hub: a distributor that has a lot of ports which connected to computers.
Switches: like a hub but it transmit packets to it destination Bridge: it is used to connect
two similar LANs. Routers: choose the best path to transmit the packet. Gateway: it is
use to connect two deferent LANs and connect different application protocols.
Repeaters: repeats signals that travels via long distance
devices connected together in such a way that they can share resources. The purpose of
a network is to share resources. A network is simply a collection of computers or other
hardware devices that are connected together, either physically or logically, using
special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information and cooperate.
*Resource Sharing *Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) *Software
(application software) *Information Sharing *Easy accessibility from anywhere (files,
databases) *Search Capability (WWW) *Connectivity and Communication *Email
*Message broadcast *Remote computing *Distributed processing (GRID Computing) or
Performance Enhancement and Balancing *Internet Access *Data Security &
Management *Entertainment
Packet Transmission Modes: Unicast: Transmission to single specific receiver
Broadcast: Transmission to all network nodes Multicast: Transmission to specific subset
of nodes Anycast Transmission to one of a specific subset of nodes
Network Topology: *Defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices
are connected. *Describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used
by data transmissions.
Bus tropology: 1. A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single cable that
runs to every workstation 2. This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also
covers the shortest amount of distance. Star tropology: The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs. When installed, the star topology
resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.
Larger networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology.
Ring Topology: 1. A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node
wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination address to the frame.
2. The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the destination node, which
takes the data out of the frame.
i>Single ring – All the devices on the network share a single cable
ii>Dual ring – The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions.
Mesh Topology: 1. The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for
redundancy and fault tolerance. 2. It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for
mission critical networks like those used by banks and financial institutions. 3.
Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.
Circuit Switching: Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a
telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated
communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may
communicate. Packet Switching: Packet switching is a digital networking
communications method which is similar to message switching using short messages.All
the transmitted data are broken into suitably sized blocks (shorter units), regardless of
their contents, types, or structures.
Circuit-switching Packet-Switching
Guaranteed capacity No guarantees (best effort
Capacity is wasted if data is bursty More efficient
Before sending data establishes a path Send data immediately
All data in a single flow follow one path Different packets might follow different
paths
No reordering; constant delay; no pkt Packets may be reordered, delayed, or
drops dropped
Internet: Is a worldwide system of computer networks *The Internet is an open, public
space. Intranet: *An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise.
It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the
wide area network. *An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it's
protected by a password and accessible only to employees or other authorized users.
Extranet: *Is a portion of an organization's Intranet *accessible to authorized outside
users without full access to an entire organization's intranet.