Approximation and Error Rounding numbers Approximations Errors in measurement Absolute and percentage errorea Round off othe accra give: any 4 The height of Mt Everest is 848 m. (to the nearest 10 m) Do you tak th Aba is even 179m? Is “The surface area of Lake Baikal 1722 ka? (4 the nearest 1000 kn?) itp for Abie eat 173 al? “The population of New Zealand in 2018 was 4740508, (othe nearest 1000) st eof ala a Abs al i “The atendance at an English foctall match was 88512 people, (t the nearest 100 people Abies wes te sane pe see ose te ‘The area of Australias 7.692000 kin? (othe nearest 10000 km?) Teather ings os o. ‘An average weight ofan adult African clophant is SLU3 ka. (tothe nearest 100 ka) Earle ee ee “The distance between Paris and Sydhey is 16950 km. (tothe nearest 100 km) rom Earth to the Moon i 281400 ki. (to the nearest 100000 km) ‘The population of South American 2018 was 428240515. (tothe nearest 1 000000) Russia is The average dstane 1 Round off to the nearest 10: a 86 b&b 81 ‘Why ist important to understand erors? ‘What things can go wrong if people measure inaccurately oc round of incorrectly? ea oes # 104 9 635 {If pr lis ofcourse by 0.1° for 1000 am, bow faraway from is target wl eb? ere oe cece eee ee] 2 Round off to the nearest 100: RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF a 215 b 264 SI ome 3 Round off to the nearest 1000: Jess than 5. (01,2, or 4) se round down, °c Gam aes a 8365 & 3500Tenenr tage auia ne aha Raw! sue? drips. ROUNDING OFF TO SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Th ides oft est fue Oem. Ro sis es pa Thenober ss mata sen Te fa pro we 150, 21 decimal place 1 8 deci places © A decinal place, Count the specified numberof significant Figures then look atthe next digit ‘The fton 02653157685, Rou his aber ee ‘decimal pce 1 2 daca pase «decimal place, ‘Hthe digit is or more, round wp. Eau, giving yur ener to 9 dein plas, Delete al igures following the significant gues, replacing with Os where necessary. a be eB OD a ansnse27 & 2.2360679775 a 3.461 to 2 significant figures © 0.00724 to 2 significant figures Fa sosenisasa1 « 708 to 1 significant figure 20.158 to 3 significant figures. " serso10si97 ore -aascanaenessPEAS | Areca mats meus cy Sem Fh oun asf prima . 1A recanalr aen ed menre 5) mb Lem. Fa he a of ple vale Coleen ees ‘etal length fein required wo Border the garden bed Maio rode his amber 2 dina ples giving T= 7.81 iba ound this numero 3 dina plas, ging VOT = 7-810 Would ite rt say hot His eine is re acer” even though ah etiaes ave he te vale? Wb Paige Fae 17 Abeta bi dimensions 90. m 25 midi ae, oundig perenne sii 18 Tmeprcsedeof pe sewere $7225 ands masa uly enon | ool, Cate se amount each emo ese 2103 spe pues 1 ws sinitian fas.“urwmnnsanigdesttaesicaceesas: [ABSOLUTE AND PERCENTAGE ERROR absolute error = | V4 — Ve | Pomme or w SEV Vicon OO ee eect," "Femmes tat gen tl as #2844 the opety of comin io be 20L when is etl epey 2538 4: the time o write computer progam io be 0 hous when sully thes 72 hours 2 Rachel mess tho bse sie legs ofa suas pyramid tbe 4.6 ants sph be| The cos of Fight for parcel is dependent on is volume. Justine Tiss the dimes 4 jon pica asthe menses sho. pare! ss 24 em by 15 cm by 9 em on the consignment note. The actual dimers” Cw fe temons wt mused ete at mie 25.9 em x L4.8em x 92cm, Ft te rslng perrtage co nan exit of ‘Calculate the actual volume of the pec 1 he srface ae of tec ie 1 Estimate the volume using the dimensions given on the consignment ot the cuciy af the ean, r’ © Find the absolut error and percentage error inthe ealulaton usin the Consignment‘tirates h aea y oding ech emanate nee mee Fi he minage’ eon the aren The shed ps ens 885 pr sure mee Fs st stg be nas eit Find th aca ae oth stg Catala the pce ria be man’s tina Wil etl ve aap ps coer th coun? | Hern estimates that she can drive at sn average speed of TO kmah™! between her use andthe ‘ech Tay. One pre owe tok he har and 20 mie. Coen He's aeape sped fo this our 1 Flog he abst tor and percge emo in her esate112 Jasper mensured the dimensions of his cylindrical can of tuna, He found the radius was 4 em and 12 Carolina completed a 250) km car trip (roanded to the nearest krn). The GPS in her car displays the ‘hehe au Sc, del oh ere cnt, erage pd fr th ep a 58 nh ound devil pee. 1 Usettee maui oe te vue ote on {Ente tenet took Cao complet th tp. 1 Find th boy va he lame ofthe an 1 Find he maxima ose prema e in he sia {Hewett mason postage emo i teste1. Write down the first four terms of the sequence if you start with: a 4 and add 9 each time © 45 and subtract 6 each time ¢ 2and multiply by 3 each time d_ 96 and divide by 2 each time. 2 The sequence of prime numbers is 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, ..... Write down the value of: au b ous © U0.3 Consider the sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, .... a Describe the sequence in words. & Write down the values of u; and uy. ¢ Assuming the pattern continues, find the value of ug. 4 A sequence is defined by the explicit formula u, = 2n + 5. a Write down the first four terms of the sequence. b Display these terms on a graph.5 A sequence is defined by the explicit formula u, = 3n—2. Find: au b ous © uaz. 6 Consider the number sequence —9, —6, —1, 6, 15, .... a Which of these is the correct explicit formula for this sequence? A u,=n-10 B ou, =n?-10 € up, =n? —10 b Use the correct formula to find the 20th term of the sequence.7 Write a description of the sequence and find the next 2 terms: a 8, 16, 24, 32, .... & 2,5,8,11,... ¢ 36, 31, 26, 21, ... d_ 96, 89, 82, 75, .. e 1,4, 16, 64,. f 2,6, 18, 54,.... 3 480, 240, 120, 60, h 243, 81, 27, 9, 50000, 10000, 2000, 400, HW10 Evaluate the first five terms of the sequence: a {2n} b (2n-3} © (Qn+11} d {4n—3} e {2"} f {6x (3)"} gs {(-2)"} he {15—(—2)"} HwARITHMETIC SEQUENCES An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term differs from the previous one by the same fixed number. We call this number the common difference d. A sequence is arithmetic + un yi — Un =d forall ne Z*. An arithmetic sequence can also be referred to as an arithmetic progression. For an arithmetic sequence with first term wu; and common difference d, the general term or nth term is uy, = uy + (n — 1)d.1 For each of these arithmetic sequences: I State u; and d. ii Find the formula for the general term uy. ili Find the 15th term of the sequence. a 19, 25, 31, 37, ... b 101, 97, 93, 89, .... © 8,93, 11, 123... d 31, 36, 41, 46, .... e 5, —3, —11, -19, .... f a,at+d,a+ 2d, a+ 3d, ....3 Consider the sequence 87, 83, 79, 75, TL a Show that the sequence is arithmetic, b Find the formula for its general term. © Find the 40th term. d Which term of the sequence is —297? 4 A sequence is defined by uy, =3n —2. a By finding unj1— a, prove that the sequence is arithmetic. & Find uw and d. ¢ Find the 57th term. dd What is the largest term of the sequence that is smaller than 450? Which term is this? 6 An arithmetic sequence starts 23, 36, 49, 62, .... Find the first term of the sequence to exceed 100000. 7 A sequence is defined by the formula uj =—12, unyi un +7, n>l a Prove that the sequence is arithmetic. b Find the 200th term of the sequence. ¢ Is 1000 a member of the sequence?8 Find k given the consecutive arithmetic terms: a 32,k,3 b k,7,10 ¢ k, 2k-1, 13 dk, 2k+1, 8-k @ 2k+7, 3k+5, 5k-4 f 2k+18, -2-k, 2k+2 3 kh, +6 h 5k 8 12 te set I a 20 a gh aa ae aeFor a geometric sequence with first term x, and common ratio ®, 5 Finq piven thatthe following are cansecutve tens of 0 poomeere eouerce! the general term or mth term is uy = uyr"— © kk, au 6 Oks 4 ny sant 4 a, 8494 20-k bb 8.06 1 Find he pile vals of ttre tt of game sagunce e e—1 6, tn [A geometric sequence i a sequence in which each term can be obtained from the previous one by multiplying by the same non-zero number. We eall this number ‘the common ratio. 1 Far each vale of find he nest en the seen A sequence is geometric ++ 2 = y forall m eZ". ‘A geometric sequence can also be referred lo asa geometric progression, Show that the sequence 5, 10, 20, 40, ... is geometric. 1 Find u,, and hence find the 15th term, Show that the sequence 12, ~6,3, —3,.. is geometric. ind,» and hence write the 1th term as a rational number.410. Find the general term i for an arithmetic sequence with: 41 and any = 77 =-2 and nz =—125 seventh tom 1 and fifteenth term —39 eleventh and eighth tems being ~16 and ~11} respectively aac 111 Find the general term a, ofthe geometric sequence which has: 2 uy = 21 and up =102 © my=8 and we ——1 3 © urs 24 and us = 3B do aye5 and ura} 1 Pind fst wm of te sequence 2.6, 18,51, whi evened 10000 1 Find he fst erm ofthe sequence 4, 4Y%, 12.12%. which eens 800, 6 Piathe fst te ofthe sequence 12,6, 1, Whi es tha 0.0001FFor situations where there is growth or decay in a geometric sequence: ir for each time period ‘n = number of time periods ‘ty = amount after m time periods.