ch ati Melhoco of anoly VH o meok onalyeia: = apply KVL & Cindope-de- t) tape - ool ja be find Pee ae eon at htt ons fol orn te, cable Le plano, ckfe 5 nly (anes oath offiee.] boop pitthen. it @ yap o os banp thal; doce nol on wlan i othe o mah. annund wae cuvent Tu a Me re 7 8 i flo ase measureable ical wowed wing, dw Le chet emer a Aabepa t [no mld aoe 2 h cwnendd 4ydr,rtn b the meshes (uiteuite direchon/ (D) ansign. meu & apply KVL fy each of din nm meshed- (wat Ohms Gow fo expres tk, vo Hage in terme off Ha stat enn’, pooulbey 7 Aimullaneond cogpuolionn fo get O sobye, Be. the meh | 0 broach wonont . be ‘cowpnts Lhe ugh. a branch on on elumert “whe, brench sanvrei ae mah cuow by only whew Miers 49 no avighboo ae moh. al mah cannronko {lor through ont element, - Fre elenerd, ts be te algebraic pe ieWy Py=20.2 42 Kya /20- as ane os ove ) Py10.2 ) a Yav 4 i mahi —70 + 20(i-%y) 2f0(4-iz) =O > 304 —104 —20%5 ~ 70 meh: 442 440(%e-k) + 1a(4e-4) 0 => 104 +20 “12% = VR meah3 — nd 4 12. (45-42) 420(45- )=0 => -20%4 -12d 1Ybe3 = 0 A ie 2 jo go 10 ae Wt | +10 22 a |} —a0 -12 46 |LS a el usin, Cramer's rule 2 dy, 4 hee 0 3 a (see Apu A-1) 0 sel of simullancoua vy wihiona t Qu Xt Ay Be toe + AM = by Nn enknoring 3%) Xe sor Ha Ont + Qn Ha + + Can %y = ba 1 eguadions yy %) 4 8q2% cb ve op Aan Mn = by On Aig On’) fy by | Aa Aan Gan | | te | 2 |b mabey bora Ont Ag + Anal | Hn ba + arn mabhix Au =b 4: nei veelor ! xt vedwimethod 1 + Orasmenrs rule ae % = Dheb dun whee di: the, Aitirminanks of aug Ap He debrminant of tie malicx mol ein thy kn caluar of A by nue ig replacing, Aole.. e440 © 4-0, Hen 0 uniguo sobation, | oth value of tie debcrminant con, be rbleinuh by expanding akong bis. persle 100} Bn Ax Axe An Ay Bar lax» Ban A = fas, a2 ay Aan am Ane Ans on PH a, te = Oy My ~ AM 2 1 AgMy tee (1) in Min = 2.604 a whe Mo minor My de an (ndx(n-1) debrrminod midrie formed by Ghiibing. onb ne a pel jhe atumn. Mi. vabew. of fia détrminank ola he obfamed ° iy pording along “Ge fink clang 4 = May ~ Cay May 4 Bay May — 0 « HD” Oy My ary" o example (methed 1): —(expeudbingy cibory the roo) aes is -10 22 30-10 ~20 22-12 tea a-[ 22-12 X30 % a (40) % +2)| og on -20 -l2 : (rbsaing 6 ome) = 6a] M0) (re(-n)|- Ef Eplas) CDC] + €20)[€10) (12) 62) (-20) } = 7840similarly, ie [* aU «| = 31360 4222-2 A, |: yo a 7840 a nefod 2: noteig inversion w=hvb, th the mibice epnation Ax=b, ue car invent Ab gel: whit A" in the swerse of A. By cefinctin, AW soiafives AA = AAT wshire I io an ‘dondily matrix (the motrin Virsion, of 4). 6 A ta_given, by al = adj) a)0 Conoitbr the nxn matrix A: ay an ln, Qu bn tan Aaa : On Ong ** Ban 0 he coactors of A. are defined ax Cn C2 Cyp)} C= cof lt) =e 8] Cut Onn Ca thon. He cofocler cy 20 Me prohuct of CNY gach bea delinninant of He (a1) x(1-1) submobrix, blained by- delibing the <6 ren) anol j% cofuma from A. For exawple, dor Qo3 1» Aon 1 Cy = Cay) | O32 Ga Aan Ane Gas“ Gan © The adjowl of A is tte tranapoxe. off dha, cofactars ofA. adj (#) = C" 0 Cfactors ane wed & bind hie. Lilirminants of A: &td)=lAl = fi aj Oy > Jeg — 0 AT da given by at. S44) CT del (A) 4 ayo example (nethad2) (rebauning fo exompl OY ) E Cr Os Cy Coz ¢ _ | 30 +0 ~20 ce Ae 10 22 -I% = He Gee Cos} ~2 -12 46 Bu Cut a a Mery bial, bind Che cofactors } ‘= ole 2 “12 4 ae 268 cue Pe eI. 700 12 46 ite Hs te) a] ein 700. ttl go up wal i 46 Gr = (| Ue f= 780 tg = CIN? | 19 22 Fe S60 ~ (yt? | 30-10 412 Os = (-1) a ae |= S60 a |- 660 “12 aa = 60 “12 ike |- S60 22 968 foo bo fi ‘968 foo 160 ] 700° 4go S60 se Aeti [so 86 seo). eee eect ate eee (oj B68) + CO(700) ¥ C2d)( bo) 78440 | S60 SCO Seo => afb ree + (Fo 42 boo ies 863 700 S60 || 7° Cosa => " = iy 700 0 S60 }} 42] = eo en) ote ia sco $6 S601] 6 cage) canto) OM by i eets a ae seunce exiels nly sv one mol. a ae : itl = nh 0 4 7 fons YD pew merht ¢ [a- 2h 2 sel they moh current in accondance wilh. coninle SIUC. moh2! Olig-a)+6%, +10 =0 => (Sky = 10%, -10 2 IS dy = (10)R) -10 fs > Lun Mio Cage, Wa prevent of acuvesnl sounce ba. be. a0bakivie.) aed! a eunink Dounce rile belween Fivo peated. Gh r Go a) ae Gan 7 by excluding Me current souner and 5 connecled te covles cvibt Ab 5 apply both KVL &ta $106, 74a =O | Kv Lot spamok : [-20 46 kel. al. noe Q! [é ore | (on node b) ae => BLA dg= 2A le. co why Pipa: by sepormesh, differently ? = pesh. anodguia opples KVL , poh us Wal: Wwe, how We Coleg! acres é & “ihe i) ih eal % Bue “Lo tol. know) Wit voltage. Centos @ cw SouRCe ve codyance.° proportion 06 upronvsh : O the urprent sonce tiv the s ermesh. ds note comple be ly ignoaed s it provides ti. trokiiaind’ ognabion Heceasluy i oobve bor tie. Moh commonl. A supermeah, kao no cwrranl of cy ovr. A supnresh, reywines Gi. opphicabion of both. KUL and KL. summary of tips dv_mish avaliysio’ OI, mecosary, redraw, big, ridoark wifhonk hey pa buctiny Or. oh mele Remember. tifhent (eco Mppbeeo Me. planar oracuily only. @ Dedine moh cumrorts tor Cmathency, select a clochusse dinedion oa Cach mek cunrent dalthe vu Lay canola reguipem ont, D K) (wi neberrihe egy abiira, obppping often, the numbie of- @ ote 7 &. the nbd E mgh cunun. wationg Ar Carne i 1, oe we be waile, voltage eguotisna pop mioted Fok do nol. csulair, current aoukces. : Mexk, if any ewoenl, ounces Ae prootnd. , wnysle. thppnenstre fon thetr carers in Torna of Ma mah een : - yi t Vie. Finally, a cunrnel. source. io commen, ts Bio 02. 0@ muahos » oe a KUL eguilinm pen dhe pupepnast (ee). Op Me cineil. con fou Mie conbrabling wrariobles sn CSubstitate nly We, ndlosork. egnatena, and oblain. C \ a egucitiora having only bie ptoh, adink, ao ankuprond, D hub te eguatinte aly {landard forse Solve for perk eunrerl by (ae. of Ceammnrs rude. on othe means. © Ube f& valeso fornd for te mech comnts Ly caleulete ang other, cunntnls on. voblagts Of duberocl.. Lind dependent OUND, fine expreast'ona tend of, Ma meshe cunrirls,Exon O): mrh-cunrent omalyaio cath, dupindent. curnate SOUR + Supermoh £20 + YL, + bkz + 2b =0 => 44 48x = 20 Kel al: node ms 41 QUy = dy => 4-470 (on noke n) Conte bling Volley: Ux = ky Taply ROL cach node ~ goal 4a fy Gink unkansn yal}a — applicable to neon-plananr ee @ nodal anabysia mbps ! Lao voltage Lowes) O select v rode. a tic reference. node. . Assign voltages Vis & ie Aemnining, (AD) nodoo. jhe vaHagte ow referenced with reaped be the rufenace noke. DApply KL by cath of be (A-D ronrderence nodes. Use Ohwe’s Cun), lo expres to branch Curren da Terms tf node Voltegeo (Do rot apply ROL. by Me Reference, rede») 8 Solve te. veoulby ainult aeons eynoluona be obbadt Me cabrermn reble.Uoleg?d.A Y Ve Yi438 + AP =o => 045y-2.25 =-35 RCL at rede 3,5 +e > — 0,28Y 40.8 5Y 0.263 25 Kel. ab node 3! oe 42 = 4 = ~024 40354 -2 5 0.6 ~0.25 O Vv ~ 35° ~0,25 0,85 ~0,20 ie er 0 - 0,20 0,20 Vo | 2 [weir he, K= 1044 @ Acdal anadysia wilh voltage sources { a voltage Aounce 46 directly Conntcled betrveen, Mhic peferenee nonnegeneuce pobe 00 2: if bie. vollage A0unte 410 conneiled. hebrsein lero hort 2efersice bane ‘ a a oe nodes Gorn a supernodes iu KCL ond KVL Ne be apple sige Le node. voblageo. [ applied Le delonmineo aliupured) 49 formed by txchudingy ; ( a on. C betaseen. Lid independent) voltage sou connect ony elements countelicl tae non-nepvericed nedeo on poatdlel with tt, ae © We can Fave mone than, Lio nodes foaming. a single supynode . For exonnple » In bhe previenn cirbail , if tha 2 peaikin, do replaced by avoHfage source, thon pobed 1,2, ard 3 would form a Supernsthe 6 why superavdleo one breed Lipfperntl, ? : ~ an poroviticl component, of nodal boalpio applying KCL, which Aiguiren knsrsirg the anni, ‘element ,7hwre ho ao wag of- basning this. cach, g é Chrough. a voltage powice. advance, we Cunyeei KVL. in tte. Loop containiny Be voltage source | aoe ae e305 S + ye ~ VU =O 1 fk: for boop Lise! Y-K% ~-5-(4-ve) =0J Bema): eth nbn HOS HMO Kel ab supernode (; WV he Mak, € Rat ee kel. at rode 8); AW VM _ a =0 —@ Rs Ry tele: ty = -y —@OO ea) ~h5Y 4% +054 =0 ® => (1A) Y +h -(hth)e= 4% B gu + gu-lhthi)n-o => AS | G6 a y oO” fh & ed) WI | =| 4 & Gada! I ry >-1 > Jul fst 85 o [| -|44 & Gd) | [és Vs 6] Lk & Grérmy Lo o@ dunmany of Atipa in nodal orabyuios (D Sckect a reference node. and cuosign variablea for the unknoon node voltages. lf te nce noble 40 chosen ab, one. end of an idleperdent: voltage gource , one robe voltege ia brown at. the. Carl, gudd few need te be comp i i: wails retvolk egueileaa . : Tiych, use HCL to waite currnd. exnaltina for noked “cad avpernnbes Waite an mony cunntil eynatiso ao you. care excluding Mi. rofereece oo Zeon & gm do rot have enough, eguations becauoe of voltage oun coo connected, belrsoon neded , use KVL by wre ahbtiga equalicno. Oy te circuit: as ss Arpercled Sounch, bind exprasions fea tia. corbolling. yaviabloa in Corned of ten redid village Seba fife nbs fle netiditk: oy and oblan, eguaitiond havens om dix. rode. obtaged aa unkernnd, @ Pode the. egvationn Ants sbandand for and solve bev the wode voltagta.© Mesh onclysig by inopection. C Containing only Linear reviolinn and Independbect: Vollage Sanco) Ry, be Rw WP y Pa Rog Pew |] Te | of Ve | ft Bua Pun Iy Ww Ruz * Sum of thr Aesiotancea irr meah fe Ryj =Kik cto negabrre. Of Wi dum f Me Ropishonceg AL Common, Wilt. reahoo be and J G Af DD Tk 3 unknovon mesh corrals for mak K viv clockisice, : a . hivectean. uy: Tales aun tiken, ockuise of alt ibeper heute uw voltage aounces 4 moh k, toilh voblage rive Uitalid ND pail, 05 @ Node. onabin by inopectesn, e ; Cevwlaining only bineca. remabory ond indapencle.t CA: swunceo) Gy Gr ie EME FI Ga Gr Cows Y =] Cin Sar” Cont Vig Ede , ; dek, Ceyp * PUM “ cendactoncsa emineclide al ned cod oe + Ma regelive of tie oum : " uj - & : diuclly ao) by nedeo k ond y (1 et) Ye ¢ unknone yo Hage a node k . ' algebraic Sum of all jodopenent ceva Sounteg k" Aikectly connec “id Ds noble ke» with. arent enliring te ache Crealeh a0 posclre-9 _Morh sete omalyusg ! @choose mew = ila ot Pith rts Gf Serits Spee ot d elimenl, Voltage Srnces oh Sau akes — phasp dl — ih cht haw betwen moshoo thon nodes — Cransiolor © choose. Ayh apabylo if,’ a Ai fey NS tc ld. wnredid chmenk, Conan sources on. supernader ie lanan. cht % sy hao fen. Hodes than moaheg — eaottn. by program. @ Wye-DeHa Tromofrrmaliona & / ol cam hove the f° ailening connectina , which ome. neither Serie or por ,| (these two one same) | ae | Ra | Chae fury ore. sone) _ OF i : |@ 4-4-Y conversion } ~ (te ablain tte. epuivabend reoiotoncea in, the. wige rekese we, compre. the tivo polis, ond moke oe thal, | . rosiolanse belvern each pair of rodeo in the I (on 1 metas to name oo the reaotonce belsen same parr of nodto in Ba ¥ br) mbwwk, B, (4) = Rll (Rat Re) By, &) = Rit Ry for conversion, sel Re(Y) * oy ») _ Rol bathe, — RAB = Ry RAR. 7 siaclod y ‘ egpnoding Rs (Y) = RA) : RtRe = Be (Rath), ——O Rat Ry 4 Re eqruobiny Roy (y) = Bayl4) : é Bt = Rn (BAP) Q Rat Rb + Ke Solving Jor Ri, Res Re using 0. and Owed ok: ee | Eb, | |e ee ooo [pater |: each Ty in He, Y—netesetle do Le product f to [pater]: ee as ain Ia tan adjacent 4 branches , divided (mnemonic) iy de oust of “he true. A reataOTd. @ Y-fo-4 conv ‘ using the Vv Rik PoP + RPA = Rak fo off Pir Pe ks we gee: — peach reacatet in the Anettork, => | Ra = Bika Peloe | Lee Som of ak he thoes = [aA RB | (emaranis) possible pretucle of Vressolins alk = iB + Poy + RoR Solan tam od. a bite, divided ace ae by the opposite ¥ resiolvr, Ia _BY and 4 whworks one poi bs be bakanced chen: © The Rae Ry =Re = Re y= Re oR = R a3 - E © nati! [y making the Yd oy 4-4-¥ tromoparmabind, we do nok take anything oul of- tin. cht anc pot tv something, net) + We oar morely pubstihatirg daffgeaud, bub radon tically egpuivalens bhnee- Vernriaal pelwwk padlerno ty ovate a HE wt which. raslora one. allowing wa Li Cabeulate either im serie porablel :, Ry Necoascrry « stovtivg, ak Cc! ke We ~Yeo =° [role ¢ & apply KVL. oe mut, Travel. stoclng Joon & pain in. Bhe ct ond return be te (eg prinke) in « closed loop |