Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Demoras Fatales - Intervienen en La Mortalidad Materna - Compressed
Demoras Fatales - Intervienen en La Mortalidad Materna - Compressed
BdgiVa^YVYBViZgcV
ZcZaEZg
JcZc[dfjZYZhYZadhYZgZX]dh
]jbVcdheVgVjcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV
'%%,E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ih
IdYdhadhYZgZX]dhgZhZgkVYdh#
>begZhdZcadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhYZ6bg^XV#
>H7C/&"-,.,%,").",
CbZgdYZXdcigdaYZaV7^Wa^diZXVYZa8dc\gZhd/'%%+.%*''.
;did\gV[VYZaVedgiVYV/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
IgVYjXX^cVaZheVda/?Zhh^XV8]^edXd
:Y^X^cZcZheVda/6cc^ZDgYZo
9^hZd/<aZccGj\V$K^hjVa8dbbjc^XVi^dch!lll#k^oXdb#dg\
E=NH>8>6CH;DG=JB6CG><=IH
F
]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ihE=Gbdk^a^oVVadh fjZ^beZgVcZcaVhY^hi^ciVhhdX^ZYVYZh#E=G]VeaVhbVYd
egd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYeVgVfjZVXiZcZcaV jcigVWV_dh^\c^ÒXVi^kdgZheZXidVadhh^hiZbVhYZhVajY
YZ[ZchVYZaVhVajYnaVY^\c^YVYYZaVheZghdcVh nhdWgZZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYZceVgi^XjaVg#
bZY^VciZVXX^dcZhfjZegdbjZkVcZagZheZid!aVegdiZX" EdgZa]ZX]dYZ]VWZgh^YdjcdYZadhb^ZbWgdhdg^\^"
X^cnZaZ_ZgX^X^dYZadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh# cVaZhYZaXdb^iY^gZXi^kdYZaV8VbeVV>ciZgcVX^dcVa
9ZhYZ&.-+!adhb^ZbWgdhYZE=G]VcigVWV_VYdeVgV eVgVEgd]^W^gaVhB^cVh6ci^eZghdcVaZh!E=GXdbeVgi^
YZiZcZgaVidgijgV!aVhYZhVeVg^X^dcZhnaVhbViVcoVh ZaEgZb^dCWZaYZaVEVoZcZaVd&..,#
edai^XVheZgeZigVYVhiVcidedgadh\dW^ZgcdhXdbdedg
adh\gjedhfjZhZaZhdedcZc!neVgV^ckZhi^\VgnZmedcZg E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ih
aVhk^daVX^dcZhYZadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!^cXajnZcYdaVh '6ggdlHigZZi!Hj^iZ(%&
bjZgiZh!YVdhnigVjbVh^cÓ^\^YdhVX^k^aZhYjgVciZadh 8VbWg^Y\Z!B6%'&(-::#JJ#
XdcÓ^Xidh#:cigZaVh]Zg^YVhfjZ]VeVYZX^YdaVedWaVX^c! IZa#%%&+&,#(%&#)'%%
XVWZbZcX^dcVgZahj[g^b^ZcidnaVeg^kVX^c!^cXajnZcYd ;Vm#%%&+&,#(%&#)'*%
aVcZ\VX^cYZaVXXZhdVaVhVajY!dXVh^dcVYdhedgaV lll#e]nh^X^Vch[dg]jbVcg^\]ih#dg\
Y^hXg^b^cVX^cic^XVngVX^Va0aVVc\jhi^VbZciVan[h^XV
^cÓ^\^YVVaVhbj_ZgZhYZW^YdVadhVWjhdh0aVZmeadiVX^c E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ih
YZadhc^dhZceg{Xi^XVhaVWdgVaZh0aVegY^YVYZaVk^YV &&*+&*i]HigZZi!CL!Hj^iZ&%%&
dYZZmigZb^YVYZhYZW^YdVaVhb^cVhVci^eZghdcVaZhj LVh]^c\idc!98'%%%*::#JJ#
digVhVgbVhh^cY^hi^cX^c0bidYdhXgjZaZhYZZcXVgXZaV" IZa#%%&'%'#,'-#*((*
b^ZcidZcaVheg^h^dcZhnXZcigdhYZYZiZcX^c0njcV ;Vm#%%&'%'#,'-#(%*(
edWgZWVhZYZhVajYYZW^YdVaVh\gVcYZhYZh^\jVaYVYZh lll#e]nh^X^Vch[dg]jbVcg^\]ih#dg\
^^^
8DCI:C>9D
k
>#G:8DCD8>B>:CIDH
;
aegZhZciZ^c[dgbZ[jZZhXg^idnZY^iVYdeg^cX^" XVbedaaZkVYdVXVWdYjgVciZaVk^h^iVYZE=GVEjcd#AV
eVabZciZedg6a^X^V:anNVb^c!?9!BE=!Xdchja" BV\#:higVYV!aVa^X#<jZggVnaVA^X#I^XdcVgZVa^oVgdcaV
idgVnZm"Y^gZXidgVYZ>ckZhi^\VX^cn:hijY^dh igVYjXX^cYZafjZX]jVVaXVhiZaaVcd!naVA^X#I^XdcVaaZk
YZE]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ihE=G#?Zhh^XV8daZ! VXVWdaVigVYjXX^cYZaVnbVgVVaZheVda#LddYgd6cY^V
Vh^hiZciZYZ>ckZhi^\VX^c!E=G!Xdcig^WjnXdceVgiZ 8VhiZad!Y^gZXidgYZaVdÒX^cVgZ\^dcVaYZ86G:ZcEjcd!
YZaV^ckZhi^\VX^ceVgVY^kZghdhXVeijadhYZa^c[dgbZ [VX^a^iVbea^VbZciZaVhZcigZk^hiVhYZaZfj^edXdcadh
neVgi^X^eZcZaigVWV_dYZXVbedgZVa^oVYdZcA^bVn [jcX^dcVg^dhYZhVajYnZaVXXZhdVadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZ
8VgVWVnaad#AVHgiV#8daZiVbW^cYZhZbeZjceVeZa hVajY#>cdXZcX^dIjgedFj^heZn:YbjcYdIVe^VWg^cYVgdc
[jcYVbZciVaZcaVXddgY^cVX^cYZaV^ckZhi^\VX^c# hjVedndZcadgZaVX^dcVYdXdcaVad\hi^XVZcEjcd#
I^[[VcnBddgZ!B9!egd[ZhdgVVh^hiZciZYZDWhiZig^X^V :aZcV:hfj^X]Z!XddgY^cVYdgVcVX^dcVaVY_jciVZc
n <^cZXdad\V YZ aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ BVhhVX]jhhZih" HVajY BViZgcV! n ;ZgcVcYV AdVnoV! gZegZhZciVciZ
LdgXZhiZgnXdchjaidgVYZE=G!VhXdbdBVg^dc7gdlc! gZ\^dcVaZc=jVcXVkZa^XVYZaEgd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhZc
B9!XdchjaidgVYZE=G!eVgi^X^eVgdcZcZaigVWV_dYZ HVajYYZ86G:EZg!VnjYVgdcV^YZci^ÒXVgXVhdheVgV
XVbedgZVa^oVYdZc=jVcXVkZa^XVnEjcd!gZheZXi^kV" ZaigVWV_dYZXVbedgZVa^oVYdZc=jVcXVkZa^XV!naVA^X#
bZciZ!nXdcig^WjnZgdcXdcaVZaVWdgVX^cYZVc{a^h^h :hfj^X]ZeVgi^X^eZcZaigVWV_dYZXVbedfjZhZaaZk
Xac^XdheVgVZa^c[dgbZ# VXVWdZcZhZYZeVgiVbZcid#?dg\Z<dcoVaZh8XVcid!YZ
6a^X^V NVb^c hjeZgk^h V kVg^dh ZhijY^VciZh YZ aV 86G:EZg!nLVaiZgBZcYdoV=jVb{cVednVgdcXdcaV
:hXjZaV YZ AZnZh YZ =VgkVgY fjZ eVgi^X^eVgdc Zc aV ad\hi^XVZc=jVcXVkZa^XV!nZaHg#8XVcidiVbW^caaZk
^ckZhi^\VX^cnVedgiVgdcVa^c[dgbZ!XdbdeVgiZYZa VXVWdigVYjXX^dcZhYZafjZX]jVVaZheVda#
igVWV_dXac^XdgZVa^oVYdZcXdc_jcidXdcZaEgd\gVbV :a9g#6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!B9!XddgY^cVYdgcVX^dcVaYZa
YZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhYZaV:hXjZaVYZAZnZh/HiZe]Vc^Z Egd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhZcHVajYYZ86G:EZg!YZhZb"
HlVchdcXdcig^WjnXdcaV^ckZhi^\VX^caZ\VanYZdigd eZjceVeZaXZcigVaZcZhiV^ckZhi^\VX^cYZhYZhj
i^ed!nZaVWdgadhWdggVYdgZhYZVa\jcVhedgX^dcZhYZa ^c^X^d#:a9g#;g^hVcX]deVgi^X^eZceVgiZYZaigVWV_dYZ
^c[dgbZ08]g^hide]Zg9gV`ZXdaVWdgXdcaV^ckZhi^\VX^c XVbed!iVcidZc=jVcXVkZa^XVXdbdZcEjcd!n[jZjc
YZaXdciZmidniVcidaXdbdaVHgiV#HlVchdceVgi^X^eV" [VXidgXaVkZeVgVVhZ\jgVgfjZVbWdhk^V_ZhhZgZVa^"
gdcZcZaigVWV_dYZXVbedgZVa^oVYdZc=jVcXVkZa^XV0n oVgVcXdcm^id#:a9g#;g^hVcX]d!VYZb{h!Wg^cYjc
BVg\Vjm=Vaa^ciZgk^cdZcaV^ckZhi^\VX^cgZaVX^dcVYV ^cbZchd Vednd eVgV dWiZcZg aV ^c[dgbVX^c ZhXg^iV
XdcaVhiVg^[VhVea^XVYVhVadhjhjVg^dhnXdcaVYZjYV n gZVa^oVg adh XdciVXidh Xdc adh ^c[dgbVciZh XaVkZh
eVgVZ[ZXidhYZa^c[dgbZ# ZcA^bV#6h^b^hbd!ZaXdcdX^b^ZcidYZahZXidghVajY
E=GhZh^ZciZegd[jcYVbZciZZcYZjYVXdc86G:EZg! eZgjVcdYZa9g#;g^hVcX]d[jZZhZcX^VaeVgVZam^idYZ
h^caVXjVaZhiV^ckZhi^\VX^ch^beaZbZciZcd]jW^ZgVh^Yd aV^ckZhi^\VX^c#AZZhiVbdhhjbVbZciZV\gVYZX^Ydh!
edh^WaZ#Ajo:higVYV!XdchjaidgVYZ86G:EZgnb^ZbWgd VhXdbdV?Vn<djaYZc!Y^gZXidgYZegd\gVbVhYZ86G:
YZa ;dgd HVajY"Ejcd! ^YZci^[^X adh XVhdh! gZVa^o aVh EZg!edgZaYZX^Y^YdVedndfjZWg^cYVgdcVaegdnZXid
ZcigZk^hiVhegZa^b^cVgZhnXddgY^cidYVaVegZeVgVX^c YZhYZhj^c^X^d#
ad\hi^XVeVgVZaigVWV_dYZXVbedfjZhZaaZkVXVWdZc EdgdigdaVYd!Za9g#:adnCZ^gVnaVA^X#:a^VcV:aVh!YZ
Ejcd#AVBV\#:higVYViVbW^cXdcig^WjnXdc^bedg" B>C<6EZg!aaZkVgdcVXVWdjcV^ckZhi^\VX^cYZXVbed
iVciZhgZÓZm^dcZhhdWgZadhdWhi{XjadhfjZZm^hiZceVgV VY^X^dcVaZcAdgZid#
gZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcEjcd#:a^oVWZi]BV\cV HZgZVa^ojck^YZdfjZVXdbeVVZa^c[dgbZ!fjZ[jZ
<jZggV9Von6a^X^VI^XdcVVednVgdcVaVBV\#:higVYV ÒabVYdnegdYjX^Ydedg8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg!Y^gZXidg
ZcaV^YZci^ÒXVX^cYZadhXVhdhnZcaVgZVa^oVX^cYZ YZaVXdbeVV^cYZeZcY^ZciZYZegdYjXX^cYZYdXj"
aVhZcigZk^hiVhVadh^c[dgbVciZhZcaVodcVfjZX]jVn bZciVaZhIK8jaijgV!_jcidXdc=Xidg<{akZo8Vbedh#
VnbVgVZcEjcd!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#AVBV\#:higVYV!aV Adh a^XZcX^VYdh 8{gYZcVh n <{akZo VXdbeVVgdc Va
A^X#<jZggVnaVA^X#I^XdcVeVgi^X^eVgdcZcZaigVWV_dYZ Zfj^edYZE=GV=jVcXVkZa^XVnEjcd#
&
AV A^X# :bbV A# GjWc YZ 8Za^h I#! Y^gZXidgV YZ :a^c[dgbZÒcVa[jZegZeVgVYdeVgVhjejWa^XVX^cedg
egdnZXidhYZHdX^dhZcHVajY!HjXjghVaEZg!XddgY^c ?Zcc^[Zg7VaY!7VgWVgV6ndiiZn?jY^i]7gVX`aZn#;jZ
Za\gjed[dXVaYZE=GZc8VgVWVnaad!EZg#AVhcjZkZ igVYjX^YdYZa^c\ahVaZheVdaedg?Zhh^XV8]^edXd!n
bj_ZgZhfjZeVgi^X^eVgdcZcZhZ\gjed[dXVaXdbeVgi^Z" ZY^iVYdZcZheVdaedg6cc^ZDgYZo#AVHgiV#7gVX`aZn
gdcYZbVcZgV\ZcZgdhVhjhZmeZg^ZcX^Vhnhjhejcidh XddgY^caVegdYjXX^cYZa^c[dgbZW^a^c\Z#
YZk^hiVXdcE=G# Adh('^c[dgbVciZhXaVkZhWg^cYVgdcgZÓZm^dcZhZ
:a^c[dgbZ[jZgZk^hVYdZchjidiVa^YVYdZceVgiZedg ^c[dgbVX^cYZ^cXVaXjaVWaZkVadgfjZZcg^fjZX^Zgdc
Y^kZghVheZghdcVh/aV9gV#9ZWdgV]BV^cZ!egd[ZhdgVYZ Xdch^YZgVWaZbZciZZaegZhZciZ^c[dgbZ!Xdbdad]^X^Z"
HVajY>ciZgcVX^dcVaZcaV:hXjZaVYZHVajYEWa^XVYZ gdcadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYfjZVXXZY^ZgdcVhZg
aVJc^kZgh^YVYYZ7dhidc0Za9g#6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!Xddg" ZcigZk^hiVYdh# BjX]dh YZ Zhidh egd[Zh^dcVaZh YZ aV
Y^cVYdgcVX^dcVaYZaEgd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhZcHVajY hVajY]VWaVgdcXdckVadgZcXdcigVYZaVh^c_jhi^X^VhfjZ
YZ86G:EZg0Za9g#;gVc`9Vk^Yd[[!ZY^idgZbg^idYZ hZegdYjXZcYZcigdYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYZcZaEZg!
adhAnales de Medicina Internanb^ZbWgdYZa8dchZ_d edc^ZcYdZc\gVcg^Zh\dhjhegde^dhejZhidhYZigVWV_d
9^gZXi^kdYZE=G0Za_jZoG^X]VgY<daYhidcZ!Vci^\jd_jZo nhjhXVggZgVh#E=GhZ\j^g{XdcV\jYZoVVZhidhegd[Z"
YZaV8dgiZ8dchi^ijX^dcVaHjYV[g^XVcVnb^ZbWgdYZa h^dcVaZhYZaVhVajY!eVgVVhZ\jgVghZYZfjZcdhZidbZc
8dchZ_d9^gZXi^kdYZE=G0aV9gV#8aVjY^VAZbV!Y^gZX" gZegZhVa^VhXdcigVZaadhedgYZ[ZcYZgadhYZgZX]dhVaV
idgVYZHVajYh^cAb^iZh"EZg0Za9g#?V^bZB^gVcYV! hVajYnaVk^YV#
b^ZbWgd[jcYVYdgYZ:9=J86HVajY0aVA^X#Ajo:higVYV! EZgdZhVaVhbj_ZgZhfjZ]VcZmeZg^bZciVYdZbZg"
XdchjaidgVYZ86G:EZgnb^ZbWgdYZa;dgdHVajYEjcd0 \ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhnVadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVh[Vb^a^VhYZ
;gVc`9dcV\]jZ!8]^Z[:mZXji^kZD[ÒXZg8:DYZE=G0 aVhbj_ZgZhfjZbjg^ZgdckXi^bVhYZaVhZbZg\ZcX^Vh
AZdcVgYGjWZchiZ^c!?9!egZh^YZciZYZE=G!7VgWVgV dWhiig^XVhVfj^ZcZhZhiVbdhb{hegd[jcYVbZciZV\gV"
6ndiiZ!Y^gZXidgVYZ8dbjc^XVX^dcZhYZE=G!HjhVccV] YZX^Ydh!ejZhidfjZVXXZY^ZgdcVXdbeVgi^ghjhZmeZ"
H^g`^c!hjWY^gZXidgVYZEdai^XVh>ciZgcVX^dcVaZhYZE=G0 g^ZcX^Vhig{\^XVhnYdadgdhVheVgVfjZdigdhcdiZc\Vc
:g^X;g^ZYbVc!?9!VhZhdgSeniorYZEdai^XVh<adWVaZh fjZhj[g^gZab^hbdYZhi^cd#
YZHVajYYZE=G0n?d]c7gVYh]Vl!Y^gZXidgYZEdai^XVh
EWa^XVhYZE=G#
(
>>>#G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD
B
dheVigdcZhYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg \gVkZh#(CdidYVhZhiVhbj_ZgZhbjZgZc!eZgdZcZaEZg
^ajhigVcYZjcVbVcZgVYgVb{i^XVaVh^cZfj^YVYZh ZhidaZhjXZYZVb{hYZ&#'%%bj_ZgZhXVYVVd#DigVh
h^hib^XVhfjZYZkVhiVcaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcVZc b^aZhaaZ\VcXZgXVYZajbWgVaYZaVbjZgiZngZhjaiVcXdc
\ZcZgVa!nVhjkZogZÓZ_VcaVhk^daVX^dcZhh^hiZb{i^XVhYZ Xdbea^XVX^dcZhfjZaVhYZW^a^iVcYZedgk^YV#9Zig{hYZ
adhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh#&:cjcVgZ\^cYZabjcYdYdcYZ XVYVbjZgiZdÆXVh^bjZgiZÇ!Zm^hiZjcVbj_ZgXdcjcV
hZYVcaVhbVndgZhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcXjVcidV^c\gZhdh ]^hidg^V#:cZaegZhZciZ^c[dgbZ!E=GaZedcZjcgdhigdV
YZadhY^hi^cidh\gjedhedWaVX^dcVaZh!VhXdbdedgadh ZhVhX^[gVh#:cXdaVWdgVX^cXdc86G:"EZg!E=G^YZc"
bhZgdhgZXjghdhYZY^XVYdhVaHZXidgHVajY!aViVhVgZXjg" i^ÒXh^ZiZXVhdhZbWaZb{i^XdhYZbj_ZgZhfjZbjg^Z"
gZciZbZciZVaiVYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVYZaEZgÅfjZhZ gdcYZW^YdVaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZa
Xdchi^ijnZXdbdaVhZ\jcYVb{hVaiVZcHjYVbg^XVÅ! ZbWVgVodnjcVbj_ZgfjZhdWgZk^k^VjcVZbZg\ZcX^V
cdhWg^cYVjc^cY^XVYdgZadXjZciZcdhdaVbZciZYZaV dWhiig^XV!XdcZaÒcYZgZVa^oVgjcVnjmiVedh^X^cZc
ZmXajh^chdX^VafjZZc[gZciVcaVhbj_ZgZhgjgVaZh!n Ejcdn=jVcXVkZa^XV!YdhYZaVhgZ\^dcZhXdcaVhb{h
ZheZX^VabZciZ^cY\ZcVh!ZcZaEZgh^cdiVbW^cÅnZaad VaiVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg(+&n
gZhjaiVXgjX^VaÅYZaVhYZÒX^ZcX^VhZhigjXijgVaZhnYZaVh (%'bjZgiZhedg&%%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdhZcZa'%%%!
YZh^\jVaYVYZhfjZZm^hiZcZcZah^hiZbVYZhVajY#' gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#):aegZhZciZ^c[dgbZXjZciVaV]^hidg^V
E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ihE=GaaZkVXVWdjcV YZZhiVhbj_ZgZhnaZhYVaVeVaVWgVVhjh[Vb^a^VgZh#
^ckZhi^\VX^cZcigZZcZgdn_jc^dYZa'%%,eVgVVcVa^oVgadh :cEjcd!ZcXdcigVbdhVAntonia,fj^ZcZbeZoZa
[VXidgZhh^hib^XdhnhdX^VaZhfjZeZgeZiVcaV^c_jhi^X^VfjZ igVWV_dYZeVgidVciZhYZi^Zbed!ZcjcK^ZgcZhHVcid
gZÓZ_VcadhcY^XZhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg#AVh bjnaajk^dhd!ZcZafjZhZegZhZciVgdcVeVgZciZbZciZ
^ciZgkZcX^dcZhfjZhZgZfj^ZgZceVgVigViVgaVhZbZg\ZcX^Vh idYdhadh[VXidgZhedh^WaZhXVeVXZhYZYZbdgVgaVViZc"
dWhiig^XVhÅnedgZaadeVgVegZkZc^gaV\gVcbVndgVYZaVh X^c0Melania!fjZZhiVWVcZgk^dhVedgaV^YZVYZiZcZgV
bjZgiZhÅhdcWVhiVciZXdcdX^YVhn[{X^abZciZY^hedc^WaZh hjeg^bZg]^_d!eZgdfjZXdcÒVWVZcaVdWhiZig^onZheZg
eVgVaVhbj_ZgZhfjZXjZciVcXdcgZXjghdhZXdcb^Xdh! ZckVcdVfjZhZVeVgZX^ZgVZchjk^k^ZcYVXdbdhZad
VhXdbdeVgVaVbVndgVYZaVheZghdcVhfjZk^kZcZcaVh ]VWVegdbZi^Yd0 Pabla!fjZ]^odidYdadedh^WaZeVgV
{gZVhjgWVcVhYZaEZg#EZgdaV[VaiVYZhZgk^X^dhdWhiig^Xdh ]VXZgXVhdVaVgZXdbZcYVX^cYZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ
Y^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZhnYZXVa^YVYXdcYjXZV YVgVajoZcZa]dhe^iVa!eZgdfjZ[jZYZkjZaiVVXVhV
aVhYZbdgVhZcaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgaVViZcX^c!ZcaaZ\Vg nbjg^ZcaV]VW^iVX^cYdcYZhjegde^VbVYgZ!Vdh
Vaaj\VgYdcYZhiVhZWg^cYVnZcgZX^W^gaVViZcX^cVegd" Vig{h!iVbW^c]VWVbjZgidYVcYdVajo0Carolina,fjZ
e^VYV!n]VXZfjZbjZgVcYZbVh^VYVhbj_ZgZhYjgVciZ YZhZheZgVYVedgcdfjZgZgiZcZgdigd]^_dXdchjZhedhd
ZaZbWVgVodnZaeVgidZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZhYZaEZg#AV VWjh^kd!YZX^Y^^cYjX^ghZjcVWdgidajZ\dYZfjZhj
bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!edgZaad!cdhbjZhigVjci^edYZgVY^d" ZhedhdaZegd]^W^ZgVji^a^oVgaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg#:c
\gV[VYZaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcV!^ajb^cVcYdaVh^ciZgVXX^dcZh =jVcXVkZa^XV!ZcXdcigVbdhVEvarista!aV_dkZcbj_Zg
YZaVedWgZoVgjgVanaV^cZfj^YVYYZ\cZgd!fjZV[ZXiVcYZ _j\jZidcVVfj^ZcaZZcXVciVWVkZgk^YZdhZcfjZX]jV!
jcVbVcZgVYZhegdedgX^dcVYVVaVhbj_ZgZh^cY\ZcVhnV fjZhZ]VWVXVhVYdXdc6aZ_VcYgdeVgVXg^VgVhjh]^_dh
VfjaaVhfjZhdcVcVa[VWZiVhn!edgadiVcid!bVg\^cVYVh!Vh fjZhZfjZYVgdch^cbVYgZXjVcYdhjeg^bZgVZhedhV
XdbdaVbVcZgVZcfjZZah^hiZbVYZhVajYZmVXZgWVY^X]dh bjg^ YZW^Yd V Xdbea^XVX^dcZh gZaVX^dcVYVh Xdc Za
eVigdcZhYZZmXajh^c# ZbWVgVod0Tomasa!fjZkZVadhgdhigdhViZggdg^oVYdh
YZhjh]^_dhngZXdgYVWVhjhZheZgVcoVheVgVZa[jijgd!
:c[dfjZYZaV^ckZhi^\VX^c/ b^ZcigVhhZciVfjZ^WVeZgY^ZcYdhVc\gZ0nFrancisca,
fjZhdVWVXdcgZ\gZhVgV6nVXjX]d!YZYdcYZaV[Vb^a^V
ji^a^oVX^cYZadhZhijY^dhYZXVhdh
]VWVZhXVeVYdYjgVciZZaXdcÓ^XidX^k^a!hdaVbZciZeVgV
HZ\caVDBH!VabZcdhZafj^cXZedgX^ZcidYZadh bdg^gedgYZhXj^YdVXVjhVYZjcVbVaVViZcX^cZc
ZbWVgVodhgZhjaiVg{cZcXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVh ZaXZcigdYZhVajY#IVbW^cZX]Vbdhjck^hiVodVhjh
*
[Vb^a^VhnVadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYfjZZhi{c^ckd" YZaVbj_ZgfjZhdWgZk^k^VaVZbZg\ZcX^VdWhiig^XV0'
ajXgVYdhZcXVYVXVhdÅiVcidadhYZY^XVYdh!XdbdZa ZcigZk^hiVhhZb^ZhigjXijgVYVhXdceZghdcVaYZhVajYZc
9g#IVnhVXdZc=jVcXVkZa^XVdaVdWhiZig^o=ZgbZa^cYV aVhedhiVhYZhVajY!XZcigdhYZhVajYn]dhe^iVaZhY^hig^"
6WVYdHjXVejXV!ZcEjcdÅXdbdVadh^chZch^WaZbZciZ iVaZh!VhXdbdk^h^iVhVadhhZXidgZhn{gZVhgZaZkVciZh
^cY^[ZgZciZhncZ\a^\ZciZh# YZY^X]dhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidheVgVZkVajVghjXVeVX^YVY
H^cZbWVg\d!Za^c[dgbZiVbW^cgZigdXZYZZcZa YZgZhdajX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh0(gZk^h^cYZ
i^ZbednkjZakZVgZXdggZgadhXVb^cdhfjZXdcYj_Zgdc adhgZ\^higdhbY^XdhgZaZkVciZh!nZcVa\jcdhXVhdhYZ
VaVhbjZgiZhYZZhiVhbj_ZgZhnZcjcdYZadhXVhdh! Vjideh^VVhXdbdYZdigdh^c[dgbZhbY^Xdh[dgZchZhn
VhVakVgaVk^YVYZjcVbj_Zg!VcVa^oVcYdadhdWhi{Xjadh YdXjbZcidhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcZaegdXZhd0)hZ\j^b^Zcid
ZhigjXijgVaZhfjZZm^hiZceVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVY [h^XdYZaYZkZc^gYZadh]ZX]dhZcXVYVZbZg\ZcX^V0n*
bViZgcVVc^kZaYZa]d\VgnYZaVXdbjc^YVY!ZaXZcigd ZcigZk^hiVhXdcaVheZghdcVhfjZZaVWdgVcaVhedai^XVhn
YZhVajY!Za\dW^ZgcdgZ\^dcVa!Za\dW^ZgcdcVX^dcVan! adh^c[dgbVciZhadXVaZhXaVkZhZcXVYVYZeVgiVbZcid#
ÒcVabZciZ!adhVXidgZh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh!iVaZhXdbdZa AV^c[dgbVX^chZXdbeaZbZciXdcigZ^ciVnYdh
7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7VcXd>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad! ZcigZk^hiVh XdcXZgiVYVh Xdc ^c[dgbVciZh XaVkZh Zc
fjZZhi{cYZhZbeZVcYdjceVeZa[jcYVbZciVaZcaV A^bVnLVh]^c\idc98!njc\gjed[dXVagZVa^oVYdZcZa
gZZhigjXijgVX^cYZaHZXidgHVajYZcZaEZg!bZY^VciZ {gZVeZg^jgWVcVYZ8VgVWVnaad!ZcaVhV[jZgVhYZA^bV#
E6GHVajYEgdnZXidYZ6edndVaVGZ[dgbVYZaHZXidg :a Vc{a^h^h YZ aVh aZnZh eZgjVcVh! aVh Vh^\cVX^dcZh
HVajY#6h!Zhedh^WaZXdbegZcYZgfjZZhiVhbjZgiZh egZhjejZhiVaZh!ZaZhfjZbVYZaH>H!nadhYdXjbZcidh
cdhdcZkZcidhW^da\^XdhVaZVidg^dhh^cdZagZhjaiVYd YZaeghiVbdgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVgZZhigjXijgVX^cYZa
egZk^h^WaZYZaVhedai^XVh!YZYZX^h^dcZhh^hiZb{i^XVh! HZXidgHVajYXdbeaZbZciVgdcaV^c[dgbVX^cdWiZc^YV
YZegd\gVbVhnYZegZhjejZhidh!VhXdbdYZ[VXidgZh ZcZaXVbed#
hdX^VaZhnXjaijgVaZh#
:cXVYVXVhd!adh[VXidgZhfjZXdcYj_ZgdcVaVhYZbdgVh :aXdciZmid/ZaEZgnZah^hiZbVYZ
[ViVaZhfjZdXVh^dcVgdcaVbjZgiZYZaVhbj_ZgZhVh
hVajYeZgjVcd
Xdbdadh[VXidgZhfjZb^i^\VgdcaVhYZbdgVhZcZaXVhd
YZaVbj_ZgfjZhdWgZk^k^]Vch^YdVcVa^oVYdhZmeaX^iV" AVedWaVX^cYZaEZggdcYVWVadh'-b^aadcZhZcZaVd
bZciZZcigb^cdhYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZaEZggZaVi^kVh '%%*#+6egdm^bVYVbZciZZa),YZaVedWaVX^ceZgjVcV
VadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZaYZgZX]dV Zh^cY\ZcV#,:m^hiZc*b^aadcZhYZfjZX]jV]VWaVciZhZc
aVhVajYYZVXjZgYdVa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa!^cXajnZcYd ZaEZg!bjX]dhYZadhXjVaZhZhi{cXdcXZcigVYdhZcaV
aVdWa^\VX^cYZegdedgX^dcVgXj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhYZ gZ\^cYZaVh^ZggV!_jcidXdcaVheZghdcVhfjZ]VWaVc
ZbZg\ZcX^V8D:bY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZh VnbVgV!fjZZhi{cXdcXZcigVYVhZheZX^VabZciZZcaV
nYZXVa^YVY# gZ\^cYZaVai^eaVcd#-:caVgZ\^cYZaVhZakVYZaEZg
6eZhVgYZfjZadhh^ZiZXVhdhhdcidbVYdhYZEjcdn k^kZjcVhZg^ZYZXdbjc^YVYZhcVi^kVhY^[ZgZciZh!fjZ
=jVcXVkZa^XV!bjX]dhYZadhegdWaZbVhÅVfjaadhfjZhZ gZegZhZciVcV**\gjedhZicda^c\hi^Xdh#.H^cZbWVg\d!
gZaVX^dcVcXdcaVY^hiVcX^VZbdX^dcVa!VhXdbd[h^XV!fjZ edgad\ZcZgVaadheZgjVcdhhZZcXjZcigVcVaiVbZciZ
hZbVci^ZcZZcigZaVedWaVX^cnZah^hiZbVYZhVajY0aVh XdcXZcigVYdhZcaVh{gZVhjgWVcVh#AVhedWaVX^dcZh
^ciZgVXX^dcZhZcigZZa\cZgd!aVY^hXg^b^cVX^cic^XVnaV ^cY\ZcVhhZZcXjZcigVcYZhegdedgX^dcVYVbZciZgZegZ"
ZmXajh^cYZaVhbj_ZgZhgjgVaZh0naVhYZÒX^ZcX^VhZhigjX" hZciVYVhZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZh!nZheZX^VabZciZZcigZadh
ijgVaZhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYÅXdcÒgbVcadh]VaaVo\dhYZ edWgZhgjgVaZh#&%
digdhZhijY^dhZ^ajhigVcadhgZidhfjZhZZc[gZciVcZcidYd AV8db^h^cYZaVKZgYVYnaVGZXdcX^a^VX^c8KG!
ZaEZgeVgVdWiZcZgaVeaZcVgZVa^oVX^cYZadhYZgZX]dh fjZZmVb^cZaWgjiVaXdcÓ^XidVgbVYdXdcHZcYZgd
YZaVhbj_ZgZhVjcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV#*AdhZhijY^dhYZ Ajb^cdhdfjZijkdaj\VgZcigZ&.-%nZa'%%%!Zchj
XVhdh!VYZb{h!eZgb^iZcZX]Vgjck^hiVodVaVhk^YVhYZ ^c[dgbZYZa'%%(gZXVaXfjZ[jZgdcZhidhXVbeZh^cdh
aVhbj_ZgZh^cY^k^YjVaZh!VadheVeZaZhfjZYZhZbeZVgdc ^cY\ZcVhgjgVaZhadhfjZ]VWVchdedgiVYdZaeZhdYZ
Zchjh[Vb^a^VhnXdbjc^YVYZh!nVadh^beVXidhfjZijk^Z" aVk^daZcX^V#HZiZciVnX^cXdedgX^ZcidYZaVhXVh^,%#%%%
gdchjhbjZgiZhZchjheVgZ_VhZ]^_dh# kXi^bVhYZaXdcÓ^XidVgbVYdZgVc^cY\ZcVh!ZheZX^Va"
AVgZXdchigjXX^cYZXVYVXVhd^cXajn/&ZcigZ" bZciZXVbeZh^cdhgjgVaZhYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhfjZ"
k^hiVhZm]Vjhi^kVhbai^eaZhXdcb^ZbWgdhYZaV[Vb^a^V X]jV]VWaVciZhYZadhYZeVgiVbZcidhVcY^cdhb{hedWgZhn
daVXdbjc^YVYYZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZbjg^ZgdcYZW^YdV bVg\^cVYdh!nadhVh]{c^c`VhYZhjhgZ\^dcZhhZak{i^XVh#&&
Xdbea^XVX^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZaZbWVgVod!VhXdbd :a^c[dgbZYZaV8KG]^odjcaaVbVYdVaVgZXdcX^a^VX^c
+ 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
cVX^dcVaWVhVYVZcZaad\gdYZaVÆX^jYVYVcV^ciZ\gVa 6YZb{h!adheVigdcZhYZ\VhidZchVajYgZ[jZgoVc!Zc
eVgVidYdhadheZgjVcdhÇ!fjZhZdg^ZciV]VX^VaVhjeZgV" kZoYZViZcjVg!aVh^cZfj^YVYZhZm^hiZciZh#:cZaGZedgiZ
X^cYZaV[gV\bZciVX^cnY^hXg^b^cVX^c]^hig^XVhYZ YZaVHVajYBjcY^VaYZaVDBHYZaVd'%%%!ZaEZg
aVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcV#&'AdheVigdcZhYZaVbdgiVa^YVY ZhiVWVZcZaejZhid&&.YZadh&.&eVhZhZcigb^cdh
bViZgcV!fjZV[ZXiVcYZbVcZgVYZhegdedgX^dcVYVVaV YZaVZfj^YVYYZaYZhZbeZdYZhjh^hiZbVYZhVajY!
edWaVX^cXVbeZh^cV!gZÓZ_VcZhVb^hbV[gV\bZciVX^c dgYZcVYdhYZab{h_jhidVabZcdh_jhid!nZcaVedh^X^c
nY^hXg^b^cVX^c]^hig^XVh# &-)YZ&.&Zcigb^cdhYZ_jhi^X^VYZaVhXdcig^WjX^dcZh
6 eZhVg YZ fjZ hZ igViV YZ jc eVh Xdc ^c\gZhdh ÒcVcX^ZgVhÅXdadX{cYdadb{hXZgXVZcZhiZdgYZcV
bZY^dh!b{hYZaVb^iVYYZaVedWaVX^cYZaEZgk^kZ eVhZhiVaZhXdbdHdbVa^V!BnVcbVgnH^ZggVAZdcV
ZcaVedWgZoVnXVh^jcXjVgidYZZaaVÅZa')Åk^kZZc fjZVhjhkZX^cdhgZ\^dcVaZh#''
ZmigZbVedWgZoV#&(6abZY^gaVedWgZoVhZ\cZaedgXZc" :hiVh YZh^\jVaYVYZh hZ gZ[aZ_Vc Zc adh eVigdcZh
iV_ZYZaVedWaVX^cfjZk^kZXdcbZcdhYZJH&edgYV! YZ bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV n Zc aVh ^ciZgkZcX^dcZh
aVh^ijVX^chdX^dZXdcb^XVYZaEZghZZfj^eVgVXdcaV egd\gVb{i^XVhfjZhZ]VXZccZXZhVg^VheVgVgZYjX^gaV
YZeVhZhiVaZhXdbd@ZcnV!>cY^VnHZcZ\Va!ZckZoYZ VaiViVhVYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg#:a\dW^Zgcd
]VXZgadXdchjhkZX^cdhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh#&) hdhi^ZcZfjZaViVhVYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVIBB[jZ
AVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcaVY^hig^WjX^cYZaVedWgZoVhdc YZ&+-edgXVYV&%%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdhZcZa'%%*!
hVaiVciZh0b{hYZaVb^iVYYZaVedWaVX^cgjgVa*%!( aVXjVaYZhXZcY^YZ&-*fjZZa\dW^ZgcdhZVaVWViZcZg
k^kZZcaVedWgZoVZmigZbV!b^ZcigVhfjZiVchdadZa.!, ZcZaVd'%%%#H^cZbWVg\d!aVDBH!JC;E6nJC>8:;
YZaVedWaVX^cjgWVcVk^kZZcaVhb^hbVhXdcY^X^dcZh#&* aaZ\VgdcVjcZhi^bVYdYZ)&%#:aegde^d^c[dgbZYZa
AVedWaVX^c^cY\ZcVYZaEZghZZcXjZcigVgZegZhZc" egd\gZhdYZa\dW^ZgcdeVgVZaad\gdYZadhDW_Zi^kdhYZ
iVYVYZbVcZgVYZhegdedgX^dcVYVZcigZVfjZaadhZbed" 9ZhVggdaadYZaB^aZc^dD9BgZXdcdXZfjZadhZhi^bVYdh
WgZX^Ydh!nZheZX^VabZciZZcigZVfjZaadhZbedWgZX^Ydh cdhdcXdcÒVWaZhnfjZegdWVWaZbZciZgZÓZ_ZcjcVhZg^V
YZbVcZgVZmigZbV#:aXdZÒX^ZciZ<>C>YZaeVhÅjcV hjWZhi^bVX^cYZacbZgdYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVh#'(
bZY^YVYZaV^cZfj^YVYYZadh^c\gZhdhÅ[jZYZ*)!+ CddWhiVciZ!aVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcaVhIBBejZYZc
XjVcYdhZXVaXjaZcZaVd'%%'!XdadXVcYdVaEZgZc ^ajhigVg egd[jcYVh kZgYVYZh hdWgZ aV ^cZfj^YVY#
ZaejZhid&*YZadheVhZhbZcdhZfj^iVi^kdhZcigZadh B^ZcigVhfjZaVIBBeVgVA^bV[jZYZ*'edg&%%#%%%
&,,eVhZhZcXjZhiVYdh#&+ cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdhZcZa'%%%!aVIBBeVgV=jVcXVkZa^XV
AV ^cZfj^YVY YZ \cZgd eZcZigV Zc aV hdX^ZYVY nEjcd[jZYZ(%'n(+&edg&%%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdh!
eZgjVcVZ^ciZgVXiVXdcaVedWgZoVnaVY^hXg^b^cVX^c gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#')
ic^XV#EdgZ_Zbead!ZcZaVd'%%'aVhc^VhfjZk^kZc AVheg^cX^eVaZhXVjhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZa
ZcZmigZbVedWgZoVVh^hiVcVaVZhXjZaVhZXjcYVg^VV EZghdcaVhb^hbVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVhgZhedc"
gVocYZa-%YZadhc^dhfjZk^kVcZcZhVb^hbV hVWaZhYZaV\gVcbVndgVYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVhZcidYd
XdcY^X^c#&,:caVh^ZggV!ZhiVhY^[ZgZcX^VhhdcVcb{h ZabjcYd#HZigViVYZ/]ZbdggV\^V!)*!,nZceVgi^Xj"
hZkZgVh#HZ\cadhYVidhYZa'%%)!ZcaVh^ZggVjc&,YZ aVg!aV]ZbdggV\^VedheVgid0idmZb^VegZ"ZXaVbeh^V$
aVhc^Vhnbj_ZgZhbVndgZhYZ+VdhcdiZcVc^c\c ZXaVbeh^V'+!*0Xdbea^XVX^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcadh
i^edYZZYjXVX^c!b^ZcigVhfjZXVh^Za)%cdXjab^cVWV VWdgidh!,!(0Z^c[ZXX^c!+!+#AVhXVjhVh^cY^gZXiVh
aVZhXjZaVeg^bVg^V#&-:aegdbZY^dYZVdhYZZYjXVX^c YZbjZgiZdXVh^dcVcZa&(!+YZaVhbjZgiZhbViZgcVh
eVgVaVhbj_ZgZhZcaVh^ZggVZgVYZ)!'!b^ZcigVhfjZ Z^cXajnZcaVbVaVg^VnaVijWZgXjadh^h#
ZcigZaVhbj_ZgZhZcZafj^ci^ab{hedWgZZgVYZ'!(#&. AVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVh!^cXajnZcYdVfjaaVh
:a\VhidhdX^VaYZaEZgZhZmigZbVYVbZciZWV_dZc YZg^kVYVhYZadhVWdgidh^cXdbeaZidh!gZfj^ZgZciZcZg
XdbeVgVX^cXdcZaYZhjhkZX^cdhhjYVbZg^XVcdh#:c VXXZhd V adh 8D:b#'* :c Za EZg Zm^hiZc egd[jcYVh
ZaVd'%%%!ZaEZgVh^\ciVchdadZa'!.YZhjE7>V YZh^\jVaYVYZhXdcgZheZXidVaVXXZhdVaVh^ciZgkZc"
aVZYjXVX^cnZa&!)Vah^hiZbVYZhVajY!b^ZcigVhfjZ X^dcZhegd\gVb{i^XVhcZXZhVg^VheVgVZk^iVgaVbVndgV
7da^k^VÅaVcVX^cb{hedWgZYZHjYVbg^XVÅ\Vhi YZaVhbjZgiZhbViZgcVh!fjZ^cXajnZcZaVXXZhdVadh
Za+!(YZhjE7>ZcZYjXVX^cnZa(!,ZchVajY#'% 8D:b!aVVh^hiZcX^VXVeVX^iVYVZcaVViZcX^cYZadh
9Z]ZX]d!Za\VhideZgjVcdZchVajY]VY^hb^cj^Yd eVgidhngZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^V#'+EdgZ_Zbead!VeZhVgYZ
egdedgX^dcVabZciZZcVdhgZX^ZciZh!niVchdadZa%!. fjZaVXdWZgijgV\ZcZgVaZhXdbeVgVWaZXdcVa\jcdhYZ
YZhjE7>hZ]VVh^\cVYdVadhegd\gVbVhYZhVajYZc hjhkZX^cdhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh!aVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcigZ
Za'%%*!YZhXZcY^ZcYdYZa&!)fjZZm^hiVZcZaVd adhg^XdhnadhedWgZhZcZaVXXZhdVjcVVh^hiZcX^VYZa
'%%&#'& eVgidXdceZghdcVaXVeVX^iVYdhdcbVndgZhZcZaEZg
fjZZcXjVafj^ZgdigdeVhYZHjYVbg^XV#',
G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD,
8jVcYd hZ dWhZgkVc adh YVidh edg YZeVgiVbZcid! :c&...!Za7VcXd>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad7>9
hZidgcVXaVgdfjZadh^c\gZhdhhZXdbW^cVcXdcdigdh nZa7VcXdBjcY^VaYZhVggdaaVgdcYZbVcZgVXdc_jciV
[VXidgZh eVgV XgZVg jcV YZhkZciV_V VXjbjaVYV Xdc eVfjZiZh YZ eghiVbdh Y^hZVYdh eVgV [VX^a^iVg aV
gZheZXidVZhiVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZh#EdgZaad!adhedgXZc" gZ[dgbVYZaHZXidgHVajYZcZaEZg#(%:abdcididiVa
iV_ZhZmigZbVYVbZciZWV_dhYZbj_ZgZhViZcY^YVhedg YZa eghiVbd dg^\^cVa [jZ YZ Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ JH
egd[Zh^dcVaZhXVeVX^iVYdhZc=jVcXVkZa^XV'&nEjcd -,#%%%#%%%!Xdcig^WjnZcYdZaIZhdgdeZgjVcdXdcjc
',!-cdhdadhZgZaVX^dcVcXdcadhVaidhc^kZaZhYZ bdcid a^\ZgVbZciZ hjeZg^dg Va iZgX^d YZ adh [dcYdh#
edWgZoVYZaVedWaVX^ch^cdiVbW^cXdcaV\gVcXVci^YVY 9jgVciZadhigZheg^bZgdhVdhYZaegd\gVbV!adhdW_Z"
YZedWaVX^c^cY\ZcVfjZk^kZZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZh#6 i^kdh\ZcZgVaZhnYZbVh^VYdVbea^dhZhiVWaZX^Ydhedg
c^kZacVX^dcVa!ZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZhZa,)YZaVhbj_ZgZh Za\dW^ZgcdZcXdc_jcidXdcadhWVcXdhcdaaZ\VgdcV
YVVajoZchjhXVhVh!ZcXdbeVgVX^cXdcZa.%YZaVh egdYjX^ggZhjaiVYdiVc\^WaZVa\jcd#(&
bj_ZgZhZcXdbjc^YVYZh^cY\ZcVh#'- :cZaVd'%%)!aVbZiVYZaEgd\gVbVYZ6edndVaV
:aWV_dc^kZaYZÒcVcX^Vb^ZcideVgVaVhVajY]VYVYd GZ[dgbVYZaHZXidgHVajY!E6GHVajY!hZVÒceVgVZc[d"
XdbdgZhjaiVYdaVhYZcdb^cVYVhiVg^[Vh[dgbVaZhZ^c[dg" XVghZZc\gVcbZY^YVZcaVhVajYbViZgcd"^c[Vci^anZcaV
bVaZh^bejZhiVhVadheVX^ZciZh#:cVdhgZX^ZciZh!aV gZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!XdbdjcbZY^deVgV
e^ZoVXZcigVaYZadhZh[jZgodhYZa\dW^ZgcdedggZYjX^g bZ_dgVgVaHZXidgHVajYZc\ZcZgVa!nhZZc[dXZcdX]d
aVhWVggZgVhZXdcb^XVheVgVaVViZcX^cÅ^cXajnZcYd gZ\^dcZhfjZXjZciVcXdcVa\jcdhYZadheZdgZh^cY^XV"
adh8D:bÅ]Vh^YdZaZhfjZbVYZaHZ\jgd>ciZ\gVaYZ YdgZhYZhVajYbViZgcVZ^c[Vci^a#('Adb{h^bedgiVciZ
HVajY!dH>H#6eZhVgYZfjZZaH>H]Vh^YdZm^idhdVa ZhfjZE6GHVajY>XZcighjViZcX^cZc^ciZgkZcX^dcZh
ZmiZcYZgaVXdWZgijgVYZaVViZcX^ceVgVadhedWgZh! WVhVYVhZcaVZk^YZcX^V!^cXajnZcYdaVViZcX^cdWhi"
Zaegd\gVbVegZhZciVjcVhZg^ZYZYZÒX^ZcX^Vh!^cXaj" ig^XVYZZbZg\ZcX^VnaVhgZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^V#
nZcYdaV^bedh^W^a^YVYYZXjWg^gadh\Vhidh\ZcZgVaZh!aV :caVVXijVa^YVY!hZZcXjZcigVZcegdXZhdYZcZ\dX^V"
\Zhi^c^cZÒX^ZciZ!aV^bedh^W^a^YVYYZVhZ\jgVgfjZadh X^cZaWdggVYdgYZaVhZ\jcYVeVgiZYZE6GHVajY#:a
WZcZÒX^dhaaZ\jZcVfj^ZcZhgZVabZciZadhcZXZh^iVc!n XdckZc^deVgVE6GHVajY>>!fjZYZWZgVXjab^cVgZcZa
aV[VaiVYZÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidZc\ZcZgVa#'. Vd'%%-!Zhi{egd\gVbVYdeVgV^cXaj^gb{hgZ\^dcZhYZa
:c VWg^a YZa '%%,! Za \dW^Zgcd Zb^i^ jc YZXgZid eVhfjZE6GHVajY>!nedYgVVaXVcoVgjcbdcidhjeZg^dg
hjegZbd XgZVcYd jc cjZkd ZhfjZbV YZ hZ\jgd fjZ VadhJH&%%#%%%#%%%#((
WjhXVWVXdckZgi^gVaH>H!YZjch^hiZbVYZgZZbWdahd!
Zc jc kZgYVYZgd ZhfjZbV YZ hZ\jgd Xdc XdeV\dh n EVcdgVbVYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV
eg^bVh#:acjZkdZhfjZbV^cXajnZZmdcZgVX^dcZheVgV
XdbdjcVhjcidYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh
aVh eZghdcVh ZmigZbVYVbZciZ ^cY^\ZciZh! eZgd cd
Zhi{XaVgdh^ZcaVeg{Xi^XVZhiZZhfjZbVgZYjX^g{aVh :a\dW^ZgcdYZaEZg]VVhjb^YddWa^\VX^dcZh!iVcid
WVggZgVhZXdcb^XVhZcaVViZcX^cYZbVcZgVb{hd WV_daVaZ\^haVX^ccVX^dcVaXdbdaV^ciZgcVX^dcVa!eVgV
bZcdhZ[ZXi^kVfjZZaH>H# VWdgYVgadhY^hi^cidh[VXidgZhfjZXdcYjXZcVdWiZcZg
Jc^bedgiVciZgZÓZ_dYZaVhgZYjXX^dcZhYZÒcVcX^V" c^kZaZhgZXjggZciZbZciZVaidhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#
b^Zcid!VaVhfjZZaH>HZk^YZciZbZciZcdejYdedcZg AVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVhZ
Xdid!VhXdbdYZaV[VaiVYZeaVcZh^ciZ\gVaZhYZVXX^c! YZg^kVcYZadhYZgZX]dhZcjbZgVYdhZcadhigViVYdh
hZYVZcaVY^kZgh^YVYYZgZ\bZcZhaVWdgVaZhXdbeaZ_dh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhYZadhXjVaZhZaEZgZheVgiZ!Va\jcdh
Z ^ggVX^dcVaZh fjZ Zm^hiZc eVgV adh igVWV_VYdgZh YZa YZadhXjVaZhiVbW^c]Vch^Yd^beaZbZciVYdhbZY^Vc"
HZXidgHVajYZcZaEZg#8jVafj^ZgZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZ iZaV8dchi^ijX^cYZaEZgnaVaZ\^haVX^ccVX^dcVa#()
hVajYejZYZiZcZgjcVhZg^ZYZigVWV_VYdgZhhj_Zidh 7V_d aV aZn eZgjVcV! aVh cdgbVh gZXdcdX^YVh Zc aV
VgZ\bZcZhaVWdgVaZhXdbeaZiVbZciZY^hi^cidh!Xdc 8dchi^ijX^c!iVaXdbdaVhYZhVajY!YZWZchZg^ciZg"
gZbjcZgVX^dcZh!egdiZXX^dcZhnWZcZÒX^dhY^[ZgZciZh#6 egZiVYVhYZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcaV9ZXaVgVX^cJc^kZghVa
igVkhYZadhVdh!Za\dW^Zgcd^ciZciVjbZciVgaVXdWZg" YZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhnYZb{higViVYdhYZYZgZX]dh
ijgVVWV_dXdhid!didg\VcYdXdcigVidhYZXdgideaVodh^c ]jbVcdhgVi^ÒXVYdhedgZaEZg#(*
WZcZÒX^dh#:hiVh^ijVX^c]VegdYjX^YdiVcidYZh^\jVaYVY 6YZb{h!ZcaV8jbWgZYZaB^aZc^dYZCVX^dcZhJc^YVh!
XdbdVaiVhiVhVhYZgdiVX^c!ZheZX^VabZciZZcaVh{gZVh XZaZWgVYVZcZa'%%%!adh:hiVYdhÅ^cXaj^YdZaEZgÅ
gjgVaZh!adfjZhdXVkVaVXVeVX^YVYYZah^hiZbVYZhVajY VYdeiVgdcaV9ZXaVgVX^cYZaB^aZc^d#AV9ZXaVgVX^cYZa
eVgVbVciZcZgaVY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaV B^aZc^dnadhDW_Zi^kdhYZ9ZhVggdaadYZaB^aZc^dD9BfjZ
hVajYn!VhjkZo!YZjcVViZcX^cYZXVa^YVY# ZbVcVcYZaVb^hbV!^cXajnZcZaXdbegdb^hdYZgZYjX^g
- 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
aVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcigZhXjVgiVheVgiZh JcVWgjbVYdgcbZgdYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVhdXjggZ
ZcigZ&..%nZa'%&*D9B*#:a>c[dgbZYZaTask Force YZW^YdVigZhYZbdgVhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcadh8D:b/aV
hdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^anBViZgcVYZaEgdnZXidYZaB^aZc^dYZ YZbdgVZcidbVgaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV!aVYZbdgV
aVDCJ!gZXdcdXZÒgbZbZciZaVZcdgbZ^bedgiVcX^VYZ ZcaaZ\VgVaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY!naVYZbdgVZc
adhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhiVcideVgVZciZcYZgadhZaZbZcidh gZX^W^gaVViZcX^cVegde^VYV#)':hiVhYZbdgVhZhi{c
^beaX^idhYZaD9B*XdbdeVgVVaXVcoVgad#(+ ZhigZX]VbZciZgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcaV[VaiVYZhZgk^X^dhYZ
GZXdcdX^ZcYdfjZc^c\cYZgZX]dejZYZZ_ZgXZghZ hVajYY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZhYZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiV
V^haVYdYZadhYZb{h!ZaegZhZciZ^c[dgbZYZE=GhZ ZXdcb^Xd![h^XdZ^c[dgbVi^kd!nhdWgZaVWVhZYZaV
Zc[dXVeg^cX^eVabZciZZcaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZa:hiVYd cdY^hXg^b^cVX^c!VXZeiVWaZhYZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiV
eZgjVcd YZ gZheZiVg! egdiZ\Zg n ]VXZg Xjbea^g Za XjaijgVani^Xd!nYZXVa^YVY#E=GYZhXjWg^fjZaVh
YZgZX]dVaVhVajY!eVgVedYZgVXaVgVgaVhXdcbVndg igZh[dgbVhYZYZbdgVhZegZhZciVWVcXdc[gZXjZcX^V
egZX^h^c#(, ZcZaEZg#
AVgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVhZbZcX^dcV 6YZb{h! Zc Ejcd n =jVcXVkZa^XV E=G ejhd Zc
ZmegZhVbZciZiVcidZcaVGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaYZa Zk^YZcX^VfjZaVhbj_ZgZh^cY\ZcVhgjgVaZhfjZbjZgZc
8db^ieVgVaV:a^b^cVX^cYZaV9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigV naVh[Vb^a^VhfjZYZ_VcVig{hhdcZ[ZXi^kVbZciZXjaeVYVh
aVBj_Zg8:96LYZ&...!hdWgZÆAVBj_ZgnaVHVajYÇ! ZcdXVh^dcZhedghjhegde^VhbjZgiZhYZW^YdVfjZZm^hiZ
XdbdZcaVDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaYZa89:H8!ZcZa'%%%! jcVYZbdgVZcWjhXVgaVViZcX^cnZhVYZbdgVZhVig^"
hdWgZÆZa9ZgZX]dVa9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZ Wj^YVVaVhÆegZ[ZgZcX^VhXjaijgVaZhÇdÆ^Y^dh^cXgVh^VhÇ#H^c
YZHVajYÇ!fjZhdcXdch^YZgVYVh^ciZgegZiVX^dcZhVjidg^" ZbWVg\d!ajZ\dYZjcZmVbZcb{hYZiVaaVYd!idYVhZhiVh
oVYVhYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZadh:hiVYdheVgiZ#(-9Z YZbdgVh[ViVaZhÅ^cXajnZcYdaVYZbdgVZcaVYZX^h^cYZ
]ZX]d!iVcidZa8db^i9:H8Xdbd8:96LgZXdcdXZc WjhXVgaVViZcX^cÅhZgZaVX^dcVcXdcaVh^cZfj^YVYZh
ZmeaX^iVbZciZfjZadhhZgk^X^dhdWhiig^XdhYZWZchZg h^hib^XVhfjZ^beZgVcZcaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcVnZcZa
egdedgX^dcVYdhn]VXZghZVXXZh^WaZhVaVhbj_ZgZhZc h^hiZbVYZhVajYeZgjVcd#EdgZ_Zbead!aVhYZbdgVhZc
Xjbea^b^ZcidYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZa:hiVYdfjZhZ aVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgViZcX^chZkZcV[ZXiVYVhedgaV
YZg^kVcYZadhigViVYdhXdggZhedcY^ZciZh#(.CddWhiVciZ! YZh^\jVaY^hig^WjX^cYZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!
adhhZgk^X^dhdWhiig^XdhcdejZYZcVhZ\jgVghZYZbVcZgV YZ adh W^ZcZh n YZ adh hZgk^X^dh! ad fjZ ]VXZ fjZ adh
V^haVYVYZaVhYZb{hcZXZh^YVYZhgZegdYjXi^kVhnhZ" 8D:bhZVciVcidcdY^hedc^WaZhXdbd[h^XVbZciZ^cVX"
mjVaZhYZaVhbj_ZgZh!^cXajnZcYdaVVci^XdcXZeX^c# XZh^WaZh#E=GYZhXjWg^fjZiVbW^cejZYZVig^Wj^ghZ
:hiVh^ciZgegZiVX^dcZhVjidg^oVYVhYZaVaZngZÓZ_VcZa VaVhWVggZgVhZXdcb^XVhaVY^[^XjaiVYYZVXXZhdYZ
]ZX]dYZfjZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhcdgbVi^kVhgZaVX^dcVYVh ZhiVh[Vb^a^VhZbedWgZX^YVhfjZeZgh^hiZcVeZhVgYZa
XdcadfjZXdchi^ijnZcadhÆhZgk^X^dhVegde^VYdhÇdadh H>H!^cXajnZcYdadhXdhidhYZigVchedgiZ#E=G!VYZb{h!
ÆbZY^dhVegde^VYdhÇeVgVaVgZVa^oVX^cYZadhYZgZX]dh YdXjbZciXbdaV[VaiVYZhZch^W^a^YVYnVXZeiVX^c
YZhVajYYZaVhbj_ZgZh!YZWZchZgZkVajVYVhVaVajo XjaijgVaZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!^cXajnZcYdiVcid
YZaVbZ_dgZk^YZcX^VZe^YZb^da\^XVgZaVX^dcVYVXdc Za^Y^dbVji^a^oVYdXdbdZagZheZidedgaVhXdhijbWgZh
aVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZhXaVkZheVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVY YZadhVajbWgVb^ZcidhigVY^X^dcVaZh!egdkdXVciVbW^c
bViZgcV!^cXaj^Ydhadh8D:b#:cZaXdciZmidYZaVbdgiVa^" YZbdgVhZcaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV#;^cVabZciZ!E=G
YVYbViZgcV!Zhedh^WaZZhiVWaZXZgjcV\jV^cXajhd ZcXdcigfjZXjVcYdaVedWaVX^ceZgX^WZfjZaVViZcX^c
b{hYZiVaaVYVhdWgZaVh^bea^XVX^dcZhXdcXgZiVhYZaV ZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhZhYZedXVXVa^YVY!hZgZigVhV
egZhXg^eX^ccdgbVi^kV!nVfjZZm^hiZc\jVhÅZb^i^YVh iVbW^cZcidbVgaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgaVViZcX^c#
Xdc_jciVbZciZedgaVDBH!JC>8:;nJC;E6ÅhdWgZfj
[jcX^dcZhXdchi^ijnZcadh8D:b#)% 6ea^XVcYdZaZc[dfjZWVhVYdZcadh
H^aVZk^YZcX^VZbeg^XVhdWgZhVajYeWa^XV^cY^XVfjZ
YZgZX]dheVgVVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVY
adh8D:b!aVViZcX^cedgeVgiZYZaeZghdcVaZheZX^Va^"
oVYdnaVhgZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^VhdcaVXaVkZeVgVegZkZc^g bViZgcVZcZaEZg
ngZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!Za9ZgZX]dZcbViZg^V 6YZb{hYZhjWgVnVgaVXZcigVa^YVYYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZh
YZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh^cY^XVfjZZhidhVheZXidhYZaV YZa EZg YZ egdkZZg 8D:b Y^hedc^WaZh! VXXZh^WaZh!
ViZcX^cYZaVhVajYYZWZcZhiVgVY^hedh^X^cYZidYV VXZeiVWaZhnYZXVa^YVY!Za9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVaZc
aVedWaVX^c!nYZWZcZhiVgY^hedc^WaZh!hZgVXXZh^WaZh! bViZg^VYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhXdci^ZcZeg^cX^e^dhfjZ
VXZeiVWaZhnYZWjZcVXVa^YVYhdWgZaVWVhZYZaVcd hZejZYZcji^a^oVgXdcZaÒcYZZkVajVgadhZh[jZgodhfjZ
Y^hXg^b^cVX^c#)& gZVa^oVZaEZgeVgVVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!adh
G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD.
XjVaZhejZYZchZgk^gYZ\jVeVgVaVidbVYZYZX^h^dcZh cViVa^YVYZcZahZXidgeWa^XdY^hb^cjnZcegdbZY^d
naVZaVWdgVX^cYZegd\gVbVhZcZa[jijgd#:hidheg^c" jc&%ZcigZZa'%%%nZa'%%*#),6hjkZo!aVZhXVhZo
X^e^dh!idbVYdhZcXdc_jcid!ejZYZcedcZgYZgZa^ZkZaVh hZigVYj_dZcjcVgZYjXX^cYZaVXXZhdnjhdYZadh
egZdXjeVX^dcZhnYVg[dgbVVaVhbZY^YVhVYdeiVYVhedg b^hbdh#Adh]VaaVo\dhYZE=GgZheZXidVaVhYZÒX^Zc"
adh\dW^ZgcdhgZ\^dcVaZh!Za\dW^ZgcdcVX^dcVandigdh X^Vhh^hiZb{i^XVhZcaVVYb^c^higVX^cYZadhbidYdhYZ
\dW^ZgcdÅXdbdZaYZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhÅ!VhXdbdZa eaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY
7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7>9!fjZgZk^hiZc\gVc^bedgiVcX^V YZEjcdn=jVcXVkZa^XV!XdcÒgbVcaVhXdcXajh^dcZhYZ
ZcaVXVeVX^YVYYZaVhbj_ZgZheZgjVcVheVgVZ_ZgXZg adhZhijY^dhcVX^dcVaZh#
hjhYZgZX]dhVjcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV#:m^hiZXdchZchd JcVhZ\jcYV[dgbVYZgZ\gZh^chZZk^YZcX^ZcZa
ZcZa]ZX]dYZfjZadhZc[dfjZhWVhVYdhZcYZgZX]dh VgiXjad(%YZaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYYZ&..,!fjZ^cXajnZ
]jbVcdh eVgV aV [dgbjaVX^c YZ edai^XVh YZ hVajY Za]ZX]dYZfjZadhbY^XdhZhiVWVcdWa^\VYdhVYZcjc"
YZWZc^cXaj^gXdbdbc^bdadhh^\j^ZciZheg^cX^e^dh/ X^VgaVhhdheZX]VhYZVWdgidhXg^b^cVaZhVaVÆVjidg^YVY
cdgZ\gZh^cnegd\gZhdhVYZXjVYdh!cdY^hXg^b^cVX^c XdbeZiZciZÇ#)-:hiVY^hedh^X^caZ\VaXgZjcVWVggZgV
Z^\jVaYVY!eVgi^X^eVX^c!gZhedchVW^a^YVY!VhXdbdVh^h" VY^X^dcVaVadh8D:bVXXZh^WaZhZcZaEZgfjZcd]VWV
iZcX^VnXddeZgVX^c^ciZgcVX^dcVa#)( Zm^hi^YdVciZh#
JcViZgXZgV[dgbVYZgZ\gZh^chZejZYZdWhZgkVgZc
Deh[]h[i_d$Fhe]h[ieiWZ[YkWZei^WijW[b aVXdWZgijgVYZaVedWaVX^cb{hedWgZWV_dZah^hiZbVYZ
c|n_ceZ[beih[YkhieiZ_ifed_Xb[i hZ\jg^YVYhdX^Va!H>H#:caj\VgYZVbea^VgaVXdWZgijgV
6jcfjZZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYcdhZejZYZVhZ\jgVgYZa YZaH>H!ZcigZZa'%%(nZa'%%*hZgZYj_daVXdWZgijgV
idYdYZjcYVeVgVdigd!adhXdb^ihYZhjeZgk^h^c YZaVedWaVX^cZcadhXjVgi^aZhYZ^c\gZhdhZXdcb^Xdh
YZadhigViVYdhnXjVYgdhYZZmeZgidh]VcZhiVWaZX^Yd b{hWV_dh#).
ZcgZeZi^YVhdedgijc^YVYZhfjZadh:hiVYdhi^ZcZcaV :c WVhZ V bZY^X^dcZh dW_Zi^kVh! Za EZg cd Zhi{
dWa^\VX^cYZYZbdhigVgfjZZhi{cgZVa^oVcYdegd\gZhdh YZhi^cVcYdZab{m^bdYZhjhgZXjghdhY^hedc^WaZhVa
VYZXjVYdhXdcb^gVhV]VXZgZ[ZXi^kdhidYdhadhYZgZ" Xjbea^b^ZcidYZhjhdWa^\VX^dcZhbc^bVhgZaVX^d"
X]dhgZXdcdX^YdhZcZaigViVYdYZaXjVahdch^\cViVg^dh! cVYVhXdcZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!dXdcXjZhi^dcZhYZ
^cXaj^YdZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY#))EdgdigdaVYd!hZhjZaZYVg hVajY bViZgcV Zc eVgi^XjaVg# 8dbeVgVYd Xdc digdh
edghZciVYdfjZaVhbZY^YVhgZ\gZh^kVhcdhdcXdc\gj" eVhZhXdcjcE7>per capitaZfj^eVgVWaZ!Zah^hiZbV
ZciZhXdcZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa#)*:a:hiVYdeZgjVcd YZhVajYYZaEZgZmeZg^bZciVjcYgVb{i^XdYÒX^iYZ
iVbedXdi^ZcZY^hXgZX^c^a^b^iVYVeVgV^ciZgegZiVgad ÒcVcX^Vb^Zcid#:aEZg\VhiJH&%'!-%per capita Zc
fjZXdchi^ijnZZaÆb{m^bdYZadhgZXjghdhY^hedc^WaZhÇ hVajYZcZaeZgdYd&..*"'%%%!*%X^[gVVbea^VbZciZ^c[Z"
fjZhZejZYZcYZhi^cVgVaVgZVa^oVX^cYZaYZgZX]dVaV g^dgVaVhYZhjhkZX^cdhhjYVbZg^XVcdh!Xdbd7gVh^a
hVajYZck^gijYYZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa#)+ JH'+,!KZcZojZaVJH'((!n8dadbW^VJH&-+#*&
CddWhiVciZ!VeZhVgYZhZgegdbdk^YVXdchiVciZbZciZ HZ\caV8db^h^c:Xdcb^XVeVgV6bg^XVAVi^cVn:a
XdbdjcVeg^dg^YVYedai^XV!cdhZXjZciVXdcjceaVc 8Vg^WZ8:E6A!ZaEZgYZhi^cVVa\VhidhdX^Va!^cXaj^YV
cVX^dcVaVYZXjVYdeVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV aVhVajY!cdb{hYZJH&-% per capitaVaVd!b^ZcigVh
deVgVVWdgYVgaVgVX^dcVa^oVX^cYZaV[jZgoVaVWdgVa fjZZaegdbZY^dgZ\^dcVaVaXVcoVadhJH+&%per capita
YZaHZXidgHVajY#6YZb{h!VeZhVgYZfjZE6GHVajY VaVd#*'
>ji^a^oVa\jcdh^cY^XVYdgZhXaVkZheVgVXaVh^ÒXVgadh 6YZb{h!aV^ckZgh^cYZaEZgedgXdcXZeidYZhVajY
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhhZ\chjXVeVX^YVYYZWg^cYVg8D:b! Y^hb^cjnYZ.*CjZkdhHdaZhper capitaZcZa'%%&V,-
cd hZ ]Vc ^beaZbZciVYd idYdh adh ^cY^XVYdgZh YZ CjZkdhHdaZhZcZa'%%(!ZhYZX^gYZVegdm^bVYVbZciZ
egdXZhdVegde^VYdheVgVbZY^gZaegd\gZhdVaXVcoVYd# JH'-VJH'(#*(H^cZbWVg\d!ZhiVY^hb^cjX^cZcZa
6h^b^hbd!]V]VW^YdgZ\gZh^cZcadgZaVi^kdVaegd\gVbV \VhideWa^XdZchVajYk^cdVXdbeVVYVYZjcXgZX^b^Zcid
YZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgnVaVY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZbidYdh YZaE7>!*)adXjVa^cY^XVfjZaV[VaiVYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZ
Vci^XdcXZei^kdh!aVXdWZgijgVWV_dZaH>HnadhXVbW^dh gZXjghdhcd]Vh^YdaVXVjhVYZY^X]VhY^hb^cjX^dcZh#6a
gZaVX^dcVYdhXdcZaVWdgid# ZmVb^cVgZaeZgdYdXdbegZcY^YdZcigZZa'%%%nZa'%%*!
:ceg^bZgaj\Vg!XdbdgZhjaiVYdYZaVgZdg\Vc^oVX^c h^W^ZcZaegZhjejZhidVcjVaYZaHZXidgHVajYVjbZci
YZaEgd\gVbVCVX^dcVaYZEaVc^ÒXVX^c;Vb^a^VgZcZa Zcigb^cdhVWhdajidh!Y^hb^cjnZcigb^cdhgZaVi^kdh
Vd'%%&!aVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgnaVhVajYgZegdYjX" VeZhVgYZaXdbegdb^hdYZa:hiVYdYZVjbZciVgZa\Vhid
i^kVeZgY^Zgdceg^dg^YVYnÒcVcX^Vb^Zcid#AVY^hedc^W^" hdX^VaXdbdeVgiZYZa6XjZgYdCVX^dcVahjhXg^idedgZa
a^YVY YZ bidYdh bdYZgcdh eVgV Za Xdcigda YZ aV ZmegZh^YZciZIdaZYdZcZa'%%'#
G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD&(
^ajhigYZ;gVcX^hXVZcEVbeVh!=jVcXVkZa^XV!nEVWaVZc 8dcgZheZXidVaVgZhedchVW^a^YVY_jY^X^Va!adhgZXjghdh
GVb^h!Ejcd#;gVcX^hXVgZX^W^edXVViZcX^c!h^VXVhd ediZcX^VabZciZgZaZkVciZhedgVXidhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcZa
gZX^W^Va\jcV!YZabY^XdYZijgcdZcZabdbZcidYZhj YZgZX]dVaVhVajY^cXajnZc/ZaVbeVgd!aVVXX^cedejaVg0
ZbZg\ZcX^V#H^cZbWVg\d!aVhjWh^\j^ZciZ^ckZhi^\VX^c aVVXX^cYZXjbea^b^Zcid0_j^X^dhX^k^aZhedgYVdhn
ZmdcZgVabY^XdYZidYVgZhedchVW^a^YVYedgfjZdhiZc" eZg_j^X^dh#6a\jcdhYZZhidhgZXjghdhYZbVcYVcgZfj^"
h^WaZbZciZ6bVcX^d!ZaZhedhdYZ;gVcX^hXV!cd]VWV h^idhZheZXÒXdhfjZejZYZca^b^iVghjVea^XVW^a^YVYn
[VX^a^iVYdZaigVhaVYdYZhjZhedhVV=jVcXVnd!VeZhVg VXXZh^W^a^YVYZcaVeg{Xi^XV!b^ZcigVhfjZdigdhYZWZgVc
YZfjZ]VWVigViVYdYZhZheZgVYVbZciZYZZcXdcigVg Y^[jcY^ghZb{hZmiZchVbZciZZcigZZaeWa^Xd#
VVa\j^ZcfjZaVaaZkVgVeZgdcdXdciVWVXdcZaY^cZgd
n!VYZb{h!nVZhiVWVYZhXZgZWgVYVZcZabdbZcidZc 7i_ij[dY_WoYeef[hWY_d_dj[hdWY_edWb
fjZadhbY^XdhYZX^Y^ZgdcigVch[Zg^gaV#,,:cZaXVhdYZ AdheZgÒaZhYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZÆVh^hiZcX^VnXddeZ"
EVWaV!E=GcdZhiVWV^c[dgbVYdYZc^c\jcV^ckZhi^" gVX^c^ciZgcVX^dcVaÇVccdZhi{cW^ZcYZÒc^Ydh!YZ
\VX^cVYb^c^higVi^kVfjZhZ]jW^ZgV^c^X^VYdgZheZXid Xdc[dgb^YVYXdcaVaZnYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh^ciZgcVX^d"
YZaVedh^WaZXjaeVW^a^YVYYZabY^XdfjZaVYZkdak^ cVaZh#H^cZbWVg\d!fjZYVXaVgdfjZadh:hiVYdheVgiZ
VhjXVhV!VeZhVgYZfjZhZaZ]jW^ZgVY^V\cdhi^XVYd YZigViVYdhiVaZhXdbdZaE>9:H8!Z^cXajhdÅXdbdZc
egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V# ZaXVhdYZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhÅh^\cViVg^dhYZaE>9:H8!
6ab^hbdi^Zbed!XdbdeVgZXZfjZ]VnedXVgZhedc" VhjbZcdWa^\VX^dcZhYZVXjZgYdXdcaV8dckZcX^cYZ
hVW^a^YVYgZVaYZcigdYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYegde^VbZciZ K^ZcVhdWgZaVAZnYZadhIgViVYdh!ÆeVgVVWhiZcZghZYZ
Y^X]d!Zm^hiZjcXVhi^\dbVaY^g^\^Yd]VX^VadhigVWV" VXidhfjZedYgVcXdcigVkZc^gZadW_ZidnZaegdeh^idÇYZa
_VYdgZhYZaVhVajYYZeg^bZgVacZVYZcigdYZaB>CH6 igViVYd!jcVdWa^\VX^cfjZeZgbVcZXZk^\ZciZ]VhiVZa
XjVcYddXjggZcbjZgiZhbViZgcVh#E=GhZZciZgYZ bdbZcidZcfjZZa:hiVYdedc\VZcXaVgdhj^ciZcX^c
fjZadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZhVajYfjZcdi^ZcZcZhiVW^a^YVY YZcd[dgbVgeVgiZ#,-
aVWdgVaedgfjZigVWV_VcedgXdcigVidXdcYZbVh^VYV =^hig^XVbZciZ!JH6>9]VegdedgX^dcVYdjcedgXZc"
[gZXjZcX^VhdcYZheZY^YdhYZbVcZgVhjbVg^VXjVcYd iV_Zh^\c^ÒXVi^kdYZÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidYZegd\gVbVhYZ
hZgZ\^higVfjZjcVbjZgiZbViZgcV]VdXjgg^YdZchj hVajYhZmjVangZegdYjXi^kV!VhXdbdYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c
ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid!^cXajhdh^cdhdcgZhedchVWaZhYZZhV [Vb^a^Vg!iVcidVigVkhYZa\dW^ZgcdXdbdYZaVhDC<h#
bjZgiZ#:hidhdXVkVaVgZhedchVW^a^YVYkZgYVYZgV!nXgZV H^cZbWVg\d!aVEdai^XVYZaV8^jYVYYZBm^XdVYdeiVYV
^cXZci^kdheZgkZghdhZcZah^hiZbVYZhVajYeVgVfjZ edgZaegZh^YZciZ7jh]ÅXdbcbZciZYZcdb^cVYVaVAZn
adhigVWV_VYdgZhZk^iZcigViVgVbj_ZgZhfjZegZhZciVc YZaVBdgYVoV<adWVaÅegd]WZfjZaVhDC<hZmigVc_ZgVh
ZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh# fjZgZX^WZcÒcVcX^Vb^ZcideVgVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg
9ZhYZ]VXZnVY^ZoVdh!aV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad]V YZJH6>9ji^a^XZc^cXajhdhjhegde^dh[dcYdhÅfjZcd
h^YdjcV^chi^ijX^cfjZgZk^hiZjcV^bedgiVcX^VXgi^XV egdk^ZcZcYZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhÅeVgVegdedgX^dcVg
ZcgZaVX^cXdcZaZ_ZgX^X^dYZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY#8dc hZgk^X^dhYZVWdgidaZ\Va!]VXZglobbyVciZhjhegde^dh
ÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidhdhiZc^YdeVgVhjcjZkV^c^X^Vi^kVYZ \dW^ZgcdheVgVaVgZ[dgbVYZaVaZnYZaVWdgid!^cXajh^kZ
HjeZgk^h^c9Z[Zchdg^Va!aV9Z[ZchdgVedYgV_j\Vg eVgVegdedgX^dcVg^c[dgbVX^c!VhZhdgV!dgZ[ZgZcX^Vh
jc eVeZa Vjc b{h h^\c^[^XVi^kd Zc Za bdc^idgZd YZ bY^XVhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZaVWdgid#:hiVedai^XVXaVgV"
adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYngZVa^oVgbVhcjbZg" bZciZ^ciZgÒZgZXdcaVXVeVX^YVYYZaVhDC<hYZegdedg"
dhVh^ckZhi^\VX^dcZhhdWgZVhjcidhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdc X^dcVg^c[dgbVX^cfjZedYgVgZYjX^gaV^cX^YZcX^VYZ
aVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV#EjZYZnYZWZgVYZhZbeZVg VWdgidh^chZ\jgdhnYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVhZcZaEZg#
6YZb{h! JH6>9 ]V ^ciZciVYd gZXdgiVg ^cXajhd aV
jc eVeZa b{h h^\c^[^XVi^kd Zc Za bdc^idgZd YZ adh
egZhiVX^c YZ hZgk^X^dh fjZ Zhi{c eZgb^i^Ydh edg aV
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYngZVa^oVg^ckZhi^\VX^dcZh
Edai^XVYZaV8^jYVYYZBm^Xd!^cXajnZcYdaVZcigZ\VYZ
hdWgZVhjcidhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV#
bidYdhYZVci^XdcXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^V!fjZcdhdc
EdgZ_Zbead!ZcZa=dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZEjcd!E=G
VWdgi^kdh#AVVci^XdcXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^VVXiVeVgV
YdXjbZciaVeg{Xi^XVYZYZiZcZgVaVhbj_ZgZhfjZ
Zk^iVgZaZbWVgVod!ncdZhjcVWdgi^kd#H^cZbWVg\d!Zc
cdejZYZchdakZciVgZaXdhidYZadhVc{a^h^heVgVaVh
ZaVd'%%*!Va\jcVhDC<hYdXjbZciVgdcjceVigcYZ
igVch[jh^dcZhYZhVc\gZfjZgZX^WZcXjVcYdhj[gZc
VXX^cegZdXjeVciZYZJH6>9ZcZaEZgedgZ_ZgXZgjcV
jcV ]ZbdggV\^V# :hiV YZiZcX^c k^daV adh YZgZX]dh
^cÓjZcX^V^cYZW^YVhdWgZadhYdcViVg^dhXdcZaÒcYZfjZ
]jbVcdhWV_dZa9ZgZX]deZgjVcdZ^ciZgcVX^dcVan
YZ_ZcYZY^[jcY^g^c[dgbVX^chdWgZaVVci^XdcXZeX^c
hZ]VXZcZXZhVg^dgZVa^oVgjcV^ckZhi^\VX^cVXZgXVYZ
YZZbZg\ZcX^V!fjZ]VWVh^YdaZ\Va^oVYVngZ\jaVYV!
Xj{cY^[jcY^YVZhi{ZhVeg{Xi^XV#
VaZ\VcYdfjZY^X]VhVXi^k^YVYZhk^daVWVcaVEdai^XVYZ
& ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
aV8^jYVYYZBm^Xd#,.6adhYdcViVg^dh^cXajhdhZaZh 8dcXajh^dcZh
gZfj^g^fjZYZkdak^ZgVcVJH6>9ZaY^cZgdji^a^oVYdZc
AV[VaiVYZViZcX^cYZaVhVajYY^hedc^WaZ!VXXZh^WaZ!
Y^X]VhVXi^k^YVYZh#
VXZeiVWaZnYZXVa^YVY!^cXajnZcYdadh8D:b!ZhjcVYZ
EdghjeVgiZ!VeZhVgYZaVXZcigVa^YVYYZaVeaVc^Ò"
aVheg^cX^eVaZh[dgbVhZcfjZaVhbj_ZgZheZgjVcVhÅn
XVX^c[Vb^a^VgZcaVgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!
ZheZX^VabZciZaVhbj_ZgZhgjgVaZhZ^cY\ZcVhÅZmeZg^"
Za7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7>9cd^cXajnZgdcaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c
bZciVcaVedWgZoVnaVZmXajh^c#HZigViViVbW^cYZ
[Vb^a^VgZcE6GHVajY>#:cjcVZcigZk^hiVXdcE=GfjZijkd
jc^cXjbea^b^ZcidYZhjYZgZX]dVab{m^bdZhi{cYVg
aj\VgZcVWg^a!>VcBVXVgi]jg!YZa7>9!XVa^ÒXVaVhjcidYZ
VaXVcoVWaZYZhVajY!ZhiVWaZX^YdedgadhigViVYdhVadhfjZ
XdcigdkZgh^Va!hZVaVcYdfjZ!edgadiVcid!hj^cXajh^cZc
Za\dW^ZgcdeZgjVcdhZ]VVY]Zg^YdkdajciVg^VbZciZ#-,
E6GHVajY>>ƽVeVgZXZgVXdbd[dgoVYV½Ç-%
AVVjhZcX^VYZ8D:bY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZh
DigV[dgbVZcfjZadh\dW^ZgcdhYdcVciZhV[ZXiVcaV
nYZXVa^YVYXdcYjXZVYZbdgVhZcaVhYZX^h^dcZhYZ
edh^W^a^YVYYZaEZgYZVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVn
WjhXVgViZcX^c!YZbdgVhZcaaZ\VgVaaj\VgYdcYZhZ
ad\gVgaVhYZb{hbZiVhZchVajYZhbZY^VciZaVYZjYV#
^beVgiZaVViZcX^cnYZbdgVhZcgZX^W^gZaigViVb^Zcid
AdhdX]dD9B!fjZ]Vch^YdgZheVaYVYdhedgZa\dW^Zgcd
Vegde^VYdjcVkZofjZhZZhi{ZcZaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid
YZadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydh!gZfj^ZgZcjcVhdX^ZYVY\adWVa
YZhVajY!fjZVhjkZoi^ZcZcXdbdXdchZXjZcX^VfjZ
eVgVVaXVcoVghjYZhVggdaad!nhZÆhZVaVfjZ½gZhjaiV
bjZgVcbjX]Vhbj_ZgZh#
VWhdajiVbZciZXgi^XdfjZadheVhZhg^XdhZcigZ\jZcVa
8dbdadhZVaVZaTask ForcehdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^an
igb^cdYZaXdckZc^djcVVnjYVZ[ZXi^kVXVYVkZobVndg!
BViZgcVYZaEgdnZXidYZaB^aZc^dYZaVhCJ!ÆaVhZm^\Zc"
hZgk^X^dYZaVYZjYVb{hhdhiZc^WaZngZ\aVhYZXdbZgX^d
X^VhVaVhVajYÅZm^\ZcX^VhYZaYZgZX]dVjcVViZcX^cYZ
b{h_jhiVh!bjX]dVciZhYZa'%&*#Ç-&9ZXdc[dgb^YVY
aVhVajYnYZXdciVgXdcXdcY^X^dcZh[VkdgVWaZhÅhdcadh
XdcZaD9B-!aVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZadheVhZhYdcVciZh
W^ZcZhYZaVX^jYVYVcV#Ç--AV^bedh^W^a^YVYYZWg^cYVg
^cXajnZc/ÆbZ_dgVZcZahZgk^X^dYZaVYZjYVeVgVadh
VXXZhdV8D:bVYZXjVYdhÅVhXdbdVadhhZgk^X^dh
eVhZh edWgZh ZcYZjYVYdh! XVcXZaVX^c d[^X^Va YZ aV
gZegdYjXi^kdhnYZhVajYhZmjVagZaVX^dcVYdhÅZhjc
YZjYVW^aViZgVa!nVh^hiZcX^VdÒX^VaeVgVZaYZhVggdaad
edYZgdhd^cY^XVYdgYZXbdaVhXVbeZh^cVhgjgVaZhcd
b{h\ZcZgdhVeVgVadheVhZhXdbegdbZi^YdhXdcaV
hdcigViVYVhXdbdX^jYVYVcVhXdbeaZiVhZcaVhdX^ZYVY
gZYjXX^cYZaVedWgZoV#Ç-'
eZgjVcV#AVgZXdcX^a^VX^ccVX^dcVaYZjcVhdX^ZYVYiVc
:a EZg Zh jc eVh VaiVbZciZ ZcYZjYVYd# 6 [^cZh
[gV\bZciVYVedgbdi^kdhYZXaVhZ!Zic^Vd\cZgdÅVaV
YZaVd'%%(!hjYZjYVZmiZgcVgZegZhZciZa(-YZa
fjZaV8db^h^cYZaVKZgYVYnGZXdcX^a^VX^cXdckdXÅ
E7>#-(:a\dW^Zgcd\VhiVVcjVabZciZZcZahZgk^X^dYZaV
cd]ViZc^Ydaj\VgZcZaEZg#AdheVigdcZhYZaVbdgiVa^"
YZjYVb{hYZXjVigdkZXZhadfjZ\VhiVZcZaXVbedYZ
YVYbViZgcVegdedgX^dcVcjcV^ajhigVX^ckk^YVYZaVh
aVhVajY#-):abdcidYZaVYZjYVfjZZaEZgZhi{dWa^\VYd
eVidad\VhYZaedYZgfjZVceaV\VcaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcV
VeV\VggZYjXZaVY^bZch^cYZadhgZXjghdhY^hedc^WaZh
nYZaV^bedh^W^a^YVYYZa\dW^Zgcd!VigVkhYZah^hiZbV
fjZejZYZ\VhiVgZchVajY#
YZhVajY!YZedcZgaZhigb^cd#-.
:a;dcYd<adWVaYZAjX]VXdcigVZaH>96!aVIjWZgXjadh^h
:cXdcXajh^c!adhgZXjghdhhdX^VaZh\ZcZgVaZhcd
naVBVaVg^VVXijVabZciZZhi{egdbdk^ZcYdjcV8dckZgh^c
hZY^g^\ZcVYZXjVYVbZciZVaVhVajYZcZaEZg!nVaV
YZ9ZjYVYZ;dcYd<adWVad^c^X^Vi^kVYZYZjYVedghVajY!
hVajYbViZgcVZceVgi^XjaVg#6YZb{h!ZhidhgZXjghdh
fjZ]Vg{edh^WaZfjZVaEZgnVdigdhigZheVhZhe^adid
fjZhZ\VhiVcZchVajYhZY^hig^WjnZcYZbVcZgVedXd
hZaZheZgYdcZX^ZgidbdcidYZYZjYVW^aViZgVa!eVgVfjZ
Zfj^iVi^kVXdcgZheZXidiVcidVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhW{h^XVh
ZaY^cZgdV]dggVYdhZVYZhi^cVYdVaVhVajY#-*6aZbVc^V
^chVi^h[ZX]VhXdbdVaVhedWaVX^dcZhgjgVaZhversusaVh
nV]VVXdgYVYdjc^ghZVZhiV^c^X^Vi^kV#
jgWVcVh!adfjZi^ZcZjcZcdgbZ^beVXidZcaVhedWaV"
AVbVndgeVgiZYZaVYZjYVYZaEZgXdggZhedcYZV^chi^"
X^dcZh^cY\ZcVh#AdhZh[jZgodhedga^b^iVgaVZmXajh^c
ijX^dcZhÒcVcX^ZgVh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh!ZchZ\jcYdigb^cd
YZaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVhZcWVhZVadh^c\gZhdh!iVaZh
Vadhb^ZbWgdhYZa8ajWYZEVgh!-+^cXajnZcYdjcbdcid
XdbdadhgZVa^oVYdhVigVkhYZaH>H!cd]VcVWdgYVYd
hjhiVcX^VaVadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydh#:a\dW^ZgcdYZadh:hiVYdh
VYZXjVYVbZciZaVhWVggZgVhXjaijgVaZhfjZeZgh^hiZc
Jc^Ydh!ViijadeZghdcVanbZY^VciZhjeVgi^X^eVX^cZc
ZcaVViZcX^c#AVhedai^XVhXdcigVegdYjXZciZhnejc^"
dg\Vc^oVX^dcZh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhiVaZhXdbdZa;B>nZa8ajW
i^kVhVYdeiVYVhedgZaHZXidgHVajYiVcidXdcgZheZXid
YZaEVgh!edYgVeVgi^X^eVgZcaVXdckZgh^cYZaVYZjYV
VaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVhnVhjh[Vb^a^Vh!XdbdVa
edghVajYYZa;dcYd<adWVan!VhjkZo!egZhiVgVh^hiZcX^V
eZghdcVaYZhVajYYZeg^bZgVacZV!]VcegdYjX^Yd^cXZc"
VaEZgeVgVXjbea^ghjhdWa^\VX^dcZh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhXdc
i^kdheZgkZghdhn]Vcb^cVYdaVedh^W^a^YVYYZad\gVg
gZheZXidVaVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgVnZaD9B*#
bZ_dgVhhdhiZc^YVhZcadh8D:b!VaVkZofjZ]Vck^daVYd
G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD&*
adhYZgZX]dhiVcidYZadheVX^ZciZhXdbdYZadhigVWV" adheaVcZhYZZhijY^d!VÒcYZegdbdkZgaVXdbegZch^c
_VYdgZhYZhVajY# ^ciZgXjaijgVa!VhXdbdadhYZgZX]dhYZadheVX^ZciZh#
AjZ\dYZVdhYZ^cZÒXVX^V!E6GHVajY>]Vad\gVYd ;^cVabZciZ!aVVh^\cVX^cYZgZhedchVW^a^YVYÅÒcVc"
Zc[Vi^oVgVegde^VYVbZciZaVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZhYZ8D:b X^ZgV!edai^XVnaZ\VaÅgZfj^ZgZhZgbZ_dgVYVeVgVfjZ
nYZaVhgZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^VhWVhVYVhZcaVhZk^YZcX^Vh! ZaYZgZX]dVjcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgVhZXdck^ZgiVZcjcV
aVhb^hbVhfjZYZWZgVceZgbVcZXZgXdbdZaZc[dfjZ gZVa^YVYZcZaEZg#
YZ E6GHVajY >># H^c ZbWVg\d! adh dWhi{Xjadh ZhigjX" 6a\jcVh gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh hZ Y^g^\Zc V bai^eaZh
ijgVaZheVgVgZYjX^gnZk^iVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!cd VXidgZh! nV fjZ XdbeVgiZc aV gZhedchVW^a^YVY YZ hj
hdaVbZciZXdbdjcVhjcidYZhVajYeWa^XVh^cdXdbd ^beaZbZciVX^c#
jc^beZgVi^kdYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!idYVkVYZWZchZg
VWdgYVYdh#6[gdciVgVYZXjVYVbZciZadhegdWaZbVhYZa 6a\dW^ZgcdeZgjVcd!^cXajnZcYdadh
h^hiZbVYZhVajYfjZhZgZaVX^dcVcXdcaVbdgiVa^YVY edYZgZh:_ZXji^kdnAZ\^haVi^kd!hZ\c
bViZgcVÅ^cXajnZcYd Za VXXZhd edXd Zfj^iVi^kd V adh
8D:bnh^hiZbVhYZgZ[ZgZcX^V!aVhWVggZgVhXjaijgVaZh
XdggZhedcYV/
nZXdcb^XVh!nadhgZ\bZcZhYZgZXjghdh]jbVcdh :[Z_YWh[bc|n_ceZ[h[YkhieiZ_ifed_Xb[iW
^ggVX^dcVaZhnYZh^\jVaZhÅ]VgVbjX]dedg[dgiVaZXZgZa
&# B
dY^ÒXVgaVaZ\^haVX^c!gZ\aVbZciVX^cndWa^\V"
h^hiZbVYZhVajYZc\ZcZgVa#IVbW^ceZgb^i^gVfjZZa
X^ceVgVVjbZciVgadh^c\gZhdhegdkZc^ZciZhYZ
h^hiZbVYZhVajY[jcX^dcVgVZcidYVhjXVeVX^YVYXdbd
adh^bejZhidhVabZcdh]VhiVZa&*YZaE7>!Zc
jch^hiZbVhdX^VaXZcigVaYZhi^cVYdVegdbdkZgjcVbVndg
Xjbea^b^ZcidYZaVhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZhYZa;B>n!V
YZbdXgVX^VZ^\jVaYVYZcaVhdX^ZYVYZc\ZcZgVa!nV[VX^"
hjkZo!ji^a^oVgaVbVndgXVci^YVYYZ^c\gZhdheVgV
a^iVgaViVcVch^VYVgZXdcX^a^VX^ccVX^dcVaeZgjVcV#
hdhiZcZgZaVjbZcidYZa\VhidhdX^Va^cXajnZcYdZa
\VhidZchVajY#
GZXdbZcYVX^dcZhhZaZXX^dcVYVhn
'# 6
jbZciVgZaedgXZciV_ZYZaegZhjejZhidcVX^dcVa
gZhjb^YVhKZgZcZa8VeijadMaV YZY^XVYdVa\VhideVgVaVViZcX^cYZaVhVajY!^cXaj"
idiVa^YVYYZaVhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZh nZcYdZa\VhidZcaVViZcX^cYZaVhVajYbViZgcV!
6WdgYVg aV bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV gZfj^ZgZ ZhiVWaZXZg eVgVedcZgVaEZgZcacZVXdcdigdheVhZhYZaV
VXX^dcZhXdcXZgiVYVheVgV[dgiVaZXZgZah^hiZbVYZhVajY gZ\^cfjZXjZciVcXdc^c\gZhdh^ciZgbZY^dh!n]VXZg
eZgjVcd0aVhVXi^k^YVYZh^cXdcZmVhdadhZc[dfjZhkZgi^" fjZaV^c[dgbVX^chdWgZaVVh^\cVX^cYZadh\Vhidh
XVaZh]VcYZbdhigVYdcdhZgZm^idhdhZcZaeVhVYd!c^ ZhiY^hedc^WaZVaeWa^Xd#
ZcZaEZgc^Zcc^c\cdigdaj\Vg#AVhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZh
]ZX]VhVa\dW^ZgcdYZaEZg!VhXdbdVdigdhVXidgZh! :[ceijhWhkdfhe]h[ieWZ[YkWZe0WZefjWh[
_cfb[c[djWhfbWd[iZ[WYY_d
YZhZbWdXVcZcX^ZgidhiZbVhfjZadZc\adWVcidYd!fjZ
XdggZhedcYZcVadheg^cX^e^dhYZadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh (# 6
YdeiVg edg YZXgZid hjegZbd Z ^beaZbZciVg jc
ZhiVWaZX^YdhZcadhXVeijadhK>nK>>>#:cgZhjbZc!hZ EaVcYZ6XX^cCVX^dcVa8dcXZgiVYdeVgVGZYjX^g
cZXZh^iVY^g^\^gbVndgXVci^YVYYZ[dcYdhVah^hiZbV aVBdgiVa^YVYBViZgcV!ZcWVhZVaVbZ_dgZk^YZcX^V
YZ hVajY! n adh gZXjghdh ji^a^oVYdh YZWZc Vh^\cVghZ Ze^YZb^da\^XVY^hedc^WaZfjZhZgZaVX^dcZXdcaVh
YZbVcZgVZfj^iVi^kV!igViVcYdYZedcZgigb^cdVaV ^ciZgkZcX^dcZhXaVkZheVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVY
YZhkZciV_V]^hig^XVVhXdbdVaVhcZXZh^YVYZh^chV" bViZgcV#9ZWZhZgigVoVYdngZk^hVYdeZg^Y^XVbZciZ
i^h[ZX]Vh#8dbdeVgiZYZZhiVgZVh^\cVX^c!ZhcZXZhVg^d hdWgZaVWVhZYZjcegdXZhdeVgi^X^eVi^kdnigVcheV"
ZhiVWaZXZgaVeg^dg^YVYYZa\VhidYZ[dcYdhZc]VXZgfjZ gZciZ!fjZ^cXajnV^cY^XVYdgZhnbVgXVhY^[ZgZcX^VaZh
adh8D:bZhicY^hedc^WaZhnhZVcVXXZh^WaZh[h^XVn edgbZY^dYZaVhXjVaZhZaegd\gZhdejZYVhZgZhigZ"
ZXdcb^XVbZciZhdWgZaVWVhZYZaVcd"Y^hXg^b^cVX^c# X]VbZciZbdc^idgZVYd!egZhiVcYdeVgi^XjaVgViZc"
AV kZgYVYZgV Y^hedc^W^a^YVY! VXXZh^W^a^YVY n XVa^YVY X^cVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZadh\gjedhbVg\^cVYdh!
gZfj^ZgZcb{hfjZZhigjXijgVhnZfj^ed0gZfj^ZgZcjc ^cXajnZcYdVaVhedWaVX^dcZh^cY\ZcVh#
eZghdcVaXVeVX^iVYd!YjgVciZaVh')]dgVhYZaYV!n )# >beaZbZciVgZaEaVcCVX^dcVaYZ6XX^cZc9ZgZX]dh
Xdbjc^XVX^dcZhnigVchedgiZVYZXjVYdh!VhXdbdZa^b^" =jbVcdh!nZceVgi^XjaVgZaejcid(#'#(gZaVX^dcVYd
cVgaVhaZnZhnedai^XVhfjZY^hXg^b^cVcVaVhbj_ZgZh# XdcZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!fjZ^cXajnZZa[dgiVaZX^"
6YZb{h!aVViZcX^cYZWZhZgVXZeiVWaZ!adfjZgZfj^ZgZ b^ZcidYZadhgZXjghdh]jbVcdh#
aVeg^dg^oVX^cYZadhegd\gVbVhnbdY^ÒXVX^dcZhZc
Fhecel[hbWWj[dY_dZ_ifed_Xb["WYY[i_Xb[" ,# I
gVoVg Z ^beaZbZciVg ZhigViZ\^Vh n eaVcZh YZ
WY[fjWXb["oZ[YWb_ZWZ"_dYbko[dZe[bjhWdifehj[ VXX^c gZ\^dcVaZh gZaVX^dcVYdh Xdc Za eZghdcVa YZ
obWiYeckd_YWY_ed[i$;b_c_dWhbWZ_iYh_c_dWY_d hVajY!hdWgZaVWVhZYZjcegdXZhdeVgi^X^eVi^kdfjZ
XWiWZW[dbW[jd_Wo[b]d[he"ofhecel[hbW ^cXajnVadh^chjbdhYZadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZhVajYn
[gk_ZWZobeiZ[h[Y^eiZ[bWick`[h[i fjZgZhedcYVVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZaVhedWaVX^dcZh
&# 6
hZ\jgVgfjZadh\VhidhZcaVViZcX^cYZaVhVajY adXVaZh! ZheZX^VabZciZ V aVh YZ aVh edWaVX^dcZh
n hjh eg^dg^YVYZh gZÓZ_Zc VYZXjVYVbZciZ aVh bVg\^cVYVhngjgVaZh#
cZXZh^YVYZhnYZgZX]dhYZaVhedWaVX^dcZhgjgVaZh!
-# J
i^a^oVg adh [dgbVidh YZa H>H fjZ nV Zm^hiZc
Zc eVgi^XjaVg YZ aVh bj_ZgZh ^cY\ZcVh! n fjZ adh
eVgV gZXdaZXiVg Xdci^cjVbZciZ adh YVidh YZ adh
Xj^YVYdh dWhiig^Xdh W{h^Xdh bZY^VciZ ;D7h n
ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh YZ hVajY Xdc gZheZXid Va jhd
;D:hhZVcY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZhnYZ
Vegde^VYd YZ dm^iX^Xdh! hja[Vid YZ bV\cZh^d n
XVa^YVYVYZXjVYV#
Vci^W^i^Xdh!nji^a^oVgZhidhYVidheVgVbZ_dgVgadh
'# G
ZXdcdXZg fjZ Zm^hiZc [VXidgZh ^cYZeZcY^ZciZh YZ egd\gVbVh#
adh ZXdcb^Xdh! WVggZgVh XjaijgVaZh h^\c^ÒXVi^kVh
eVgVZajhdYZaVViZcX^cYZaVhVajY!ZcZheZX^Va Fhecel[hbWfWhj_Y_fWY_di_]d_ÓYWj_lW
YZ adh Xj^YVYdh dWhiig^Xdh! n idbVg bZY^YVh .# 6
hZ\jgVg aV eVgi^X^eVX^c YZ aVh bj_ZgZh n YZ adh
XdcXZgiVYVheVgVVWdgYVgZhiVhWVggZgVh# \gjedhYZbj_ZgZhZcBZhVhYZ8dcXZgiVX^ceVgV
egdbdkZg adh iZbVh Z ^ciZgZhZh YZ hVajY YZ aVh
(# E
g^dg^oVgaVXdbegVYZgVY^dh!n$diZa[dcdhXZajaVgZh bj_ZgZhZcigZaVheg^dg^YVYZh!VhXdbd^cY^XVYdgZh
XjVcYdhZVVegde^VYd!eVgVadhejZhidhYZhVajYn hZaZXX^dcVYdheVgVidYdhadheaVcZhXdcXZgiVYdh#
aVhXdbjc^YVYZh!nXdch^YZgVgZhfjZbVhYZXgY^id
fjZ eZgb^iVc V aVh bj_ZgZh YZ aVh Xdbjc^YVYZh &%#GZVa^oVgjcVXVbeVVYZZYjXVX^cngZ\^higdeVgV
XdcigdaVgadhiZa[dcdhXZajaVgZhnXdWgVgjcViVg^[V VhZ\jgVg fjZ adh XVbeZh^cdh! n ZheZX^VabZciZ
ZXdcb^XVedghjjhd# aVhbj_ZgZhXVbeZh^cVh!XjZciZcXdc9C>nhZaZh
Va^ZciZVkdiVgZcaVhZaZXX^dcZhadXVaZhnVeVgi^X^eVg
)# E
gZhjejZhiVg Y^cZgd eVgV aVh VbWjaVcX^Vh! Xdc Za ZcadhegdXZhdhedai^XdhgZ\^dcVaZh#
Òc YZ YZY^XVgad Zhig^XiVbZciZ Va bVciZc^b^Zcid
gZ\jaVgnaVVYfj^h^X^cYZXdbWjhi^WaZ!ngZfjZg^g &&#>cXaj^g Za [dgiVaZX^b^Zcid YZ adh XdcXZ_dh
fjZhZaaZkZjcgZ\^higdYZgZXdgg^Ydh^cXajnZcYdZa VYb^c^higVYdgZhYZadh8A6HnaVVh^hiZcX^ViXc^XV
`^adbZigV_Z! fjZ eZgb^iV adh X{aXjadh YZ Xj{cid n eVgV adh b^ZbWgdh YZ aVh VhdX^VX^dcZh YZ 8A6H
XbdhZVi^ZcYZcaVhZbZg\ZcX^Vh# hdWgZiZbVhXaVkZhYZhVajYbViZgcVngZegdYjXi^kV
ZcZaeaVcYZhVajYadXVa#
G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD&.
&'#EgdbdkZg aV eVgi^X^eVX^c YZ aVh bjc^X^eVa^YVYZh (# J
hd YZ bZY^YVh YZ gZhjaiVYd edg Z_Zbead! Za jhd
Zc Za h^hiZbV YZ hVajY! edg Z_Zbead ZmiZcY^ZcYd YZahja[VidYZbV\cZh^d!YZaVhiVhVhYZXZh{gZVh!
aV ^c^X^Vi^kV YZ bjc^X^e^dh hVajYVWaZh YZhYZ aV jhdYZdm^idX^cV!Zm^hiZcX^VYZZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhXdc
egZkZcX^c]VhiVaVViZcX^c!XdcaVXdcY^X^cYZfjZ eZghdcVa Vegde^VYd Xdbd ^cY^XVYdgZh YZa VkVcXZ!
aVhbj_ZgZhhZVcgZegZhZciVYVhVYZXjVYVbZciZ# ZckZoYZji^a^oVg^cY^XVYdgZhYZ\Vhid#
)# H
ZaZXX^dcVg adh YVidh YZhV\gZ\VYdh Vegde^VYdh!
Fhecel[hbWh[dZ_Y_dZ[Yk[djWio[bWYY[ieW
beih[c[Z_ei[\[Yj_lei ^cXajnZcYdadh^cY^XVYdgZhZhiVWaZX^YdhZcaVh<jVh
YZ aVh CJ! Z ^ckZgi^g Zc jcV bZ_dg gZXdaZXX^c YZ
&(#BZ_dgVg adh h^hiZbVh YZ bdc^idgZd n gZcY^X^c YZ
YVidheVgVaaZkVgVXVWdjchZ\j^b^ZcidVagZ\^higd
XjZciVheVgVaVXdbegVYZbZY^X^cVhZ^beaZbZciVg
YZa EZg hdWgZ bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV! Xdc Za Òc YZ
jch^hiZbVVjidbVi^oVYdeVgVaVXdbegVYZZfj^ed
bZY^gZaegd\gZhdYZaD9B*#
bY^Xd! ZcigZ digdh bZY^dh! bdc^idgZVcYd Za
jhd YZa H><6 H^hiZbV YZ >c[dgbVX^c YZ <Zhi^c *# 9
VYd fjZ adh ZbWVgVodh cd YZhZVYdh Xdchi^ijnZc
6Yb^c^higVi^kVnhj^ciZ\gVX^cXdcZaH>6;H^hiZbV Za [VXidg YZ g^Zh\d b{h Vaid YZ Xdbea^XVX^dcZh
>ciZ\gVaYZ6Yb^c^higVX^c;^cVcX^ZgV# dWhiig^XVh! XdciZbeaVg aVh cZXZh^YVYZh YZ
eaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgXdbdeVgiZYZaVgZYjXX^cYZ
&)#:kVajVgZaYZhZbeZdYZadh8dchZ_dhGZ\^dcVaZhYZ
aVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcE6GHVajY>>#
HVajY!^cXajnZcYdjcVc{a^h^hYZacbZgdnXdciZc^Yd
YZ egdejZhiVh gZVa^oVYVh! n fj hZ\j^b^Zcid ]Vc +# > cXaj^g Zc E6GHVajY >> jc eaVc Y^g^\^Yd V VhZ\jgVg
iZc^Yd!VhXdbdaVbV\c^ijYYZaVgZegZhZciVX^cd aV Y^hedc^W^a^YVY YZ aV XVeVX^YVY YZ Vc{a^h^h n
eVgi^X^eVX^c[ZbZc^cVZcadhb^hbdh# igVch[jh^dcZh YZ hVc\gZ \gVij^idh! Zc Za XVhd YZ
X^gj\Vh!^cXajnZcYdaVhXZh{gZVh
&*#>ckZhi^\Vg n hVcX^dcVg ad h^\j^ZciZ! YZ bVcZgV
VYb^c^higVi^kVd_jY^X^Va!hZ\cadZhi^ejaVaVaZn/ ,# 6
hZ\jgVg jcV bVndg gZhedchVW^a^YVY ÒcVcX^ZgV
eVgV Vh^\cVg adh [dcYdh bZY^VciZ E6GHVajY >>! V
V# :
ajhdYZaVeda^XVeVgVXdVXX^dcVgVaVhbj_ZgZh
igVkhYZ!ZcigZdigVhXdhVh!Zck^VggZegZhZciVciZh
VYVgVajoZcaVh^chi^ijX^dcZhYZaHZXidgHVajY#
YZa 7VcXd BjcY^Va n Za 7VcXd >ciZgVbZg^XVcd YZ
W# A
V ^bedh^X^c YZ bjaiVh edg aVh eVgi^YVh YZ 9ZhVggdaadeVgV/
cVX^b^Zcid XjVcYd adh c^dh cd cVXZc Zc jcV
V# K
^h^iVg adh aj\VgZh YdcYZ hZ \VhiV Za Y^cZgd n
^chi^ijX^cYZaHZXidgHVajY#
gZk^hVgadheaVcZhVaYZiVaaZ#
X# A
V cZ\VX^c YZ aV ViZcX^c ^cXajnZcYd
W# K
^h^iVg eZg^Y^XVbZciZ n dWhZgkVg Za egd\gZhd
aV gZ[ZgZcX^V n Za igVchedgiZ YZW^Yd V aV
YZa\Vhid!^cXajnZcYdaVXVa^YVYYZadhbViZg^VaZh
^bedh^W^a^YVYYZeV\VgedgadhhZgk^X^dh#
XdbegVYdh! Za egd\gZhd YZ adh egd\gVbVh YZ
Y# A
V YZiZcX^c YZ aVh bj_ZgZh edg ^bedh^W^a^YVY XVeVX^iVX^c!ZabVciZc^b^ZcidYZadhkZ]Xjadh#
YZeV\VgaVhigVch[jh^dcZhnVc{a^h^hYZhVc\gZ#
X# E
jWa^XVg^c[dgbVX^chdWgZadh\VhidhY^k^Y^Ydh
Z# 8
jVafj^Zg VXid YZ Y^hXg^b^cVX^c XdcigV adh edgYZeVgiVbZcidZ^chi^ijX^c#
eVX^ZciZhZcWVhZVa\cZgddaVZic^V#
-# =
VXZgeWa^XVhidYVhaVhYZhk^VX^dcZhYZadheaVcZh
YZ\VhiddaVhk^daVX^dcZhYZadhigb^cdhVXdgYVYdh!
6a7VcXdBjcY^VanVa7VcXd ^cXajnZcYdadheV\dhZ^ciZgZhZhZcadhfjZhZ]V
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad/ ^cXjgg^YdYZW^YdVadh[dcYdhcdYZhZbWdahVYdh#
&# > ch^hi^g Zc aV ji^a^oVX^c YZ Xg^iZg^dh iXc^Xdh n cd .# 6
hZ\jgVgfjZE6GHVajY>>hZVb{higVcheVgZciZn
edai^XdhZcZaY^hZdYZE6GHVajY>>!nZcaV^cXajh^c eVgi^X^eVi^kdfjZE6GHVajY>!^cXajnZcYd/
hdadYZ^ciZgkZcX^dcZhWVhVYVhZcaVZk^YZcX^V#
V# e
jWa^XVg hjh ZhijY^dh n ZkVajVX^dcZh YZ
'# > cXaj^g [dcYdh Zc E6GHVajY >> eVgV Za GZ\^higd egd\gZhd0
CVX^dcVaYZ>YZci^ÒXVX^cn:hiVYd8^k^aG:C>:8!
XdcZaÒcYZY^hig^Wj^gnVhZ\jgVgfjZidYdhZcaVh W# e
jWa^XVghjh\VhidhnadhgjWgdhZcadhXjVaZhhZ
{gZVh gjgVaZh XjZciZc Xdc 9C> Xdbd bZY^YV YZ \VhiVcadh[dcYdh0
egdbdX^cYZaVhVajY#
^cX^YZciVaZh#Ç@ddc^c!A^hVB#!6igVh]!=Vc^@#!GdX]Vi!Gd\ZgL#! ÆEdWaVX^cIdiVaÇ#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiV"
Hb^i]!?VX`8#!Maternal Mortality Surveillance!:hiVYdhJc^Ydh! Y^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$edWidiVa#Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa
&.-%"&.-*BBLG&'$&$&.--0(,HH"*/&."'.# '%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,0>cY^XVYdgZh8ZcigVaZhYZHVajYYZaVDBH
eVgVZaEZg#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll(#l]d#^ci$l]dh^h$XdgZ$
'
7da^k^V XjZciV Xdc aV iVhV YZ bdgiVa^YVY b{h VaiV YZ
XdgZThZaZXiTegdXZhh#X[b4Xdjcign2eZg^cY^XVidgh2hZaZXiZYaVc
HjYVbg^XV#
\jV\Z2Zc#8dchjaiVYdZa'%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
(
DBH!&..)#Æ>cY^XVYdgZheVgVbdc^idgZVgadhdW_Zi^kdhYZaVhVajY
,
KZg/IdggZh!8#Æ:ic^X^YVYnhVajY/digVeZgheZXi^kVeVgVVaXVcoVg
bViZgcV/^c[dgbZYZjc\gjedYZigVWV_diXc^XdÇ!<^cZWgV!-"&'YZ
aVZfj^YVY#ÇZcDEHZY^idgZhEquidad en salud: una mirada desde
cdk^ZbWgZYZ&..(#<^cZWgV/DBH!DBH$;=:$BHB$.)#&)0JC>8:;$
la perspectiva de la equidad.EjWa^XEda^XnVcY=ZVai]Egd\gVb
DBH$JC;E6#<jVhYZaVDCJeVgVBdc^idgZVgaV9^hedc^W^a^YVY
Ä9^k^h^dcd[=ZVai]VcY=jbVc9ZkZadebZci#LVh]^c\idc9#8/
naVJi^a^oVX^cYZadh8j^YVYdhDWhiig^Xdh:hZcX^VaZh#6\dhidYZ
_jc^dYZa'%%&#
&..,#
-
6eZhVgYZaV\gVcXVci^YVYYZeZghdcVhfjZ]VWaVcfjZX]jV
)
:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H>>&..&
nVnbVgVZcZaEZg!c^c\jcdYZZhidh^Y^dbVhZhXdch^YZgVYd
n>>>&..+!&..-#LViVcVWZ!KVgVI#Tendencias, niveles y estruc-
^Y^dbVdÒX^Va#AVhZhXjZaVhXVgZXZcYZegd\gVbVhW^a^c\Zhn
tura de la mortalidad materna en el Perú, 1992-2000. >C:>#'%%'!
edXdh_jZXZhdYZ[ZchdgZheWa^Xdh]VWaVcadh^Y^dbVh^cY\ZcVh#
ZcJC;E6EZg#ÆGVocYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!hZ\cYZeVgiV"
KZg8db^h^cYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh#9Zc\!
bZcidh&..(!&..,!'%%%#Ç9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#jc[eV#dg\#
;#Æ=jbVcG^\]ih!BVhh:mdYjhZhVcY9^heaVXZYEZghdch#EgdÒaZh
eZ$^c[dhY$bdgiVa^YVYTbViZgcV$bdgTbViT%)#]ib#8dchjaiVYdZa
^c9^heaVXZbZci/EZgj#Ç:$8C#)$&..+$*'$6YY#&#JC:H8G#:cZgdYZ
&%YZbVndYZa'%%,#
&..+/&(!e{ggV[d)-#
*
KZg!edgZ_Zbead/B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajYB>CH6!EZg#Mujeres de
.
Ibíd. *!e{ggV[d.#
negro: la muerte materna en zonas rurales del Perú. Estudio de casos.
A^bV!&...0AdVnoV8dcYdg^!;#Voces de mujeres de Huancavelica:
&%
HZZhi^bVfjZZa,'k^kZZc{gZVhjgWVcVh#KZg/Biblioteca Virtual
BVcjZaVGVbdh#A^bV/VWg^aYZa'%%)0:he^cdoV;Zg^V!?#Voces 8dcXajh^c\ZcZgVa+#9^hedc^WaZZc/lll#XkZgYVY#dg\#eZ$^c\aZh$
de mujeres de La Libertad: género y salud reproductiva.BVcjZaV ^ÒcVa$XdcXajh^dcZh#e]e#
GVbdh#A^bV/_ja^dYZa'%%(08Va^hVnV!:# Voces de mujeres de &'
Ibíd.,8dcXajh^dcZh\ZcZgVaZh&,%"&,&#
G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD'&
&(
GZeWa^XV YZa EZg# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de
'*
HZ\caVh<jVhYZaVDCJeVgVBdc^idgZVgaV9^hedc^W^a^YVYnaV
&,
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZYZa'%%)0cdiV'*!e{ggV[d+)#
desigualdad y la exclusión.>c[dgbZYZa'%%)0cdiV&(0e{ggV[d)&# '.
K{hfjZo!:#=#¿Los niños primero? Niveles de vida y gasto público
&-
(.!*#KZg/>C:>#Perú: Encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar
social orientado a la infancia: 2004-2005#Jc^kZgh^YVYYZaEVXÒXd!
:C9:H8dci^cjV'%%)#Cdk^ZbWgZ'%%*/'*# HVkZi]Z8]^aYgZcHjZX^V#Cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*>>>/).#
&.
Ibíd.
(%
B>CH6#Memoria de gestión 2005: Programa de Apoyo a la Reforma
Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
'&
7Vggc!B#!7Vo{c!B#!n8Vhi^aad!G#Barreras económicas en el
''
DBH# World Health Report 2000: Health Systems: Improving
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaadZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa
Performance.'%%%/&--"&.	^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$ '%%,#
l]g$'%%%$Zc$l]g%%TZc#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa&.YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# ()
AdhigViVYdh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhgZaZkVciZhfjZZaEZg]VgVi^ÒXVYd
'(
KZg/:C9:H'%%%ZcaVGZeWa^XVYZaEZg#Hacia el cumplimiento de
hdc/ZaEVXid>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh8^k^aZhnEdai^Xdh!ZaEVXid
los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio en el Perú. Informes Nacionales >ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZhn8jaijgVaZh!
de ODM.'%%)/+*#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#jcY\#dg\$VgX]^kZT aV 8dckZcX^c hdWgZ aV :a^b^cVX^c YZ idYVh aVh ;dgbVh YZ
YdXh$**%)"EZgjTB9<TGZedgiT"TB9<G#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa'+YZ 9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVBj_Zg!aV8dckZcX^chdWgZaV:a^b^cVX^c
V\dhidYZa'%%,#KZgiVbW^c/;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidXaVcYZhi^cd YZidYVhaVh;dgbVhYZ9^hXg^b^cVX^cGVX^Va!aV8dckZcX^chdWgZ
ZcZaEZg/cjZkVhZk^YZcX^Vh#ÇEVi]ÒcYZg>ciZgcVi^dcVan;adgV adh9ZgZX]dhYZaC^d!aV8dckZcX^c6bZg^XVcVhdWgZ9ZgZX]dh
Ig^hi{c#'%%,#:cigZk^hiVXdc6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!XddgY^cVYdgcVX^dcVa =jbVcdh!ZaEgdidXdad6Y^X^dcVaVaV8dckZcX^c6bZg^XVcVhdWgZ
YZaEgd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhZcHVajY!86G:EZg!A^bV!EZg!Za&& 9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhZcBViZg^VYZ9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZh
YZVWg^aYZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdcB^\jZa<ji^ggZo!egZh^YZciZYZ n8jaijgVaZhEgdidXdadYZHVcHVakVYdg nZa8dckZc^d&+.YZaV
aVHdX^ZYVYEZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\VZcA^bV!EZg! Dg\Vc^oVX^c>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZaIgVWV_dhdWgZEjZWadh>cY\ZcVhn
Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdc8ZX^a^VDaZVBVjaZc!Xddg" Ig^WVaZhZc:hiVYdh>cYZeZcY^ZciZh#
Y^cVYdgVYZaEgd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhYZHVajYHZmjVa!nE^aVg6gXZ (*
9^hedh^X^c;^cVanIgVch^idg^V#8jVgiVYZaVConstitución Política
e{ggV[dh&)n))08:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')#Ç&...0
*,
6#EdgidXVggZgd!La equidad en la asignación regional del financiamiento
YZWZcVh^\cVgVZhidhhZgk^X^dhZab{m^bdYZgZXjghdhYZfjZ e{ggV[d&-#
Y^hedc\Vc#Ç *.
KZg/:C6=D'%%(">KZcK{hfjZo!:#¿Los niños… primero? Volumen
)%
JC>8:;$DBH$JC;E6#NU Guías para monitorear la disponibilidad y la
III. Niveles de vida y gasto público social orientado a la infancia 2004-
utilización de los cuidados obstétricos esenciales.6\dhidYZ&..,# 2005#HVkZi]Z8]^aYgZcHjZX^V/*&#
)&
CJ89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
+%
EdgZ_Zbead!aV:C9:H'%%%gZkZafjZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZk^kZcZc
e{ggV[d&'# aVh{gZVhjgWVcVhZcEjcdi^ZcZcXjVigdkZXZhb{hegdWVW^a^YVYZh
)'
BV^cZ!9#Safe Motherhood Programs: Options and Issues#8ZciZg
YZYVgVajoZcjcV^chi^ijX^cYZaHZXidgHVajYfjZaVhbj_ZgZh
[dgEdejaVi^dcVcY;Vb^an=ZVai]#8dajbW^VJc^kZgh^in#&..&# fjZk^kZcZc{gZVhgjgVaZh#>C:>$JC>8:;#:cXjZhiV9Zbd\g{ÒXVn
YZHVajY;Vb^a^Vg'%%%:C9:H>K$9ZeVgiVbZcidYZEjcd#A^bV0
)(
KZg! edg Z_Zbead/ Egd\gVbV YZ aVh CVX^dcZh Jc^YVh eVgV Za
'%%&/&',#
9ZhVggdaad! Poverty Reduction and Human Rights# CjZkV Ndg`!
?jc^dYZa'%%(!e#*#9^hedc^WaZZclll#jcYe#dg\$\dkZgcVcXZ$
+&
CJ8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')#Ç&...#6gi#&'&
YdXh$=GECTedkZgin:c#eY[#EVgVXdcdXZgXbdhZgZaVX^dcVc e{ggV[d&)#
ZhidhXg^iZg^dhXdcaVbZY^X^cYZadhegd\gVbVh!kZgCJ8dchZ_d +'
8Y^\dEZcVa#9ZXgZidAZ\^haVi^kdC#+(*#&..&0Vgih&&)!&&*#
:Xdcb^XdnHdX^Va#>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZZa9ZgZX]d +(
CJ89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
YZIdYVEZghdcVVaB{m^bdC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVa# e{ggV[d&,#
:$8C#)$'%%+$)-!e{ggV[d'*# +)
=jci!E#Æ:aYZgZX]dVaY^h[gjiZYZidYVeZghdcVVab{hVaidc^kZa
))
KZgCJ89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#(Ç*¯#HZh^c!&..%!CJ
edh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVaÇ#GZaVidg:heZX^VaYZaV8db^h^c
9dX#:$&..&$'(!6cZmd>>>!Zce{ggV[d('#PDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°# YZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhhdWgZZaYZgZX]dVaY^h[gjiZYZidYVeZghdcV
(YZa89:H8R#KZgiVbW^c/ÆAVh9^gZXig^XZhYZBVVhig^X]ihdWgZ Vab{hVaidc^kZaedh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVa#EgZhZciVYdYZ
K^daVX^dcZhYZadh9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZhn8jaijgVaZh#Ç VXjZgYd Xdc aV gZhdajX^c YZa 8db^i YZ 9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh
Human Rights Quarterly Kda# -'%0 &..-/ +.&! +.)# e{ggV[d# , '%%)$',!CJ9dX#6$*.$',/HZi^ZbWgZYZa'%%)kZgh^cZY^iVYV
ÆBVVhig^X]i<j^YZa^cZhÇ0Los principios de Limburg sobre la imple- XdcVci^X^eVX^c0e{ggV[d#*-W#
mentación del pacto internacional de derechos económicos, sociales +*
KZa{hfjZo!I#Vivencias diferentes: la indocumentación entre las
y culturales,CJ9dX#:$8C#)$&.-,$&,!6cZmdgZ^begZhdZc.=jb#
mujeres rurales del Perú.9:BJH!9;>9!Dm[Vb0'%%)/('#
Gih#F#&''!&'*&.-,#
++
9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad#El derecho a la identidad y la actuación de
)*
Ibíd.
la administración estatal: problemas verificados en la supervisión
)+
Ibíd., e{ggV[d#&%#
defensorial'%%*9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#dbWjYhbVc#\dW#eZ$
),
;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista.+YZ[ZWgZgd
bdYjaZh$9dlcadVYh$^c[dgbZh$YZ[Zchdg^VaZh$^c[dgbZT&%%#eY[#
YZa'%%,# +,
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
)-
AZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajY&,-!AZnC°#'+-)'&..,!Vgi#(%#
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
).
7Vggc!B#!7Vo{c!B#!n8Vhi^aad!G#?ja^dYZa'%%+0cdiV'&!e{ggV[d
desigualdad y la exclusión.>c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiV&(0e{ggV[d))#
'+# +-
7VcXdBjcY^Va#Jn nuevo contrato social: una agenda para mejorar
*%
B>CH6#Biblioteca Virtual Salud Perú – Indicadores Nacionales,Æ<Vhid
la educación, la salud y la red de seguridad social en el Perú#BVgod
per cápitaZcHVajYÇ#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiV" YZa'%%+/-&#
Y^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$\Vhid#Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa'% +.
Ibíd.,e{ggV[d-'#
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# ,%
:cigZk^hiVXdcHjhVcI]daaVj\!_Z[VYZaVdÒX^cV!DÒX^cVCVX^dcVa
*&
Ibíd. YZJH6>9EZgZcA^bV!EZg!Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
*'
8:E6A#Panorama social de América Latina 2005#BVgodYZa'%%*#
,&
:cigZk^hiV Xdc >Vc BVX6gi]jg! ZheZX^Va^hiV hZXidg^Va! 7VcXd
9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#ZXaVX#Xa$X\^"W^c$\ZiEgdY#Vhe4mba2$ >ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaadZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
ejWa^XVX^dcZh$mba$)$')%*)$E')%*)#mbamha2$YYh$iea"^$e.[# ,'
:cigZk^hiVXdc?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!k^XZb^c^higdYZHVajY!Zc
mhaWVhZ2$YYh$iea$ide"Wdiidb#mha#8dchjaiVYdZa&.YZ_ja^dYZa A^bV!EZg!Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
'%%,# ,(
KZg!edgZ_Zbead!A#E#;gZZYbVc!Æ8Zchdgh]^eVcYBVc^ejaVi^dc
*(
KZg/>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VaYZa8dchZ_d:Xdcb^XdnHdX^Va
d[gZegdYjXi^kZ=ZVai]>c[dgbVi^dc/6c>hhjZd[=jbVcG^\]ihVcY
YZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh!hdWgZZa9ZgZX]dYZIdYVEZghdcVaVa LdbZcÉh=ZVai]!ÇZcThe Right to Know: Censorship, Women’s Health
9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVa/B^h^c and Human Rights.AdcYgZh/VgiXjad&.&..,#
VaEZg#:$8C#)$'%%*$*&$6YY#(!;ZWgZgdYZa'%%*/&'#9^hedc^WaZZc/ ,)
JC6hVbWaZV<ZcZgVa#ÆCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaigVchb^i^ZcYd
]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$Zci^in$bZY^X^cZhTiZX]cdad\^Zh$<%*&%+)*#eY[
Za^c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZZaYZgZX]dYZidYVeZghdcV
8dchjaiVYdZa&'YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,#
Va b{h Vaid c^kZa edh^WaZ YZ hVajY [h^XV n bZciVaÇ# 6$+&$((-#
*)
Ibíd.
HZi^ZbWgZYZa'%%+/e{ggV[d'-Y#
G:HJB:C:?:8JI>KD'(
,*
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d*.0Æ8dcXajh^c<ZcZgVaC°#')#ÇÇAVBj_ZgnaVHVajYÇ
-*
EV`^hi{c!@Zc^VZ>cYdcZh^VhdcadhdigdhigZheVhZh#8dbjc^XVX^c
'[ZW#&...#'%VhZh^cYZa8db^ieVgVaV:a^b^cVX^cYZaV Xdc9Vk^Y7gnYZc!Y^gZXidgYZXdbjc^XVX^dcZheVgVaV6a^VcoV
9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVBj_Zg#e{ggV[d&,P8:96LÆGZXdbZcYVX^c <adWVaeVgVZaH>96#
<ZcZgVaC°#')ÇR#E{ggV[d!&*# -+
Adh&.b^ZbWgdhYZa8ajWYZEVg^hhdc\dW^ZgcdhfjZi^ZcZc
,+
BVg^dGdh7Vgg^Zcidh!hZXgZiVg^d\ZcZgVaYZ6E9H!XdchjaidgYZa
gZXaVbdhhjhiVcX^VaZhVciZkVg^dhdigdh\dW^ZgcdhZcidYdZa
egdnZXidÆH^hiZbVhGZ\^dcVaZhYZEgdiZXX^cYZ9ZgZX]dhYZaVh bjcYd#=VcVea^XVYdadhigb^cdhYZaVhVXiVhVXdgYVYVhedgZa
EZghdcVhJhjVg^VhYZadhHZgk^X^dhYZHVajYÇ# 8ajWYZEVghVhjhgZXaVbdhZcZaeVhVYd#AdheVhZhb^Zb"
,,
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ!Zc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
WgdhYZa8ajWYZEVghhdc/6jhig^V!6jhigVa^V!7a\^XV!8VcVY{!
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# 9^cVbVgXV!;^caVcY^V!;gVcX^V!6aZbVc^V!>gaVcYV!>iVa^V!?Vec!
EVhZh7V_dh!CdgjZ\V!;ZYZgVX^cGjhV!:heVV!HjZX^V!Hj^oV!
,-
8dckZcX^cYZK^ZcVhdWgZaVAZnYZIgViVYdh!'(YZbVndYZ
GZ^cdJc^Ydnadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydh#
&.+.!Vgi#&-!&&**J#C#I#H#((&!()%!->#A#B#+,.!+.'PZcVYZaVciZ
8dckZcX^cYZK^ZcVR#
-,
CJ 8db^i YZ 9ZgZX]dh :Xdcb^Xdh! HdX^VaZh n 8jaijgVaZh
89:H8#:a9ZgZX]dVa9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY!
,.
KZg/8=6C<:#ÆJHGZkd`ZhHjeedgi[dg:8^cEZgj#Ç9^hedc^WaZ
ÇDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)!ÇJC8:H8G#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%/
Zc/]iie/$$lll#\ZcYZg]ZVai]#dg\$ZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dc#e]e# e{ggV[d&'#
-%
:cigZk^hiV Xdc >Vc BVX6gi]jg! ZheZX^Va^hiV hZXidg^Va! 7VcXd
--
CJTask Force hdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^anBViZgcVYZaEgdnZXidYZa
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaadZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa B^aZc^d# Who’s Got the Power? Transforming health systems for
'%%,# women and children.'%%*/&	^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#jcb^a"
-&
KVhZ8VbeVV!Æ6XZgXVYZadhDW_Zi^kdh!Ç9^hedc^WaZZclll#
aZcc^jbegd_ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY"XdbeaZiZ#eY[#
b^aaZcc^jbXVbeV^\c#dg\$h^iZ$ee#Vhe4X2\g@KA'CA:W2&-+(-.# 8dchjaiVYdZa''YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,#
-'
Ibíd. -.
EVja;VgbZgji^a^oVZaigb^cdeVidad\VhYZaedYZgZcjca^Wgd
-(
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
XdcZab^hbdiijad#KZg/;VgbZg!E#!Pathologies of Power: Health,
en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor.Jc^kZgh^ind[8Va^[dgc^V
desigualdad y la exclusión#>c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ&%!eVgV&(# EgZhh06Wg^a'%%(#
-)
K{hfjZo!:#'%%)/')Presupuesto público y gasto social: la urgencia
F
=GdWijkdaV^c[dgbVX^cfjZhZ^cXajnZZcZhiZ ZcigZjcdnXVidgXZbZhZhVciZhYZaVhZcigZk^hiVh#H^c
^c[dgbZZcigZZcZgdn_jc^dYZa'%%,!VadaVg\dYZ ZbWVg\d!hZ^cXajnZgdcYdhXVhdhVciZg^dgZhYZW^YdVfjZ
igZhk^V_ZhgZVa^oVYdhVaEZg#6YZb{h!6a^X^V:an hZgZVa^oVgdcZh[jZgodheVgVWjhXVgjcVXdbeZchVX^c!
NVb^caaZkVXVWdjck^V_ZegZa^b^cVgZcdXijWgZYZa'%%+ naaZ\VgVaVXdcXajh^cYZadhegdXZhdhidbjci^Zbed
eVgVgZjc^ghZXdcadhhdX^dhadXVaZh!hdhiZcZggZjc^dcZh Xdch^YZgVWaZ#:hiZaVehdeZgb^i^gZVa^oVgjcVZmeadgVX^c
egZa^b^cVgZhnXdcigViVgVjcVZbegZhVYZÒabVX^cYZ YZadhedh^WaZhZ[ZXidhYZaVbjZgiZYZjcVbj_ZghdWgZ
YdXjbZciVaZheVgVegdYjX^gZak^YZdfjZVXdbeVVVa hj[Vb^a^VVadaVg\dYZai^Zbed#
^c[dgbZ#:cigZZcZgdn_jc^dYZa'%%,!6a^X^V:anNVb^cn HZhZaZXX^dcVgdcXVhdhegdkZc^ZciZhYZaVhY^hi^ciVh
digdhgZegZhZciVciZhYZE=GgZVa^oVgdc^ckZhi^\VX^dcZhZc gZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^VnYZaVhY^hi^ciVh{gZVhYZXVeiVX^c
A^bV!8VgVWVnaad!=jVcXVkZa^XVnEjcd!ji^a^oVcYdbai^" YZadh]dhe^iVaZh!iVcidZc=jVcXVkZa^XVXdbdZcEjcd#
eaZh[jZciZhYZaVhXjVaZhhZgZXdaZXiaVZk^YZcX^V# 6YZb{h!adhXVhdhegdXZYZciVcidYZaVhodcVhfjZX]jVh
;jZgdc hZaZXX^dcVYVh aVh gZ\^dcZh YZ Ejcd n XdbdVnbVgVhYZaYZeVgiVbZcidYZEjcd#
=jVcXVkZa^XVedgfjZXjZciVcXdcYdhYZaVhiVhVhb{h HZdWijkdZaXdchZci^b^Zcid^c[dgbVYdbZY^VciZjcV
VaiVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg(+&n(%'edg hZg^ZYZXdckZghVX^dcZh!iVcidXdcaVheZghdcVh^cY^"
&%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdhZcZa'%%%!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#& k^YjVaZhXdbdXdcaVhVjidg^YVYZhXdbjc^iVg^VhhdWgZ
6YZb{h!gZegZhZciVcVYdhYZaVhdX]dgZ\^dcZhYdcYZ aV cVijgVaZoV n Za egdeh^id YZ aV ^ckZhi^\VX^c! fj
Za egd\gVbV YZ gZZhigjXijgVX^c YZa hZXidg hVajY i^edYZdg\Vc^oVX^cZhE=G!nZaYZhZdYZeVgi^X^eVg
E6GHVajY>!egdbdk^YdedgZa7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7VcXd ZcaV^ckZhi^\VX^c!VhXdbdadhg^Zh\dhediZcX^VaZhYZ
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad!hZ^beaZbZcinYdcYZhZ VeVgZXZgZcjcV[did\gV[Vdk^YZd#HZgZVa^oVgdcZcigZ"
aaZkVg{VXVWdaVhZ\jcYV[VhZYZab^hbdE6GHVajY>># k^hiVhegZa^b^cVgZhdXdckZghVX^dcZhXdcadhb^ZbWgdhYZ
:cEjcdn=jVcXVkZa^XV!adhhdX^dhadXVaZhYZE=G aVh[Vb^a^Vhnadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbjc^YVY^cXajnZcYd
^YZci^ÒXVgdcVadh[Vb^a^VgZhnVaVhbj_ZgZhXjndhiZhi^" aVhVjidg^YVYZhYZaVb^hbVXdbjc^YVY!VhXdbdXdc
bdc^dhZhi{cXdciZc^YdhZcZaegZhZciZgZedgiZ!ZcigZ digdh^c[dgbVciZhVciZhYZa^c^X^dYZaigVWV_dYZXVbed
digdh!nhZgZVa^oaVhZaZXX^cÒcVaYZXVhdhZcXdc_jcid YZE=G!bdbZcidZcZaXjVahZdWijkdZaXdchZci^b^Zcid
XdcE=G#Ji^a^oVbdhaVh]^hidg^VhXac^XVhegdedgX^d" kZgWVaYZeVgiZYZadheVgi^X^eVciZhnYZaVhVjidg^YVYZh
cVYVhedgadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!VhXdbdedgaV YZaVhY^[ZgZciZhXdbjc^YVYZh#:cVa\jcdhXVhdhhZcZ\
9^gZXX^cGZ\^dcVaYZHVajYZcZaXVhdYZ=jVcXVkZa^XV ZaXdchZci^b^Zcid!nZhdhcd]Vch^Yd^cXaj^YdhZcZa
eVgV^YZci^ÒXVgadhXVhdh!XdbdadhZVaVaV^c[dgbVX^c egZhZciZ^c[dgbZ#
dWiZc^YVbZY^VciZadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbjc^YVYnedg :c adh XVhdh Zc fjZ hZ dWijkd Za XdchZci^b^Zcid
adhegdbdidgZhYZhVajYadXVaZh# egZa^b^cVgYZeVgiZYZadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVh[Vb^a^Vhn
Adh h^ZiZ XVhdh hZaZXX^dcVYdh YVc XjZciV YZ aVh aVhXdbjc^YVYZh!E=GhZVhZ\jgYZgZXVWVgZaXdchZc"
XVjhVhZhiVYhi^XVbZciZb{h^bedgiVciZhn[gZXjZciZh i^b^ZcidkZgWVanZhXg^idYjgVciZhjk^h^iV#6idYVhaVh
YZ aV bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV Zc Za EZg/ ]ZbdggV\^V eZghdcVhhZaZhegZ\jcih^YZhZVWVchZgÒabVYVhd
edheVgid!egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V!nXdbea^XVX^dcZh [did\gVÒVYVhnhZaZh^c[dgbfjZhjeVgi^X^eVX^ccd
dXVh^dcVYVhedgVWdgid#JcXVhd!ZcZafjZjcVbj_Zg YZeZcYVYZfjZ[jZgVc[did\gVÒVYVh!\gVWVYVhZcVjY^d
hdWgZk^k^VjcVZbZg\ZcX^VdWhiig^XV!hZnjmiVedcZXdc dÒabVYVh#6a\jcdh^c[dgbVciZhYZX^Y^ZgdccdhZg[did"
adhXVhdhYZbjZgiZh!XdcZaÒcYZZmVb^cVgfj[VXidgZh \gVÒVYdhdÒabVYdh#
^cÓjnZgdceVgVfjZZhiVbj_ZghdWgZk^k^ZgV#HZ^cXajnZc E=GiVbW^chZVhZ\jgYZ]VWZgdWiZc^YdZaXdchZc"
XVhdhYZbjZgiZhfjZijk^Zgdcaj\VgZcadh]d\VgZhYZ i^b^ZcidkZgWVaXjVcYdhZZcigZk^hiVadhgZegZhZciVciZh
aVhbj_ZgZh!VhXdbdjcVbjZgiZfjZdXjgg^ZcZaZhiV" YZa\dW^ZgcdnVadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajY!nXjVcYdhZ
WaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY# gZVa^oVgdcÒabVX^dcZhZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY#
IdYdhadhXVhdhijk^Zgdcaj\VgYjgVciZadhigZhVdh AVgZXdchigjXX^cYZXVYVXVhd^cXajn/&ZcigZk^hiVh
egZk^dhVaVhZcigZk^hiVhYZE=G#8^cXdXVhdhdXjgg^Zgdc Zm]Vjhi^kVhbai^eaZhXdcb^ZbWgdhYZaV[Vb^a^VdaV
'*
Xdbjc^YVYYZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZbjg^ZgdcYZW^YdVXdbea^" materna en zonas rurales del Perú!fjZ^cXajncjZkZ
XVX^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZaZbWVgVod!VhXdbdYZaVh cVggVi^kVhYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVh#:aegZhZciZZhijY^d
bj_ZgZhfjZhdWgZk^k^ZgdcVaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhi" Y^ÒZgZedgZa]ZX]dYZfjZji^a^oVjcbVgXdYZYZgZX]dh
ig^XVh0'ZcigZk^hiVhhZb^ZhigjXijgVYVhXdceZghdcVa ]jbVcdheVgVVcVa^oVgaVhgVodcZhfjZXdcig^WjnZgdcV
YZhVajYYZaVhedhiVhYZhVajY!XZcigdhYZhVajYn]dhe^" XVjhVgaVhYZbdgVhfjZXdcYj_ZgdcVaVbjZgiZYZaVh
iVaZhY^hig^iVaZh!VhXdbdk^h^iVhVadhhZXidgZhn{gZVh bj_ZgZh!VhXdbdaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZa:hiVYdfjZcd
gZaZkVciZhYZY^X]dhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidheVgVZkVajVghj [jZgdcXjbea^YVh!h^aVh]jWd#'
XVeVX^YVYYZgZhdajX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh0( 6YZb{h YZ adh XVhdh YZ gZXdchigjXX^c Zc Ejcd n
gZk^h^cYZadhgZ\^higdhbY^XdhgZaZkVciZh!nZcVa\jcdh =jVcXVkZa^XV!E=GgZVa^oZcigZk^hiVhZm]Vjhi^kVhXdc
XVhdhYZVjideh^Vndigdh^c[dgbZhbY^Xdh[dgZchZhn igZ^ciVnYdh^c[dgbVciZhXaVkZhZcA^bVnLVh]^c\idc
YdXjbZcidhYZaegdXZhd0)gVhigZd[h^XdYZaYZkZc^gYZ 9#8#:hiVhZcigZk^hiVhhZaaZkVgdcVXVWdXdc[jcX^dcVg^dh
adh]ZX]dhZcXVYVZbZg\ZcX^V0n*ZcigZk^hiVhXdcaVh nigVWV_VYdgZhVXijVaZhnVci^\jdhYZa\dW^ZgcdÅ^cXaj"
eZghdcVhfjZZaVWdgVcaVhedai^XVhnXdcadh^c[dgbVciZh nZcYdZafjZZcZhZbdbZcidZgVk^XZb^c^higdYZHVajY!
adXVaZhXaVkZhZcXVYVYZeVgiVbZcid# ?dh<^abZg8VaYZgcNWZg^XdÅ0YZ[ZchdgZhYZadhYZgZ"
AVhZcigZk^hiVhYZE=GeVgVXVYVXVhdidbVgdcZc X]dh]jbVcdhnYZadhYZgZX]dhYZaVhbj_ZgZh0gZegZ"
egdbZY^dYZjcdVYdhYVhXdbeaZidh!nZcbjX]Vh hZciVciZhYZa7VcXdBjcY^VanYZa7VcXd>ciZgVbZg^XVcd
dXVh^dcZhaVhZcigZk^hiVhegZa^b^cVgZhgZVa^oVYVhedgadh YZ9ZhVggdaad!JH6>9nJC;E60VhdX^VX^dcZhegd[Zh^d"
hdX^dhadXVaZhgZfj^g^ZgdcaVb^hbVXVci^YVYYZi^Zbed# cVaZhgZaZkVciZh0ZXdcdb^hiVhYZaVhVajY0aYZgZhYZaVh
HZZcigZk^hiVaVbVndgVYZeZghdcVhedh^WaZhgZaVX^d" XdVa^X^dcZhYZaVhdX^ZYVYX^k^angZegZhZciVciZhYZaVh
cVYVhXdcaVbj_Zgnadh]ZX]dh!nZcc^c\cXVhd]jWd dg\Vc^oVX^dcZhcd\jWZgcVbZciVaZhDC<hYZY^XVYVhVa
bZcdhYZX^cXd^c[dgbVciZhVYjaidh#:cZaXVhdYZaV iZbVYZaVhVajY#6Y^X]dh^c[dgbVciZh!fjZ]VWaVgdcWV_d
bjZgiZbViZgcVYZg^kVYVYZXdbea^XVX^dcZhYZaVWdgid! XdcY^X^dcZhYZVcdc^bVid!hZaZh]VXVbW^VYdYZcdbWgZ
hZ]VXVbW^VYdaV^YZci^YVYYZaVbj_ZgfjZbjg^nYZ ZcZa^c[dgbZ#
idYdhadh^c[dgbVciZh# 6Y^X^dcVabZciZ!eVgVXdcigVhiVgaVhZmeZg^ZcX^VhYZaVh
:cadhXVhdhZcfjZaV[Vb^a^Vnadhb^ZbWgdhYZaV bj_ZgZhgjgVaZhXdcaVhfjZgZh^YZcZc{bW^idhjgWVcdh
Xdbjc^YVY[jZgdc[did\gVÒVYdhn$dÒabVYdh!Y^X]Vh[did" neZg^jgWVcdh!E=Gdg\Vc^ojc\gjed[dXVaXdccjZkZ
\gV[Vhnk^YZdh[jZgdcaaZkVYdhVadh^cY^k^Yjdhedgadh bj_ZgZhV[ZXiVYVhedgZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhnegdbd"
hdX^dhadXVaZhYZE=G#HZgZXjgg^VaVVnjYVYZXdbejiV" idgZhYZhVajYXdbjc^iVg^dhZc8VgVWVnaad!ZcaVhV[jZgVh
YdgVhedgi{i^aZheVgVbdhigVgadhk^YZdhVY^X]VheZghdcVh! YZA^bV#AdheVgi^X^eVciZhYZa\gjed[dXVa[jZgdc^YZci^Ò"
nhZaZhYZ_jcZ_ZbeaVgYZaVh[did\gV[Vh# XVYdhedgHdX^dhZcHVajYÅjcVdg\Vc^oVX^c]ZgbVcVYZ
Adhh^ZiZZhijY^dYZXVhdh^cXaj^YdhZcZaegZhZciZ EVgicZgh^c=ZVai]ÅZcWVhZVadhXg^iZg^dhegZZm^hiZciZh
^c[dgbZcdWjhXVchZgX^ZciÒXVbZciZgZegZhZciVi^kdh# ZhiVWaZX^YdhedgE=GgZaVX^dcVYdhXdchjhZmeZg^ZcX^Vh
:m^hiZc a^b^iVX^dcZh eVgV edYZg hVXVg XdcXajh^dcZh ZcaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhnadheVgidh#
gZheZXidVadh[VXidgZhhdX^VaZh!XjaijgVaZhnh^hib^Xdh 6YZb{h!B>C<6EZgaaZkVXVWdjcV^ckZhi^\VX^c
hjWnVXZciZhVaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcidYdZaEZg! YZ XVbed VY^X^dcVa Zc AdgZid! Zc WVhZ V adh ^chigj"
nVfjZadhXVhdhhdaVbZciZ[jZgdcidbVYdhYZEjcdn bZcidhnXg^iZg^dhegdedgX^dcVYdhedgE=G!eVgVWg^cYVg
=jVcXVkZa^XVncdYZdigVheVgiZhYZaVhgZ\^dcZhYZaV ^c[dgbVX^cXdbeaZbZciVg^VhdWgZaVgZ\^chZakVYZa
h^ZggV!c^YZaVhZakVYZaEZg!fjZiVbW^ci^ZcZcVaiVh EZg#
iVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!eZgdegZhZciVcX^gXjch" EVgVXdbeaZbZciVgaV^c[dgbVX^cgZXd\^YVZcZa
iVcX^VhYZk^YVZmigZbVYVbZciZY^hi^ciVh#H^cZbWVg\d! XVbed!hZgZVa^ojcV^ckZhi^\VX^cVY^X^dcVaZcgZaVX^c
bjX]dhYZZhidhiZbVhZmeadgVYdhhdcYZcVijgVaZoV XdcZaVc{a^h^hYZadhegZhjejZhidh!YZaVedai^XVnaZ\^h"
h^hib^XVncdhZa^b^iVcVjcVhdaVgZ\^c# aVX^c!VhXdbdYZYdXjbZcidhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcadh
AV^c[dgbVX^cXjVa^iVi^kVfjZ]Zbdh^cXaj^YdZcadh eghiVbdhYZa7VcXdBjcY^VanYZa7VcXd>ciZgVbZg^XVcd
ZhijY^dhYZXVhdhiVbW^cWg^cYVcjchZci^YdVaVhk^YVh YZ9ZhVggdaad#
YZaVhbj_ZgZh^cY^k^YjVaZh!VaeVeZafjZYZhZbeZVWVc AV ^ckZhi^\VX^c [jZ VegdWVYV edg jc XdchZ_d YZ
Zchjh[Vb^a^VhnXdbjc^YVYZh!VhXdbdVadh^beVXidh gZk^h^c i^Xd! dg\Vc^oVYd WV_d Za Vjhe^X^d YZ E=G#
fjZhjhbjZgiZhijk^ZgdchdWgZhjh[Vb^a^Vh#DigdigVWV_d AV^ckZhi^\VX^c[jZgZVa^oVYVYZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcaV
hdWgZ bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV ^cXajn ZhijY^d YZ XVhdh 9ZXaVgVX^cYZ=Zah^c`^!hZ\chjgZk^h^cYZa'%%%#
YZaVhbj_ZgZh!h^ZcYdaVb{hhVaiVciZaVejWa^XVX^c :aegZhZciZ^c[dgbZhZegdYj_dXdc_jciVbZciZXdc
Xdc_jciVYZB>CH6$JH6>9!Mujeres de negro: la muerte jck^YZd#
:C;DFJ:9:A6>CK:HI><68>âC#BwID9DH',
' - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
K#:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:
H6AJ9E:GJ6CD
;
caVgZ\^cYZabjcYdYdcYZZm^hiZcaVhbVndgZh a^c\hi^Xdh#+H^cZbWVg\d!edgad\ZcZgVaadheZgjVcdhhZ
^cZ\j^YVYZh Zc XjVcid V adh ^c\gZhdh! Za EZg ZcXjZcigVcVaiVbZciZXdcXZcigVYdhZc{gZVhjgWVcVh#
hdWgZhVaZedghjhYZh^\jVaYVYZh#6eZhVgYZfjZ AVhedWaVX^dcZh^cY\ZcVhZhi{cYZhegdedgX^dcVYVbZciZ
ZhjceVhXdc^c\gZhdhbZY^dh!b{hYZaVb^iVYYZaV gZegZhZciVYVhZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZh!ZheZX^VabZciZZcigZ
edWaVX^ck^kZZcaVedWgZoVnXVh^jcXjVgidYZZaaVÅZa adhedWgZhgjgVaZh#,
')Åk^kZZcZmigZbVedWgZoV#AVedWaVX^c^cY\ZcV AV8db^h^cYZaVKZgYVYnaVGZXdcX^a^VX^c8KG!
YZaEZghZZcXjZcigVYZhegdedgX^dcVYVbZciZgZegZ" fjZhZ[dgbWV_dZa\dW^ZgcdYZigVch^X^cYZKVaZcic
hZciVYVZcigZVfjZaadhZbedWgZX^Ydh!nZheZX^VabZciZ EVc^V\jVeVgVZmVb^cVgZaWgjiVaXdcÓ^XidVgbVYdXdc
ZcigZVfjZaadhZbedWgZX^YdhYZbVcZgVZmigZbV#:hiV HZcYZgdAjb^cdhdfjZijkdaj\VgZcigZ&.-%nZa'%%%!
edWaVX^chj[g^\gVceVgiZYZadhVWjhdhfjZijk^Zgdc gZXVaXfjZ[jZgdcZhidhXVbeZh^cdh^cY\ZcVhgjgVaZh
aj\VgYjgVciZZaXdcÓ^XidVgbVYdfjZVhdaVaEZgYZa adhfjZ]VWVchdedgiVYdZaeZhdYZaVk^daZcX^V#HZiZciV
&.-%Va'%%%#AVh^cZfj^YVYZhYZ\cZgdiVbW^chdc nX^cXdedgX^ZcidYZaVhXVh^,%#%%%kXi^bVhYZaXdcÓ^Xid
eZcZigVciZh!nZhiVXdbW^cVX^cigVZXdbdgZhjaiVYdjcV VgbVYd ZgVc ^cY\ZcVh! ZheZX^VabZciZ XVbeZh^cdh
bVndgbVg\^cVX^cYZaVhbj_ZgZhgjgVaZhZ^cY\ZcVh# gjgVaZhYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhfjZX]jV]VWaVciZhYZadh
:a\VhidhdX^VaYZaEZg!^cXajnZcYdhj\VhidZchVajY!Zh YZeVgiVbZcidhVcY^cdhb{hedWgZhnbVg\^cVYdh!nadh
WV_dZcXdbeVgVX^cXdchjhkZX^cdhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh# Vh]{c^c`VhYZhjhgZ\^dcZhhZak{i^XVh#-:a^c[dgbZYZaV
6YZb{h!adheVigdcZhYZ\VhidZchVajYgZ[jZgoVcZc 8KGXdcXajn!VYZb{h!fjZÆaVigV\ZY^Vhj[g^YVedgaVh
kZoYZhjeZgVgaVhYZh^\jVaYVYZh#:hiVh^cZfj^YVYZhhZ edWaVX^dcZhYZaEZggjgVa!P½RadhXVbeZh^cdhedWgZhn
gZÓZ_VcZcaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcaVgZ\^c! XdcedXVZYjXVX^cPYZaREZg!c^hZh^ci^c^[jZVhjb^YV
VhXdbdZcadh^cY^XVYdgZhYZadhegdXZhdhgZaVX^dcVYdh edgZagZhidYZaeVh#:hidYZbjZhigV!hZ\cZa_j^X^dYZ
XdchiVh!iVaZhXdbdjcVVh^hiZcX^VYZaeVgidXVeVX^" aV8KG!ZagVX^hbdkZaVYdnaVhVXi^ijYZhYZheZXi^kVhfjZ
iVYV#AjZ\dYZjcV^c^X^Va[VaiVYZZ[ZXi^k^YVY!aVgZ[dgbV eZgh^hiZcZcaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcVVXVh^Ydhh^\adhYZhj
YZahZXidghVajYaaZkVYVVXVWdXdceghiVbdhYZa7VcXd cVX^b^ZcidXdbdGZeWa^XV#Ç.AV8KG]^odjcaaVbVYd
BjcY^VanYZa7VcXd>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaadhZ VjcVgZXdcX^a^VX^ccVX^dcVaWVhVYVZcaVÆX^jYVYVcV
Zc[dXVegde^VYVbZciZZcadhXj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhYZ ^ciZ\gVaeVgVidYdhadheZgjVcdhÇ!fjZhZdg^ZciV]VX^V
ZbZg\ZcX^VnaVhgZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^V!eZgdZaVkVcXZ aV hjeZgVX^c YZ aV [gV\bZciVX^c n Y^hXg^b^cVX^c
Xdci^cjh^ZcYda^b^iVYd# ]^hig^XVhYZaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcV#&%
6a^\jVafjZZcdigdheVhZhYZaVgZ\^c!aViVhVYZ
EVcdgVbVhdX^dYZbd\g{ÒXd XgZX^b^ZcidedWaVX^dcVa]V[gZcVYdhj^cXgZbZcidZc
adhai^bdhkZ^ciZVdh#AViVhVYZXgZX^b^ZcidedWaV"
:aEZgXdciVWVXdcVagZYZYdgYZ'-b^aadcZhYZ]VW^"
X^dcVaYZaeVhVaXVcoZa'!'edgX^ZcidZc&.-*!&&eZgd
iVciZhZcZa'%%*!&adfjZadXdckZgiVZcaVXjVgiVcVX^c
Y^hb^cjnYZbVcZgVXdchiVciZ]VhiVaaZ\VgV&!)edg
b{hedWaVYVYZHjYVbg^XV#'HZZheZgVfjZaVedWaVX^c
X^ZcidZcZaVd'%%*#&'HZZheZgVfjZYZhX^ZcYV^cXajhd
YZaeVhgdcYZadh(%b^aadcZheVgVZaVd'%&%#(8Vh^Za
b{h!]VhiVVaXVcoVgVegdm^bVYVbZciZZa&!(eVgVZaVd
),YZaVedWaVX^cYZaEZgZh^cY\ZcV!nXdchi^ijnZ
'%&%#&(
Vegdm^bVYVbZciZYZa'%Va'*YZidYVhaVheZghdcVh
AVYZXgZX^ZciZ[Zgi^a^YVYXdcXjZgYVXdcZaYZXgZX^ZciZ
^cY\ZcVhfjZk^kZcZcAVi^cdVbg^XV#):m^hiZc*b^aadcZh
XgZX^b^ZcidedWaVX^dcVaYZaeVh#AViVhVidiVaYZ[Zgi^"
YZfjZX]jV]VWaVciZhZcZaEZg!bjX]dhYZadhXjVaZh
a^YVYII;Y^hb^cjnYZjcegdbZY^dYZ)!&c^dhedg
Zhi{cXdcXZcigVYdhZcaVgZ\^cYZaVh^ZggV!_jcidXdc
bj_ZgZc&.-+V'!.c^dhedgbj_ZgZcZa'%%%#&):cZa
adh]VWaVciZhYZVnbVgV!fj^ZcZhZhi{cXdcXZcigVYdh
'%%*!aVhbj_ZgZhfjZk^kVcZcaVhZakVYVWVcVajojc
ZceVgi^XjaVgZcaVgZ\^cYZaVai^eaVcd#*:caVgZ\^c
egdbZY^dYZ(!+c^dh!b^ZcigVhfjZaVhbj_ZgZhYZaVh
YZaVhZakVYZaEZg!k^kZcjcVhZg^ZYZXdbjc^YVYZh
gZ\^dcZhYZaVh^ZggVnXdhiViZcVcjcegdbZY^dYZ'!.
cVi^kVhY^[ZgZciZh!fjZgZegZhZciVcV**\gjedhZicd"
n'!'c^dh!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#&*AViVhVYZcViVa^YVYeVgV
'.
ZaeZgdYdXdbegZcY^YdZcigZZa'%%%nZa'%%*[jZYZ 6eZhVgYZfjZZaEZg]VY^h[gjiVYdYZjcXgZX^"
''!+cVX^b^Zcidhedg&%%%]VW^iVciZh!&+XdcjcViZcYZcX^V b^ZcidZXdcb^Xd[VkdgVWaZnYZZmXZYZciZhXdbZgX^VaZh
VY^hb^cj^gV&+!+YjgVciZZaeZgdYd'%'%Ä'%'*#&,H^c ZcadhVdhgZX^ZciZh!adh[gjidhYZY^X]VegdheZg^YVY
ZbWVg\d!aVhY^hb^cjX^dcZhZcaVhII;hZhXdcYZch^\c^Ò" idYVkVcd]Vch^YdeZgX^W^YdhedgaVbVndgeVgiZYZaV
XVi^kVhY^heVg^YVYZhZcigZaVhgZ\^dcZh#&- edWaVX^c!Zc\gVcbZY^YVYZW^YdVhj^bedgiVciZYZjYV
AVZmeZXiVi^kVYZk^YVZcZaEZg]VVjbZciVYdhZ^h cVX^dcVanVhjZm^\jVgZXVjYVX^cig^WjiVg^V#',:aE7>
VdhZcadhai^bdhkZ^ciZVdh#&.AdheZgjVcdhcVX^Ydh \ZcZgVaYZaeVhXgZX^jc+!,ZcZa'%%*!'-nZaYÒX^i
Zc Za '%%' ejZYZc ZheZgVg k^k^g jc egdbZY^d YZ ,% YZahZXidgeWa^XdhZegdnZXiZcZa&YZaE7>ZcZaVd
Vdh/,'eVgVaVhbj_ZgZhn+,eVgVadh]dbWgZh#'%H^c '%%+#'.EdgdigdaVYd!ZaWVaVcXZXdbZgX^VaVXijVaVggd_V
ZbWVg\d!Va^\jVafjZXdcadhYZb{h^cY^XVYdgZh!ZhiZ jcZmXZYZciZYZVagZYZYdgYZJH*#'%%b^ab^aadcZh!d
VkVcXZiVbW^cZcXjWgZY^heVg^YVYZh/adhcVX^YdhZcaVh +!-YZaE7>#CddWhiVciZ!hjVXijVaZmXZYZciZXdciVWaZ
X^jYVYZhiZcYg{cjcegdbZY^dYZZmeZXiVi^kVYZk^YVYZ gdYZVadhJH&#%(%b^aadcZh!eg^cX^eVabZciZYZW^YdVa
,'Vdh!b^ZcigVhfjZVfjZaadhcVX^YdhZc{gZVhgjgVaZh hZgk^X^dYZaVYZjYVYZaeVh#(%EdgZ_Zbead!ZcZa'%%)
iZcYg{cjcVZmeZXiVi^kVYZk^YVegdbZY^dYZ+*Vdh#'& Za\dW^Zgcd\VhiXVh^&(#'%%b^aadcZhYZCjZkdhHdaZh
6YZb{h!b^ZcigVhfjZadhcVX^YdhZcA^bViZcYg{cjc Vegdm^bVYVbZciZJH)#&%%b^aadcZhZchjYZjYV
egdbZY^dYZk^YVYZ,-!)Vdh!aVheZghdcVhcVX^YVh cVX^dcVa!b^ZcigVhfjZhZVh^\cVgdchdaVbZciZ(#)%%
Zc=jVcXVkZa^XVk^k^g{c]VhiVVaXVcoVgadh+&!)VdhZc b^aadcZhYZCjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJHb^a
egdbZY^d#'' b^aadcZhVÒcVcX^Vgadhegd\gVbVhYZhVajY#(&
6eZhVgYZfjZaVZXdcdbV]VbZ_dgVYdnaV^cÓVX^c
EVcdgVbVZXdcb^Xd hZ]VaaZ\VYdVXdcigdaVg!aVhgZXVjYVX^dcZhig^WjiVg^Vh
YZaEZgh^\jZch^ZcYdWVhiVciZWV_Vh!bVciZc^ZcYdZa
6eZhVgYZhZgjceVhYZ^c\gZhdhbZY^dh!aVedWgZoV
\VhidhdX^VabjnedgYZWV_dYZaegdbZY^dgZ\^dcVa#(':c
hZZmi^ZcYZedgidYdZaEZg#'(H^bZY^bdhaVedWgZoV
ZaVd'%%+!aVhgZXVjYVX^dcZhig^WjiVg^VhYZaEZgXdchi^"
hZ\cZaedgXZciV_ZYZaVedWaVX^cfjZk^kZXdcbZcdh
ijnZgdchdaVbZciZZa&(!(YZhjE7>#:cXdcigVhiZXdc
YZjcJH&edgYV!aVh^ijVX^chdX^dZXdcb^XVYZa
Zaad!aVhgZXVjYVX^dcZhig^WjiVg^VhYZ7da^k^VgZegZhZc"
EZghZZfj^eVgVXdcaVYZeVhZhiVaZhXdbd@ZcnV!aV
iVgdcZa&*YZhjE7>!aVhYZ8]^aZVhXZcY^ZgdcV&*!.
>cY^VnHZcZ\Va!ZckZoYZ]VXZgadXdchjhkZX^cdhaVi^"
naVhYZ6g\Zci^cVÅVeZhVgYZfjZVchZZhi{gZXj"
cdVbZg^XVcdh#')B{hYZaVb^iVYYZaVedWaVX^ceZgjVcV
eZgVcYdYZjcVXg^h^hZXdcb^XVbVh^kVÅVaXVcoVgdc
k^kZedgYZWV_dYZaVacZVYZedWgZoVcVX^dcVa!b^ZcigVh
&)!' YZ hj E7>#(( :a ;dcYd BdcZiVg^d >ciZgcVX^dcVa
fjZXVh^jcXjVgidÅ')Åk^kZZcÆZmigZbVÇedWgZoV#'*
;B>gZXdb^ZcYVfjZÆEVgVeVhZhXdcWV_VhiVhVhYZ
AVb^iVYYZaVedWaVX^cgjgVak^kZZcZmigZbVedWgZoV!
gZXVjYVX^dcZh\jWZgcVbZciVaZheVgVZaE7>!adhdW_Zi^kdh
b^ZcigVhfjZhdaVbZciZZa&%YZaVedWaVX^cjgWVcV
^bedgiVciZhegdWVWaZbZciZhZVcVbea^VgaVWVhZÒhXVa
hdedgiVaVhb^hbVhXdcY^X^dcZh#'+
nbZ_dgVgaVVYb^c^higVX^cig^WjiVg^V#EVgVadheVhZh
=h|ÓYeD±$'0=WijeZ[b]eX_[hde[d[bi[hl_Y_e XdcWV_dh^c\gZhdh!hZYZWZgVXdch^YZgVgXdbddW_Zi^kd
Z[bWZ[kZWo[dbeifhe]hWcWiZ[iWbkZ$(&&* bc^bdjcVgZaVX^cÒhXVaYZa&*edgX^ZcidYZaE7>#Ç()
AdhWV_dhZ^begZYZX^WaZh^c\gZhdhÒhXVaZhYZaEZg]Vc
h^YdVig^Wj^YdhVÆjcaZ\VYdYZgZeZi^YVhVbc^hiVhig^Wj"
:[kZWDWY_edWb iVg^VhfjZeZgeZiVcZa^cXjbea^b^ZcidnaV^cXVeVX^YVY
eVgVdWiZcZgadh^c\gZhdhcZXZhVg^dheVgVXdbWVi^gaV
13,164 edWgZoV#Ç(*:a7VcXdBjcY^Va]VXdcXaj^YdfjZÆaVeg^c"
X^eVagVocYZaWV_d\VhidhdX^VaZcZaEZghZYZWZVfjZ
IWbkZ aVgZXVjYVX^cig^WjiVg^VXdbdedgXZciV_ZYZaE7>ZhWV_V
3,403 ZcXdbeVgVX^cXdcdigdheVhZhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh#Ç(+
:a7VcXdBjcY^VaZa7VcXdiVbW^cZcXjZcigVfjZhZ
Vh^\cVjcVWV_Veg^dg^YVYVadhegd\gVbVheVgVXdbWVi^g
& (&&& *&&& ,&&& .&&& '&&&& '(&&& '*&&& aVedWgZoVnVa\VhidhdX^VaZcZaEZg#(,:chj^c[dgbZ
:cb^aadcZhYZCjZkdhHdaZh hdWgZZaVd'%%+!Un nuevo contrato social: una agenda
para mejorar la educación, la salud y la nueva red de segu-
KZgK{hfjZo!:#'%%)/')Presupuesto público y gasto social: la urgencia ridad social en el Perú!Za7VcXdXdcXajnZZcg\^XVbZciZ
del monitoreo y evaluación# A^bV/ 8Zcigd YZ >ckZhi^\VX^c YZ aV fjZÆYVYdfjZhZg{ZmigZbVYVbZciZY^[X^aeVgVZaEZg
Jc^kZgh^YVYYZaEVX^ÒXdÄHVkZI]Z8]^aYgZcHjZX^V#
( % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
=h|ÓYeD±$(0=Wije[diWbkZYecekdWfhefehY_d adheVhZhXdcbVndgZhYZh^\jVaYVYZhYZadh&,,eVhZh
Z[bF8?o]WijejejWbZ[b]eX_[hde(&&&#(&&, ZcXjZhiVYdh#)):cZa'%%%!Za&%XdcbVndgg^fjZoVYZ
, aVedWaVX^c\VcVWVZa(+YZadh^c\gZhdhVcjVaZhYZaV
*#*+
cVX^c!b^ZcigVhfjZZa&%b{hedWgZ\VcVWVhdaVbZciZ
)#-* )#. Za%!-#)*6eZhVgYZfjZZaEZgZhiVWVZcZaejZhid-'
+ )#+- )#+( )#-
)#', ZcigZadh&,,eVhZhhZ\cZaÞcY^XZYZ9ZhVggdaad=jbVcd
>9=YZaECJ9!)+adhX{aXjadhhjWcVX^dcVaZhYZa>9=
* gZkZaVcVbea^VhY^heVg^YVYZhZcigZadhY^[ZgZciZhYZeVg"
iVbZcidhYZaEZg#),:a>9=YZA^bVhZXVaXjaZc%!,&%
) ZcZa'%%*!b^ZcigVhfjZZaYZ=jVcXVkZa^XVVaXVcoiVc
hdad%!).'nZaYZEjcd%!*),#)-
(
6a b^hbd i^Zbed! aV egdedgX^c YZa egZhjejZhid
cVX^dcVafjZgZX^WZcadhYZeVgiVbZcidhcdXdggZhedcYZ
%#.' &#%' &#%, %#., %#.- VhjhgZheZXi^kdhc^kZaZhYZedWgZoV#
%#-- %#.
'
8dbdhZZk^YZcX^VZcZa\g{ÒXdVciZg^dg!Za\VhidZh
\ZcZgVabZciZb{hVaidVadaVg\dYZaVXdhiVVaiVbZciZ
&
(&&& (&&' (&&( (&&) (&&* (&&+ (&&, jgWVc^oVYVÅYdcYZadhc^kZaZhYZcZXZh^YVYZhW{h^XVh
^chVi^h[ZX]VhgdcYVcZa*%n+%Å!b^ZcigVhfjZZa\Vhid
YZaEgZhjejZhid<ZcZgVa YZaE7> gZegZhZciVhdaVbZciZjcV[gVXX^cYZhiZZc{gZVhXdc
;jZciZ/B^c^hiZg^dYZ:XdcdbVn;^cVcoVh'%%,#
edWaVX^cVaiVbZciZ^cY\ZcV!iVaZhXdbd=jVcXVkZa^XV!
YdcYZZa.%YZaVedWaVX^ci^ZcZcZXZh^YVYZhW{h^XVh
ZcXdcigVgV]dggdhVY^X^dcVaZhbZY^VciZaVhjaiZg^dgZh ^chVi^h[ZX]Vh#
gZYjXX^dcZhYZaÒcVcX^Vb^ZcideWa^Xd!cdi^ZcZdigV AVh cZXZh^YVYZh W{h^XVh ^chVi^h[ZX]Vh h^\c^[^XVc!
deX^cfjZVjbZciVghj\VhidhdX^Vapari passubZY^VciZ inter alia!aV[VaiVYZVXXZhdVjcVVa^bZciVX^cVYZ"
jcVbVndggZXVjYVX^cig^WjiVg^VnjcVgZVh^\cVX^cYZa XjVYV!V\jVediVWaZnhVcZVb^ZcidW{h^Xd#EdgZ_Zbead!
egZhjejZhid#Ç(- YdhiZgX^dhYZaVedWaVX^cZcZafj^ci^ab{hWV_d+,
:cZaVd'%%%!ZaEZgVh^\chdaVbZciZZa'!.YZhj cdi^ZcZcVXXZhdVYZXjVYdVaV\jVediVWaZ!b^ZcigVh
E7>VaVZYjXVX^cnZa&!)Vah^hiZbVYZhVajY!b^ZcigVh fjZY^X]VXdWZgijgVZhjc^kZghVaZcZafj^ci^aXdcbVndg
fjZ7da^k^VÅaVcVX^cb{hedWgZYZHjYVbg^XVÅ\Vhi g^fjZoV#). AVh ^cZfj^YVYZh YZa EZg Zc gZaVX^c V aV
+!(YZhjE7>ZcZYjXVX^cn(!,ZchVajY#(.9Z]ZX]d! hZkZgVYZhcjig^X^cXgc^XV^c[Vci^a!fjZZhdXVh^dcVYV
Za\VhidYZaEZgZchVajY]VY^hb^cj^YdegdedgX^dcVa" edgaVYZhcjig^X^cYjgVciZjcaVg\deZgdYdYZi^Zbed!
bZciZZcadhVdhgZX^ZciZh!nhdaVbZciZ%!.YZhj hdcVaVgbVciZh#EdgXVYVc^dZcZafj^ci^aXdcbVndg
E7>[jZVh^\cVYdVadhegd\gVbVhYZhVajYZcZa'%%*! g^fjZoVfjZhj[gZYZYZhcjig^X^cXgc^XVhZkZgVÅXdc
YZhXZcY^ZcYdYZa&!)fjZZm^hiVZcZa'%%&#)%6ab^hbd hjh XdchZXjZcX^Vh YZ edg k^YV Zc Za VegZcY^oV_Z! Za
i^Zbed!hZ]VVh^\cVYdjcVbVndgegdedgX^cYZaegZhj" YZhVggdaadnaVhVajYgZegdYjXi^kVÅZm^hiZc*.c^dhXdc
ejZhidVcjVaVVa^k^VgaVYZjYVcVX^dcVa#)& YZhcjig^X^cXgc^XVhZkZgVZcZafj^ci^ab{hedWgZ#AVh
AdhhZXidgZhZmigVXi^kdh]VcXgZX^YdXdchiVciZbZciZ cZXZh^YVYZhW{h^XVh^chVi^h[ZX]VhiVbW^chZigVYjXZc
Zcadhai^bdhVdhncdhdaVbZciZXdchi^ijnZcjcVeVgiZ ZcjcVbdgiVa^YVY^c[Vci^a^ccZXZhVg^Vn!adfjZcdZhYZ
h^\c^ÒXVi^kVYZaVZXdcdbVYZaEZgh^cdiVbW^cjcV hdgegZcYZg!iVbW^cZm^hiZcegd[jcYVhYZh^\jVaYVYZh
[jZciZ^bedgiVciZYZ^c\gZhdheVgVZa\VhidhdX^Va#:a gZaVX^dcVYVhXdcaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZc
hZXidgb^cZgdnYZ]^YgdXVgWjgdhXgZX^XZgXVYZa, ZaEZg#B{hYZ*c^dhbZcdgZhYZX^cXdVdhYZadh
VcjVabZciZZcVdhgZX^ZciZh!Xdchi^ijnZcYdjc[VXidg fj^ci^aZhXdcbZcdgZh^c\gZhdhbjZgZcedgXVYVc^d
h^\c^ÒXVi^kdZcZaXgZX^b^ZcidYZaE7>#)' fjZbjZgZYZafj^ci^ab{hVY^cZgVYd#*%
AVVh^\cVX^cYZa\VhidhdX^VanZajhdYZ^c\gZhdh
egdkZc^ZciZhYZadh^bejZhidhhdcZheZX^VabZciZ^bedg" ?d[gk_ZWZZ[]d[he
iVciZhZcZaEZgYZW^YdVfjZaVY^hig^WjX^cYZgZciVhZc AV^cZfj^YVYYZ\cZgd^ckVYZaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcVZ
ZaeVh]Vh^YdhZkZgVbZciZYZh^\jVaedgbjX]dhVdh#)(:a ^ciZgVXiVXdcaVedWgZoVnaVY^hXg^b^cVX^cic^XV#Edg
XdZÒX^ZciZ<>C>YZaeVhÅjcVbZY^X^cYZaVYZh^\jVaYVY Z_Zbead!ZcZaVd'%%'!ZcigZadhhZXidgZhfjZk^kVcZc
YZadh^c\gZhdhÅ[jZYZ*)!+XjVcYdhZXVaXjaedgai^bV ZmigZbVedWgZoV!aVhc^VhVh^hiVcVaVZhXjZaVhZXjcYVg^V
kZoZcZa'%%'!XdadXVcYdVaEZgZcaVedh^X^c&*ZcigZ VjcViVhVYZ-%YZaVYZadhc^dhfjZk^kVcZcjcV
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD(&
=h|ÓYeD±$)0<_dWdY_Wc_[djeZ[b]eX_[hdef[hYWf_jW[dDk[leiIeb[iofehY[djW`[Z[bWfeXbWY_d
Yedd[Y[i_ZWZ[iX|i_YWi_diWj_i\[Y^Wi(&&&#(&&+
)&&
(+&
(&&
fehY[djW`[Z[bW
dk[leiieb[i
feXbWY_dYed
d[Y[i_ZWZ[iX|i_YWi
_diWj_i\[Y^Wi '+&
'&&
.&
'&&
,&
*&
+&
(&
& &
d
?YW
iYe
kW
i^
de
[i
W
hW
dW
W
W
dd
iYe
Wi
e
e
Z
_e
k[
ei
WY
Wb_
kY
WhY
b_Y
k_f
bbW
h[j
hjW
Whj
kZ
F_k
YW
cX
[]
ed
Fk
Y
:_
[g
c
Wo
9k
@k
FW
|d
JW
l[
9W
Be
Wg
`Wc
X[
WY
7d
dC
gk
Wp
Z[
Wo
KY
kh
Jk
YW
>k
7h
7o
B_
Wo
7c
Ce
cX
7f
9W
Zh[
Wd
IW
BW
B_c
>k
BW
CW
;jZciZ/H>6;"B:;ZcEdgidXVggZgd6#<#/ La equidad en la asignación regional del financiamiento del sector público de salud. 2000-2005#8>:H/.#
h^ijVX^ch^b^aVg#*&:hidh^\c^ÒXVfjZ!ZcaVeg{Xi^XV!aVh hjhVajYZcaV:cXjZhiVCVX^dcVa9Zbd\g{ÒXVnYZHVajY
[Vb^a^Vhi^ZcYZcVhVXg^ÒXVgaVZYjXVX^cYZaVhc^Vh!ad ;Vb^a^Vg:C9:H#B{hYZjciZgX^dYZaVhbj_ZgZhZcaV
fjZXdcYjXZVbVndgZhegdWVW^a^YVYZhYZZmXajh^ceVgV h^ZggV^c[dgbcdiZcZgjcXdcigdaZmXajh^kddXdc_jcid
ZaaVhZcZa[jijgd#*':caVh^ZggV!ZhiVhY^[ZgZcX^VhhdcVc hdWgZaVhYZX^h^dcZhfjZV[ZXiVchjhVajY(*#*+:c{gZVh
b{hhZkZgVh#:cZa'%%'!aVhc^Vhijk^ZgdcVXXZhdVaV gjgVaZh!jc)%YZaVhbj_ZgZhgZedgifjZcdiZcVY^X]d
ZYjXVX^chZXjcYVg^VnZYjXVX^chjeZg^dgVjcViVhV Xdcigda!b^ZcigVhfjZZcaVh{gZVhjgWVcVhhdadZa''
YZ+*n+'YZaViVhVYZadhc^dh!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#*( ^c[dgbfjZcdiZcVY^X]dXdcigda#*,
HZ\cadhYVidhYZa'%%)!ZcaVh^ZggV!jc&,YZaVh AV[VaiVYZVaWZYgdhZgZÓZ_VZcaVh^YZVhfjZhdWgZ
c^Vhnbj_ZgZhbVndgZhYZ+VdhcdiZcVc^c\ci^ed aVVjidcdbVhZmjVaZm^hiZcZcigZaVhbj_ZgZhZcZaEZg#
YZZYjXVX^c!b^ZcigVhfjZXVh^Za)%cdXjab^cVWVaV EdgZ_Zbead!ZcigZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZcdi^ZcZcXdcigdahdWgZ
ZhXjZaVeg^bVg^V#*):aegdbZY^dYZVdhYZZYjXVX^ceVgV aVhYZX^h^dcZhY^Vg^VhYZa]d\Vg!iVaZhXdbdaVhXdbegVhd
aVhbj_ZgZhZcaVh^ZggVZgVYZ)!'!b^ZcigVhfjZZcigZaVh XdbdVfjaaVhfjZV[ZXiVchjhVajY!hdaVbZciZZa,%XgZV
bj_ZgZhZcZafj^ci^ab{hedWgZZgVYZ'!(#** fjZZgV_jhi^ÒXVWaZfjZhZgZ]jhVgVcViZcZggZaVX^dcZh
AVhbj_ZgZhZcaVh^ZggViVbW^cYVWVcgVocYZaV hZmjVaZhedgidYVhaVhgVodcZhh^\j^ZciZh/aVbj_ZgZhi{
bZcdgXVci^YVYYZXdcigdahdWgZaVhYZX^h^dcZhfjZV[ZXiVc XVchVYV!]VYVYdVajogZX^ZciZbZciZ!hVWZfjZhjZhedhd
BWl_eb[dY_WZ[]d[heobWcehjWb_ZWZcWj[hdW0kdYWieZ[Beh[je++
6YZaV+,nhjZhedhdaaZ\VgdcVHVc?dhYZAjejcV 6YZaVh^\j^hVc\gVcYdedgb{hYZYdhbZhZh!Va
]VXZjcdhbZhZhnhZZhiVWaZX^ZgdcZcaVXdbjc^YVY ejcidfjZnVcdedYVXVb^cVgc^aZkVciVghZYZaVXVbV#
YZgdCVcVn#AVeVgZ_VcdiZcV[Vb^a^VgZhZcZhV{gZV! AVeVgZ_VYZX^Y^ZcidcXZh^gVaXZcigdYZhVajYYZ
eZgd]VWVch^Yd[dgoVYdhVhVa^gYZhjXdbjc^YVYZc BdgdcVXdX]V!eZgdajZ\dYZYdhYVh[jZgdc[dgoVYdh
aVXjZcXVYZagdBdbcYZW^YdVaXdbedgiVb^Zcid VgZ\gZhVgVXVhVedgfjZcdiZcVchjÒX^ZciZY^cZgd
k^daZcidYZaZhedhdYZ6YZaV# eVgVeV\VghjigViVb^Zcid#:caViVgYZZcfjZaaZ\V
8jVcYd 6YZaV iZcV igZh bZhZh YZ ZbWVgVod! XVhV!aVXdcY^X^cYZ6YZaVZbeZdg#Hjc^XVVb^\V
ZbeZo V iZcZg jcV ]ZbdggV\^V YZW^Yd V fjZ hj naVbVb{YZhiVaVaaZkVgdcVa=dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZ
ZhedhdaZeViZZaZhibV\d#wacdfjZgViZcZgb{h >fj^idh!YdcYZegdcidbjg^#:aZhedhdYZ6YZaVigVi
]^_dhnegZ[ZgVfjZZaaVVWdgiVgV#6YZaViZcVXjVigd YZZk^iVgaVVjideh^V!edgfjZcdfjZgVfjZadhYdXidgZh
c^dh YZ jc bVig^bdc^d VciZg^dg Zc Za fjZ fjZY YZhXjWg^ZgVcfjZaaV]VWVbVaigViVYd#
k^jYV!njcV]^_VYZhjVXijVabVig^bdc^d#CdaZY^_dV 9ZhejhYZhjbjZgiZ!6YZaV[jZZciZggVYVedghjh
cVY^ZfjZZhiVWVZbWVgVoVYV#HjZhedhdaZegd]^W^ kZX^cdhnhjZhedhd]jnYZaVXdbjc^YVY!YZ_VcYdVig{h
Vh^hi^gVaVedhiVYZhVajYZcHVc?dhYZAjejcV! Vhjh]^_dh#IgZhYZadhc^dhZgVcbjneZfjZdh!YZadh
edgfjZacdfjZgVfjZhje^ZhZcfjZaaVbVaigViVWV# XjVaZhadhYdhbZcdgZhhdcXj^YVYdhedgaV]ZgbVcV
bVndg#HjhVXijVaZheVgVYZgdhhdcYZhXdcdX^Ydh#
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD((
&.&!ZcgZaVX^cVaV_jhi^X^VYZaVhXdcig^WjX^dcZhÒcVc" fjZVigV_daVViZcX^cYZadh:hiVYdhYdcVciZhnYZaVh
X^ZgVhÅXdadX{cYdadb{hXZgXVZcZhiZdgYZcVeVhZh ^chi^ijX^dcZh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh! ^cXajnZcYd aV 6\ZcX^V
iVaZhXdbdHdbVa^V!BnVcbVgnH^ZggVAZdcVfjZVhjh YZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdheVgVZa9ZhVggdaad>ciZgcVX^dcVa
kZX^cdhgZ\^dcVaZh#+- JH6>9!Za7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7VcXd>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ
8dbdZcbjX]dhdigdheVhZhYZaVgZ\^c!Zah^hiZbV 9ZhVggdaad7>9#,.7V_daV6Yb^c^higVX^cYZ;j_^bdg^
YZhVajYYZaEZghZXVgVXiZg^oVedghZgjcVbZoXaV &..%"'%%%!adhegdnZXidhYZgZ[dgbVYZahZXidghVajY
YZ ^chi^ijX^dcZh fjZ hZ dg\Vc^oVc hZ\c hj egde^d hZZc[dXVgdcZcaVhVajYbViZgcd"^c[Vci^a^cXaj^YVZc
ZhiVijhYZZbeaZd#:ah^hiZbVYZhVajYXdbegZcYZ/Za ZaEgdnZXidYZHVajYnCjig^X^c7{h^XVEHC7Ä&..)"
B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajYB>CH60Zah^hiZbVYZhZ\jg^YVY '%%%!ÒcVcX^VYdZceVgiZedgZa7VcXdBjcY^Va!nZcZa
hdX^Va:HH6AJ90adhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYeVgVaVeda^XV EgdnZXid'%%%&..*"'%%%!ÒcVcX^VYdeVgX^VabZciZedg
naVh[jZgoVhVgbVYVh0hZ\jgdhnegdkZZYdgZheg^kVYdh0 JH6>9#-%:aEHC7hZXZcigZcaVhXVeVX^YVYZhYZViZc"
naVh^chi^ijX^dcZhh^cÒcZhYZajXgd#+.:HH6AJ9Wg^cYV X^ceg^bVg^V!^cXajnZcYdZaXj^YVYdegZcViVa!b^ZcigVh
XdWZgijgVVadhZbeaZVYdhYZa:hiVYdnVVfjaadhfjZ fjZZaEgdnZXid'%%%^cXajVZheZXÒXVbZciZbZiVhgZaV"
XjZciVcXdcjcZbeaZd[dgbVa!nZhi{ÒcVcX^VYdeg^cX^" X^dcVYVhXdcaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!eZgdZc[dXVYVhZc
eVabZciZedgadhZbeaZVYdgZhnadhZbeaZVYdhWV_daV adheVgidh^chi^ijX^dcVaZhZckZoYZadhXj^YVYdhdWhi"
Vjidg^YVYYZaB^c^hiZg^dYZIgVWV_d#,%BZcdhYZa'YZ ig^XdhYZZbZg\ZcX^V8D:bYZbVcZgVZheZXÒXV#-&:a
adheZgjVcdhXjZciVXdcjchZ\jgdeg^kVYd!b^ZcigVh 7>9!VYZb{h!ÒcVcX^jcegd\gVbVe^adideVgVjchZ\jgd
fjZZa&!(i^ZcZjcVXdWZgijgVVigVkhYZeaVcZhb^a^" eWa^XdYZhVajYbViZgcd"^c[Vci^aZc&..,#:cigZ&..)
iVgZhdYZaVeda^XV#,&:aB>CH6ZhgZhedchVWaZYZagZhid nZa'%%%!b{hYZaVb^iVYYZaegZhjejZhidYZaB>CH6
ÅVegdm^bVYVbZciZZa,*ÅYZaVedWaVX^c#,' eVgVaVhVajYbViZgcd"^c[Vci^anaVhZc[ZgbZYVYZh^c[ZX"
:m^hiZcigZhXaVh^ÒXVX^dcZhYZadhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh X^dhVhegdkZcVYZZhiVhigZh^chi^ijX^dcZh!njcedgXZc"
YZhVajYfjZ[dgbVceVgiZYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYeWa^Xd# iV_Z^cXajh^kZb{hVaidYZaegZhjejZhidhZY^g^\VVaV
:cZaEZg!jcedXdb{hYZYdhiZgX^dhYZadhZhiVWaZX^" hVajYbViZgcV#-'
b^ZcidhYZhVajYhdcejZhidhYZhVajY!fjZhZhjedcZ H^cZbWVg\d!VeZhVgYZa^cXgZbZcidZcaVXdWZgijgV
d[gZXZcjcVViZcX^ceg^bVg^V#,(KZ^ci^X^cXdedgX^Zcid YZaVViZcX^c!aVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVh^\j^bVciZc^c"
YZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYhZXaVh^ÒXVcXdbd YdhZdWhi^cVYVbZciZZaZkVYVYjgVciZZhiZi^Zbed!nV
XZcigdhYZhVajY!nhjgVocYZhZgZhWg^cYVghZgk^X^dh fjZhZegZhiVWVedXVViZcX^cVXgZVgh^hiZbVhYZgZ[Z"
b{hZheZXÒXdhfjZadhejZhidhYZhVajY#,)AVViZcX^c gZcX^VfjZ[jcX^dcVgVc!VhXdbdVdigdhXdbedcZciZh
b{hZheZX^Va^oVYVhZZcXjZcigVZcadh]dhe^iVaZh!fjZ XaVkZhYZadhXj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhYZZbZg\ZcX^V#-(:c
Xdchi^ijnZcZa+gZhiVciZYZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZ &..,!aVY^[jh^cYZadh^c[dgbZhXdc_jcidhYZaVDBHnaV
hVajY#,*H^cZbWVg\d!ZcaVeg{Xi^XVZm^hiZjcVVbea^V DEHÅfjZedcVcYZbVc^ÒZhidaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVY
kVg^ZYVYZcigZaVhXVeVX^YVYZhiXc^XVhYZadhZhiVWaZX^" bViZgcVZcZaEZgÅXd^cX^Y^ZgdcXdcjcZhX{cYVadfjZ
b^ZcidhfjZhZXaVh^ÒXVchZ\cZhidhY^hi^cidhc^kZaZh# hjg\^ZcZaB^c^hiZg^dYZHVajYgZheZXidVaEgd\gVbV
:cZa'%%&!ZahZXidgYZaVhVajYeWa^XVYVWVgVocYZa CVX^dcVaYZEaVc^ÒXVX^c;Vb^a^Vg#-)
*&YZadh]dhe^iVaZhYZaEZg!+.YZadhXZcigdhYZ AVh^ckZhi^\VX^dcZhYZa8db^iYZ6bg^XVAVi^cVn
hVajYn..YZadhejZhidhYZhVajY#,+ :a8Vg^WZeVgVaV9Z[ZchVYZadh9ZgZX]dhYZaVBj_Zg
:c adh Vdh cdkZciV! Za EZg [jZ hdbZi^Yd V jcV 8A69:BndigVhdg\Vc^oVX^dcZhcd\jWZgcVbZciVaZh
gZ[dgbVYZaHZXidgHVajY#:aXdcÓ^XidVgbVYdegdiV\d" DC<h!VhXdbdaV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad!gZkZaVgdcfjZ
c^oVYdedgHZcYZgdAjb^cdhdVeVgi^gYZadhVdhdX]ZciV Za\dW^ZgcdhZZhiVWV^ckdajXgVcYdZcjcVXVbeVVYZ
]VWVYZhigj^YdZah^hiZbVYZhVajY#,,EVgV^c^X^dhYZadh ZhiZg^a^oVX^ch^hiZb{i^XV!VbZcjYdh^c]VWZgdWiZc^Yd
cdkZciV!ZaEZghdaVbZciZXdciVWVXdcVagZYZYdgYZ jcXdchZci^b^ZcidVYZXjVYdYZaVbj_ZgdW_ZidYZaV
&#%%%ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYZc[jcX^dcVb^Zcid#,-AV b^hbV#AVhbZiVhcjbg^XVheVgVaVVci^XdcXZeX^c
VjhZcX^VYZZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYZgVb{hcdiVWaZ fj^gg\^XVeg^cX^eVabZciZa^\VYjgVYZigdbeVhgZVa^"
Zc{gZVhYZaVhZakVnYZaVh^ZggV!YdcYZZaXdcÓ^Xid oVYVhedgadhegdkZZYdgZhYZhVajY!naVh^hiZb{i^XV
]VWVh^Ydb{hV\jYd!^cXajnZcYd6nVXjX]d!Ejcdn hjeZgk^h^cYZaad\gdYZY^X]VhbZiVh![jZgdcZhiVWaZ"
=jVcXVkZa^XV# X^YVhY^gZXiVbZciZedgZa\dW^ZgcdXZcigVa#:acbZgd
:c&..)hZ^c^X^jcZh[jZgodYZgZ[dgbVYZah^hiZbV YZaVhX^gj\VhVjbZciXVYVVd#EVgVedYZgad\gVg
YZhVajYV\gVcZhXVaV!Y^g^\^YdVVjbZciVgaV^c[gVZh" ZhiVhbZiVh!hZVh^\cVgdcXjdiVhYZÆegdYjXi^k^YVYÇeVgV
igjXijgV YZ aV ViZcX^c eg^bVg^V n gZYjX^g adh Vaidh aVgZVa^oVX^cYZVci^XdcXZeX^cfj^gg\^XVVaVh^chi^"
c^kZaZhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZ^c[Vci^aYZaEZg!ad ijX^dcZhnVaeZghdcVaYZhVajY#:ckVg^VhadXVa^YVYZh!
( ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
8A69:BZcXdcigZk^YZcX^VYZaVVh^\cVX^cYZ^cXZc" igVa^oVX^cZcaVegdk^h^cYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYZc
i^kdh!egZh^cnVbZcVoVhZ_ZgX^YVhXdcigVZaeZghdcVaYZ Za'%%*!bZY^VciZZa9ZXgZidHjegZbd%*'"'%%*"E8#.&
hVajYeVgV^cYjX^gaVgZVa^oVX^cYZX^gj\VhedgZ_Zbead! :aYZXgZidZhiVWaZX^fjZ[jZgVcigVch[Zg^YVhVadh\d"
d[gZX^ZcYdY^cZgdedgXVYVjhjVg^d!VbZcVoVhYZVhXZchd W^ZgcdhgZ\^dcVaZhnadXVaZhÅ^cXajnZcYdaV[dgbjaVX^c
dYZhXZchdYZagVc\dZcgZaVX^cXdcZaXjbea^b^Zcid YZedai^XVhgZ\^dcVaZhhZ\cadha^cZVb^ZcidhcVX^d"
YZaVhXjdiVhY^hejZhiVh#AdhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY cVaZhÅ[jcX^dcZhiVaZhXdbdaV[dgbjaVX^cnZ_ZXjX^c
ZgVcZkVajVYdhZcWVhZVaXg^iZg^dYZegdYjXi^k^YVY!Zc YZeaVcZhYZYZhVggdaadYZaVhVajYgZ\^dcVa!aVÆigVch"
kZoYZkVadgVgaVXVa^YVYYZaVViZcX^c!adfjZ\ZcZgVWV [ZgZcX^VYZgZXjghdheVgVZagZZbWdahdYZadhhZgk^X^dhÇ!
^cXZci^kdheZgkZghdheVgVadhegdkZZYdgZhYZhVajY#:c aVgZhedchVW^a^YVYYZÆXdcigdaVg!bdc^idgZVgnZkVajVgZa
Va\jcdhXVhdh!8A69:BYZhXjWg^ZaXdcY^X^dcVb^Zcid Xjbea^b^ZcidYZadhegdXZhdhYZadhhZ\jgdh!eaVcZhYZ
YZaigViVb^Zcid!^c[dgbVX^chZh\VYVZ^cXdbeaZiV!aV ViZcX^c!Vea^XVX^cYZaVhiVg^[Vh!bZiVhYZXdWZgijgV
VjhZcX^VYZXjVafj^Zgi^edYZ\VgVciVhZcZaegdXZhdYZ nadhZhi{cYVgZhYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYÇ!eVgVÆdg\V"
aVidbVYZYZX^h^dcZhnZabVaigVidYZadhjhjVg^dhedg c^oVgZ^beaZbZciVgadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY½ÇnÆeVgVhZg
Zah^hiZbVYZhVajYh^hZgZ]jhVWVc#-* gZhedchVWaZhYZaVY^[jh^cVaVedWaVX^cYZaV^c[dg"
AVhgZkZaVX^dcZhhdWgZaVXVbeVVYZZhiZg^a^oVX^c bVX^ci^ahdWgZaVVYb^c^higVX^cnadhhZgk^X^dh#Ç.'
ijk^Zgdc gZeZgXjh^dcZh iVcid Zc Za \dW^Zgcd Xdbd 6YZb{hYZaVYZhXZcigVa^oVX^cÅfjZZciZdgV]VXZ
Zc JH6>9! fjZ ]VWV egdedgX^dcVYd [dcYdh eVgV Za edh^WaZfjZZahZXidghVajYhZVb{hYZbdXg{i^XdÅ!adh
egd\gVbV#-+7V_daVVYb^c^higVX^cYZIdaZYd!hjXZY^ 8db^ihAdXVaZhYZ6Yb^c^higVX^cYZHVajY8A6HiZcVc
jcViZcYZcX^VXdcigVg^VÅZc[dXVYVVXdc\ZaVgadhhZgk^" dg^\^cVabZciZaV[jcX^cYZXgZVgkVheVgVaVeVgi^X^eVX^c
X^dhYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg#-,9dhb^c^higdhYZhVajY adXVaZcaVidbVYZYZX^h^dcZhhdWgZhVajY#.(:cgZVa^YVY!
XdchZXji^kdh!YZa'%%&Va'%%(ÅAj^hHdaVg^!b^ZbWgdYZa adh8A6HhZ^c^X^VgdcZc&..%WV_dZa\dW^ZgcdYZ;j_^bdg^!
HdYVa^X^dYZK^YV8g^hi^VcV!n;ZgcVcYd8VgWdcZ!fj^Zc VeZhVgYZfjZZag\^bZcYZZcidcXZhYZbdhighZg
VciZg^dgbZciZ]VWVh^YdgZegZhZciVciZYZK^YV=jbVcV VbW^kVaZciZXdcgZheZXidVhjdeZgVX^c#B^ZcigVhfjZ
>ciZgcVX^dcVa!jc\gjedfjZigVWV_VWVZcXdcigVYZaV ]VWVVegdm^bVYVbZciZ+%%8A6HdeZgVcYdVÒcVaZhYZ
a^WZgiVYYZZaZXX^cÅÆYZ_Vgdchjh]jZaaVhZcaVhdg^Zc" adhcdkZciV!.)Zm^hiZcVXijVabZciZWVhiVciZb{hYZ'#%%%
iVX^dcZhYZaVhedai^XVh#Ç--AdhcjZkdha^cZVb^ZcidhYZ ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZa8A6HZc[jcX^dcVb^ZcidZcZaEZg!.*
aVhedai^XVhYZhVajYeVgVadhVdh'%%'"'%&'eg^dg^" fjZgZegZhZciVcZa'*YZidYdhadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZ
oVgdc aV hVajY bViZgcd"^c[Vci^a YZcigd YZ jc bVgXd hVajYeg^bVg^dhVc^kZacVX^dcVa#.+
YZÆgZheZidedgaVk^YV]jbVcV!ZbeZoVcYdYZhYZaV 8VYV8A6HZhi{Xdchi^ij^YdedgjcV6hdX^VX^cnjc
XdcXZeX^c#Ç-. 8dchZ_d9^gZXi^kd#AV6hdX^VX^cZhi{XdbejZhiVedghZ^h
:cZa'%%&!XdcaVk^h^WaZ^ciZcX^cYZVhZ\jgVgjcV b^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbjc^YVY!gZegZhZciVciZhYZaVhdg\V"
ViZcX^c^ciZ\gVa!ZaEgd\gVbVCVX^dcVaYZEaVc^ÒXVX^c c^oVX^dcZhXdbjc^iVg^VhYZWVhZ#AdhXdchZ_dhY^gZXi^kdh
;Vb^a^Vg[jZYZhXdci^cjVYdZciVcidegd\gVbV^cYZeZc" hdcZaZ\^YdhedgjceZgdYdYZigZhVdheVgVhjeZgk^hVg
Y^ZciZ!nadhhZgk^X^dhYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg[jZgdc neVgi^X^eVgZcaVdeZgVX^cYZaXZcigdYZhVajY0igZhYZ
^cXaj^YdhZcaVViZcX^cYZbVcZgV\ZcZgVa#:cXdchZ" hjh^ciZ\gVciZhhdcVegdWVYdhedgaV9^gZXX^cGZ\^dcVa
XjZcX^V!adh\gjedhV[VkdgYZadhYZgZX]dhYZaVhbj_ZgZh YZHVajY9>G:H6#:aegZh^YZciZ!edgiVkdo$hZXgZiVg^d
VhXdbdadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajY]VcgZXdaZXiVYd niZhdgZgdYZa8dchZ_d9^gZXi^kdhdcZaZ\^YdhZcigZadh
Zk^YZcX^VYZjcVZmiZcY^YVgZYjXX^cYZadhbidYdh b^ZbWgdh YZ aV 6hdX^VX^c# =V ]VW^Yd ^cZfj^YVY YZ
YZVci^XdcXZeX^c!VjhZcX^VYZedai^XVhneg^dg^YVYZh \cZgdZcZaeVhVYdXdchdaVbZciZjcVbj_ZgedgXVYV
egZhjejZhiVaZheVgVaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!njcV[VaiV Ydh]dbWgZhZcZa8dchZ_d9^gZXi^kdYZadh8A6H#.,:hidh
YZXVeVX^iVX^cYZadhbY^XdheVgVXdadXVg9>JhngZVa^" [jcX^dcVg^dhZaZ\^YdhZhi{cZcXVg\VYdhYZhjeZgk^hVgZa
oVga^\VYjgVhYZigdbeVh#.% YZhZbeZdY^Vg^dYZaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid#
6YZb{hYZaVeda^i^oVX^cYZaVhVajYhZmjVangZegdYjX" 6YZb{hYZdigVhY^[ZgZcX^Vh!adhigVWV_VYdgZhYZadh
i^kV!Zah^hiZbVYZhVajYeZgjVcd]VZc[gZciVYdgZidhXdc 8A6Hdg^\^cVabZciZhZYZhZbeZVWVcWV_djcg\^bZc
gZheZXidVaVYZhXZcigVa^oVX^c!ZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZgZaV" aVWdgVaY^hi^cidVaYZagZhidYZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYfjZaVWd"
X^dcZhXdcaVXdbjc^YVY!adhgZXjghdh]jbVcdh!VhXdbd gVWVZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZaB>CH6#AV6hdX^VX^c
aVhWVggZgVhZXdcb^XVheVgVaVViZcX^c!ZcigZdigdh# XdcigViVabY^XdZc_Z[ZdVaVYb^c^higVYdgYZaXZcigd
:cZaeZgdYdedhiZg^dgV;j_^bdg^!]V]VW^YdjcV YZhVajY#:hiZegd[Zh^dcVaYZWVigVWV_VgYZXZgXVXdcZa
iZcYZcX^VVaVYZhXZcigVa^oVX^cYZahZXidghVajY/Za\d" 8dchZ_d#.-Adh8A6H[jZgdcgZdg\Vc^oVYdhWV_daVVYb^c^h"
W^ZgcdY^djceVhd^bedgiVciZeVgVVjbZciVgaVYZhXZc" igVX^cIdaZYdncd[jcX^dcVcYZaVbVcZgVZcfjZ[jZgdc
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD(*
Y^hZVYdhdg^\^cVabZciZ#:cigZdigVhXdhVh!VbZY^YVfjZ :aWV_dc^kZaYZÒcVcX^Vb^ZcideVgVaVhVajY)#-YZa
XVYVkZob{hbY^XdhigVWV_VcWV_dXdcigVidXdcZaB>CH6! egZhjejZhidVcjVaZcZa'%%+!VhXdbdaVhXdcY^X^dcZh
aVXVeVX^YVYYZa8dchZ_d9^gZXi^kdnYZaV6hdX^VX^ceVgV fjZVXdbeVVcVadheghiVbdhYZaVh^chi^ijX^dcZh
YZhZbeZVgjceVeZahjeZgk^hdghdWgZaVhdeZgVX^dcZh [^cVcX^ZgVh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh >;>h fjZ hjWkZcX^dcVc
YZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY]VY^hb^cj^Yd# eVgX^VabZciZ Za h^hiZbV YZ hVajY! ]Vc YVYd Xdbd
:a eZghdcVa YZ adh 8A6H hZ h^iV WV_d jcV YZ aVh gZhjaiVYdaVhYZcdb^cVYVhiVg^[Vh^bejZhiVhVadheV"
bjX]VhXViZ\dgVhXdcfjZXjZciVcadhigVWV_VYdgZh X^ZciZh#HZ\caVhX^[gVhYZaB>CH6nYZCVi^dcVa=ZVai]
YZhVajYZcZaEZg#:cgZVa^YVY!ZaXdbeaZ_dg\^bZc 6XXdjcih!]VX^VZa'%%)jc(,YZadheV\dhedghZgk^"
aVWdgVaeZgjVcdnaVhbai^eaZhXViZ\dgVhYZadhigVWV" X^dhYZhVajYnbZY^X^cVhegdkZcVYZWdah^aadhV_Zcdh
_VYdgZhYZhVajYeaVciZVcdigVXdchiZaVX^cYZgZidhV bZY^VciZadhXdWgdhfjZhZ]VXVVadhjhjVg^dh#&%&H^
aVZfj^YVYZcZah^hiZbV# W^ZcaVhiVg^[VhZhi{cY^hZVYVheVgVgZ[dgoVgZah^hiZbV
:m^hiZcigVWV_VYdgZhYZhVajYcdbWgVYdhfjZZhi{c YZhVajYbZY^VciZjcVjbZcidZcadh^c\gZhdh!]Vch^Yd
ZceaVc^aaV!XjZciVcXdceVfjZiZhXdbeaZidhYZWZcZÒ" b{hYV^cVhfjZi^aZh#HjVea^XVX^cVbZcjYdZhVgW^"
X^dhncdZhi{chj_ZidhVZkVajVX^dcZhYZYZhZbeZd! igVg^V!nbjX]dheVX^ZciZh^cY^\ZciZhcdejZYZceV\Vg
n iVbW^c Zm^hiZ jcV Vbea^V \VbV YZ kcXjadh Xdc dhZgZ]hVcVeV\Vg^cXajhdaVhiVg^[Vhcdb^cVaZhfjZ
XdcigVidhYZXdgideaVod#..:hidhkVgVcZcigZXdcigVidh hZXdWgVcedgaVhbZY^X^cVhnedgX^Zgidi^edYZhZgk^"
edghZgk^X^dhcdeZghdcVaZhÅfjZcd^cXajnZcWZcZÒ" X^dh#&%'=VX^VY^X^ZbWgZYZa'%%)!'*YZaVheZghdcVh
X^dhnZhi{chj_ZidhVjcYZhe^YdhjbVg^dÅnXdcigVidh ZcXjZhiVYVh edg aV :cXjZhiV CVX^dcVa YZ =d\VgZh
eg^kVYdheVgVadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZadh8A6HfjZh^cXajnZc :C6=DbZcX^dcXdbdZabdi^kdedgZaXjVacdk^h^iVWV
Va\jcdhWZcZÒX^dh#AV[jZgoVYZigVWV_deVgVZaXj^YVYd adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYaV[VaiVYZY^cZgd#&%(
YZaVhVajYZbeaZVYVbZY^VciZXjVafj^ZgVYZaVhXjVigd 9jgVciZ adh ai^bdh dX]d Vdh! aV e^ZoV XaVkZ YZ
XViZ\dgVhYZadhZbeaZVYdhYZ?JCIDH!ZaH>H!dHVajY adh Zh[jZgodh YZa \dW^Zgcd edg gZYjX^g aVh WVggZgVh
7{h^XVEVgVIdYdhigVWV_VcZchjidiVa^YVYWV_dXdcigVidh ZXdcb^XVheVgVaVViZcX^c]Vh^YdaVXgZVX^cnZmeVc"
h^cWZcZÒX^dh#:mXZeidZcadh8A6H!XjVafj^ZgZhiVWaZX^" h^cYZZhfjZbVhYZhZ\jgdhYZhVajYeWa^XV!fjZ
b^ZcidYZhVajYedYgViZcZgjcVhZg^ZYZigVWV_VYdgZh ZbeZoVgdcXdcaVhbVYgZhnadhc^dhhZ\jgd:hXdaVg
hj_ZidhVgZ\bZcZhaVWdgVaZhXdbeaZiVbZciZY^hi^cidh! nhZ\jgdBViZgcd>c[Vci^aVÒcZhYZadhcdkZciVnfjZ
XdcegdiZXX^dcZhnWZcZÒX^dhhjhiVcX^VabZciZY^[ZgZciZh# edhiZg^dgbZciZ[jZgdcYZcdb^cVYdhHZ\jgdEWa^XdYZ
6YZb{hYZZhidhgZ\bZcZh!Zm^hiZcadhÆH:GJB^hiVhÇ! HVajYHEHYjgVciZZa<dW^ZgcdYZIgVch^X^cYZKVaZcic
fjZhZZcXjZcigVcgZVa^oVcYdhjVdYZhZgk^X^dgjgVa EVc^V\jVZcZaVd'%%%#:cZa'%%&!aV6Yb^c^higVX^c
ZcbZY^X^cV#:caVeg{Xi^XV!ZcjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZ IdaZYdgZZbeaVoZaHEHHZgk^X^dEWa^XdYZHVajYedg
hVajYYVYd!iVbW^cejZYZ]VWZgVjm^a^VgZh!Zc[ZgbZgVh! ZaH>HH^hiZbV>ciZ\gVaYZhVajY#&%):aHEH]VWg^cYVYd
eVgiZgVhZ^cXajhdbY^XdhfjZigVWV_Vca^iZgVabZciZ XdWZgijgVeVgVidYVhaVhbj_ZgZhcdVhZ\jgVYVhZcigZ
edgjcVÆegde^cVÇdZhi^eZcY^dcdb^cVaÅYZW^YdVaV adhfj^cXZnadh).VdhYZZYVY#8dbdXdcigVhiZ!ZaH>H
ZhXVhZoYZZbeaZdhgZbjcZgVYdhZcZahZXidghVajY! Wg^cYWZcZÒX^dhhdaVbZciZVaVhbVYgZhZbWVgVoVYVh
ZheZX^VabZciZZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZh# bZY^VciZjcdYZhjhh^ZiZeaVcZh!fjZZhiVWVcidYdh
:cjcVZcigZk^hiVfjZXdcXZY^ZcVWg^aYZa'%%,!Za Y^g^\^YdhVY^hi^ciVhhjWedWaVX^dcZh#
ZcidcXZhk^XZb^c^higdYZHVajY!?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd! :aEaVc8YZaH>HWg^cYXdWZgijgVeVgVaVViZcX^c
Xd^cX^YVZcfjZ]VWVjcÆXVdhidiVaÇZcadhgZXjghdh egZcViVa!eVgidhcdgbVaZhnYZVaidg^Zh\d!igVch[ZgZcX^Vh
]jbVcdh n V[^gbVWV fjZ Za B>CH6 ]VWV egdejZhid YjgVciZZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh!XdWZgijgVYZ\Vhidh
jcegdnZXidVaB^c^hiZg^dYZ;^cVcoVhedg-%b^aadcZh gZaVX^dcVYdhXdc[jcZgVaZh!ViZcX^cYjgVciZ)'YVh
YZCjZkdhHdaZhedgVdVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH'* YZhejhYZaeVgidnViZcX^cedgdigdhY^kZghdhegd"
b^aadcZh!eVgVXgZVg)-+cjZkdhZfj^edhYZhVajYYZhi^" WaZbVhYZhVajYgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcZaZbWVgVod#&%*AVaZn
cVYdhVaVh{gZVhgjgVaZh#8VYVZfj^edZhiVgVXdbejZhid YZaH>HZhi^ejaVWVfjZZhidhhZgk^X^dh[jZgVc\gVij^idh
edgjcbY^Xd!Zc[ZgbZgVneVgiZgV!XdcXdcigVidhYZ' eVgVidYVhaVheZghdcVhfjZ]VW^iVhZcZcY^hig^idhYdcYZ
V(VdhnVa\jcdhWZcZÒX^dh!nhVaVg^dha^\VYdhVaVh b{hYZa+*YZaVedWaVX^ck^k^ZgVZcedWgZoV#H^c
bZiVhYZegdYjXi^k^YVY#&%%6YZb{hYZiVaZhbZY^YVhad ZbWVg\d!aVheZghdcVhZcY^X]dhY^hig^idheV\VWVcjc
hoc!Zak^XZb^c^higd8VaYZgccdbZcX^dcc^c\cedh^WaZ cjZkdhdaVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH%!(%eVgVgZ\^higVghZ
eaVcYZaB>CH6eVgVgVX^dcVa^oVgh^hiZb{i^XVbZciZadh Xdbd b^ZbWgdh YZa H>H# :c adh Y^hig^idh Xdc bZcdg
gZXjghdh]jbVcdhfjZigVWV_VcVXijVabZciZZcaVViZc" edWgZoV!aVheZghdcVhYZWVccVkZ\VgedgZaH^hiZbVYZ
X^cYZaVhVajY# >YZci^ÒXVX^cYZJhjVg^dhH>J!ji^a^oVYdeVgVegdnZXiVgV
( + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
adhedhijaVciZhZc[jcX^cYZaVcZXZh^YVY#9ZeZcY^ZcYd 7V_dZacjZkdhZ\jgdhdX^Va!aVheZghdcVhXdc^c\gZhdh
YZaVYZiZgb^cVX^cedgZaH>JYZaedYZgVYfj^h^i^kdYZ bZcdgZhV,%%CjZkdhHdaZhVabZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZ
jcedhijaVciZ!hiZiZcYgVfjZeV\VgVa\jcdhdidYdh JH''&eV\Vg{c&%CjZkdhHdaZhVabZhVegdm^bVYV"
adhXdhidhbY^Xdhk^cXjaVYdhXdchjViZcX^c#&%+ bZciZJH(Xdbdeg^bVnaVheZghdcVhXdc^c\gZhdh
6eZhVgYZfjZZaH>H]Vh^YdZm^idhdVaZmiZcYZgaV ZcigZ,%%n&#%%%CjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH
XdWZgijgVYZhVajYeVgVadhedWgZh!Zaegd\gVbVVYdaZXZ ''&"(&+JHeV\Vg{c'%hdaZhVabZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZ
YZ jcV hZg^Z YZ egdWaZbVh# Edg Z_Zbead! Za Y^cZgd JH+#IVbW^chZZhiVWaZXZcXdeV\dhedgadhhZgk^X^dh#
gZX^W^YdYZaB^c^hiZg^dYZ:XdcdbVn;^cVcoVhB:; AVheZghdcVhZmigZbVYVbZciZedWgZhÅjcZhi^bVYdYZa
cd aaZ\V V XjWg^g adh Xdhidh YZ adh \Vhidh \ZcZgVaZh '*YZaidiVa!hZ\cZak^XZb^c^higd8VaYZgcÅZhiVg{c
YZVYb^c^higVX^c!&%,njcV\Zhi^c^cZÒX^ZciZaaZkVa ZmdcZgVYVhYZadhXdeV\dhneg^bVh#:acjZkdhZ\jgd
egd\gVbVVeZgYZgVagZYZYdgYZ)-b^aadcZhYZCjZkdh hdX^Vaeg^dg^oVg{ZmeaX^iVbZciZaVhVajYegZkZci^kVn
HdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH&*b^aadcZhZcZaVd'%%)! aVegdbdX^cYZaVhVajY!ZckZoYZaVViZcX^c!adfjZ
eZgb^i^cYdaZXjWg^ghdaVbZciZZa(,YZadhc^dhfjZ edYgVhZgjcVhZVaYZaVaZ_Vb^ZcidYZaÒcVcX^Vb^Zcid
ZheZgVWVViZcYZg#&%-<gVceVgiZYZaV^cZÒX^ZcX^VhZXZcigV YZadhXj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhYZZbZg\ZcX^Vnadhh^hiZbVh
ZcZa]ZX]dYZfjZadhWZcZÒX^dhYZaegd\gVbVVaXVcoVcV YZgZ[ZgZcX^V#8jVcYdhZaZe^Y^fjZY^ZgVZ_Zbeadh!Za
bjX]dhfjZcdejZYZchZgXaVh^ÒXVYdhXdbdedWgZh#&%. k^XZb^c^higd8VaYZgcbZcX^dcaVXdchZ_ZgVcjig^X^dcVa!
DigdegdWaZbVh^\c^ÒXVi^kd]Vh^YdaV[VaiV\ZcZgVa aVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgnadhZm{bZcZheVgVYZiZXiVgZa
YZ [^cVcX^Vb^Zcid eVgV Za H>H# Adh XZcigdh YZ hVajY X{cXZg#&&)6ab^hbdi^Zbed!h^cZbWVg\d!Zhi^bfjZZa
\ZcZgVabZciZ Zhi{c XVg\VcYd jc Y[^X^i# :c jcV cjZkdZhfjZbVYZhZ\jgdXjWg^gVZa)-YZaVXVg\VYZ
ZkVajVX^cYZhjhZh[jZgodhYZhi^cVYdhVZa^b^cVgaVh aVZc[ZgbZYVY!ZcXdbeVgVX^cXdcZa&.XjW^ZgidWV_d
WVggZgVheVgVVXXZYZgVjceVgidhZ\jgdZcZaEZg!Za ZaVciZg^dgh^hiZbVYZH>H#&&*HZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZeVgV
EgdnZXidYZEdai^XVhYZJH6>9hdhijkd/Æ8dbdgZhjaiVYd ZaVd'%&&!aVVYb^c^higVX^cZheZgVWV]VXZgdWa^\V"
YZZhiZYÒX^iYZÒcVcX^Vb^Zcid!adhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh idg^dZahZ\jgdYZhVajYeVgVidYVhaVheZghdcVhfjZ
VbZcjYdaZe^YZcVadheVX^ZciZhfjZeV\jZcedgaVh k^k^ZgVcZcZaEZg!egZhjb^WaZbZciZ]VX^ZcYdfjZaVh
bZY^X^cVhZ^chjbdh!VhXdbdedgadhZm{bZcZhYZ eZghdcVheV\jZcedghjhhZ\jgdh!hZVchidheWa^Xdh
aVWdgVidg^d#AVh^ijVX^cZhZmVXZgWVYVVcb{hedg deg^kVYdh#&&+
jc gZigVhd YZ ]VhiV igZh bZhZh Zc adh gZZbWdahdh!
dXVh^dcVcYdfjZVa\jcdhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhhjheZcYVc AVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV
aV egdk^h^c YZ adh hZgk^X^dh WV_d Za H>H edg kVg^Vh
:a EZg i^ZcZ aV iVhV YZ bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV IBB
hZbVcVh#Ç&&%8jVcYdhZhjheZcYZcadhhZgk^X^dhYZZhiV
b{hVaiVYZHjYVbg^XV!YZhejhYZ7da^k^V#:a\dW^Zg"
bVcZgV!VadheVX^ZciZhhZaZhXdWgVedgZaadh!h^cidbVg
cdhdhi^ZcZfjZaVIBB[jZYZ&+-edgXVYV&%%#%%%
ZcXdch^YZgVX^chjXVeVX^YVYYZeV\d!h^gk^ZcYdZhid
cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdhZcZa'%%*#:cZa'%%%!Za\dW^Zgcd
YZ[VXidgY^hjVh^kdeVgVaVji^a^oVX^cYZadhhZgk^X^dh
hdhijkdfjZ]VWVjcVIBBYZ&-*!b^ZcigVhfjZeVgVZa
dWhiig^Xdh#&&&
b^hbdVd!aVDBH!JC;E6nJC>8:;aaZ\VgdcVjcZhi^"
:cVWg^aYZa'%%,!aV6Yb^c^higVX^c<VgXV^cigdYj_d
bVYdYZ)&%edg&%%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdh#&&,AVbVndgV
jccjZkdi^edYZhZ\jgdhdX^Va!VegdWVYdedg9ZXgZid
YZadhZmeZgidhZcbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZgÅZ
HjegZbdC°%%)"'%%,"H6&&'eVgVgZZbeaVoVgadhh^ZiZ
^cXajhdhjegde^d^c[dgbZYZVkVcXZYZaVd'%%)hdWgZ
eaVcZhYZaH>H!YZhi^cVYdVaVhhjWedWaVX^dcZhiVaZh
Zaad\gdYZaVhBZiVhYZ9ZhVggdaadYZaB^aZc^dÅcd
XdbdadhgZX^ccVX^YdhnaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVh!Xdc
XgZZcfjZaVhIBBdÒX^VaZhhZVcjcVbVcZgVXdcÒVWaZ
YdheaVcZheVgVXjWg^gVidYVaVedWaVX^c/hjWh^Y^VYdn
YZgVhigZVgZaVkVcXZad\gVYd!nfjZZm^hiZjcVhZg^V
hZb^hjWh^Y^VYd#AV^ciZcX^c!hZ\cZaZcidcXZhk^XZb^"
hjWZhi^bVX^cYZacbZgdYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVh#&&-
c^higdYZHVajY!?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!ZgVfjZZaH>HhZ
CddWhiVciZ!aVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcaVhIBBejZYZc
Xdck^gi^ZgVYZjch^hiZbVYZgZZbWdahdZcjckZgYVYZgd
^ajhigVg\gVcYZhkZgYVYZhhdWgZaV^cZfj^YVYÅdejZYZc
ZhfjZbVYZhZ\jgdXdcXdeV\dhn!Xdbd]VWVdXjgg^Yd
hZgjcejcidVigViVgZcaVhgZhejZhiVhegd\gVb{i^XVh
WV_dZaHEH!VhZ\jgVgVaVeZghdcVZchj^ciZ\g^YVYncd
ZheZXÒXVh#EdgZaad!b^ZcigVhfjZaVIBBeVgVA^bVZgV
hdaVbZciZaVXdcY^X^cYZaZbWVgVod#&&(H^cZbWVg\d!aV
YZ*'edg&%%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdhZcZa'%%%!aVIBB
^cigdYjXX^cb{hVbea^VYZadhXdeV\dhneg^bVh!ZcaV
eVgV=jVcXVkZa^XVnEjcdZcZhZVdVaXVco(%'n(+&!
eg{Xi^XVegZhZciVg{adhb^hbdhgZidhYZZfj^YVYfjZaVh
gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#&&.9ZaVb^hbV[dgbV!ZajhdYZVci^"
iVg^[VhVea^XVYVhVadhjhjVg^dh!nedYgVkdakZgVegdYjX^g
XdcXZei^kdhhZXdggZaVX^dcVXdcZac^kZahdX^dZXdcb^Xd!
aVhb^hbVhWVggZgVheVgVgZX^W^gaVViZcX^c#
nZcaVhgZ\^dcZhb{hZbedWgZX^YVhiVaZhXdbdaVh^ZggV
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD(,
naVhZakV!ZajhdYZbidYdhbdYZgcdhYZVci^XdcXZe" bZciZgZegZhZciVcjc,!(YZaVhbjZgiZhbViZgcVh!
X^cVaXVcoVhdaVbZciZZa(*n)+!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ0 bjX]dhZmeZgidhZcZaXVbedYZaVhVajYXgZZcfjZ
b^ZcigVhfjZZcA^bVZa**YZaVhbj_ZgZhji^a^oVVa\c Y^X]VhXdbea^XVX^dcZh!fjZejZYZcegdYjX^ghZeh^hd
bidYdbdYZgcdYZXdcigdaYZaVcViVa^YVY#&'%:cEjcdn ]ZbdggV\^VhnedYgVc]VWZgh^YdgZ\^higVYVhYZZhV
=jVcXVkZa^XV!aVegZkVaZcX^VYZajhdYZVci^XdcXZei^kdh [dgbV!nZcgZVa^YVYhZggZhedchVWaZh]VhiVYZa&%V(%
hZZaZkVVa'%ZcXVYVjcd#&'& YZY^X]VhbjZgiZh#&''
:cZa'%%*!aVheg^cX^eVaZhXVjhVhYZaVbdgiVa^YVY JcZhijY^dgZVa^oVYdedgZa6aaVc<jiibVX]Zg>chi^ijiZ
bViZgcVZcZaEZghdcaVhb^hbVhXdbea^XVX^dcZh Xdch^YZgfjZZcZaVd'%%+hZ]VWVYVYdjcZhi^bVYd
dWhiig^XVhgZhedchVWaZhYZjcV\gVcbVndgVYZaVh YZ(,&#%%%VWdgidh^cYjX^YdhZcZaEZg#:aVWdgidZh
bjZgiZhbViZgcVhfjZ]VciZc^Ydaj\VgZcZagZhidYZa Xdch^YZgVYd^aZ\VaZcZaEZg!ZmXZeideVgVegZhZgkVg
bjcYd#whiVhhdc/]ZbdggV\^V!)*!,n!ZceVgi^XjaVg! aVk^YVdaVhVajYYZaVbVYgZ#
aV ]ZbdggV\^V edheVgid0 idmZb^V egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ AVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVh!^cXajnZcYdVfjZaaVh
ZXaVbeh^V'+!*0Xdbea^XVX^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZa YZg^kVYVhYZadhVWdgidh^cXdbeaZidh!gZfj^ZgZciZcZg
VWdgid!,!(0Z^c[ZXX^c!+!+#AVXViZ\dgVÆDigdÇZcZa VXXZhd V adh Xj^YVYdh dWhiig^Xdh YZ ZbZg\ZcX^V
8jVYgdC°#&fjZhZbjZhigVVXdci^cjVX^c!hZgZÒZgZV 8D:b#&'(
aVhXVjhVh^cY^gZXiVhYZaVbjZgiZ!iVaZhXdbdaVbVaVg^V :cZaEZgZm^hiZcegd[jcYVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcadfjZ
naVijWZgXjadh^h# XdcX^ZgcZZaVXXZhdVadh8D:b!aVVh^hiZcX^VXVeVX^iVYV
6eZhVgYZfjZZa\dW^Zgcdhdhi^ZcZfjZaVhXdbea^" ZcaVViZcX^cYZadheVgidhngZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^V!gZXdcd"
XVX^dcZhYZg^kVYVhYZadhVWdgidhXaVcYZhi^cdhhdaV" X^Ydh^ciZgcVX^dcVabZciZXdbdadhi^edhYZ^ciZgkZcX^c
XaVkZheVgVZk^iVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#&')EdgZ_Zbead!
=h|ÓYeD±$*0KieZ[Wdj_YedY[fj_lei"(&&& VeZhVgYZaVXdWZgijgV\ZcZgVafjZZhXdbeVgVWaZXdc
Va\jcdhYZhjhkZX^cdhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh!aVhYZh^\jVa"
7oWYkY^e YVYZhZcigZadhg^XdhnadhedWgZhZcZaVXXZhdVjcVVh^h"
iZcX^VYZaeVgidXdceZghdcVaXVeVX^iVYd!hdcbVndgZhZc
ZaEZgfjZZcXjVafj^ZgdigdeVhZcHjYVbg^XV#
9W`WcWhYW 8jVcYd hZ dWhZgkVc adh YVidh edg YZeVgiVbZcid!
hZidgcVXaVgdfjZadh^c\gZhdhhZXdbW^cVcXdcdigdh
9WbbWe [VXidgZh eVgV XgZVg jcV YZhkZciV_V VXjbjaVYV Xdc
gZheZXidVZhiVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZh#EdgZaad!adhedgXZc"
iV_ZhZmigZbVYVbZciZWV_dhYZbj_ZgZhViZcY^YVhedg
9kiYe egd[Zh^dcVaZhXVeVX^iVYdhZc=jVcXVkZa^XV'&nEjcd
',#-!cdhdaVbZciZhZgZaVX^dcVcXdcadhVaidhc^kZaZh
>kWdYWl[b_YW
9kWZheD±$'09WkiWiZ[bWcehjWb_ZWZcWj[hdW
[d[bF[h[djh[beiWei(&&&o(&&+
?YW
7e
:_W]dij_Ye][d[hWb (&&& (&&' (&&( (&&) (&&* (&&+
B_cW =Zbdgg]V\^V )*#- *%#% *%#* *,#( *(#& )*#,
( - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
YZedWgZoVYZaVedWaVX^ch^cdiVbW^cXdcaV\gVc =h|ÓYeD±$+0Dc[he[ij_cWZeZ[WXehjei
XVci^YVYYZedWaVX^c^cY\ZcVfjZ]VW^iVZcaVh{gZVh _dZkY_Zei[d[bF[h0'//&#(&&,[dc_b[i
gjgVaZh#6c^kZacVX^dcVa!ZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZhZa,)YZ
aVhbj_ZgZhYVVajoZchjhXVhVh!ZcXdbeVgVX^cXdc 2006
Za.%YZaVhbj_ZgZhZcXdbjc^YVYZh^cY\ZcVh#&'*
371
CdidYdhadhVheZXidhYZadh8D:bhZbdc^idgZVc
nYZhV\gZ\VcYZbVcZgVh^hiZb{i^XVZcZaEZg#H^c
2004
ZbWVg\d!jc^cY^XVYdgYZaVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhfjZi^ZcZc
aj\VgZcZaVXXZhdVadh8D:b^ciZ\gVaZh!fjZ^cXajnZ 410
ZaVXXZhdVaVX^gj\VnVaVhigVch[jh^dcZhYZhVc\gZ!
ZhaVZcdgbZkVg^VX^cZcaVhiVhVhYZXZh{gZVhVad 2000
aVg\dYZadhYZeVgiVbZcidh#AVhGuías para monitorear 352
la disponibilidad y la utilización de los servicios obstétricos
(Guías NU)hZVaVcfjZaVhiVhVhYZXZh{gZVhYZWZgVc 1990
Y^hb^cj^g ZcigZ * n &*#&'+ HZ ejZYZ ZheZgVg fjZ Va 271.1
bZcdh*YZaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVhYZhVggdaaZc
Xdbea^XVX^dcZhfjZgZfj^ZgVcjcVX^gj\VeVgVhVakVgaZh % *% &%% &*% '%% '*% (%% (*% )%% )*%
aVk^YV0h^cZbWVg\d!b{hYZa&*ejZYZc^cY^XVgjcV
XdcÒVcoVZmXZh^kVZcaVX^gj\VYZW^YdVdigVhgVodcZh! ;jZciZ/ I]Z 6aVc <jiibVX]Zg >chi^ijiZ 6<> '%%%! '%%)! '%%+! Zc
;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista#;ZW#+!'%%,#
^cXajnZcYdadh^ciZgZhZhÒcVcX^ZgdhYZadhbY^XdhnYZ
aVh^chi^ijX^dcZhYZhVajY#
:cZaVd'%%%!aViVhVYZXZh{gZVhZgVYZ')!)Zc 8dbdhZegZk^dg^\^cVabZciZ!ZadW_Zi^kd\ZcZgVaYZa
A^bV!]VW^cYdhZgZ\^higVYdiVhVhbjX]dbVndgZhZcaVh eghiVbdZgV/Æ[VX^a^iVgZaegdXZhdYZbdYZgc^oVX^c
Xac^XVheg^kVYVh#6ab^hbdi^Zbed!iVcidZc=jVcXVkZa^XV n gZ[dgbV YZa h^hiZbV YZ hVajY Zc Za EZg#Ç &(& :hiZ
XdbdZcEjcd!aVhiVhVhYZXZh{gZVhhZbVciZcVcZc( egdXZhdYZbdYZgc^oVX^cngZ[dgbVYZWVbZ_dgVgaV
ZcVbWdhYZeVgiVbZcidh#IjbWZhXdciVWVXdcaViVhV hVajY\ZcZgVaYZaVedWaVX^ceZgjVcVbZY^VciZjcV
YZXZh{gZVhb{hVaiV!fjZVhXZcYVV'+!,!b^ZcigVh ZmeVch^cYZaVXXZhdVhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYZÒX^ZciZhnYZ
fjZ=jVcXVkZa^XVnEjcdZgVcaVhgZ\^dcZhXdcaVhiVhVh XVa^YVY#&('9jgVciZadhigZheg^bZgdhVdhYZaegd\gVbV!
b{hWV_Vh#&',AV:C9:HYZa'%%):cXjZhiV9Zbd\g{ÒXV adhdW_Zi^kdh\ZcZgVaZhZhiVWaZX^YdhedgZa\dW^ZgcdZc
n YZ HVajY ;Vb^a^Vg cd ^c[dgbV hdWgZ aVh iVhVh YZ Xdc_jcidXdcZa7VcXdZgVcYZbVh^VYdVbea^dh#Edgad
XZh{gZVhedgYZeVgiVbZcid0h^cZbWVg\d!hZVaVWVfjZ iVcid!cdaaZ\VgdcVegdYjX^ggZhjaiVYdhiVc\^WaZh#:a
aViVhVYZXZh{gZVhZcigZZafj^ci^aYZaVedWaVX^cXdc egdXZhdYZYZhXZcigVa^oVX^cZmVXZgWVWVZa[gVXVhdZc
bVndgZhgZXjghdhZgVYZ()!b^ZcigVhfjZZcigZZa aVYZÒc^X^cYZaVheg^dg^YVYZhnZcaV^beaZbZciVX^cYZ
fj^ci^ab{hedWgZ!VaXVcoVWVhdaVbZciZZa)#&'-:hiVh adheghiVbdh!nVfjZZaB>CH6ZcZ[ZXidgZX^WVÆa^hiVh
X^[gVhhj\^ZgZcfjZaVhbj_ZgZhZcZafj^ci^aXdcbVndgZh YZYZhZdhÇegdkZc^ZciZhYZaVhY^gZXX^dcZhgZ\^dcVaZhYZ
gZXjghdhhZhdbZiVc^ccZXZhVg^VbZciZVaVhXZh{gZVh! hVajY9>G:H6hYZidYdZaeVh#&((
b^ZcigVhfjZaVhbj_ZgZhZcadhfj^ci^aZhb{hedWgZh AjZ\dYZfjZadheghiVbdhhZZmiZcY^Zgdc!aVbZiV
[VaaZXVcedgaV[VaiVYZVXXZhdVZhiVX^gj\VfjZ]VWgV YZaEgd\gVbVYZ6edndVaVGZ[dgbVYZaHZXidgHVajY
edY^YdhVakVgaZhaVk^YV# E6GHVajYhZVÒceVgVZc[dXVghZZc\gVcbZY^YVZcaV
hVajYbViZgcd"^c[Vci^anZcaVgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVY
bViZgcVXdbdjcbZY^deVgVbZ_dgVgVahZXidghVajY
BWc|ih[Y_[dj[h[\ehcWZ[bI[Yjeh Zc\ZcZgVa#&()AVViZcX^cYZE6GHVajY>!XdcgZXjghdh
IWbkZobWcehjWb_ZWZcWj[hdW fjZhjbVWVcVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH-,b^aadcZh!hZ
AV[VhZ^c^X^VaYZab{hgZX^ZciZeghiVbdYZa7VcXd Zc[dXZcdX]dgZ\^dcZhZceVgi^XjaVg!Xdch^YZgVYVhZcigZ
BjcY^VanYZa7>9[jZVegdWVYVZc&...niZcVaV^ciZc" aVheZdgZhZcigb^cdhiVcidYZhVajYbViZgcVXdbd
X^cYZXjab^cVgZcZa'%%(#&'.NVfjZ\gVceVgiZYZa ^c[Vci^a/Ejcd!8jhXd!6ejgbVX>!6ejgbVX>>!6nVXjX]d!
Y^cZgdVchZYZWVYZhZbWdahVgnbjX]VhYZaVhbZiVh =jVcXVkZa^XV!=j{cjXdn7V\jV#&(*
h^\c^ÒXVi^kVhcdhZ]VWVcXjbea^Yd]VX^VZaVd'%%(! E6GHVajY>dg\Vc^ohjegd\gVbVYZhVajYbViZgcd"
ZaYZhZbWdahdYZadheghiVbdhhZZmiZcY^]VhiVZa ^c[Vci^aZcWVhZVigZhXdbedcZciZh/&VjbZciVgaV
Vd'%%+#&(% YZbVcYVYZadhhZgk^X^dh0'bZ_dgVgadhhZgk^X^dhfjZ
Wg^cYV0n(bdYZgc^oVgZaB>CH6#&(+:ceg^bZgaj\Vg!
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD(.
=h|ÓYeD±$,0FWhjeiWj[dZ_Zeifehf[hiedWbZ[ eVgVedYZgVjbZciVgaVYZbVcYV!E6GHVajY>hZZc[dX!
iWbkZYWfWY_jWZe"fehgk_dj_bZ[_d]h[iei ZcigZdigVhXdhVh!ZcZaYZhVggdaadYZZhigViZ\^VhfjZ
& (& *& ,& .& '&& WjhXVWVcgZYjX^gaVhWVggZgVhZXdcb^XVhXdcZaÒcYZ
VhZ\jgVgZaVXXZhdVaVhVajYYZadhhZXidgZhb{hedWgZh
8eb_l_W YZaVedWaVX^c#&(,:hidYZWVad\gVghZeg^cX^eVabZciZ
bZY^VciZZaH>H#:aeg^bZg^cY^XVYdgji^a^oVYdiVcidedg
E6GHVajY>XdbdedgZaH>HeVgVZkVajVgh^ZhiVWVc
ad\gVcYdaVbZiVYZVjbZciVgaVYZbVcYV^bea^XVWV
8hWi_b bZY^gadhcVX^b^Zcidh^chi^ijX^dcVaZh!YZhV\gZ\VYdh
edgfj^ci^aYZ^c\gZhdh#9Za'%%'Va'%%*!aVegdedgX^c
YZY^X]dhcVX^b^ZcidhhZ]VbVciZc^YdZcVegdm^bV"
YVbZciZZa+%#8jVcYdadhYVidhhZYZhV\gZ\VceVgV
dWhZgkVg hdaVbZciZ adh fj^ci^aZh b{h edWgZh YZ aV
9ebecX_W
edWaVX^c!adhcVX^b^Zcidh^chi^ijX^dcVaZh]VcVjbZc"
iVYdYZVagZYZYdgYZa)%VXZgXVYZa+%#&(-6eZhVg
YZZhiV^c[dgbVX^c!adh^c[dgbZhgZX^ZciZhhZVaVcfjZ
ZcaVhgZ\^dcZhb{hedWgZhYZaEZg!iVaZhXdbdEjcdn
H[f$:ec_d_YWdW =jVcXVkZa^XV!bZcdhYZa(%YZadhcVX^b^Zcidhi^ZcZc
aj\VgZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYn$dhdcVh^hi^Ydh
edgegd[Zh^dcVaZhbY^Xdh#&(.
:chZ\jcYdaj\Vg!Zaeg^cX^eVaZc[dfjZZcigb^cdhYZ
=kWj[cWbW bZ_dgVgadhhZgk^X^dh^bea^XVWVZaYZhVggdaadnaVbZ_dgV
YZaV^c[gVZhigjXijgVnZaZfj^eVb^ZcideVgVaVhVajY!nhZ
ji^a^oVgdcadh^cY^XVYdgZhYZ\VhideVgVbZY^ghjVkVcXZ#
:a^c[dgbZYZE6GHVajY>!edgZ_Zbead!^c[dgbVZchjh
>W_j a^hiVhYZVkVcXZhZacbZgdYZVbWjaVcX^VhVYfj^g^YVh
ZcZaVdVciZg^dg#HZ\chjhegde^dh^c[dgbZh!ZhiVh
Y^kZghVhVYfj^h^X^dcZh!VhXdbdaVhgZcdkVX^dcZhZc
adh]dhe^iVaZhnXac^XVh!]VchZgk^YdeVgVWZcZÒX^VgV
,#(+%#-*%eZghdcVh#&)%6egdm^bVYVbZciZjc(%YZadh
D_YWhW]kW
[dcYdhhZ\VhiVcVXijVabZciZZcZfj^edh!hZ\cadh
gZfjZg^b^ZcidhYZadh7VcXdh#&)&
AjZ\d YZ hj ^c^X^Va ^cZ[^X^ZcX^V n YZ jc bVcYVid
YZbVh^VYdVbea^d!E6GHVajY>Y^dZaeVhdÅZmigZbV"
FWhW]kWo YVbZciZ^bedgiVciZÅYZZc[Vi^oVgadhh^hiZbVhYZgZ[Z"
gZcX^VnaVhXVeVX^YVYZheVgVgZhedcYZgVaVhZbZg\ZcX^Vh
dWhiig^XVh bZY^VciZ aV ^chi^ijX^c YZ aVh [jcX^dcZh
dWhiig^XVhW{h^XVh;D7hnaVh[jcX^dcZhdWhiig^XVh
F[h ZhZcX^VaZh;D:h#AVh;D7hhZgZÒZgZcVaVXVeVX^YVY
YZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYeVgVVYb^c^higVgVci^"
W^i^XdheVgZciZgVaZh!dm^idX^cVnVci^Xdckjah^kdh!gZi^gVg
bVcjVabZciZeaVXZciVhnegdYjXidhgZiZc^Ydh!VhXdbd
egZhiVgViZcX^cVadheVgidhcdgbVaZh#AVh;D:hhZgZÒZ"
& (& *& ,& .& '&&
gZcVaVXVeVX^YVYYZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYeVgV
Fj^ci^aZ& Fj^ci^aZ' Fj^ci^aZ( gZVa^oVgXZh{gZVhnigVch[jh^dcZhYZhVc\gZ!VYZb{hYZ
adhegdXZY^b^ZcidhgZVa^oVYdhZcaVh;D7h#JcViZgXZgV
KZg7VcXdBjcY^VaÆ9Zh^\jVaYVYZcAVi^cdVbg^XV#´Gdbe^ZcYdXdc XViZ\dgVYZ[jcX^dcZhdWhiig^XVheg^bVg^Vh;DEh
aV]^hidg^V4ÇZc7Vii]n{cn!@#!8VWgZgV!B#nBVXVYV!9#La pobreza y
la desigualdad en América Latina#HdX^VaLViX]#HZei^ZbWgZYZa'%%)/
hZgZÒZgZVaVXVeVX^YVYYZVh^hi^geVgidh^cb^cZciZhn
(,#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#hdX^ValViX]#dg\$Zc$^c[dgbZ>begZhd$ Wg^cYVgeg^bZgdhVjm^a^dhZcZbZg\ZcX^Vh!iVaZhXdbd
^bV\Zh$digVhEjWa^XVX^dcZh$ODDB"%)"Zhe#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa')YZ aVgZhjX^iVX^ckV^cigVkZcdhV#
[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,#
) % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
=h|ÓYeD±$-0FehY[djW`[Z[dWY_c_[djei AVh;D:h!;D7hn;DEhcdXdggZhedcYZcVadh]dhe^"
Wj[dZ_Zeifehfhe\[i_edWb[iZ[bWiWbkZ iVaZh!XZcigdhYZhVajYnejZhidhYZhVajY!gZheZXi^kV"
YWfWY_jWZeifehZ[fWhjWc[dje"(&&& bZciZ#:ajhdYZZhiZh^hiZbVYZXaVh^ÒXVX^cZcZ[ZXid
gZXdcdXVfjZadhejZhidhYZhVajY!XZcigdhYZhVajY
& (& *& ,& .& '&&
n ]dhe^iVaZh i^ZcZc XVeVX^YVYZh bjn kVg^VWaZh eVgV
7cWpedWi '-!( gZhedcYZgVaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhnfjZ!edgZhiV
gVoc!h^beaZbZciZVjbZciVgZacbZgdYZcVX^b^Zcidh
7dYWi^ )'!% ^chi^ijX^dcVaZh cd ZgV jcV ZhigViZ\^V VYZXjVYV eVgV
7fkh_cWY **!'
VWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#8dcZhiZh^hiZbVYZ
XaVh^ÒXVX^c!YZWZgVhZgb{h[{X^aYZiZgb^cVgh^aVVh^\"
7hWgk_fW ,,!+ cVX^cYZadhXj^YVYdhYZZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhZgV
Zfj^iVi^kV!ZcWVhZVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZaVedWaVX^c!ad
7oWYkY^e **!+ XjVaXdchi^ijnZjcegZggZfj^h^ideVgVVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^"
9W`WcWhYW ',!& YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg#
EVgVedYZgYZiZgb^cVgh^aVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh
9kiYe ),!, hZZhi{cbVcZ_VcYdYZjcVbZ_dgbVcZgV!E6GHVajY>
iVbW^cVcVa^oaVegdedgX^cYZcVX^b^ZcidhZcadhfjZ
>kWdYWl[b_YW '&!%
hZgZVa^oVgdcXZh{gZVh!VhXdbdZacbZgdYZXZcigdh
>k|dkYe ',!- YZhVajYfjZXjZciVcXdcXVeVX^YVYeVgVbVcZ_VgaVh
Xdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVh#6eZhVgYZfjZZacbZgd
?YW .)!' \ZcZgVaYZXZh{gZVh]VVjbZciVYd!ZhidcdZhVheVgV
adhhZXidgZhb{hedWgZhYZaVhdX^ZYVY!YdcYZcdZh
@kdd *)!%
edh^WaZdWhZgkVgc^c\cVkVcXZh^\c^ÒXVi^kd#
BWB_X[hjWZ *&!* Digd ^cY^XVYdg fjZ hZ ji^a^o [jZ aV egdedgX^c YZ
cVX^b^ZcidhZcadhfjZhZVYb^c^higdm^idX^cVZcZa
BWcXWo[gk[ +&!' b^cjid^cbZY^ViVbZciZedhiZg^dgVaeVgid!XjnV^ciZc"
X^cZhegZkZc^gaV]ZbdggV\^VedheVgid#:hiZcbZgd]V
B_cW#9WbbWe .&!&
VjbZciVYdZcigZZa'%%'n'%%*ÅYZXVh^%Vb{hYZa
Beh[je (-!' *%Åh^c^bedgiVgZac^kZaYZ^c\gZhdh#&)'6abZcdhjc
^c[dgbVciZXaVkZVg\jbZciVWVfjZZhiZVjbZcidedYgV
CWZh[Z[:_ei ,*!, Zmea^XVgX^ZgiVeVgiZYZaVY^hb^cjX^cZcZaedgXZciV_Z
-+!+
YZbjZgiZhbViZgcVhXVjhVYVhedg]ZbdggV\^Vh!Zc
Cegk[]kW
gZaVX^cVdigVhXVjhVh#&)(
FWiYe *+!, H^cZbWVg\d!digdh^cY^XVYdgZhYZegdXZhdhcd]Vc
ad\gVYdZab^hbdm^id#:ajhdYZahja[VidYZbV\cZh^d
F_khW ++!' eVgVigViVgaVegZ"ZXaVbeh^VcdhZ]V^cXaj^YdZcZa
Fkde ',!- egdidXdadYZaH>H!nVccdhZ]VZmiZcY^Yd!VeZhVg
YZadhXaVgdhWZcZÒX^dhfjZegdedgX^dcVgVhjjhd#:a
IWdCWhjd )-!) hja[VidYZbV\cZh^dgZfj^ZgZbVndgXVeVX^iVX^cnjcV
dWhZgkVX^cXdci^cjVYZaeVX^ZciZeVgV^beaZbZciVghj
JWYdW -,!'
jhd#9ZaVb^hbV[dgbV!aVZhiVcYVg^oVX^cYZajhdYZ
JkcX[i --!) Vci^W^i^XdheVgVigViVgaVh^c[ZXX^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdc
ZaZbWVgVodnZaeVgideZgbVcZXZZhfj^kV#&))
KYWoWb_ )*!- ;^cVabZciZ! aV ÆbdYZgc^oVX^c ^chi^ijX^dcVaÇ Zh
Zc[dXVYVeg^cX^eVabZciZVbZ_dgVgadhbZXVc^hbdh
& (& *& ,& .& '&& eVgV[VX^a^iVgjcVYZhXZcigVa^oVX^cZÒX^ZciZ#6ednVg
aVYZhXZcigVa^oVX^c^cXajVaVegdk^h^cYZVh^hiZcX^V
;jZciZh/ <gjed YZ 9ZhVggdaad YZ aVh CVX^dcZh Jc^YVh# Hacia el
cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio en el Perú. iXc^XV V adh Y^hi^cidh [jcX^dcVg^dh gZ\^dcVaZh! Vh
>c[dgbZhcVX^dcVaZhYZadhDW_Zi^kdhYZ9ZhVggdaadYZaB^aZc^dD9B# Xdbdjc^ciZcidYZXdciVgXdc^c[dgbVX^cYZhXZcigV"
'%%)/+'#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#jcY\#dg\$VgX]^kZTYdXh$**%)"EZgjT a^oVYVhdWgZaVhZhiVYhi^XVhYZhVajYZcgZaVX^cXdc
B9<TGZedgiT"TB9<G#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa'+YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,#
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD)&
aVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#&)*H^cZbWVg\d!ZcaVeg{Xi^XV XdcXZeijVaVa7VcXdBjcY^VanVa7>9#IVcidZaB^c^hiZg^d
ZhidYZbdhighZgWVhiVciZY^[X^aYZad\gVg#EdgZ_Zbead! YZ:XdcdbVn;^cVcoVhB:;XdbdZaB^c^hiZg^dYZ
JH6>9]VhZVaVYdadhegdWaZbVhfjZhZhjhX^iVcVa HVajY]Vch^YdjcedXdaZcidheVgVXdci^cjVgXdcaVh
igVWV_VgiVcidadhVheZXidhXZcigVa^oVYdhXdbdYZhXZc" cZ\dX^VX^dcZhcZXZhVg^Vh#:aXVbW^dYZVYb^c^higVX^c
igVa^oVYdhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYeZgjVcdYZW^YdVadh XdcaVhgZX^ZciZhZaZXX^dcZhegZh^YZcX^VaZhiVbW^c]V
XdchiVciZhXVbW^dhYZY^gZXi^kdh#&)+ gZigVhVYdZhiZegdXZhd#AdhXdcigVidheVgVE6GHVajY
E6GHVajY>Zc[Vi^o!VYZb{h!aV^bedgiVcX^VfjZgZk^hiZ >> YZWZc [^cVa^oVg Zc Za Vd '%%- V eZhVg YZ ZhiVh
jcVbZ_dggZ\jaVX^cYZaÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidnZaYZhVggdaad YZbdgVh#&*%E6GHVajY>>]VWg{YZ^cXaj^gb{hgZ\^dcZh
YZjchZXidgYZcigdYZa\dW^ZgcdXdcbVndgXVeVX^YVY YZaeVhfjZE6GHVajY>!VeZhVgYZfjZYZÒc^i^kVbZciZ
eVgVbVcZ_VgaVhÒcVcoVhnadheghiVbdh#&),Adh^ciZcidh ^cXaj^gVVEjcdn=jVcXVkZa^XV!nedYgVVhXZcYZgVb{h
edgbZ_dgVgaVVYb^c^higVX^cÒcVcX^ZgVnaVgZhedchVW^" YZJH&%%#%%%#%%%#&*&
a^YVYVaXVcoVgdcX^Zgidm^idbZY^VciZaV^beaZbZciVX^c :caVhZcigZk^hiVhaaZkVYVhVXVWdedgE=GXdc^c[dg"
YZjch^hiZbVXdciVWaZZhiVcYVg^oVYd#:aH><6H^hiZbV bVciZhXaVkZh!E6GHVajY>[jZXg^i^XVYdVbea^VbZciZedg
YZ>c[dgbVX^cYZ<Zhi^c6Yb^c^higVi^kV]VVnjYVYdV cdXdbegdbZiZgZchjVXX^cVaVhdg\Vc^oVX^dcZhYZ
Y^hb^cj^gaVXdggjeX^c!eVgi^XjaVgbZciZZcaVXdbegVYZ aVhdX^ZYVYX^k^adVaeWa^XdZc\ZcZgVa#=VX^VVWg^aYZa
bZY^X^cVh#JcVkZo^chiVaVYd!ZaH><6YZWZgV^ciZ\gVghZ '%%,!cdhZ]VWVcgZVa^oVYdXdchjaiVhXdcaVhV\ZcX^Vh
VaH>6;H^hiZbV>ciZ\gVaYZ6Yb^c^higVX^c;^cVcX^ZgV YZaVDCJ!adhjhjVg^dhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYdaVhdg\V"
nhZgji^a^oVYdedgZaB:;eVgVeZgb^i^gfjZZa\dW^Zgcd c^oVX^dcZhYZaVhdX^ZYVYX^k^aXdcgZheZXidVaY^hZdd
XZcigVahjeZgk^hZXj{cidY^cZgdfjZYVZcZaegZhjejZhid XdciZc^YdYZE6GHVajY>>#&*'
ZcXjVafj^ZgbdbZcidYVYd#&)-
:abdcididiVaVh^\cVYdVE6GHVajY>[jZYZVegdm^bV"
YVbZciZJH-,#%%%#%%%!XdcXdcig^WjX^dcZhYZaIZhdgd E6GHVajYZhjceghiVbd!
EWa^XdeZgjVcdfjZgZegZhZciVWVcjcedXdb{hYZjc cdjcVVnjYV
iZgX^dYZadh[dcYdh#7V_daVhZheZX^ÒXVX^dcZhÒcVcX^ZgVh NVfjZeg{Xi^XVbZciZcdhZgZi^gVgdc[dcYdhÅVa
dg^\^cVaZhYZaeghiVbd!hZgZfjZgVfjZZaEZggZVa^" bZcdhYjgVciZadhYdheg^bZgdhVdhYZE6GHVajY
oVgVjceV\dYZa&YZaeghiVbdVhj^c^X^d!VhXdbd >ÅYZW^YdVaV^cXVeVX^YVYYZa\dW^ZgcdYZYZÒc^g
%!,*YZaeg^cX^eVaVccdgZi^gVYdYjgVciZXVYVVd XaVgVbZciZ aVh eg^dg^YVYZh! Za EZg ^cXjgg^ Zc
YZaeghiVbd#HZ\cZaXgdcd\gVbVYZVbdgi^oVX^c! X^ZcidhYZb^aZhYZYaVgZhYZYZjYVh^beaZbZciZ
ZaeghiVbdhZgVeV\VYdXdchjbVhYZ&#&'*#%%%Va ZcWVhZVadh\VhidhedgZaXdbegdb^hdYZ]VXZgjhd
Vd!ZbeZoVcYdZcZaVd'%%*#:a^ciZghYZabdcid YZaY^cZgdZcZa[jijgd#H^V\gZ\VbdhaVXjdiV^c^X^Va
gZi^gVYdZgVeV\VYZgdhZbZhigVabZciZZcWVhZVaViVhV Vadh\VhidhedgZaXdbegdb^hd!Zhidh^\c^ÒXVfjZ
A>7DGLondon Interbank Offered Rate diVhVYZ^ciZgh ZaEZg^cXjgg^ZcVagZYZYdgYZjcb^aacYZJH
^ciZgWVcXVg^VYZabZgXVYdYZAdcYgZh#&). YZYZjYVVciZhYZgZX^W^gXjVafj^Zgi^edYZWZcZÒX^d
:caVVXijVa^YVYhZZhi{caaZkVcYdVXVWdcZ\dX^V" iVc\^WaZYZE6GHVajY>#&*(
X^dcZheVgVZaVWdgVgZaWdggVYdgYZaVhZ\jcYV[VhZYZ
E6GHVajY#:a\dW^ZgcdhZ]VgZigVhVYdZcZck^VgjcVcdiV
Zc Za EZg! c^c\jcd YZ Zhidh ^Y^dbVh Zh Xdch^YZgVYd ^Y^dbV
'*
GZeWa^XV YZa EZg# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de
dÒX^Va#AVhZhXjZaVhXVgZXZcYZegd\gVbVhW^a^c\ZhnedXdh Desarrollo del Milenio en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar
_jZXZhdYZ[ZchdgZheWa^Xdh]VWaVcadh^Y^dbVh^cY\ZcVh#KZg/ con la pobreza, la desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZYZa'%%)/&&#
8db^h^cYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh#9Zc\!;# 9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#XZe^h#deh"dbh#dg\$WkhV^g$Z$gZe^cYZm$
Æ=jbVcG^\]ih!BVhh:mdYjhZhVcY9^heaVXZYEZghdch#EgdÒaZh gZe^-($b^aZc^d$^c[dgbZh$eZgj"dYb#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa(YZ_ja^dYZa
^c9^heaVXZbZci/EZgj#Ç:$8C#)$&..+$*'$6YY#&#JC:H8G#:cZgd '%%,#B^ZcigVhfjZZa*)!(YZaVedWaVX^c\ZcZgVak^kZedgYZWV_d
YZ&..+/&(!e{ggV[d)-# YZaVacZVYZaVedWgZoV!Vegdm^bVYVbZciZZa+(YZaVedWaVX^c
^cY\ZcVYZaEZgZhi{edgYZWV_dYZaVacZVYZaVedWgZoV#KZg/
+
Ibíd. *!e{ggV[d.#
7VcXdBjcY^Va#Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development
,
HZZhi^bVfjZZa'k^kZZc{gZVhjgWVcVh#KZg/B>CH6#Biblioteca
in Latin America: 1994-2004#'%%*#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lZW#ldgaY"
virtual salud Perú – Indicadores nacionales. ÆEdWaVX^cjgWVcVÇ# WVc`#dg\$L7H>I:$:MI:GC6A$8DJCIG>:H$A68:MI!XdciZciB9@
9^hedc^WaZ Zc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^h" /'%*%*-(.seV\ZE@/&)+,(+se^E@/&)+-(%si]ZH^iZE@/'*-**)!%%#
i^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$edWjgWV#Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa'%YZZcZgdYZa ]iba#8dchjaiVYdZa(YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#
'%%,# '+
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
-
Informe Final de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación,
en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
XdcXajh^c\ZcZgVa+#9^hedc^WaZZclll#XkZgYVY#dg\#eZ$^c\aZh$ desigualdad y la exclusión.>c[dgbZYZa'%%)0cdiV'*!e{ggV[d&&#
^ÒcVa$XdcXajh^dcZh#e]e# ',
LZ^hWgdi!
B# Peru’s Election: Background on Economic Issues#
.
Ibíd.,XdcXajh^c\ZcZgVa.# 8ZciZg[dg:Xdcdb^XVcYEda^XnGZhZVgX]#'%%+/)#9^hedc^WaZZc/
&%
Ibíd.,XdcXajh^dcZh\ZcZgVaZh&,%"&,&# ]iie/$$lll#XZeg#cZi$YdXjbZcih$eZgjTWVX`\gdjcYT'%%+T%)#eY[#
&&
B>CH6# Crecimiento demográfico. 9^hedc^WaZ Zc/ ]iie/$$lll#
8dchjaiVYdZa'&YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$Ydlc" '-
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d(#
adVY$Y^cVb^XV&&#]ib#8dchjaiVYdZa'%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# '.
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d)#EdgXdbeVgVX^c!ZaYÒX^iYZahZXidgeWa^Xd[jZ
&'
Ibíd. %!,YZaE7>Zc'%%'#KZg/Ibíd.
&(
B>CH6#Biblioteca virtual salud Perú – Indicadores nacionales. “IVhV
(%
Ibíd.
YZXgZX^b^ZcidedWaVX^dcVaÇ#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW# (&
K{hfjZo!:#'%%)/')Presupuesto público y gasto social: la urgencia
“IVhV\adWVaYZ[ZXjcY^YVYÇ#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV# 24898PE#HZi^ZbWgZYZa'%%'/'#
\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$[ZXjcY^YVY#Vhe# ((
2007 Index of Economic Freedom# I]Z =Zg^iV\Z ;djcYVi^dc#
8dchjaiVYdZa'%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#]Zg^iV\Z#dg\$gZhZVgX]$[ZVijgZh$^cYZm$#
&*
;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista#;ZWgZgd
8dchjaiVYdZa''YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,#
YZa'%%,# ()
=ZaaZg!E#Æ;^hXVaHeVXZ/L]Vi^h^iVcY=dlid\Zi^i4ÇFinance &
&+
B>CH6#Biblioteca virtual salud Perú – Indicadores nacionales. “IVhV
Development: A Quarterly Magazine of the International Monetary
YZcViVa^YVYÇ#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^h" Fund#?jc^dYZa'%%*/'#9^hedc^WaZZc/lll#^b[#dg\$ZmiZgcVa$ejWh$
i^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$cViVa^YVY#Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa [i$[VcYY$'%%*$%+$WVh^Xh#]ib#8dchjaiVYdZa-YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,#
'%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# (*
7ZgiZahbVcc!Hi^[ijc\#Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006#
&,
Ibíd. Informes Nacionales#EZg/&-#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#WZgiZah"
&-
;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista#;ZWgZgd
bVcc"igVch[dgbVi^dc"^cYZm#YZ$ÒaZVYb^c$eY[$Zc$'%%+$AVi^c6bZg
YZa'%%,# ^XV6cYI]Z8Vg^WWZVc$EZgj#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa'YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#
&.
B>CH6# Biblioteca virtual salud Perú – Indicadores nacionales.
(+
7VcXdBjcY^Va#A New Social Contract: An Agenda for Improving
Æ:heZgVcoVYZk^YVVacVXZgÇ#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV# Education, Health, and the Social Safety Net in Peru# BVgod YZa
\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$ZheZgVcoV#Vhe# '%%+/)."*%#
8dchjaiVYdZa'%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# (,
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d*%#
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD)(
(-
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d&'%# *%
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d(('#<lVi`^c!9#!?d]chdc!@#!LV\hiV[[!6#!GjihiZ^c!
(.
KZg/Æ6ccZmIVWaZ'X/EjWa^X:meZcY^ijgZdc=ZVai]VcY:YjXVi^dc
H#nEVcYZ!G#Socioeconomic Differences in Health, Nutrition and
[dgEZgjVcY8dbeVgVidg8djcig^Zh#ÇZc7VcXdBjcY^Va# Peru: Population in Peru#7VcXdBjcY^Va#'%%,#
Country Assistance Evaluation. Report Nº. 24898PE#HZi^ZbWgZYZa *&
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
8dchdgX^dYZ^ckZhi^\VX^cZXdcb^XVnhdX^Va8>:H#9^hedc^WaZ :C9:H8dci^cjV'%%)#Cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*/'*#
Zc/]iie/$$X^Zh#dg\#eZ$ÒaZh$76$WV*#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa&*YZ[ZWgZgd **
Ibíd.
YZa'%%,#
*+
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d)(#
)'
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# +-
DBH# World Health Report 2000/ Health Systems: Improving
)*
>chi^iji>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ<dkZgcVW^a^iViYZ8ViVajcnV#Perfiles nacio-
Performance#'%%%/&--"&.	^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$
nales de gobernabilidad: República de Perú#?ja^d'%%*/(%# l]g$'%%%$Zc$l]g%%TZc#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa&.YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#
)+
Egd\gVbVYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVheVgVZa9ZhVggdaad#Human
+.
Dg\Vc^oVX^cEVcVbZg^XVcVYZaVHVajYDEH#ÆEZg/h^ijVX^c
edgZaXdcigVg^dWVhVhjhX{aXjadhZcadhhjZaYdh[Vb^a^VgZh#H^W^Zc \ZcYZgVcYHdX^VaEda^Xn^ci]Z<adWVaHdji]Ç#Eg^bVkZgVYZa'%%,!
Za>9=^ciZgcVX^dcVaYZaEZg[jZYZ%!,+'hZ\cZaECJ9!hj>9= Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society'%%,
cVX^dcVahZXVaXjaZc%!*.-#KZg/Egd\gVbVYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh &)&/.("&'*!Zc..#
eVgVZa9ZhVggdaad#Human Development Report 2004#]iie/$$]Yg# ,(
B>CH6# “Biblioteca virtual salud Perú – Indicadores nacionales.
jcYe#dg\$YdXh$hiVi^hi^Xh$^cY^XZh$hiViT[ZVijgZT'#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa Æ:hiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYÇ.9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#
&,YZV\dhidYZa'%%+0ECJ9EZg#ÆHZXX^cZheZX^Va/idbVcYdZa eZ$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh#
ejahdVaYZhVggdaad]jbVcdZcZaEZgÇ!ZcInforme sobre desarrollo Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa'%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
humano. Perú 2006/&..#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#ecjY#dg\#eZ$^Y]$ ,)
Ibíd.
>c[dgbZ'%%+$^cY]T'%%+T&%THZXX^dc:heZX^Va#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa''
YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,#
,*
Ibíd.
)-
ECJ9EZg#ÆHZXX^cZheZX^Va/idbVcYdZaejahdVaYZhVggdaad
,+
K{hfjZo!:#=#¿Los niños primero? Niveles de vida y gasto público
YZa'%%,# KdajbZc&!9^hedc^WaZZc/lll#XkZgYVY#dg\#eZ$^c\aZh$^ÒcVa$^cYZm#
).
ECJ9#Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity: Power,
e]e#
poverty and the global water crisis.'%%+#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$]Yg# ,-
9ZeVgiVbZcideVgVZa9ZhVggdaad>ciZgcVX^dcVa9;>9#L^ahdc!;#
) ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
,.
B>CH6#“Regulatory Activities Regarding Medical Devices in Peru.”
..
:cigZk^hiVXdcEZYgd;gVcX`Z!egd[ZhdgYZaVEdci^ÒX^VJc^kZgh^YVY
GZedgi[gdb-i]<adWVa=Vgbdc^oVi^dcIVh`;dgXZBZZi^c\#DiiVlV/ 8Via^XVYZaEZg!n6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!XddgY^cVYdgcVX^dcVaYZa
hZi^ZbWgZ&-"''!'%%%#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$\]i[#dg\$Xdc[ZgZcXZh$ Egd\gVbVYZa9ZgZX]dVaVHVajY!86G:EZg!A^bV!&&YZVWg^a
-i]Xdc[ZgZcXZ$egZhZciVi^dch$6bZg^XVh$E:GJ#YdX#8dchjaiVYdZa YZa'%%,#
*YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# &%%
:cigZk^hiVXdc?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!k^XZb^c^higdYZHVajYZc
-%
EgZo!7#6#nAZco!G#ÆEgd"EddgEda^X^Zh^ci]ZEZgjk^Vc=ZVai]
A^bV!EZg!&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
8VgZHZXidgÇZcA New Social Contract for Peru#'%%+/&%,!&'*# &%&
EdgidXVggZgd!6#<#!La equidad en la asignación regional del finan-
-*
8A69:B!Nada personal: reporte de derechos humanos sobre la apli-
^c[Vci^a[jZVWVgXVYdedgjcegd\gVbVYZhZ\jgdb{hVbea^d!Za
cación de la anticoncepción quirúrgica en el Perú1996-1998&...0 Seguro Integral de SaludH>H#:aH>H!jcg\VcdYZhXZcigVa^oVYd
9Z[ZchdgV9ZaEjZWad#Anticoncepción quirúrgica Voluntaria I. Casos XgZVYdZcZcZgdYZa'%%'!i^ZcZaVb^h^c\Zcg^XVYZWg^cYVghZgk^"
investigados por la Defensoría del Pueblo. A^bV/&..-# X^dhW{h^XdhYZhVajYVadheZgjVcdhedWgZh#KZg/ AZnYZaB^c^hiZg^d
YZHVajYYZZcZgdYZa'%%'AZnC°#',+*,#
-+
KZgB^gVcYV!?#?#nNVb^c!6#:#!ÆGZegdYjXi^kZ=ZVai]l^i]dji
G^\]ih^cEZgj#ÇTheLancet!'%%)0(+(/++"+.#
&%*
7Vggc!B#!7Vo{c!B#n8Vhi^aad!G#!?ja^dYZa'%%+0cdiV)%!6cZmd
;/+%#
-,
Ibíd.!e{\^cV(+(.)%'!e{ggV[dh+-".#
&%+
6bc^hiV >ciZgcVX^dcVa# Perú: mujeres pobres y excluidas – La
--
GdjhhZVj!Hie]Vc^Z!'%%,0cdiV,'!&)&/.("&'*!ZcZa&&'#
negación del derecho a la salud materno-infantil#?ja^dYZa'%%+!
-.
Ibíd.!ZcZa&&(# cdiV&%'#
.%
;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista#;ZWgZgdYZa
&%,
7Vggc!B#!7Vo{c!B#n8Vhi^aad!G#!?ja^dYZa'%%+0cdiV)%!e{ggV[d
'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdcB^\jZa<ji^ggZo!egZh^YZciZYZaVHdX^ZYVY '+#
EZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\V!ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&'YZVWg^a &%-
K{hfjZo!:#=#!Cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*>>>0cdiV,+!e{ggV[d).#
YZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdc8ZX^a^VDaZVBVjaZc!XddgY^cVYdgVYZ
Egd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhYZHVajYHZmjVa!nE^aVg6gXZ=Zgc{cYZo!
&%.
Ibíd.
Egd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhYZHVajYHZmjVa!;adgVIg^hi{cZcA^bV! &&%
EDA>8NEgd_ZXi$JH6>9#Core Package Final Report: Overcoming
EG998dciV^cZg#ch[$%$-*'*+Y')%%,++XX,-*'*,&&,%%*)YWZ[$ YZ>c[dgb{i^XVn:hiVYhi^XV#A^bV!bVndYZa'%%,#9^hedc^WaZZc/
;>A:$E:THdX8dciT8]Ve)#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa*YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# ]iie/$$lll#h^h#\dW#eZ$eY[$:hiVY8(69hi^XVhH>HT'%%,%)#eY[#
.'
Ibíd.!e{ggV[dh&%,!&)%# 8dchjaiVYdZa''YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,#
.(
8db^ihAdXVaZhYZ6Yb^c^higVX^cYZHVajY8A6H# &&(
:cigZk^hiVXdc?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!k^XZb^c^higdYZHVajYZc
.)
BVgicZo!?#!&...0cdiV,%!e{ggV[d)#0HYZgajcY!C#!BZcYdoV"
A^bV!EZg!Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
6gVcV!E#n<djY\Z!?#!ZYh# The New Public/Private Mix in Health: &&)
Ibíd.
Exploring the Changing Landscape# '%%(/'-# 9^hedc^WaZ Zc/ &&*
Ibíd.
]iie/$$lll#Vaa^VcXZ"]ehg#dg\$_V]^V$lZWYVk$h^iZ$bn_V]^Vh^iZ$ &&+
Ibíd.
h]VgZY$YdXjbZcih$CZlTEjWa^XTEg^kViZTB^mT;JAAT:c\a^h]#eY[#
8dchjaiVYdZa*YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,ZcWVhZV,%%eVgVY^X^ZbWgZ &&,
JC>8:;#Æ6iV\aVcXZ/EZgj#Ç9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#jc^XZ[#
YZ&..,# dg\$^c[dWnXdjcign$eZgjThiVi^hi^Xh#]iba#8dchjaiVYdZa(YZV\dhid
YZa'%%,#
.*
EgZo!7#6#nAZco!G#!'%%+0cdiV.&!e{ggV[dh&%,!&',#
&&-
KZg/:C9:H'%%%ZcaVGZeWa^XVYZaEZg#Hacia el cumplimiento
.+
Ibíd.
de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en el Perú. >c[dgbZh
.,
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
CVX^dcVaZhYZD9B#'%%)/+*#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#jcY\#dg\$
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la VgX]^kZTYdXh$**%)"EZgjTB9<TGZedgiT"TB9<G#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa
desigualdad y la exclusión.>c[dgbZYZa'%%)0cdiV'*!e{ggV[d))# '+YZV\dhidYZa'%%,#KZgiVbW^c/;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidXaVc"
.-
EgZo!7#6#nAZco!G#!'%%+0cdiV.&!e{ggV[dh&%,!&'-# YZhi^cdZcZaEZg/cjZkVhZk^YZcX^VhÇ!EVi]ÒcYZg>ciZgcVi^dcVa
n;adgVIg^hi{c!'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdc6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!XddgY^cVYdg
cVX^dcVaYZaEgd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhZcHVajY!86G:EZg!A^bV!
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD)*
&&YZVWg^aYZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdcB^\jZa<ji^ggZo!egZh^YZciZ >ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaadÒcVcX^jcegd\gVbVe^adideVgVZa
YZaVHdX^ZYVYEZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\VZcA^bV!EZg! HZ\jgdBViZgcd>c[Vci^aHB>#KZg/NVb^c!6#:#!Castillos de arena
Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdc8ZX^a^VDaZVBVjaZc!Xddg" en el camino hacia la modernidad#8ZcigdYZaVBj_ZgEZgjVcV;adgV
Y^cVYdgVYZaEgd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhYZHVajYHZmjVa!nE^aVg6gXZ Ig^hi{c!A^bV/'%%(#
=Zgc{cYZo!Egd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhYZHVajYHZmjVa!;adgVIg^hi{c &(%
B>CH6#Memoria de gestión 2005: programa de apoyo a la reforma
gZVa^oVgjcVXZh{gZVnigVch[jh^dcZhYZhVc\gZ#KZg/JC>8:;$DBH$ Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
JC;E6#Guías para monitorear la disponibilidad y la utilización de los &)'
B>CH6#Seguro integral de salud: estadísticas a octubre 2006. oficina
servicios obstétricos esenciales#6\dhidYZ&..,/'+# de informática y estadística#A^bV!'%%+/,.#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$
&')
JC!Task Force hdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^anBViZgcVYZaEgdnZXidYZa
lll#h^h#\dW#eZ$E9;$:hiVY^hi^XV$:hiVYhi^XVhH>HT'%%+T&%#eY[#
B^aZc^d#Who’s Got the Power? Transforming health systems for 8dchjaiVYdZa(&YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#
women and children.'%%*/-&",#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#jcb^a" &)(
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcVci^\jd[jcX^dcVg^dYZa\dW^ZgcdZcA^bV!Za&(
aZcc^jbegd_ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY"XdbeaZiZ#eY[# YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
8dchjaiVYdZa''YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,08VbeWZaa!D#n<gV]Vb!L#
ÆHigViZ\^Zh[dggZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in/\Zii^c\dcl^i]l]Vi
&))
Ibíd.
ldg`hÇZcThe Lancet#(+-.*)(#DXijWgZYZa'%%+/&'-)"&'..# &)*
KZg/]iie/$$lll#eVghVajY#\dW#eZ$FjZ=VXZbdh$iZbTbdYZgc^oV"
&'*
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
X^dc#Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa*YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#
en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la &)+
Core Package Final Report: Overcoming Operational Policy Barriers
desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZYZa'%%)0cdiV'*!e{ggV[d+)# to the Provision of Services Essential to Safe Motherhood in Peru#
&'+
JC>8:;$DBH$JC;E6#Guías para monitorear la disponibilidad y la
BVgodYZa'%%+!cdiV&&%#
utilización de los servicios obstétricos esenciales#6\dhidYZ&..,/'*# &),
KZg/]iie/$$lll#eVghVajY#\dW#eZ$FjZ=VXZbdh$iZbTbdYZgc^oV"
&',
>C:>#Encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar 2000#A^bV#BVndYZa
X^dc#Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa*YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#
'%%&/&(,# &)-
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcVci^\jd[jcX^dcVg^dYZa\dW^ZgcdZcA^bV!EZg!
&'-
Perú: encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar:C9:H8dci^cjV
Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
'%%)!cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*0cdiV*)!e{ggV[d&&*# &).
7VcXdBjcY^Va# Loan Agreement between Republic of Peru and
&'.
7VcXd >ciZgVbZg^XVcd YZ 9ZhVggdaad 7>9# Health Sector
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: Health
Development Program Maternal and Child Health Care Coverage (PE- Reform Program (First Phase: Mother and Child Insurance and
0146)/'#9^hedc^WaZZc]iie/$$lll#^VYW#dg\$Zmg$YdX.-$Veg$eZ&'%-Z# Decentralization of Health Services#(YZVWg^aYZa'%%&#EghiVbd
eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa&YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#6YZb{h!VciZhYZZhiVhhZg^Zh cbZgd )*',"E:# 9^hedc^WaZ Zc/ ]iie/$$lZW#ldgaYWVc`#dg\$
YZcZ\dX^VX^dcZhYZadheghiVbdh!Za7VcXdBjcY^Va]VÒcVcX^VYd ZmiZgcVa$egd_ZXih$bV^c4eV\ZE@2+)'-(+',e^E@2,('(%i]ZH^iZ
jcegdnZXidYZhZ^hVdhYZYjgVX^c!YZcdb^cVYdÆEgdnZXidYZ E@2)%.)&bZcjE@2''-)')Egd_ZXi^Y2E%+'.('#8dchjaiVYdZa
hVajYncjig^X^cW{h^XVÇEHC7YZ&..)Va'%%%#:c&..,!Za7VcXd '+YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,#
) + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
&*%
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcVci^\jd[jcX^dcVg^dYZa\dW^ZgcdZcA^bV!EZg!
BjcY^Va#Implementation Completion and Results Report (IBRD-45270)
Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# on a Loan in the Amount of US $27 Million to the Republic of Peru for a
&*&
:cigZk^hiV Xdc >Vc BVX6gi]jg! ZheZX^Va^hiV hZXidg^Va! 7VcXd
Health Reform Program#BVgodYZa'%%,/',#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad!ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa lll"lYh#ldgaYWVc`#dg\$ZmiZgcVa$YZ[Vjai$L9H8dciZciHZgkZg$
'%%,# L9HE$>7$'%%,$%*$%($%%%%'%.*(T'%%,%*%(&%'*(+$GZcYZgZY$
E9;$>8G%%%%,(#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa'+YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,#
&*'
Ibíd.
&*(
6hjb^ZcYdjcbdcididiVaYZ*)#%%%#%%%!jcViVg^[V^c^X^VaYZa&
Zfj^kVaZV*)%#%%%n%!,*edgZabdcidcdYZhZbWdahVYdk^g"
ijVabZciZZaidiVaZh)%*#%%%edgjcViVg^[VidiVaYZ.)*#%%%#7VcXd
:A8DCI:MID/:AE:GåN:AH>HI:B69:H6AJ9E:GJ6CD),
) - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
K>#A6BDGI6A>969B6I:GC68DBDJC
6HJCID9:9:G:8=DH=JB6CDH
F
dgbjX]dhVdhZa\dW^ZgcdeZgjVcd]Vegdbdk^Yd =jbVcdhZcBViZg^VYZ9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZh
aVgZYjXX^cYZaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV n8jaijgVaZhEgdidXdadYZHVcHVakVYdg,nZa8dckZc^d
XdbdjcVeg^dg^YVYYZhVajYeWa^XV0eZgdiVbW^c &+.YZaVDg\Vc^oVX^c>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZaIgVWV_dhdWgZ
hZigViVYZjc^beZgVi^kdYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh#:a\d" EjZWadh>cY\ZcVhnIg^WVaZhZc:hiVYdh>cYZeZcY^ZciZh
W^ZgcdeZgjVcd]VVhjb^YddWa^\VX^dcZhZcZabVgXd 8dckZc^d&+.YZaVD>I#-:hidhigViVYdh[dgbVcZabVgXd
YZa 9ZgZX]d CVX^dcVa n adh igViVYdh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh YZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhVeVgi^gYZaXjVahZYZWZZmVb^cVg
fjZ]VgVi^ÒXVYdeVgVVWdgYVgadhY^hi^cidh[VXidgZh aVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZjc:hiVYdZcadfjZXdcX^ZgcZaV
fjZbVci^ZcZcVaiVhaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV# egZkZcX^cnaVgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#
:hiZXVeijadegZhZciVVa\jcVhYZZhVhdWa^\VX^dcZh!nhZ 6YZb{h! Zc aV 8jbWgZ YZa B^aZc^d YZ CVX^dcZh
XdcXZcigVZcVfjaaVhfjZhZgZaVX^dcVcXdcZaYZgZX]dV Jc^YVh!XZaZWgVYVZcZa'%%%!adh:hiVYdhÅ^cXaj^Yd
aVhVajY#6h^b^hbd!Zmea^XVfjZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhcdgbV" Za EZgÅ VYdeiVgdc aV 9ZXaVgVX^c YZa B^aZc^d# AV
i^kVhZcZabVgXdYZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVahZYZWZc 9ZXaVgVX^cYZaB^aZc^dnadhDW_Zi^kdhYZ9ZhVggdaadYZa
^ciZgegZiVgVaVajoYZaVbZ_dgZk^YZcX^VZe^YZb^da\^XV B^aZc^dD9B!fjZZbVcVcYZaV9ZXaVgVX^c!^cXajnZcZa
gZaVX^dcVYVXdcaVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZhXaVkZheVgVgZYjX^gaV Xdbegdb^hdYZgZYjX^gaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV
bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!^cXaj^YdhadhXj^YVYdhdWhiig^Xdh ZcigZhXjVgiVheVgiZhZcigZadhVdh&..%n'%&*D9B
YZ ZbZg\ZcX^V 8D:b# 9Z VXjZgYd Xdc Za 9ZgZX]d *#6h^b^hbd!ZaD9B-ZmegZhVZaXdbegdb^hdYZ[dg_Vg
>ciZgcVX^dcVa!aVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZjc:hiVYdgZheZXid jcVVhdX^VX^c\adWVaeVgVZaYZhVggdaadbZY^VciZaVXjVa
VaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY^cXajnZcegdkZZg8D:bY^hedc^WaZh! adh:hiVYdhbhVkVcoVYdhjhZcaVVh^hiZcX^VVaYZhV"
VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZhnYZXVa^YVY#:a^cXjbea^b^ZcidYZ ggdaad^ciZgcVX^dcVaeVgVVnjYVgVadheV^hZhXdcbZcdh
ZhidhXg^iZg^dhegdkdXVYZbdgVhZcZabdbZcidYZidbVg gZXjghdhbViZg^VaZhVXjbea^ghjhdW_Zi^kdhYZXgZX^b^Zcid#
aVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV!YZbdgVhZcaaZ\VgVaZhiV" :a>c[dgbZYZaTask ForcehdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^anBViZgcV
WaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYfjZegdkZZ8D:b!nYZbdgVhZc YZaEgdnZXidYZaB^aZc^dYZaVDCJ!gZXdcdXZÒgbZbZciZ
gZX^W^gigViVb^ZcidVegde^VYdadfjZ!VhjkZo!hZigVYjXZ aVZcdgbZ^bedgiVcX^VYZadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!iVcid
ZcbjZgiZhbViZgcVh# eVgVZciZcYZgadhZaZbZcidh^beaX^idhZcZaD9B*
XdbdeVgVVaXVcoVgadh#.
BVgXdaZ\Va^ciZgcVX^dcVa#:c[dfjZZc 6WdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV^ckdajXgVY^gZXiVZ^cY^"
gZXiVbZciZjcVhZg^ZYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!ZcigZZaadh
ZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY
ZaYZgZX]dVaVk^YV!ZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!ZaYZgZX]dVaV
AVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZgZYjX^gnegZkZc^gaVbdgiVa^YVY ^ciZ\g^YVY[h^XV!ZaYZgZX]dVaVZYjXVX^c!aVha^WZgiVYZh
bViZgcV hZ ZcjcX^Vc Zc igViVYdh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh YZ^c[dgbVX^c!gZjc^cnX^gXjaVX^c!aVb^hbVegdiZX"
YZ adh XjVaZh Za EZg Zh :hiVYd eVgiZ! Vh Xdbd Zc X^cWV_daVaZnnZaYZgZX]dVaVeVgi^X^eVX^cedai^XV#
aV 8dchi^ijX^c n aV aZ\^haVX^c eZgjVcVh# :cigZ aVh 6h^b^hbd!ZaY^h[gjiZYZZhidhYZgZX]dhZhi{^cig^cXV"
aZnZh ^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh eZgi^cZciZh [^\jgVc/ Za EVXid YVbZciZa^\VYdZcigZh#EdgZ_Zbead!aVhbj_ZgZhYZWZc
>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh8^k^aZhnEdai^XdhE>98E!&Za gZX^W^gZYjXVX^ceVgVedYZgjhVgaV^c[dgbVX^cVaV
EVXid>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZhn XjVaYZWZciZcZgVXXZhd0ZaaVhgZfj^ZgZca^WZgiVYYZ
8jaijgVaZhE>9:H8!'aV8dckZcX^chdWgZaV:a^b^cVX^c X^gXjaVX^ceVgVedYZgVXXZYZgVadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY
YZidYVhaVh;dgbVhYZ9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVBj_Zg fjZ!Zcai^bV^chiVcX^V!ejZYZchVakVghjhk^YVh#H^cZa
8dckZcX^chdWgZaVBj_Zg!(aV8dckZcX^chdWgZaV YZgZX]dVaVeVgi^X^eVX^cedai^XV!aVhbj_ZgZhcdejZYZc
:a^b^cVX^c YZ idYVh aVh ;dgbVh YZ 9^hXg^b^cVX^c ZmegZhVgXdcZÒXVX^Vhjh^ciZgZhZhXdcgZheZXidVaVh
GVX^Va8dckZcX^cXdcigVaV9^hXg^b^cVX^cGVX^Va!)aV YZX^h^dcZhfjZi^ZcZc^beVXidhdWgZhjW^ZcZhiVg0nh^c
8dckZcX^chdWgZadh9ZgZX]dhYZaC^d!*aV8dckZcX^c ZaYZgZX]dVaVb^hbVegdiZXX^c!cdejZYZcdWiZcZgjcV
6bZg^XVcV hdWgZ 9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh! + Za EgdidXdad gZeVgVX^cZÒXVoZcXVhdYZk^daVX^dcZhYZZhidhYZgZ"
6Y^X^dcVaVaV8dckZcX^c6bZg^XVcVhdWgZ9ZgZX]dh X]dh#AVcdY^hXg^b^cVX^cZh[jcYVbZciVaeVgVfjZaVh
).
bj_ZgZhejZYVcZ_ZgXZgidYdhhjhYZgZX]dh!^cXaj^YdZa YZVh^hiZcX^VVaYZhVggdaad^ciZgcVX^dcVa!VhXdbddigVh
YZgZX]dVk^k^ga^WgZhYZjcVbjZgiZbViZgcVZk^iVWaZ# edai^XVh!VednZcZa[dgiVaZX^b^ZcidYZadhh^hiZbVhYZ
:a 9ZgZX]d >ciZgcVX^dcVa ]V ZkdajX^dcVYd Zc adh hVajY n digVh edai^XVh eZgi^cZciZh Zc adh eVhZh Zc
ai^bdhVdhn]VZmea^XVYdXaVgVbZciZfjZZhidhYZgZ" YZhVggdaad#Ç&)
X]dhhdckZgYVYZgVbZciZÆ^cY^k^h^WaZhZ^ciZgYZeZc" 9ZVXjZgYdXdcZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa!aVdWa^\V"
Y^ZciZhÇ#&%EdgZ_Zbead!ZaÆYZgZX]d^c]ZgZciZVaVk^YVÇ X^c YZ respetar Za YZgZX]d V aV hVajY Zm^\Z fjZ adh
XdchV\gVYdZcZaEVXid>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh8^k^aZh :hiVYdhhZVWhiZc\VcYZidbVgbZY^YVhfjZ^ciZgÒZgVc
nEdai^XdhE>98E!ZcigZdigdhigViVYdh!cdejZYZ^ciZg" XdcZaZ_ZgX^X^dYZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYYZaVbj_Zg#Edg
egZiVghZYZbVcZgVgZhig^Xi^kVdedghZeVgVYdYZaVh Z_Zbead!Za8db^iYZ9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZhn
bZY^YVhedh^i^kVhgZfjZg^YVheVgVZ_ZgXZgZaYZgZX]dVaV 8jaijgVaZhYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh89:H8!g\VcdYZ
hVajY#&&:a8db^iYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhYZaVhCVX^dcZh k^\^aVcX^VYZaE>9:H8YZaXjVaZaEZgZh:hiVYdeVgiZ!
Jc^YVh8db^iYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!g\VcdVafjZhZ ZhiVWaZXZfjZ/
]VZcXdbZcYVYdaV^ciZgegZiVX^cYZaE>98EÅYZaXjVa
Adh:hiVYdhYZWZcVWhiZcZghZYZa^b^iVgZaVXXZhd
ZaEZgZh:hiVYdeVgiZÅ]VVXaVgVYdfjZ/ÆaVhiVhVh
VVci^XdcXZei^kdhnVdigdhbZY^dhYZbVciZcZg
YZ bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV XdchiVciZbZciZ VaiVh ]VXZc
aVhVajYhZmjVan\Zch^XV!XZchjgVg!dXjaiVgd
hVWZgVadh:hiVYdhfjZejZYZcZhiVg^cXjbea^ZcYdhjh
YZhk^gijVg^ciZcX^dcVabZciZaV^c[dgbVX^cgZaV"
dWa^\VX^dcZhYZidbVgbZY^YVhZÒXVXZhZcXVb^cVYVhV
X^dcVYVXdcaVhVajY!^cXaj^YVaVZYjXVX^chZmjVa
egdiZ\ZgZaYZgZX]dYZaVbj_ZgVaVk^YV#Ç&':cZ[ZXid!Zc
naV^c[dgbVX^cVagZheZXid!VhXdbd^beZY^gaV
ZaXVhd_jgY^XdcdiVWaZYZ@VgZcAaVcidnXdcigVZaEZg!
eVgi^X^eVX^cYZaejZWadZcVhjcidhgZaVX^dcVYdh
ZcZafjZjcVbj_Zg[jZdWa^\VYVVaaZkVgVigb^cdjc[Zid
XdcaVhVajY#&*
VcZcXZ[{a^Xd!Za8db^iYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhZhiVWaZX^
fjZZaVXXZhdVhZgk^X^dheVgVZaVWdgidhZ\jgdVkZXZh EdghjeVgiZ!Za8db^ihdWgZaV:a^b^cVX^cYZidYVh
ZhcZXZhVg^deVgVegZhZgkVgZaYZgZX]dVaVk^YV# aVh;dgbVhYZ9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVBj_Zg8:96L!
edghjhh^\aVhZc^c\ah!fjZhjeZgk^hVaVVea^XVX^c
DWa^\VX^dcZh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhYZ YZaV8dckZcX^chdWgZaVBj_Zg!YZaVXjVaZaEZgZh
:hiVYdeVgiZ!hZVaVfjZ/
gZheZiVg!egdiZ\ZgnXjbea^gXdcZa
YZgZX]dVaVhVajY AVdWa^\VX^cYZrespetar los derechosZm^\ZfjZadh
:hiVYdheVgiZhZVWhiZc\VcYZedcZgigVWVhVaVh
GZXdcdX^ZcYd fjZ c^c\c YZgZX]d hZ ejZYZ Z_ZgXZg
bZY^YVhVYdeiVYVhedgaVbj_ZgeVgVXdchZ\j^g
V^haVYdYZadhYZb{h!ZcZhiZXVeijadE=GhZXdcXZcigV
hjhdW_Zi^kdhZcbViZg^VYZhVajY½EdgZ_Zbead!
eg^cX^eVabZciZZcaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhfjZ]VXdcigVYd
adh:hiVYdheVgiZcdYZWZcgZhig^c\^gZaVXXZhd
Za :hiVYd eZgjVcd YZ gZheZiVg! egdiZ\Zg n Xjbea^g
YZaVbj_ZgVadhhZgk^X^dhYZViZcX^cbY^XVc^
ZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!VÒcYZVXaVgVgaVhXdcbVndg
VadhY^heZchVg^dhfjZadhegZhiVcedgZa]ZX]d
egZX^h^c#H^cZbWVg\d!XdbdhZY^hXjiZZcZaXVeijad
YZ XVgZXZg YZ aV Vjidg^oVX^c YZ hj Zhedhd! hj
K>>>Æ:aZc[dfjZWVhVYdZcYZgZX]dheVgVVWdgYVgaV
XdbeVZgd!hjheVYgZhdaVhVjidg^YVYZhYZhVajY!
bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZgÇYZaegZhZciZ^c[dgbZ!
edgcdZhiVgXVhVYVdedghjXdcY^X^cYZbj_Zg#
jcZc[dfjZYZegd\gVbVX^cnedai^XVYZhVajYWVhVYd
:aVXXZhdYZaVbj_ZgVjcVVYZXjVYVViZcX^c
ZcYZgZX]dhgZfjZg^g{bZY^YVhYZXVg{XiZgaZ\^haVi^kd!
bY^XV igde^ZoV iVbW^c Xdc digdh dWhi{Xjadh!
cdgbVi^kdnYZdigVcYdaZfjZiVbW^chZgZaVX^dcZc
Xdbd aVh aZnZh fjZ eZcVa^oVc X^ZgiVh ^ciZgkZc"
Xdc digdh YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh# Edg digV eVgiZ! Xdbd
X^dcZhbY^XVhfjZV[ZXiVcZmXajh^kVbZciZVaV
iVbW^chZZcjcX^VZcZaXVeijadK>>>!ZaYZgZX]dVaV
bj_ZgnXVhi^\VcVaVhbj_ZgZhfjZhZhdbZiZcV
hVajYcdhdadVig^WjnZdWa^\VX^dcZhVaEZg!h^cdiVbW^c
Y^X]Vh^ciZgkZcX^dcZh#&+
Vdigdh:hiVYdhYdcVciZh#:cdigVheVaVWgVh!Za9ZgZX]d
>ciZgcVX^dcVae^YZVh^hiZcX^VnXddeZgVX^c^ciZgcVX^d" :hVh ^ciZgkZcX^dcZh bY^XVh ^cXajnZc adh hZgk^"
cVaZhfjZeZgb^iVcfjZadheVhZhXdcgZXjghdha^b^iVYdh X^dheVgVZaVWdgidhZ\jgd#:cgZaVX^cXdcZaVWdgid!
XjbeaVcXdchjhdWa^\VX^dcZh#&(:aGZaVidg:heZX^VaYZ ZagZheZidYZaYZgZX]dYZaVbj_ZgVaVhVajYZm^\ZZa
aVDCJhdWgZZa9ZgZX]dVa9^h[gjiZYZIdYVEZghdcVVa gZheZidYZaVgZaVX^cbY^Xd"eVX^ZciZ#8:96L]VXZ
b{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVaGZaVidg cdiVgZchjGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')!fjZd[gZXZ
:heZX^VaYZaVDCJ]VegZX^hVYdVagZheZXidfjZÆadh dg^ZciVX^c^cZfjkdXVVadh:hiVYdheVgiZhdWgZhjh
:hiVYdhYZhVggdaaVYdhYZWZc\VgVci^oVgfjZhjhedai^XVh dWa^\VX^dcZh]VX^VaVbj_ZgnhjhVajY!fjZ/ÆAV[VaiVYZ
* % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
gZheZidYZaXVg{XiZgXdcÒYZcX^VaYZaV^c[dgbVX^cV[ZXiV ZcaVhYZX^h^dcZhfjZi^ZcZc^beVXidhdWgZhjW^ZcZhiVg#'*
iVcidVa]dbWgZXdbdVaVbj_Zg!eZgdejZYZY^hjVY^g EdgdigVeVgiZ!aVdWa^\VX^cYZcdY^hXg^b^cVX^cZcZa
VaVbj_ZgYZdWiZcZgVhZhdgVb^ZcidnigViVb^Zcidn! XdciZmidYZaVhVajYcdZh[dgbVa^hiV0edgZaXdcigVg^d!
edgXdch^\j^ZciZ!V[ZXiVgcZ\Vi^kVbZciZhjhVajYnW^Zc" gZXdcdXZXaVgVbZciZfjZaVbj_Zgi^ZcZcZXZh^YVYZhYZ
ZhiVg#EdgZhiVgVoc!aVbj_ZgZhiVg{bZcdhY^hejZhiV hVajYY^[ZgZciZhVaVhYZadh]dbWgZh!eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ
VdWiZcZgViZcX^cbY^XVeVgVhdbZiZghZV½VWdgidh ZcZaXdciZmidYZaVhVajYgZegdYjXi^kV#'+
^cXdbeaZidhÇ#&, 6bWdhigViVYdhVÒgbVcfjZadh:hiVYdheVgiZYZWZc
AVdWa^\VX^cYZproteger ZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYZm^\Z VYdeiVgidYVhaVhVXX^dcZhdbZY^YVhVYZXjVYVh!]VhiV
fjZadh:hiVYdh^be^YVcfjZiZgXZgdh^ciZgÒZgVcXdc ÆZab{m^bdYZadhgZXjghdhYZfjZY^hedc\VcÇ!VÒcYZ
ZaY^h[gjiZYZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY#HZ\cZa89:H8!aV VhZ\jgVgZaZ_ZgX^X^dYZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!^cXaj^YVaV
dWa^\VX^cYZprotegerZhiZYZgZX]d^cXajnZadh^\j^ZciZ/ ÆViZcX^cbY^XVeVgVidYdhZcXVhdhYZZc[ZgbZYVYÇ
ÆAdh:hiVYdhYZWZckZaVgedgfjZaVheg{Xi^XVhhdX^VaZh iVaZhXdbdhXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVhnYZÆZa^b^cVg
digVY^X^dcVaZhcdX^kVhcdV[ZXiZcZaVXXZhdVaVViZc" aVY^hXg^b^cVX^cZcaVZh[ZgVYZaVViZcX^cbY^XV!
X^cVciZg^dgnedhiZg^dgVaeVgidc^VaVeaVc^ÒXVX^cYZ ^cXajnZcYdbZY^YVhZheZX^VaZhV[VkdgYZaVhbj_ZgZh
aV[Vb^a^VÇ#&-IVbW^c^cXajnZaVdWa^\VX^cYZÆVYdeiVg ZbWVgVoVYVh!ÇgZheZXi^kVbZciZ#',
bZY^YVheVgVegdiZ\ZgVidYdhadh\gjedhkjacZgVWaZhd AVgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVhZbZcX^dcV
bVg\^cVYdhYZaVhdX^ZYVY!ZceVgi^XjaVgaVhbj_ZgZh!adh ZmegZhVbZciZiVcidZcaVGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaYZ
c^dh!adhVYdaZhXZciZhnaVheZghdcVhbVndgZh!iZc^ZcYd 8:96L!YZ&...!hdWgZÆAVBj_ZgnaVHVajY!ÇnZcaV
ZcXjZciVadhVXidhYZk^daZcX^VYZhYZaVeZgheZXi^kV DWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaYZa89:H8!YZa'%%%!hdWgZÆZa
YZ\cZgd#6h^b^hbd!adh:hiVYdhYZWZckZaVgedgfjZ 9ZgZX]dVa9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajYÇ!
iZgXZgdhcda^b^iZcZaVXXZhdYZaVheZghdcVhVaV^c[dg" fjZVXaVgVcaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZadh:hiVYdheVgiZZc
bVX^cnadhhZgk^X^dhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVhVajY#Ç&. k^gijYYZaV8dckZcX^chdWgZaVBj_ZgnZaE>9:H8!
AVdWa^\VX^cYZcumplirZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYZm^\ZfjZ gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#AVDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)YZa
adh:hiVYdhVYdeiZcbZY^YVhVYZXjVYVh!nVhZVaZ\^haV" 89:H8ZhiVWaZXZfjZ!ÆJcdW_Zi^kd^bedgiVciZYZWZg{
i^kVhdYZdigVcVijgVaZoV!XdbdbZY^deVgV\VgVci^oVgZa Xdch^hi^gZcaVgZYjXX^cYZadhg^Zh\dhfjZV[ZXiVcV
eaZcdZ_ZgX^X^dYZaÆYZgZX]dYZidYVeZghdcVVaY^h[gjiZ aVhVajYYZaVbj_Zg!ZceVgi^XjaVgaVgZYjXX^cYZaVh
YZab{hVaidc^kZaedh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVa!ÇiVa iVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVÇ#'-EdghjeVgiZ!8:96L
XdbdhZZcjcX^VZhiZYZgZX]dZcZaE>9:H8#'%:ck^gijY ZhiVWaZXZZchjGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')fjZadh
YZaE>9:H8!adh:hiVYdheVgiZi^ZcZcaVdWa^\VX^cYZ :hiVYdheVgiZYZWZc^cY^XVgfjbZY^YVh]VcVYdeiVYd
XgZVg ÆXdcY^X^dcZh fjZ VhZ\jgZc V idYdh Vh^hiZcX^V ÆeVgV\VgVci^oVgVaVhbj_ZgZhhZgk^X^dhVegde^VYdhZc
bY^XVnhZgk^X^dhbY^XdhZcXVhdhYZZc[ZgbZYVYÇ#'& gZaVX^cXdcZaZbWVgVod!ZaeVgidnZaeZg^dYdedhiZg^dgVa
:cZaXdciZmidYZaVhVajYbViZgcV!ÆhZYZWZXdcXZYZg eVgidÇn!ZceVgi^XjaVg!YZWZc^cY^XVgÆZcfjegdedgX^c
ZheZX^VaegdiZXX^cVaVhbVYgZhYjgVciZjceZgdYdYZ ]VcY^hb^cj^YdZchjheVhZhaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYn
i^ZbedgVodcVWaZVciZhnYZhejhYZaeVgid#Ç'' bdgW^a^YVYYZg^kVYVhYZaVbViZgc^YVYXdbdgZhjaiVYd
:a6giXjad&'YZaV8dckZcX^chdWgZaVBj_ZgiVbW^c YZaVVYdeX^cYZZhVhbZY^YVhÇ#'.
ZhiVWaZXZcdgbVhhjhiVci^kVhfjZXjbea^gZcgZaVX^c EdhiZg^dgbZciZ!ZhidhYdh8db^ihkVcb{hVaa{Va
XdcZaZ_ZgX^X^dYZaYZgZX]dYZaVbj_ZgVaVhVajY/ÆAdh VcjcX^VgfjZhZYZWZegdedgX^dcVgnedcZgVY^hedh^X^c
:hiVYdheVgiZVYdeiVg{cidYVhaVhbZY^YVhVegde^VYVh YZaVhbj_ZgZhhZgk^X^dhdWhiig^XdhZcXjbea^b^Zcid
eVgVZa^b^cVgaVY^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVbj_ZgZcaV YZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZjc:hiVYd#:a89:H8]VeVgi^Xj"
Zh[ZgVYZaVViZcX^cbY^XVVÒcYZVhZ\jgVg!ZcXdcY^" aVg^oVYdadhhZgk^X^dhdWhiig^XdhXdbdjc^bedgiVciZ
X^dcZhYZ^\jVaYVYZcigZ]dbWgZhnbj_ZgZh!ZaVXXZhdV XdbedcZciZYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZadh:hiVYdheVgiZ
adhhZgk^X^dhYZViZcX^cbY^XV#Ç'(B{hXdcXgZiVbZciZ! XdcgZheZXidVaVhVajYZchjDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVa!n]V
Æadh:hiVYdheVgiZ\VgVci^oVg{cVaVhbj_ZgZhhZgk^X^dh hZVaVYdfjZaVegdk^h^cYZhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYbViZgcV
Vegde^VYdhZcgZaVX^cXdcZaZbWVgVod!ZaeVgidnZa Xdchi^ijnZeVgiZYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhZhZcX^VaZhdW{h^XVh
eZg^dYdedhiZg^dgVaeVgid!egdedgX^dcVcYdhZgk^X^dh YZjc:hiVYd#(%:chjGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaÆAVBj_Zg
\gVij^idhXjVcYd[jZgZcZXZhVg^dÇ#')6aaZZgZa6giXjad&' naVHVajY!Ç8:96LdWhZgkVfjZÆZhdWa^\VX^cYZadh
_jcidXdcadh6giXjadh&)n&+YZaV8dckZcX^chdWgZaV :hiVYdheVgiZ\VgVci^oVgZaYZgZX]dYZaVbj_ZgVhZgk^"
Bj_Zg!gZhjaiVXaVgdfjZZaVXXZhdVadhhZgk^X^dhYZViZc" X^dhYZbViZgc^YVYh^cg^Zh\dhnVhZgk^X^dhdWhiig^Xdh
X^cbY^XV!^cXaj^YVaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!Xdchi^ijnZ YZZbZg\ZcX^V!nfjZYZWZcVh^\cVgVZhdhhZgk^X^dhZa
jcVeVgiZYZaYZgZX]dYZaVbj_ZgVaVeaZcVeVgi^X^eVX^c b{m^bdYZgZXjghdhY^hedc^WaZhÇ#(&
A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 8 D B D J C 6 H J C ID 9 : 9 : G : 8 = D H = J B 6 C D H * &
CVijgVabZciZ!cdhZejZYZegdkZZg8D:bV^haVYdhYZ eg^dg^YVYYZahZXidgYZaVhVajYnedgfjZaVbj_Zg
aVViZcX^cYZdigVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZhVajYgZegdYjXi^kVn iZc\V [{X^a VXXZhd V ViZcX^c dWhiig^XV ZhZc"
hZmjVaYZaVbj_Zg#:a89:H8gZXdcdXZaV^bedgiVcX^VYZa X^Va!hZgk^X^dhYZhVajYbViZgcVW^ZcZfj^eVYdhn
VXXZhdVjcV\VbVXdbeaZiVYZÆhZgk^X^dhgZaVX^dcVYdh VYZXjVYVbZciZYdiVYdhYZeZghdcVa!Vh^hiZcX^V
XdcaVhVajYhZmjVan\Zch^XV!^cXaj^YdZaVXXZhdVaV XVa^ÒXVYVYjgVciZZaeVgid!ViZcX^cdWhiig^XVYZ
eaVc^ÒXVX^cYZaV[Vb^a^V!aVViZcX^cVciZg^dgnedhiZg^dg ZbZg\ZcX^V!gZb^h^cnZckdZÒXVXZhVc^kZaZh
VaeVgid!adhhZgk^X^dhdWhiig^XdhYZZbZg\ZcX^VnZa hjeZg^dgZhYZViZcX^cZcXVhdcZXZhVg^d!ViZcX^c
VXXZhdVaV^c[dgbVX^c!VhXdbdVadhgZXjghdhcZXZhV" YZhejhYZaeVgidneaVc^ÒXVX^cYZaV[Vb^a^V#:c
g^dheVgVVXijVgXdcVggZ\adVZhV^c[dgbVX^cÇ#('8:96L aVgZ[dgbVYZahZXidgYZaVhVajY!aVgZYjXX^cYZaV
ZhVcb{hZheZXÒXdnVfjZ!edgZ_Zbead!Zm^\ZfjZZc bdgiVa^YVYnaVbdgW^a^YVYYZg^kVYVhYZaVbViZg"
hjh^c[dgbZh!Æadh:hiVYdheVgiZ^cY^fjZcfjbZY^YVh c^YVYYZWZhZgjcZaZbZcidYZhiVXVYdnji^a^oVghZ
]VcVYdeiVYdeVgV\VgVci^oVgZaVXXZhddedgijcdVaV Xdbd^cY^XVYdgYZgZhjaiVYdhedh^i^kdhYZY^X]V
\VbVYZhZgk^X^dhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVeaVc^ÒXVX^cYZaV gZ[dgbV#(*
[Vb^a^VZceVgi^XjaVgnXdcaVhVajYhZmjVan\Zch^XVZc
AV8dckZcX^c>ciZgcVX^dcVahdWgZaV:a^b^cVX^cYZ
\ZcZgVa#HZYZWZegZhiVgViZcX^cZheZX^VaVaVZYjXVX^c
idYVhaVh;dgbVhYZ9^hXg^b^cVX^cGVX^Va8dckZcX^c
hVc^iVg^VYZadhVYdaZhXZciZh!^cXajhdegdedgX^dcVgaZh
XdcigV aV 9^hXg^b^cVX^c GVX^Va! YZ aV XjVa Za EZg
^c[dgbVX^cnVhZhdgVb^ZcidhdWgZidYdhadhbidYdh
iVbW^cZh:hiVYdeVgiZ!^chiVVadh:hiVYdheVgiZV
YZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgÇ#((
Za^b^cVgaVY^hXg^b^cVX^cgVX^VanÆ\VgVci^oVgZaYZgZX]d
H^ W^Zc cd hZ igViV YZ jc igViVYd k^cXjaVciZ! Za
YZidYdhh^cY^hi^cX^cYZgVoV!Xdadgjdg^\ZccVX^dcVa
Egd\gVbV YZ 6XX^c VegdWVYd edg aV 8dc[ZgZcX^V
dic^XdÇVaY^h[gjiZYZaÆYZgZX]dVaVhVajYeWa^XV!aV
>ciZgcVX^dcVahdWgZEdWaVX^cn9ZhVggdaadEgd\gVbV
Vh^hiZcX^VbY^XV!aVhZ\jg^YVYhdX^VanadhhZgk^X^dh
YZ6XX^cYZ:a8V^gd!fjZZaEZghjhXg^W^!egdkZZ
hdX^VaZh!ZcigZdigdh#Ç(+
dg^ZciVX^c^ciZgegZiVi^kVhdWgZaV^bedgiVcX^VXgjX^Va
:caV8dckZcX^chdWgZadh9ZgZX]dhYZaC^d!YZaV
YZaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgnYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY
XjVaZaEZgZh:hiVYdeVgiZ!iVbW^chZgZXdcdXZZheZ"
eVgVaVhVajYgZegdYjXi^kV/
XÒXVbZciZfjZadhXdbedcZciZhYZhVajYbViZgcVhdc
AVhVajYgZegdYjXi^kVZhjcZhiVYd\ZcZgVaYZW^Zc" jcYZgZX]d]jbVcd#(,6h^b^hbd!hZYZWZiZcZgegZhZciZ
ZhiVg[h^Xd!bZciVanhdX^Va!ncdYZbZgVVjhZcX^V fjZZcbjX]dhXVhdhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!aVbVYgZ
YZZc[ZgbZYVYZhdYdaZcX^Vh!ZcidYdhadhVheZXidh i^ZcZbZcdhYZ&-VdhYZZYVYn!edgZcYZ!hZaZYZÒcZ
gZaVX^dcVYdhXdcZah^hiZbVgZegdYjXi^kdnhjh Xdbdc^VYZVXjZgYdVaV8dckZcX^c#(-
[jcX^dcZhnegdXZhdh#:cXdchZXjZcX^V!aVhVajY :a6giXjad'*YZa8dckZc^d&+.YZaVD>I!gVi^ÒXVYd
gZegdYjXi^kV ZcigVV aV XVeVX^YVY YZ Y^h[gjiVg edgZaEZg!VWdgYVXdcXgZiVbZciZadhYZgZX]dhYZadh
jcVk^YVhZmjVahVi^h[VXidg^Vnh^cg^Zh\dh!nYZ ejZWadh^cY\ZcVhVaVhVajY/ÆAdh\dW^ZgcdhYZWZg{c
egdXgZVg!naVa^WZgiVYeVgVYZX^Y^g]VXZgaddcd kZaVgedgfjZhZedc\VVY^hedh^X^cYZadhejZWadh^ciZ"
]VXZgad!Xj{cYdnXdcfj[gZXjZcX^V#:hiVai^bV gZhVYdhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYVYZXjVYdhdegdedgX^dcVgV
XdcY^X^caaZkV^beaX^idZaYZgZX]dYZa]dbWgZn Y^X]dhejZWadhadhbZY^dhfjZaZheZgb^iVcdg\Vc^oVg
aVbj_ZgVdWiZcZg^c[dgbVX^cniZcZgVXXZhdV negZhiVgiVaZhhZgk^X^dhWV_dhjegde^VgZhedchVW^a^YVY
bidYdhhZ\jgdh!ZÒXVXZh!VhZfj^WaZhnVXZeiVWaZh nXdcigda!VÒcYZfjZejZYVc\doVgYZab{m^bdc^kZa
YZeaVc^ÒXVX^cYZaV[Vb^a^VZcigZadhXjVaZhedYZg edh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVa#Ç(.
ZaZ\^g!VhXdbdVdigdhbidYdheVgVaVgZ\jaVX^c :cZa{bW^idgZ\^dcVa!aV9ZXaVgVX^c6bZg^XVcVYZadh
YZaV[ZXjcY^YVYfjZcdZhicaZ\VabZciZegd]^" 9ZgZX]dhn9ZWZgZhYZa=dbWgZ9ZXaVgVX^c6bZg^XVcV
W^Ydh!nZaYZgZX]dVgZX^W^ghZgk^X^dhVYZXjVYdh bZcX^dcVZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYZchjVgiXjadM>#)%IVcid
YZhVajYfjZeZgb^iVcadhZbWVgVodhnadheVgidh aV8db^h^c>ciZgVbZg^XVcVYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhXdbd
h^cg^Zh\dhnYZcVaVheVgZ_VhaVhb{m^bVhedh^" aV 8dgiZ >ciZgVbZg^XVcV YZ 9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh ]Vc
W^a^YVYZhYZiZcZg]^_dhhVcdh#() ^ciZgegZiVYdVbea^VbZciZaVhhVakV\jVgYVhYZaYZgZX]d
VaVk^YVXdciZc^YVhZcaV8dckZcX^c6bZg^XVcVYZ
:aYdXjbZcidYZZkVajVX^cZaVWdgVYdX^cXdVdh
9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh8dckZcX^c6bZg^XVcV!YZaVXjVa
YZhejhYZaEgd\gVbVYZ6XX^cYZ:a8V^gd^chiVadh
ZaEZgZh:hiVYdeVgiZ!eVgV^cXaj^gaVhY^bZch^dcZhYZ
\dW^ZgcdhV
aVhVajYnZaW^ZcZhiVgcZXZhVg^VheVgVaVhjeZgk^kZcX^V
½kZaVgedgfjZaVgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVYnaV nZaYZhVggdaad]jbVcdh#)&EdgdigdaVYd!ZaEgdidXdadYZ
bdgW^a^YVYYZg^kVYVhYZaVbViZgc^YVYhZVjcV HVcHVakVYdg!YZaXjVaZaEZgZh:hiVYdeVgiZ!^cXajnZ
* ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
hVajYeZgjVcdh^\jZcaVhYZÒc^X^dcZhYZ8D:bW{h^Xdh BZY^XVbZcidh]VWVcYZbdhigVYdfjZaVVYb^c^higVX^c
n8D:b^ciZ\gVaZh!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ!fjZhZZmedcZc YZjcVhdaVYdh^hYZaVYgd\VVci^ggZigdk^gVacZk^gVe^cVV
ZcaVhGuías de la ONU,XdcZmXZeX^cYZaeVgidkV\^cVa aVhbVYgZhnadhgZX^ccVX^YdhegZkZcVaVigVchb^h^c
Vh^hi^YdfjZcdZhi{^cXaj^YdZcaVh;D7hneg{Xi^XVbZciZ bViZgcd"^c[Vci^a YZa K>= Zc aV bVndgV YZ adh XVhdh#
cjcXVhZgZVa^oVZcZaEZg# EZhZVZaad!Za:hiVYdhZcZ\VY^hig^Wj^gZaVci^ggZigd"
:cWVhZVaVbZ_dgZk^YZcX^VY^hedc^WaZ!edYgVYZX^ghZ k^gVaVadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!deiVcYdZchjaj\Vg
fjZZhiVh[jcX^dcZheg^cX^eVaZhYZÒcZcfjhZgk^X^dh edga^b^iVghjjhdV&-XZcigdhe^adidedgjceZgdYdYZ
apropiados ÆhZ gZaVX^dcVc Xdc Za ZbWVgVod! Za eVgid i^Zbed^cYZÒc^Yd#AjZ\dYZZmVb^cVgaVhdWa^\VX^dcZh
nZaeZgdYdedhiZg^dgVaeVgidÇ,'n!Vab^hbdi^Zbed! YZadhedYZgZhaZ\^haVi^kdnZ_ZXji^kd!YZXdc[dgb^YVY
d[gZXZcdg^ZciVX^cZheZXÒXVhdWgZaVheg^dg^YVYZhYZ Xdc aV 8dchi^ijX^c Edai^XV YZ HjY{[g^XV! Za Ig^WjcVa
adh:hiVYdhgZheZXidVaVegd\gVbVX^cnZa\Vhid#Edg 8dchi^ijX^dcVahdhijkdfjZaVcZ\Vi^kVYZa:hiVYdVY^hig^"
digdaVYd!gZheZXidVadhdW_Zi^kdhZcjcX^VYdhedgjc Wj^gcZk^gVe^cVVadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!VYZb{h
:hiVYdYZgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!aVhedai^XVhn YZa]ZX]dYZcdXdciVgXdcjceaVcYZVXX^c^ciZ\gVaXdc
adhegd\gVbVhfjZ]VcbdhigVYdedXVZk^YZcX^VYZm^id gZheZXidVaVigVchb^h^cbViZgcd"^c[Vci^aYZaK>=!ZgV
YZVXjZgYdVaVa^iZgVijgVejWa^XVYV!iVaXdbdaVXVeVX^" Æ^ggVX^dcVaÇnk^daVWVadhYZgZX]dhVaVhVajYYZaVhbVYgZh
iVX^cYZeVgiZgVhigVY^X^dcVaZhV[VaiVYZjcVgZYYZ ^cY^\ZciZhnhjhWZWh#EVgVaaZ\VgVZhiVXdcXajh^c!Za
gZ[ZgZcX^VZc[jcX^dcVb^Zciddegd\gVbVhZcXVb^cVYdh Ig^WjcVabZcX^dcZmegZhVbZciZfjZZaigViVb^ZcidXdc
VVh^\cVgjcVXViZ\dgVYZg^Zh\dVadhZbWVgVodhXdcZa cZk^gVe^cVeVgVegZkZc^gaVigVchb^h^cbViZgcd"^c[Vci^a
ÒcYZegdcdhi^XVgXdbea^XVX^dcZh!cdhZYZWZcXdch^YZgVg YZaK>=XdciVWVXdcaVVXZeiVX^cYZaVDBHnZa8dchZ_d
bZY^dhgVodcVWaZhdVYZXjVYdheVgVXjbea^gZaYZgZX]d HjYV[g^XVcdYZ8dcigdaYZBZY^XVbZcidh#
YZaVbj_ZgVaVhVajY#,(8dbdiZbVYZ9ZgZX]dZcbViZg^V Adhig^WjcVaZhYZdigdheVhZhiVbW^c]VcZmVb^cVYd
YZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!adh:hiVYdhcdejZYZc^\cdgVgaV aVZk^YZcX^VZe^YZb^da\^XVeVgV\j^VghjhZkVajVX^dcZh
Zk^YZcX^VX^ZciÒXVgZheZXidVXj{aZhhdcaVhbZY^YVhn YZaVÆgVX^dcVa^YVYÇYZaVhbZY^YVhVYdeiVYVhedgZa
adhbZY^dhVYZXjVYdh!c^hZejZYZchjhi^ij^gadhXg^iZg^dh :hiVYdeVgVegdbdkZgnegdiZ\ZgadhYZgZX]dhVaVhVajY#
edai^Xdhdeda^i^oVYdhhdWgZY^X]VZk^YZcX^V# :c6g\Zci^cV!eVhYdcYZadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh^ciZgcV"
:cdigVheVaVWgVh!aVhcdgbVhYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh X^dcVaZh[dgbVceVgiZYZa9ZgZX]dCVX^dcVa!adhig^Wj"
^bedcZciVciddWa^\VX^dcZhXdbda^b^iVX^dcZhVaVhgVbVh cVaZhad]Vc]ZX]dXdcgZ[ZgZcX^VZmegZhVVaaZc\jV_Z
edai^XVhYZa:hiVYd#EdgZ_Zbead!ZchjDWhZgkVX^c YZadhigViVYdh#,,
<ZcZgVaC°#&)!Za89:H8]VZm]dgiVYdVadh:hiVYdhV :c gZhjbZc! aV egZ\jciV gZheZXid V fj bZY^YVh
XdcXZW^gZhigViZ\^VhneaVcZhYZVXX^ccVX^dcVaZhÆhdWgZ apropiadashdccZXZhVg^VhZcadfjZgZheZXiVVa9ZgZX]d
aV WVhZ YZ aV Zk^YZcX^V Ze^YZb^da\^XVÇ! n Za GZaVidg >ciZgcVX^dcVaZcbViZg^VYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!cdejZYZ
:heZX^VaYZaVDCJ]VbVc^[ZhiVYdfjZZaZc[dfjZYZa ZhiVghZeVgVYVYZadhXdcdX^b^ZcidhfjZhZi^ZcZchdWgZ
YZgZX]dVaVhVajYZhi{ÆWVhVYdZcaVZk^YZcX^VÇ#,) hVajYeWa^XVnbZY^X^cV#EdgZaXdcigVg^d!hZYZWZjhVg
Adhig^WjcVaZhfjZ]VcZmVb^cVYdaVhedai^XVhhdX^V" aVZk^YZcX^VX^ZciÒXVeVgVYVgXdciZc^Ydegd\gVb{i^Xd
aZh gZaVi^kVh V adh YZgZX]dh ZXdcb^Xdh n hdX^VaZh! ZheZXÒXdVaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhcdgbVi^kVh!b^ZcigVhfjZadh
cdgbVabZciZ]VcZbeaZVYdegjZWVhYZÆgVodcVW^a^YVYÇ! YZgZX]dh]jbVcdhXdck^ZgiZcaVhbZ_dgZheg{Xi^XVhZcaV
ÆXdckZc^ZcX^VÇnÆhjÒX^ZcX^VÇeVgVZkVajVgaVXdbeVi^" WVhZYZaVhYZbVcYVhYZYZgZX]dhaZ\VaZhnedai^Xdh#
W^a^YVYYZaVhbZY^YVhYZXVg{XiZgaZ\^haVi^kdnYZdigV
cYdaZVYdeiVYVhedgZa:hiVYdXdcadhYZgZX]dhXdchV" :abdYZadYZaVhigZhYZbdgVh/
\gVYdhZcadh^chigjbZcidhhdWgZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh
Xj^YVYdhY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!
nZchjh8dchi^ijX^dcZhcVX^dcVaZh#,*EVgV]VXZgad!adh
ig^WjcVaZhhZ]VcWVhVYdZcaVZk^YZcX^VX^ZciÒXV!XdcZa VXZeiVWaZhnYZXVa^YVY
ÒcYZYZiZgb^cVgfjZhÆgVodcVWaZÇdÆXdckZc^ZciZ#Ç H^aVZk^YZcX^VZbeg^XVhdWgZhVajYeWa^XV^cY^XVfjZZc
Edg Z_Zbead! Zc Za YZhiVXVYd XVhd YZa Ministro de adh8D:b!aVViZcX^cedgeVgiZYZeZghdcVaZheZX^Va^"
Salud de Sudáfrica contra la Campaña de Acción para el oVYdnaVhgZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^VhdcaVXaVkZeVgVegZkZc^g
Tratamiento! Za Ig^WjcVa 8dchi^ijX^dcVa YZ HjY{[g^XV ngZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!Za9ZgZX]dZcbViZg^V
VWdgYaVhjÒX^ZcX^VYZadhZh[jZgodhZbegZcY^Ydhedg YZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh^cY^XVfjZZhidhVheZXidhYZaV
Za:hiVYdeVgVegZkZc^gaVigVchb^h^cYZaK>=YZaVbVYgZ ViZcX^cYZaVhVajYYZWZcZhiVgVY^hedh^X^cYZidYVaV
VagZX^ccVX^Yd#,+:cVfjZabdbZcid!adhZhijY^dhgZVa^" edWaVX^c!nYZWZchZgVXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZhnYZWjZcV
oVYdhedgaVDBHnZa8dchZ_dHjYV[g^XVcdYZ8dcigdaYZ XVa^YVYhdWgZaVWVhZYZaVcdY^hXg^b^cVX^c#,-
A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 8 D B D J C 6 H J C ID 9 : 9 : G : 8 = D H = J B 6 C D H * *
=h|ÓYeD±$.0;bceZ[beZ[bWijh[iZ[cehWio [VXidgZhhdX^VaZh!XjaijgVaZh!edai^Xdhn_jgY^Xdh
bW\WbjWZ[9E;cZ_ifed_Xb[i"WYY[i_Xb[i" fjZ^c[ajnZcZcPna^b^iVcdZmXajnZcRaVhYZX^"
WY[fjWXb[ioZ[YWb_ZWZ h^dcZhYZaVbj_ZgYZhda^X^iVghZgk^X^dhYZViZc"
X^cYZhVajYbViZgcVdhVajYgZegdYjXi^kV#:aad
<WYjeh[iieY_Wb[ioYkbjkhWb[i0[ijWjkiZ[bWck`[h
iVakZoZm^_VZa^b^cVgaVhaZnZh!edai^XVhneg{Xi^XVh
Y^hXg^b^cVidg^VhnaVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcbViZg^VYZ
;VaiVYZ 9ZbdgVZcidbVgaV \cZgd!fjZ^be^YZcfjZaVhbj_ZgZhnaVhVYdaZh"
Y^hedc^W^a^YVY YZX^h^cYZWjhXVg
VnjYV XZciZhVhe^gZcVhZgk^X^dhYZWjZcVXVa^YVY#-%
;VaiVYZ 9ZbdgVZcaaZ\Vg 6YZb{hYZZbegZcYZgZh[jZgodhZckVg^dh[gZciZh
VXXZh^W^a^YVY VaZmiVWaZX^b^Zcid eVgVZaZkVgZaZhiVijhYZaVbj_ZgnhjedYZgYZidbVg
YZhVajY
YZX^h^dcZh!iVcidZcaVZh[ZgVeg^kVYVXdbdZcaVZh[ZgV
eWa^XV! YVg XdciZc^Yd XdcXgZid V aVh dWa^\VX^dcZh
cdgbVi^kVhXdcgZheZXidVadhYZgZX]dhYZaVbj_ZgVaV
9ZbdgVZcgZX^W^g
;VaiVYZ ZaigViVb^Zcid hVajYZm^\ZZciZcYZgaVh[dgbVha^b^iVYVhedgZaXdciZmid
VXZeiVW^a^YVY Vegde^VYd ZcfjZhiVVXXZYZVaVViZcX^cYZhjhVajY#EdgZaad!
aVY^hedc^W^a^YVY!VXXZh^W^a^YVY!VXZeiVW^a^YVYnXVa^YVY
YZadhhZgk^X^dh^ciZgk^ZcZcYZbVcZgV^bedgiVciZZcaV
;VaiVYZXVa^YVY YZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV!aaZ\VgVaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZ
6YVeiVYdYZBV^cZ9#Safe Motherhood Programs: Options and Issues#
hVajYngZX^W^gigViVb^ZcidVegde^VYd!iVcidZcZaEZg
8ZciZg[dgEdejaVi^dcVcY;Vb^an=ZVai]#8dajbW^VJc^kZgh^in#&..&# XdbdZcdigdhaj\VgZhYZabjcYd#
9VYdfjZaV\gVcbVndgVYZaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhi" 9^hedc^W^a^YVY
ig^XVhhZejZYZcigViVgXdcjcXdc_jcidYZ^ciZgkZcX^dcZh :c k^gijY YZa 9ZgZX]d >ciZgcVX^dcVa! Za Z_ZgX^X^d YZa
fjZhZXdcdXZcYZhYZ&.*%[jcX^dcZheg^cX^eVaZhYZ YZgZX]dVaVhVajYZm^\ZfjZhZXjZciZXdcjccbZgd
adh8D:b!ZhXdbegZch^WaZfjZ!Xdbd9ZWdgV]BV^cZ hj[^X^ZciZ YZ ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh! W^ZcZh n hZgk^X^dh
nhjhXdaZ\VheaVciZVgdc!hZegdYjoXVjcVWgjbVYdg eWa^XdhYZhVajYZcidYdZaiZgg^idg^dcVX^dcVa#:a89:H8
cbZgdYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVhYZW^YdVigZhYZbdgVh/aV ]VhZVaVYdfjZ
YZbdgVZcidbVgaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV!aVYZbdgV
ZcaaZ\VgVaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY!naVYZbdgVZc AV cVijgVaZoV egZX^hV YZ adh ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh!
gZX^W^gigViVb^ZcidVegde^VYd#,.:hiVhYZbdgVhZhi{c W^ZcZhnhZgk^X^dhYZeZcYZg{YZY^kZghdh[VXidgZh!
ZhigZX]VbZciZgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcaV[VaiVYZhZgk^X^dhYZ ZceVgi^XjaVgYZac^kZaYZYZhVggdaadYZa:hiVYd
hVajYY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZhYZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiV eVgiZ#8dcidYd!ZhdhhZgk^X^dh^cXaj^g{cadh[VXidgZh
ZXdcb^Xd![h^XdZ^c[dgbVi^kd!nhdWgZaVWVhZYZaV W{h^XdhYZiZgb^cVciZhYZaVhVajY!iVaZhXdbdV\jV
cdY^hXg^b^cVX^c!VXZeiVWaZhYZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiV a^be^VediVWaZnXdcY^X^dcZhhVc^iVg^VhVYZXjVYVh!
XjaijgVani^Xd!nYZXVa^YVY# ]dhe^iVaZh!Xac^XVhnYZb{hZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhgZaV"
:aWV_dZhiVijhhdX^VaYZaVbj_Zg^cÓjnZZcaVYZbdgV X^dcVYdhXdcaVhVajY!eZghdcVabY^Xdnegd[Z"
fjZi^ZcZaj\VgZcZabdbZcidYZidbVgaVYZX^h^cYZ h^dcVaXVeVX^iVYdnW^ZcgZbjcZgVYd!VhXdbd
WjhXVgVnjYV!fj^o{eg^cX^eVabZciZedgfjZaVbj_Zg bZY^XVbZcidhZhZcX^VaZh#-&
gVgVkZo^ciZgk^ZcZZcadhegdXZhdhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdc AV[VaiVYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYejZYZ^cÓj^gZcaVYZX^h^cYZ
aVidbVYZYZX^h^dcZh#>cYjYVWaZbZciZ!ZhidiVbW^c WjhXVgVnjYVXjVcYd!edgZ_Zbead!adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZ
^cÓjnZZcaVeg^dg^YVYedai^XVfjZhZYVVaVY^hedc^W^" hVajYhdciVcedXdhfjZaVY^hiVcX^VgZhjaiVhZgjc[VXidg
a^YVY!VXXZh^W^a^YVY!VXZeiVW^a^YVYnWjZcVXVa^YVYYZ Y^hjVh^kd#AVb^hbV[VaiVYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYejZYZ]VXZg
adh8D:b#EdgadiVcid!Xdbd]VbVc^[ZhiVYdZaGZaVidg fjZZak^V_Z]VhiVZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYhZVaVg\d
:heZX^VaYZaVDCJ! nY^[X^a!nfjZZhZ[VXidgejZYVXVjhVgYZbdgVZcaaZ\Vg
EVgVegZkZc^gaVbdgiVa^YVYYZg^kVYVYZaVbViZg" VaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid#H^cigVchedgiZc^Xdbjc^XVX^dcZhZh
c^YVYnbZ_dgVgZaVXXZhdVaVhVajYbViZgcVcd YZX^g!bZY^dheVgVhda^X^iVgigVchedgiZ!aVhbj_ZgZhhj[gZc
WVhiV h^beaZbZciZ VjbZciVg \gVYjVabZciZ Za aVg\VhYZbdgVheVgVaaZ\VgVaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#
cbZgdYZaVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZhd]VXZgfjZhZVc 6ab^hbdi^Zbed!aV[VaiVYZeZghdcVabY^Xd!Zfj^ed!
b{hVhZfj^WaZh#:hiVbW^cZhZcX^VaViZcYZgadh hjb^c^higdhbY^XdhdbZY^XVbZcidhejZYZ^cÓj^gZcaV
* + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
YZbdgVeVgVgZX^W^gigViVb^ZcidVegde^VYdjcVkZofjZ YZadhXZcigdhYZhVajYnaV[VaiVYZigVchedgiZeWa^Xd
aVbj_ZgaaZ\VVaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#-':cXjVcidV VYZXjVYdnVhZfj^WaZ#Ç-)
adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!Y^hedc^W^a^YVYh^\c^ÒXVfjZ AV[VaiVYZVXXZh^W^a^YVYZcXjVafj^ZgVYZZhiVhY^bZc"
YZWZZm^hi^gX^ZgidcbZgdYZZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY h^dcZhejZYZVXgZXZciVgaVhYZbdgVh#:cdigVheVaVWgVh!
eVgVjcVYZiZgb^cVYVedWaVX^c# aV[VaiVYZVXXZh^W^a^YVY[h^XVYZW^YdVaVY^hiVcX^VdVad
GZheZXidVaVgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV! VXX^YZciVYdYZaXVb^cdejZYZ^cÓj^gZcaVYZbdgVZc
]Vn^cY^XVYdgZhYZhVajYeWa^XVfjZhZejZYZcjhVg idbVgaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV#6ab^hbdi^Zbed!aV
eVgVZkVajVgaVY^hedc^W^a^YVY#HZ\caVhGuías de la ONU! aZ_VcVjc^YVVabVaZhiVYdYZadhXVb^cdhnaV^c[gVZh"
edgXVYV*%%#%%%eZghdcVhYZWZ]VWZgVabZcdhXjVigd igjXijgViVbW^cejZYZcXVjhVgYZbdgVZcaVaaZ\VYVVa
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhfjZd[gZoXVc8D:bW{h^XdhnjcZhiV" ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#Adh\VhidhYZViZcX^cbY^XV!
WaZX^b^ZcidfjZd[gZoXV8D:b^ciZ\gVaZh#-(HZ]VedY^Yd iVcidZmeaX^idhXdbd^beaX^idh!^cXaj^Ydhadh\VhidhYZ
YZbdhigVgfjZZhiZc^kZaYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZhZgk^X^dh igVchedgiZ!adh]dcdgVg^dhYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZViZcX^c
dWhiig^Xdh!h^hZY^hig^WjnZZfj^iVi^kVbZciZZcigZaV bY^XV]dcdgVg^dheVgVadhjhjVg^dh[dgbVaZh!adh\Vhidh
edWaVX^c!Zhi{k^cXjaVYdXdcjcVbZ_dgXVeVX^YVYeVgV ZcbZY^XVbZcidhnadhXdhidhYZdedgijc^YVY!ejZYZchZg
VWdgYVgegdWaZbVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV# XVjhVYZ[VaiVYZVXXZh^W^a^YVYZXdcb^XVniVbW^c^cÓj^g
8jVcYdhZ]VWaVYZY^hedc^W^a^YVY!iVbW^chZ]VWaV ZcaVYZbdgVZcidbVgaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV#Cd
YZ aV Y^hedc^W^a^YVY YZ adh gZXjghdh ]jbVcdh! d YZ gZXdcdXZgaVhhZVaZhYZaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhfjZ
eZghdcVabY^Xdnegd[Zh^dcVaXdbeZiZciZ!XVeVoYZ gZfj^ZgZcViZcX^cbY^XVejZYZgZÓZ_Vg[VaiVYZVXXZhd
gZhedcYZgVZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh#:hiZZhjcejcid VaV^c[dgbVX^cnXVjhVgbjX]Vb{hYZbdgVZcidbVg
Xgi^Xd/egdkZZgeZghdcVacdXVa^ÒXVYdVadhZhiVWaZX^" aVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV#AVY^hig^WjX^cnjW^XVX^c
b^ZcidhYZhVajYdVaXVcoVgjcVÆXdWZgijgVÇYZ')]dgVh \ZcZgVaYZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYejZYZcgZÓZ_Vg
edgZ_Zbead!^cXajnZcYdYZci^hiVhZcigZaVhgdiVX^dcZh Y^hXg^b^cVX^cZcadfjZViVZVaVVXXZh^W^a^YVY#-*
idbVYVhZcXjZciVcd\VgVci^oVaVY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZ
ViZcX^c#AVheVgiZgVhYZW^YVbZciZXVeVX^iVYVhejZYZc 7YY[i_X_b_ZWZ\i_YW%][e]h|ÓYW
egdkZZg\gVceVgiZYZadh8D:bW{h^Xdh!naVhZc[Zg" :a89:H8]VZmea^XVYdfjZÆadhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh!W^ZcZh
bZgVhiVbW^cejZYZcegdkZZgVa\jcdhYZZaadh# nhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYYZWZcZhiVgVaVaXVcXZ\Zd\g{ÒXd
6YZb{h YZ aV Y^hedc^W^a^YVY YZ eZghdcVa bY^Xd YZidYdhadhhZXidgZhYZaVedWaVX^c!ZcZheZX^VaYZadh
negd[Zh^dcVaXVeVX^iVYd!hZYZWZegdkZZgjcV\VbV \gjedhkjacZgVWaZhdbVg\^cVYdh#Ç-+HZ\caVhGuías
XdbeaZiVYZhZgk^X^dhcZXZhVg^dh#EVgVfjZZa9ZgZX]d de la ONU,adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYfjZd[gZXZc
>ciZgcVX^dcVahZVXdc\gjZciZXdcaVbZ_dgZk^YZcX^V 8D:bYZWZcZhiVgY^hig^Wj^YdhZfj^iVi^kVbZciZZcigZaV
hdWgZhVajYeWa^XV!hZYZWZZkVajVgZaXdciZc^YdYZ edWaVX^c!adfjZ!VhjkZo!]VgVfjZaV[VaiVYZVXXZh^W^"
ZhidhhZgk^X^dh[gZciZVaVh[jcX^dcZheg^cX^eVaZhfjZ a^YVY\Zd\g{ÒXVcd[jZhZjcdWhi{XjadiVc^bedgiVciZ
YZÒcZcadh8D:b!YZVXjZgYdVaVhGuías de la ONU# eVgVaVhbj_ZgZh#:caVeg{Xi^XV!aVVXXZh^W^a^YVYiVbW^c
IVbW^chZYZWZedcZgVY^hedh^X^cYZadheVX^ZciZh ^bea^XVaVegdk^h^cYZigVchedgiZh^hZi^ZcZZcXjZciV
jcVXVci^YVYhjÒX^ZciZYZbZY^XVbZcidhndigdhhjb^" adVXX^YZciVYdYZaiZggZcd#
c^higdhbY^Xdh#6YZb{hYZadhhZgk^X^dhcZXZhVg^dh
7YY[i_X_b_ZWZ[Yedc_YWWi[gk_X_b_ZWZ
eVgVXjbea^gaVh[jcX^dcZheg^cX^eVaZhYZadh8D:b!hZ
YZWZd[gZXZgjcV\VbVXdbeaZiVYZdeX^dcZhYZXdcigda 9ZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa!adhZhiV"
YZaVcViVa^YVYZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY# WaZX^b^Zcidh!W^ZcZhnhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYYZWZcZhiVgVa
VaXVcXZYZidYVaVedWaVX^c#:a89:H8ZhiVWaZXZfjZ
6XXZh^W^a^YVY AVhiVg^[VhedghZgk^X^dhYZhVajYnhZgk^X^dhgZaV"
7V_dZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa!aVVXXZh^W^a^YVYegZhZciV X^dcVYdhXdcadh[VXidgZhYZiZgb^cVciZhW{h^Xdh
XjVigdY^bZch^dcZhhjeZgejZhiVh/VXXZh^W^a^YVY[h^XV! YZ aV hVajYYZWZg{c WVhVghZZc Za eg^cX^e^dYZ
VXXZh^W^a^YVY ZXdcb^XV! VXXZh^W^a^YVY h^c Y^hXg^b^" aVZfj^YVY!VÒcYZVhZ\jgVgfjZZhdhhZgk^X^dh!
cVX^c! n VXXZhd V aV ^c[dgbVX^c# HZ\c Za 89:H8! hZVceWa^Xdhdeg^kVYdh!ZhicVaVaXVcXZYZidYdh!
ÆAdhdWhi{Xjadh^cXajnZcgZfj^h^idhdXdcY^X^dcZhfjZ ^cXaj^Ydhadh\gjedhhdX^VabZciZYZh[VkdgZX^Ydh#
bZcdhXVWVcaVhedh^W^a^YVYZhYZVXXZhdYZaVbj_Zg! AVZfj^YVYZm^\ZfjZhdWgZadh]d\VgZhb{hedWgZh
Xdbdadh]dcdgVg^dhZaZkVYdhYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZViZc" cdgZXV^\VjcVXVg\VYZhegdedgX^dcVYV!ZcadfjZ
X^cbY^XV!ZagZfj^h^idYZaVVjidg^oVX^cegZk^VYZa hZgZÒZgZVadh\VhidhYZhVajY!ZcXdbeVgVX^c
Xcnj\Z!ZaeVYgZdaVhVjidg^YVYZhhVc^iVg^Vh!aVaZ_VcV XdcaVYZadh]d\VgZhb{hg^Xdh#-,
A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 8 D B D J C 6 H J C ID 9 : 9 : G : 8 = D H = J B 6 C D H * ,
7YY[i_X_b_ZWZieXh[bWXWi[Z[bWdeZ_iYh_c_dWY_d ZaejcidYZk^hiVX^ZciÒXdnbY^Xd!VYZb{hYZhZgYZ
9ZVXjZgYdXdcZa89:H8!ÆAdhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh!W^ZcZh WjZcVXVa^YVY#:aadgZfj^ZgZ!entre otras cosas!eZghdcVa
nhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYYZWZchZgVXXZh^WaZh!YZ]ZX]dnYZ bY^XdXVeVX^iVYd!bZY^XVbZcidhnZfj^ed]dhe^iVaVg^d
YZgZX]d!VadhhZXidgZhb{hkjacZgVWaZhdbVg\^cVYdhYZaV X^ZciÒXVbZciZVegdWVYdhnZcWjZcZhiVYd!V\jVa^be^V
edWaVX^c!h^cY^hXg^b^cVX^cVa\jcVedgXjVafj^ZgVYZadh ediVWaZnXdcY^X^dcZhhVc^iVg^VhVYZXjVYVhÇ#.(
bdi^kdhegd]^W^YdhÇ#--6ZhiZgZheZXid!adhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh! Edg ad \ZcZgVa aVh edWaVX^dcZh Zhi{c bjX]d b{h
W^ZcZhnhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYÆ]VcYZV_jhiVghZVaVhcZXZh^" XdchX^ZciZhYZaVXVa^YVYYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYYZad
YVYZhZm^hiZciZhZcbViZg^VYZ\cZgdnVadhYZgZX]dhn fjZeVgZXZcgZXdcdXZgadheaVc^ÒXVYdgZhYZadhhZgk^X^dh
XjaijgVhYZaVhb^cdgVhnedWaVX^dcZh^cY\ZcVhÇ#-. YZhVajY#AVbVaVXVa^YVYYZadhhZgk^X^dhZcadhZhiV"
WaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!ZheZX^VabZciZXjVcYdegdkdXVaV
7YY[ieWbW_d\ehcWY_d bjZgiZYZjcb^ZbWgdYZaVXdbjc^YVY!ejZYZ]VXZgfjZ
9Z Xdc[dgb^YVY Xdc aV DWhZgkVX^c <ZcZgVa C°# &) aVbj_Zgnhj[Vb^a^VhZgZh^hiVcVWjhXVgcjZkVbZciZ
YZa89:H8!ÆaVVXXZh^W^a^YVYXdbegZcYZZaYZgZX]dYZ VnjYVZcjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#AVXVeVX^iVX^c
hda^X^iVg!gZX^W^gnY^[jcY^g^c[dgbVX^cZ^YZVhVXZgXV ^cVYZXjVYVYZaeZghdcVabY^Xdn$daVbVaVXVa^YVYYZa
YZXjZhi^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcaVhVajYÇ#.%:aVXXZhdV Zfj^ed!adhhjb^c^higdhbY^XdhdadhbZY^XVbZcidh
aV^c[dgbVX^c^cXajnZZagZXdcdX^b^ZcidYZaVhhZVaZh ejZYZc!VhjkZo!egdkdXVgYZbdgVheVgVfjZjcVbj_Zg
YZVYkZgiZcX^VYZZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh!VhXdbdZa gZX^WVZaigViVb^ZcidVegde^VYdjcVkZofjZ]VaaZ\VYd
VXXZhdV^c[dgbVX^chdWgZaV]^hidg^VbY^XVeZghdcVa VjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#
Z^c[dgbVX^c^chi^ijX^dcVanh^hib^XVgZaVX^dcVYVXdc AVh Guías de la ONU egZhZciVc hdad jc ^cY^XVYdg
adh\VhidhnaVhZhiVYhi^XVhYZhVajYbViZgcV# Vegdm^bVYdYZXVa^YVY/aVhiVhVhYZaZiVa^YVY!fjZYZWZc
hZgbZcdgZhVa&eVgVZaigViVb^ZcidYZbj_ZgZhXdc
6XZeiVW^a^YVY ZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhZcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhfjZd[gZXZc
HZ\cZa89:H8!ÆidYdhadhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh!W^ZcZhn 8D:b#.)H^cZbWVg\d!hZejZYZjhVgdigdh^cY^XVYdgZh
hZgk^X^dhYZhVajYYZWZg{chZggZheZijdhdhYZaVi^XV YZegdXZhdWVhVYdhZcaVZk^YZcX^VeVgVXdbeaZiVgaVh
bY^XVnXjaijgVabZciZVegde^VYdh!ZhYZX^ggZheZijd" iVhVhYZaZiVa^YVY!iVaZhXdbdZaedgXZciV_ZYZXVhdh
hdhYZaVXjaijgVYZaVheZghdcVh!aVhb^cdgVh!adh YZegZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^VigViVYdhXdchja[VidYZ
ejZWadhnaVhXdbjc^YVYZh!VaVeVgfjZhZch^WaZhVadh bV\cZh^d#
gZfj^h^idhYZ\cZgdnVaX^XadYZk^YV!nYZWZg{cZhiVg H^]VnZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh!W^ZcZhnhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY
XdcXZW^YdheVgVgZheZiVgaVXdcÒYZcX^Va^YVYnbZ_dgVg Y^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZhnYZWjZcVXVa^YVY!
ZaZhiVYdYZhVajYYZaVheZghdcVhYZfjZhZigViZÇ#.& hZejZYZcZk^iVgbjX]VhYZaVhYZbdgVhVhdX^VYVhVaV
9ZVXjZgYdXdcZa8:96L!ÆhdcVXZeiVWaZhadhhZgk^" bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVn!XdbdgZhjaiVYd!hZgVgVodcVWaZ
X^dhfjZhZegZhiVch^hZ\VgVci^oVZaXdchZci^b^Zcid ZheZgVgfjZjc:hiVYdXjbeaVadhYZb{h^cY^XVYdgZh
egZk^dYZaVbj_ZgXdceaZcdXdcdX^b^ZcidYZXVjhV!hZ ZhiVWaZX^YdhZcaVhGuías de la ONU#
gZheZiVhjY^\c^YVY!hZ\VgVci^oVhj^ci^b^YVYnhZi^ZcZ 9ZVXjZgYdXdcaVhGuías de la ONU!Za&%%YZaVh
ZcXjZciVhjhcZXZh^YVYZhneZgheZXi^kVhÇ#.' bj_ZgZh fjZ egZhZciVc Xdbea^XVX^dcZh dWhiig^XVh
AV [VaiV YZ VXZeiVW^a^YVY ^c[ajnZ Zc aV YZbdgV Zc YZWZcgZX^W^gigViVb^ZcidZcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY
idbVgaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYVnZcaVYZbdgVZc Xdc8D:b#:hiZ^cY^XVYdgYZÆCZXZh^YVYZhYZ8D:b
gZX^W^gigViVb^ZcidVegde^VYdjcVkZofjZhZ]VaaZ\VYd VaXVcoVYVhÇY^ÒZgZYZa^cY^XVYdgYZeVgidh^chi^ijX^d"
VjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#AV^chZch^W^a^YVYXjaijgVa cVaZhZcaVbZY^YVZcfjZcdidYVhaVh^chi^ijX^dcZh
eZgX^W^YVZcigZZaeZghdcVabY^XdZhjcVbVc^[ZhiVX^c YZhVajYhdcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhXdc8D:b!ncdidYVh
YZaV[VaiVYZVXZeiVW^a^YVYfjZejZYZ]VXZgfjZaVbj_Zg aVhbj_ZgZhfjZYVcVajoZc^chi^ijX^dcZhYZhVajY
nhj[Vb^a^VYjYZcZcWjhXVgVnjYV#9Zab^hbdbdYd!aV i^ZcZcZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh#EdgZ_Zbead!Zcjc
[VaiVYZhZch^W^a^YVYXjaijgVanaVhWVggZgVha^c\hi^XVh! ZhijY^dgZVa^oVYdZcZaYZeVgiVbZcidYZ6nVXjX]dedg
VhXdbdaVY^hXg^b^cVX^cVW^ZgiV!ejZYZcYZbdgVgZa 86G:EZgZcZa'%%%!hZbdhigfjZaVhcZXZh^YVYZh
igViVb^ZcidXjVcYdjcVbj_ZgnVhZZcXjZcigVZcZa YZ8D:bVaXVcoVYVhZgVcYZadgYZcYZa(%!)#:hid
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY# h^\c^ÒXVfjZVegdm^bVYVbZciZZa,%YZaVhbj_ZgZh
Xdc ZbZg\ZcX^Vh dWhiig^XVh cd gZX^W^ aV ViZcX^c
8Va^YVY cZXZhVg^V# 9Zhejh YZ jcV ^ciZgkZcX^c hdhiZc^YV!
86G:ejYdVjbZciVgZaedgXZciV_ZYZcZXZh^YVYZhYZ
:a89:H8hZVaVfjZ!ÆadhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh!W^ZcZhn
8D:bVaXVcoVYVhVa,*!.Zc'%%*#.*
hZgk^X^dhYZhVajYYZWZg{chZgiVbW^cVegde^VYdhYZhYZ
* - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
DejWi ')
Ibíd.!Vgi#&''#
&
E>98E!&+YZY^X^ZbWgZYZ&.++!...H#I#C#J#&,&!&,(gVi^ÒXVYd
'*
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...0e{ggV[d'#
edgZaEZgZa-YZV\dhidYZ&.,,PYZVfjZcVYZaVciZYZcdb^" '+
Ibíd.!Vgi#&'&!e{ggV[d&&"&'0NVb^c!6#:#nBV^cZ!9#ÆBViZgcVa
cVYdE>98ER# BdgiVa^inVhV=jbVcG^\]ih>hhjZ/BZVhjg^c\8dbea^VcXZl^i]
'
CJ89:H8#E>9:H8#!&+YZY^X^ZbWgZYZ&.++!..(H#I#C#J#(!*
>ciZgcVi^dcVaIgZVinDWa^\Vi^dchÇ!ZcHuman Rights QuarterlyKda#
gVi^ÒXVYdedgZaEZgZa-YZV\dhidYZ&.,,# '&(0&.../*+(!*-*#
(
8:96L#8dckZcX^chdWgZaVBj_Zg!&-YZY^X^ZbWgZYZ&.,.!&').
',
CJ!8dckZcX^chdWgZaVBj_Zg#&.-&/Vgih#&!&'0CJ!89:H8#
H#I#C#J#&(gVi^ÒXVYdedgZaEZgZa'(YZ_ja^dYZ&.-&# E>9:H8#&.++/Vgih#&!&'#
)
8:G9#>8:G9#'&YZY^X^ZbWgZYZ&.+*!++%H#I#C#J#&.*gVi^ÒXVYd
'-
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
edgZaEZgZa''YZ_ja^dYZ&.++# e{ggV[dh&)n'&#
*
CJ!8db^iYZadh9ZgZX]dhYZaC^dCJ8G8#Æ8dckZcX^chdWgZ
'.
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...0e{ggV[d'+#
adh9ZgZX]dhYZaC^dÇ8dckZcX^chdWgZadh9ZgZX]dhYZaC^d# (%
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
'%YZcdk^ZbWgZYZ&.-.!&*,,H#I#C#J#(gVi^ÒXVYdedgZaEZgZa e{ggV[dh&)n))#
'+YZZcZgdYZ&..%# (&
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...0Vgi#&''e{ggV[d
+
8dckZcX^c6bZg^XVcVYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!''YZcdk^ZbWgZ
',#
YZ&.+.!&&))H#I#C#J#&'(gVi^ÒXVYdedgZaEZgZa'-YZ_ja^dYZ ('
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
&.,-#
e{ggV[d&)#
,
Dg\Vc^oVX^cYZ:hiVYdh6bZg^XVcdhD:6#Protocolo Adicional
((
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...0Vgi#&'&eVgg{[d
a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos en materia
'(#
de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales: Protocolo de San
Salvador#HZg^ZYZIgViVYdhD:6C°#+./&.--#gVi^ÒXVYdedgZa
()
8dc[ZgZcX^V>ciZgcVX^dcVahdWgZEdWaVX^cn9ZhVggdaad8>E9#
EZgZa&,YZbVndYZ&..*# ÆEgd\gVbV YZ 6XX^c YZ :a 8V^gd 8dchZchd YZ :a 8V^gd#Ç 6$
8DC;#&,&$&($GZk#&# &..)/e{ggV[d,#'#
-
Dg\Vc^oVX^c >ciZgcVX^dcVa YZa IgVWV_d D>I# 8dckZc^d hdWgZ
EjZWadh>cY\ZcVhnIg^WVaZhZc:hiVYdh>cYZeZcY^ZciZhD>IC°#
(*
CJ!ÆBZY^YVh8aVkZeVgVHZ\j^g:_ZXjiVcYdZaEgd\gVbVYZ6XX^c
&+.#&.-./Vgi#'*# YZaV8dc[ZgZcX^V>ciZgcVX^dcVahdWgZEdWaVX^cn9ZhVggdaadÇ!9dX#
6$G:H$H"'&$'&...!e{ggV[d+'#
.
CJ!Task ForcehdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^anBViZgcVYZaEgdnZXidYZa
9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVa!EVja
)%
6giXjadM>#Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del
=jci!8dchZ_dYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!)°#EZgdYdYZHZh^dcZh! Hombre.7d\di{/&.)-#6egdWVYVZcaV>M8dc[ZgZcX^V>ciZgVbZg^XVcV
IZbV'YZaEgd\gVbV!CJ9dX#6$=G8$)$'-#'%%,/e{ggV[d+,0 YZaVDg\Vc^oVX^cYZ:hiVYdh6bZg^XVcdhD:6#
CJ89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0 )&
D:6#Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos: Pacto de
&*
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)0'%%%/
Humanos en materia de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales:
e{ggV[d()# Protocolo de San Salvador.HZg^ZYZIgViVYdhD:6C°#+./&.--#:cig
Zck^\ZcX^VZc&..-#
&+
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...#6gi#&'&e{ggV[d
&)#
)(
8dc\gZhdYZaVGZeWa^XVYZaEZg#Constitución Política del Perú
1993;Vgi#**#
&,
Ibíd.!Vgi#&'&!e{ggV[d&'Y#
))
9^hedh^X^c;^cVanIgVch^idg^V#8jVgiVYZaVConstitución Política
&-
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)0'%%%/
del Perú. Cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%)#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#iX#\dW#
e{ggV[d()#
eZ$aZ\XdceZgj$Xdchi^jiX^dc#]iba#8dchjaiVYdZa(&YZ_ja^dYZ'%%,0
&.
Ibíd. 8dbjc^XVX^cXdcBVg^dGdh7Vgg^Zcidh!HZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaYZ
'%
CJ!89:H8#E>9:H8#&.++/Vgi#&'# 6E9H!8dchjaidgYZaEgdnZXidÆH^hiZbVhGZ\^dcVaZhYZEgdiZXX^c
YZ9ZgZX]dhYZaVhEZghdcVhJhjVg^VhYZadhHZgk^X^dhYZHVajYÇ!
'&
Ibíd.
Za(&YZ_ja^dYZ'%%,#
''
CJ!89:H8#E>9:H8#&.++/Vgi#&%'# )*
8dc\gZhdYZaVGZeWa^XVYZaEZg#Constitución Política del Perú
'(
8:96L#Æ8dckZcX^chdWgZaVBj_ZgÇ#&.,./Vgi#&'&# 19930Vgi#,#
A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 8 D B D J C 6 H J C ID 9 : 9 : G : 8 = D H = J B 6 C D H * .
)+
Ibíd.!Vgi#&&# dcl^i]l]Vildg`hÇ!ZcThe Lancet#(+-.*)(#DXijWgZYZa'%%+/
),
AZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYPAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYR&,-!AZnC°#'+-)'
&'-)"&'..#
&..,# +.
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
)-
AZnfjZbdY^ÒXVaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYC°#'+-)'!gZheZXidYZ
e{ggV[dh&)!))#
aVÆDWa^\VX^cYZadh:hiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZHVajYYZYVgViZcX^c ,%
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...#6gi#&''e{ggV[d
bY^XVZcXVhdhYZ:bZg\ZcX^VhnEVgidhÇ!Vgi#'!AZnC°#',+%) ',#
'%%&# ,&
DBH$JC>8:;$JC;E6#Guías
para Monitorear la Disponibilidad y la
).
9ZXgZidHjegZbdC°#%&,"'%%*"?JH#Plan nacional de derechos
Utilización de los Cuidados Obstétricos.&..,#
humanos del Perú#A^bV0'%%*/.)"+!(#'#(G&# ,'
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...#6gi#&''e{ggV[d
*%
AZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYPAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYR&,-!AZnC°#'+-)'
'+#
&..,!Vgi#(%# ,(
8VbeWZaa!D#n<gV]Vb!L#ÆHigViZ\^Zh[dggZYjX^c\bViZgcVa
*&
8Y^\dEZcVa#9ZXgZidAZ\^haVi^kdC#+(*#&..&0Vgi#&&.# bdgiVa^in/\Zii^c\dcl^i]l]Vildg`hÇ!ZcThe Lancet#(+-.*)(#
*'
Ibíd.!Vgi#&&)# DXijWgZYZa'%%+/&'-)"&'..#
*(
Ibíd.!Vgi#&&*#
,)
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
e{ggV[d)(06hVbWaZV<ZcZgVaYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh#ÆCdiVYZa
*)
Ibíd.!Vgi#&&,# HZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVafjZigVchb^iZZa
**
Ibíd.!Vgi#&'%# >c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZZa9ZgZX]dYZIdYVEZghdcV
*+
CJ!89:H8#E>9:H8#&.++/Vgi#'# Va9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVa#Ç
6$+&$((-#HZi^ZbWgZYZa'%%+/e{ggV[d'.#
*,
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...#6gi#&'&!e{ggV[d
&,#
,*
AV[gbjaVji^a^oVYVeVgVZaZmVbZckVgV!eZgdadhig^WjcVaZh
\ZcZgVabZciZZkVaVch^adhbZY^dhZbeaZVYdhhdcVegde^VYdh
*-
>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZZa9ZgZX]dYZIdYVEZghdcVVa
XdcgZheZXidVadhdW_Zi^kdhXdchi^ijX^dcVaZhdYZdigVcYdaZ
9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVa!EVja
ZcjcX^VYdh!nh^aVha^b^iVX^dcZh^bejZhiVhVadhYZgZX]dhhdc
=jci!8dchZ_dYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!)°#EZgdYdYZHZh^dcZh!
XdbeVi^WaZh Xdc hj cVijgVaZoV n Zhi{c _jhi^[^XVYVhZmXajh^kV"
IZbV'YZaEgd\gVbV!CJ!9dX#6$=G8$)$'-#'%%,/e{ggV[d+(#
bZciZedgZaegdeh^idYZegdbdkZgZaW^ZcZhiVg\ZcZgVaZcjcV
*.
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
hdX^ZYVYYZbdXg{i^XV#KZgÆEg^cX^e^dhYZA^bWjg\Ç!eg^cX^e^dh)+"
e{ggV[d(%# *,0Ig^WjcVa8dchi^ijX^dcVaYZHjY{[g^XV!El Gobierno de la República
+%
Los Principios de Limburg sobre la Implementación del Pacto
de Sudáfrica y otros contra Irene Grootboom y otros!'%%&&H6)+
Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, adop- 88!)YZdXijWgZYZa'%%%#:a:hiVYdiZcVaVdWa^\VX^c_jgY^XV
tados el 8 de enero de &.-,! CJ! 89:H8! 8db^i YZ 9ZgZX]dh bc^bVYZXdciVgXdcjceaVceVgV]VXZg[gZciZVaVXg^h^hfjZ
=jbVcdh!)(¯HZh#!IZbV-YZaEgd\gVbV!CJ9dX#:$8C#)$&.-,$&,$ VÓ^\VVaVh[Vb^a^VhYZZmigZbVedWgZoVÆh^c]d\VgÇ0aVedai^XVYZ
6cZmd#&.-,0reimpreso en ÆAdhEg^cX^e^dhYZA^bWjg\hdWgZaV k^k^ZcYVYZa:hiVYdhZXdcXZcigZcegdkZZgk^k^ZcYVheZgbVcZciZh
6ea^XVX^c YZa EVXid >ciZgcVX^dcVa YZ 9ZgZX]dh :Xdcb^Xdh! nYZWV_dXdhid!eZgdcdidbZcXjZciVaVcZXZh^YVYW{h^XVYZaVh
HdX^VaZh n 8jaijgVaZhÇ Zc Human Rights Quarterly. Kda# .&''0 eZghdcVhh^c]d\VgYZiZcZgVXXZhdVjciZX]diZbedgVan!edgad
&.-,0ÆAVh9^gZXig^XZhYZBVVhig^X]ihdWgZaVhK^daVX^dcZhYZadh iVcid!ZgV^ggVX^dcVa#
9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZhn8jaijgVaZhÇ!ZcHuman Rights ,+
KZg Ig^WjcVa 8dchi^ijX^dcVa YZ HjY{[g^XV!Ministro de Salud de
+ % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
-'
BV^cZ!9#!&..&0cdiV,.!e{ggV[dh&+",# .&
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
-(
DBH$JC>8:;$JC;E6#Guías para Monitorear la Disponibilidad y el
e{ggV[dh&'Xn',#>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZZa9ZgZX]d
Uso de los Cuidados Obstétricos. &..,/e{ggV[d'*0Dg\Vc^oVX^c YZIdYVEZghdcVVa9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY
BjcY^VaYZaVHVajY!Reproductive Health Indicators: Guidelines for ;h^XVnBZciVa!EVja=jci!8dchZ_dYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!)°#
their generation, interpretation and analysis for global monitoring# EZgdYdYZHZh^dcZh!IZbV'YZaEgd\gVbV!CJ9^X#6$=G8$)$'-#
'%%+/'-#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$gZegdYjXi^kZ"]ZVai]$ '%%,/e{ggV[d,)#
ejWa^XVi^dch$g]T^cY^XVidgh$\j^YZa^cZh#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa.YZ_ja^d .'
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...#6gi#&'&e{ggV[d
YZa'%%,# ''#
-)
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#&...#6gi#&'&e{ggV[d
.(
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
'&# e{ggV[d&'Y#>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZZa9ZgZX]dYZ
-*
BV^cZ!9#!&..&0cdiV,.!e{ggV[dh&*"+# IdYVEZghdcVVa9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XV
nBZciVa!EVja=jci!8dchZ_dYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!)°#EZgdYd
-+
CJ!89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)Ç#:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
YZHZh^dcZh!IZbV'YZaEgd\gVbV'!CJ9^X#6$=G8$)$'-#'%%,/
e{ggV[d&'W# e{ggV[d,*#
-,
Ibíd. .)
DBH$JC>8:;$JC;E6#Guías para Monitorear la Disponibilidad y la
--
Ibíd. Utilización de los Cuidados Obstétricos.&..,0e{ggV[d'*#
-.
ÆCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVafjZigVchb^iZZa>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg
.*
B>CH6$86G:$Egd\gVbV :k^iVcYd aV BjZgiZ n 9^hXVeVX^YVY
A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 8 D B D J C 6 H J C ID 9 : 9 : G : 8 = D H = J B 6 C D H + &
+ ' 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
K>>#:HIJ9>D9:86HDH
B
VDBHZhi^bVfjZVabZcdhjcfj^cXZedgX^Zcid k^hiVodVaVk^YVYZaVhbj_ZgZhZceVgi^XjaVg!VadhgdaZh
YZadhZbWVgVodhigVZXdbdgZhjaiVYdXdbea^XV" fjZYZhZbeZVWVcZchjh[Vb^a^VhnXdbjc^YVYZh!Vh
X^dcZhdWhiig^XVhhZg^Vh#&CdidYVhaVhbj_ZgZh XdbdVadh^beVXidhfjZ]VciZc^YdhjhbjZgiZhZchjh
kXi^bVhYZXdbea^XVX^dcZhbjZgZc!eZgdZcZaEZgXVYV eVgZ_VhZ]^_dh#
VdbjZgZcb{hYZ&#'%%#'DigVhb^aZhhZVXZgXVcVaV
bjZgiZnfjZYVcXdcXdbea^XVX^dcZhfjZaVhYZW^a^iVcYZ 6#Ejcd
edgk^YV#9Zig{hYZXVYVbjZgiZnÆXVh^bjZgiZÇ!Zm^hiZ
jcVbj_ZgXdcjcV]^hidg^V#:cZhiVhZXX^cYZa^c[dgbZ!
E=GaZedcZgdhigdhVadhcbZgdh!cdhXjZciVhjh]^hid"
g^VhnYVaVeVaVWgVVhjh[Vb^a^Vh#
:a^c[dgbZiVbW^c^ckZhi^\VgZigdheZXi^kVbZciZadh
XVb^cdhfjZaaZkVgdcVaVbjZgiZVZhiVhbj_ZgZhn!Zc
jcXVhd!VhVakVgaVk^YV!nVcVa^oVadhdWhi{XjadheVgV
gZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVfjZZm^hiZcZcZa{bW^idYZa
]d\VgnYZaVXdbjc^YVY!YZaXZcigdYZhVajY!YZa\dW^Zgcd
gZ\^dcVa!YZa\dW^ZgcdcVX^dcVan!ÒcVabZciZ!YZVXidgZh
^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhiVaZhXdbdZa7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7VcXd
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad!fjZZhi{cYZhZbeZVcYd
jceVeZa[jcYVbZciVaZcaVgZZhigjXijgVX^cYZahZXidg
hVajYZcZaEZg!VigVkhYZE6GHVajY#6h!Zhedh^WaZ
XdbegZcYZgfjZZhiVhbjZgiZhcdhdcZkZcidhW^da\^Xdh
VaZVidg^dh!h^cdZagZhjaiVYdegZk^h^WaZYZjcVedai^XV
h^hiZb{i^XV!YZYZX^h^dcZhegd\gVb{i^XVhdegZhjejZh"
iVaZh!VhXdbdYZ[VXidgZhhdX^VaZhnXjaijgVaZh#:cXVYV
XVhd!adh[VXidgZhfjZXdcYjXZcVaVbjZgiZYZjcVbj_Zg
nVaVhjeZgk^kZcX^VYZjcVbj_ZghZVcVa^oVcZmeaX^iV"
bZciZZcigb^cdhYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhfjZXdciZbeaVcadh
YZgZX]dh]jbVcdhZcadgZaVi^kdVaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!fjZ
ZaEZg]VVhjb^YdWV_dZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa!Xdbd
hZ^cY^XVZcZaXVeijadVciZg^dg!^cXajnZcYdaVdWa^\VX^c
YZWg^cYVgadh8D:bY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZh
nYZXVa^YVY#
6eZhVgYZfjZadhh^\j^ZciZhh^ZiZXVhdhhdcidbVYdh
YZEjcdn=jVcXVkZa^XV!bjX]dhYZadhegdWaZbVhfjZ
hZgZaVX^dcVcXdcaVY^hiVcX^V!iVcidZbdX^dcVaXdbd
[h^XV!fjZZm^hiZZcigZaVedWaVX^cnZah^hiZbVYZhVajY0
AVedWaVX^cYZEjcdgZegZhZciVVegdm^bVYVbZciZ
aV^ciZgVXX^cZcigZZa\cZgdnaVY^hXg^b^cVX^cic^XV
Za*YZaVedWaVX^ccVX^dcVa0ZaYZeVgiVbZcidZhi{
ZcaVZmXajh^cYZaVhbj_ZgZhgjgVaZh0naVhYZÒX^Zc"
Y^k^Y^YdZc&(egdk^cX^VhXdc&%-Y^hig^idh#IVchdadZa
X^VhZhigjXijgVaZhZcZah^hiZbVYZhVajYXdcÒgbVcadh
(YZaVi^ZggVYZEjcdZhVgVWaZ0h^cZbWVg\d!aVgZ\^c
]VaaVo\dhYZdigdhZhijY^dhZ^ajhigVcadhgZidhVadh
ZmigVZ\gVceVgiZYZhjhgZXjghdhYZaVV\g^XjaijgVnaV
fjZZhcZXZhVg^dZc[gZciVghZeVgV]VXZggZVa^YVYadh
\VcVYZgV#)AVb^cZgViVbW^cgZegZhZciVjcVh^\c^Ò"
YZgZX]dhYZaVhbj_ZgZhVjcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgVZcZa
XVi^kV[jZciZYZ^c\gZhdheVgVZaYZeVgiVbZcid#
EZg#(AdhZhijY^dhYZXVhdhiVbW^ceZgb^iZcZX]Vgjc
+(
6eZhVgYZhjhgZXjghdhb^cZgVaZh!aVedWaVX^cYZ Xdcig^Wj^g{cXdcZahjhiZcidYZaV[Vb^a^VbZY^VciZhj
EjcdZhbjnedWgZnVaiVbZciZ^cY\ZcV!ZhiVcYdY^k^" igVWV_d#6ab^hbdi^Zbed!Zah^hiZbVZYjXVi^kdYZEjcd
Y^YVZcYdheg^cX^eVaZh\gjedhic^Xdh/fjZX]jVnVnbVgV# h^gkZeVggZ[dgoVgaVh_ZgVgfjVhnYZh^\jVaYVYZhXjaijgVaZh!
EjcdXdcig^WjnXdcZa(YZaE7>YZaEZgZcZa'%%&*n ejZhidfjZh^\jZd[gZX^ZcYdXaVhZhhdaVbZciZZcZheVda!
)*YZhjedWaVX^cZhXdch^YZgVYVedWgZ!b^ZcigVhjc eZgeZijVcYdYZZhiVbVcZgVaVZmXajh^chdX^VaYZaVh
*'XVgZXZYZjcVYZXjVYdhVcZVb^Zcid#+ c^VhnaVhbj_ZgZh!fjZhdad]VWaVcÓj^YVbZciZfjZX]jV
H^W^ZcZa+'YZaVedWaVX^c\ZcZgVaYZaEZgk^kZ dVnbVgV#&,:cigZaVhbj_ZgZhZcigZk^hiVYVhZcEjcdeVgV
Zc{gZVhfjZXjZciVcXdcVXXZhdVaV\jVediVWaZn,' aV:cXjZhiV9Zbd\g{ÒXVnYZHVajY;Vb^a^VgYZ&..+
i^ZcZcVXXZhdVaVZaZXig^X^YVY!hdaVbZciZZa('n*' :C9:H>>>!'+]VWaVWVhdaVbZciZfjZX]jVndigd'+
YZaVedWaVX^cYZEjcd!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ!XjZciVXdc ]VWaVWVhdaVbZciZVnbVgV#&-
VXXZhdVZhidhhZgk^X^dh#,6YZb{h!Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ :cZaVd'%%%!EjcdiZcVaViVhVb{hVaiVYZbdgiVa^"
YdhiZgX^dhYZaVedWaVX^ck^kZZcXVhVhXdce^hdhYZ YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg/(+&edg&%%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidh
i^ZggV-nhdadZa(#+YZadh]d\VgZhXjZciVXdciZa" k^kdh#&. HZ\c adh YVidh YZ aV 9^gZXX^c GZ\^dcVa YZ
[dcd#.6eZhVgYZfjZZaEZg]VVigVkZhVYdjc^ciZchd HVajY9>G:H6!aVhbjZgiZhbViZgcVhZcEjcdcd]Vc
egdXZhdYZjgWVc^oVX^cZcadhai^bdhXjVgZciVnYdh Y^hb^cj^YdZcadhVdhgZX^ZciZh#:hiVZhjcVgVoceVgV
Vdh!Za*,YZaVedWaVX^cYZEjcdVcgZh^YZZc{gZVh XgZZgfjZaVhX^[gVhYZ9>G:H6iVbW^cZhi{chjWZhi^"
gjgVaZh#&% 6YZb{h! b^ZcigVh Za )- YZ aV edWaVX^c bVYVh#EdgZ_Zbead!ZchdadjcVhZbVcV!ZaZfj^edYZ
jgWVcVYZEjcdi^ZcZcZXZh^YVYZhW{h^XVh^chVi^h[ZX]Vh! E=G^YZci^ÒXjcVbjZgiZbViZgcVfjZcd]VWVh^Yd
ZhiVegdedgX^chZZaZkVVa+,ZcigZadhgZh^YZciZhYZ gZ\^higVYVedgaV9>G:H6#
aVh{gZVhgjgVaZh#&& Adh^cY^XVYdgZhYZegdXZhdhgZaVX^dcVYdhiVbW^c
AVh ZhiVYhi^XVh Zc ZYjXVX^c YZa YZeVgiVbZcid eZgbVcZXZcZcigZadheZdgZhYZaEZg#EdgZ_Zbead!V
iVbW^c hZ h^iVc YZig{h YZa egdbZY^d cVX^dcVa# :c eZhVgYZfjZZaB>CH6hZVaVfjZZacbZgdYZegd[Zh^d"
&..(!jc''YZaVedWaVX^cYZEjcdZgVVcVa[VWZiV cVaZhdWhiig^XdhZcZaEZg]VVjbZciVYdZcjc-%Zcadh
nZa'.YZhjedWaVX^cgjgVaZcXdcigVedh^X^cXdc ai^bdhkZ^ciZVdh!'%ZcZa'%%)EjcdhdaVbZciZXdciVWV
Za&(YZaVedWaVX^ccVX^dcVa#&'6eZhVgYZfjZaVh Xdc'')dWhiZig^XZh'&eVgVjcVedWaVX^cYZ&#'.,#&%(#''
iVhVhYZVa[VWZi^oVX^c]VcbZ_dgVYda^\ZgVbZciZZcaV =VX^VZaVd'%%'!]VWVhdaVbZciZ(!(ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh
ai^bVYXVYV!ZaXZchdcVX^dcVaYZaVd'%%*bdhig YZhVajY!-!)XVbVh!(!*YdXidgZh!n(!*Zc[ZgbZgVhedg
fjZXZgXVYZa&+YZaVedWaVX^cYZEjcdVccdejZYZ XVYV&%#%%%]VW^iVciZh#'(
aZZgdZhXg^W^gÅjc''YZaVedWaVX^c[ZbZc^cVZh HZ\cadhgZhjaiVYdhYZaVZcXjZhiVgZ\^dcVa:C9:H
VcVa[VWZiV!ZcXdcigVedh^X^cXdcZa&&YZaVedWaVX^c '%%%eVgVZaYZeVgiVbZcidYZEjcd!-,YZaVh&#'-(
bVhXja^cV#&(B^ZcigVhfjZhZgZedgijcVVh^hiZcX^V bj_ZgZhZcXjZhiVYVhZcEjcd]VWVcgZX^W^YdVa\ci^ed
ZhXdaVgeVgVc^dhYZ+V&)VdhYZ-,Zc&..(!ZhiZ YZXj^YVYdegZcViVa/h^cZbWVg\d!hdaVbZciZZa'-
edgXZciV_ZY^hb^cjnV+%eVgVc^dhZcigZadh&'n gZX^W^Va\jcV[dgbVYZViZcX^cbY^XVYjgVciZZaeVgid#')
&.Vdh#&)HZ\cZaXZchdYZa'%%*!hdaVbZciZZa&. 9ZaVb^hbV[dgbV!hdaVbZciZZa'.YZaVhbj_ZgZh
YZadh]dbWgZhZcEjcdnZa&(YZaVhbj_ZgZh]Vc ZcEjcdgZX^W^Xj^YVYdedhcViVa!bjnedgYZWV_dYZa
Xjab^cVYdhjZYjXVX^chZXjcYVg^V#&*:cXdcigVedh^X^c! egdbZY^dcVX^dcVafjZaaZ\VVa),#'*:ahZiZciVncjZkZ
Vegdm^bVYVbZciZZa'-YZadh]dbWgZhn'+YZaVh edgX^ZcidYZadhcVX^b^ZcidhZcadhX^cXdVdhVciZg^dgZh
bj_ZgZhfjZk^kZcZcA^bV]VcXjab^cVYdhjZYjXVX^c ]VWViZc^Ydaj\VgZcadh]d\VgZhYZaVhbj_ZgZh#'+=VX^V
hZXjcYVg^V#&+ Za'%%(!ZacbZgdYZcVX^b^Zcidh^chi^ijX^dcVaZh)&
AVXdggZaVX^ccZ\Vi^kVZcigZaVZYVYnaVVh^hiZcX^V ]VWVVjbZciVYd!eZgdhZ\jVh^ZcYdWV_dZcgZaVX^cXdc
ZhXdaVgZcEjcdhZVig^WjnZZc\gVceVgiZVaVVWgjbVYdgV adhZhi{cYVgZhcVX^dcVaZh#',
h^ijVX^chdX^dZXdcb^XV!fjZdWa^\VVbjX]Vh[Vb^a^Vh :caV:C9:H'%%%eVgVEjcd!b{hYZa.%YZaVh
VZaZ\^gXj{aZhYZhjh]^_dhgZX^W^g{cZYjXVX^cnXj{aZh bj_ZgZhX^iVabZcdhjcVWVggZgVh^\c^ÒXVi^kVeVgV
9kWZheD±$(0Ck[hj[icWj[hdWih[fehjWZWi[djh[[b'Z[[d[heZ['///o[b)'Z[cWhpeZ[b(&&-
'%%+ :c#ÄBVg#
6d &... '%%% '%%& '%%' '%%( '%%) '%%*
'%%,
CbZgd -+ ,. *. +% +( *+ *' *+ &*
;jZciZ/9^gZXX^cGZ\^dcVaYZHVajYYZEjcd#
+ ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
´6YcYZkVZaY^cZgd4
:cZa=dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZEjcd!E=Gk^h^iZacjZkd naVh^cZÒX^ZcX^VhhdchVaiVciZhZcidYdZaZhiVWaZX^"
8ZcigdDWhiig^XdfjZ]VWVh^YdXdchigj^Yd]VXVY^Zo b^Zcid#:aaVkVWdeVgVaVkVghZaVhbVcdhZcZa8Zcigd
bZhZhXdc[dcYdhYZE6GHVajY>#:a8ZcigdDWhiig^Xd DWhiig^XdZhi{h^ijVYdVaaVYdYZYdcYZhZZhiZg^"
XjZciViVcidXdcV^gZVXdcY^X^dcVYdXdbdXdcXVaZ" a^oVcaVhiZaVhZchVc\gZciVYVhnYZb{hbViZg^VaZh#
[VXX^c!hVaVhYZigVWV_dYZeVgidnVajbWgVb^Zcid 6YZb{h!cd]Vnc^c\ch^hiZbVYZkZci^aVX^cZcZa
gZX^ZciZbZciZgZcdkVYVhnZfj^edidiVabZciZcjZkd! cjZkd8ZcigdDWhiig^Xd#N!edgh^[jZgVedXd!eVgiZ
^cXajnZcYdjcbdc^idg[ZiVa#:a=dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZ YZaZfj^edXdbegVYdXdcZaY^cZgdYZE6GHVajY>!iVa
EjcdZhjcdYZadhYdheg^cX^eVaZh]dhe^iVaZhYZgZ[Z" XdbdZaZhiZg^a^oVYdg!aaZ\gdidn[jZYZkjZaidVA^bV
gZcX^VeVgVZaYZeVgiVbZcidncZXZh^iVWVXdcjg\ZcX^V eVgVgZeVgVgad0Y^ZobZhZhYZhejh!Vccd]VWV
cjZkdhZfj^edhnjcVbVndgXVeVX^YVY# h^YdYZkjZaidVEjcd#
H^c ZbWVg\d! hZ ^c[dgb V E=G fjZ Za 8Zcigd AVjW^XVX^cYZa8ZcigdDWhiig^XdZcZaiZgXZge^hd!
DWhiig^Xd hZ jhVWV gVgVh kZXZh edgfjZ Za hjb^" VYZb{hYZaV\jV!gZfj^ZgZfjZaVhbj_ZgZhZcigVWV_d
c^higdYZV\jVfjZgZX^WZcdZhXdci^cjd#8dbdZhi{ YZeVgidn$dZcZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhhZVcaaZkVYVh
jW^XVYdZcZaiZgXZge^hdYZaZY^ÒX^dYZa]dhe^iVa!Za VidYdadaVg\dYZa]dhe^iVanYdhe^hdh]VX^VVgg^WVd
V\jVÓjnZXdcY^ÒXjaiVY]VX^VVgg^WVedgaVhk^Z_Vh Åh^Zhi{[jcX^dcVcYdnZhi{Y^hedc^WaZÅXdadXVYVhZc
XVZgVhnVYZb{hXdcedXVegZh^c#8jVcYdcd]Vn jceZfjZdVhXZchdg#;^cVabZciZ!VeZhVgfjZ]VWZg
egZh^cYZV\jV!adhbY^Xdhndigdhegd[Zh^dcVaZh h^YdgZX^ZciZbZciZgZcdkVYd!Za8ZcigdDWhiig^Xdcd
YZaVhVajYhZaVkVcaVhbVcdhZcWVgg^aZhaaZcdhYZ d[gZXZaVedh^W^a^YVYYZegdedgX^dcVgVajbWgVb^Zcidh
V\jVZhiVcXVYV#HZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZadhX^gj_Vcdh igVY^X^dcVaZhkZgi^XVaZh!adXjVa^cXjbeaZaVCdgbV
nVcZhiZh^ad\dhegZÒZgZcji^a^oVgaVhVaVYZdeZgV" IXc^XV%((Zb^i^YVedgZaB>CH6ZcZaVd'%%*#
X^dcZh\ZcZgVaYZaeg^bZge^hd# HZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZc^c\cgZegZhZciVciZYZ
:abVajhdYZ[dcYdhkVb{hVaa{YZaV[VaiVYZV\jV E6GHVajY>!c^YZadhb^hbdhWVcXdh]VWV^cheZX"
Xdgg^ZciZ!fjZedYgVgZhdakZghZXdcaVXdadXVX^cYZ X^dcVYdVa\jcVkZoZa8ZcigdDWhiig^XdeVgVZkVajVg
jciVcfjZYZV\jVZcZaiZX]deVgVeZgb^i^gfjZZa XbdhZ]VWVcji^a^oVYdadh[dcYdh#
V\jVÓjnV]VX^VVWV_d#AVhYZX^h^dcZh^cVYZXjVYVh
VXXZYZgVadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY.,Zc{gZVhgjgVaZh b{i^XdheVgVbdc^idgZVgZajhdYZVci^W^i^XdhndigVh
XdcigV.&Zc{gZVhjgWVcVh#9dhiZgX^dhYZaVhbj_ZgZh bZY^X^cVh#('
gjgVaZhhZgZÒg^ZgdcVaVY^hiVcX^VnZaigVchedgiZXdbd
aVh eg^cX^eVaZh WVggZgVh! b^ZcigVh fjZ Vegdm^bVYV" ÆH^iVchdad½Ç/6cidc^V
bZciZjciZgX^dYZaVhbj_ZgZhjgWVcVhbZcX^dcdigdh
6cidc^VEVXXd8VWVcViZcV)%VdhXjVcYdbjg^YZ
[VXidgZh#AVegdedgX^cYZaVhbj_ZgZhgjgVaZhfjZhZ
]ZbdggV\^VedheVgidYZW^YdVjcVVidcVjiZg^cVZchj
gZÒg^ZgdcVaV[VaiVYZY^cZgd.%[jZWVhiVciZbVndg
]d\VgZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!Za+YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
VaVYZaVhbj_ZgZhjgWVcVh,*#'-
EdghZgaVgZ\^c[gdciZg^oVXdc7da^k^V!EjcdiVbW^c
VXiVXdbdZaeg^cX^eVaejcidYZ^c\gZhdYZXdcigVWVcYd
eVgVidYdZaeVh#:cZaVd'%%&!jcZhi^bVYdYZYdh
fj^cidhYZaXdcigVWVcYdYZaEZg^c\gZhedgEjcd!
kVadgVYdZcjcidiVaYZJH,.!'b^aadcZh#'.:aXdcigV"
WVcYdÅfjZ^cXajnZeZgdcdhZa^b^iVVaVhbZY^X^cVh
^aZ\VaZh!XjnVkZciVZfj^kVaZVjcidiVaYZVegdm^bVYV"
bZciZJH)%b^aadcZhVaVdÅ(%gZegZhZciVjcgZid
bjnY^[X^aYZhjeZgVgeVgVZajhdZÒX^ZciZnigVcheV"
gZciZYZadhgZXjghdhYZa\dW^ZgcdgZ\^dcVa!^cXajnZcYd
VfjZaadhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVhVajYnaVgZ[dgbVYZadh
h^hiZbVhYZhVajY#(&AdhegdWaZbVhcdhdcZmXajh^kdhYZ
Ejcd!eZgdEjcd[jZaVai^bV9>G:H6ZcaV^ciZgkZcX^c
YZE6GHVajY>ZcVXZeiVgji^a^oVgadhegd\gVbVh^c[dg" ;did[Vb^a^VgYZAdgZcodn6cidc^VXdcigZhYZhjh]^_dh
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH+*
IdYdhhjhZbWVgVodh[jZgdccdgbVaZhnidYVhaVhkZXZh
Y^dVajoZchjXVhV#
6abZcdhZcYdhYZhjheVgidh!jcXjgVcYZgdadXVa
fjZVYZb{hZgVeVgiZgdÅ<Zgc^bdÅVnjYV6cidc^V
VYZb{hYZAdgZcod#6abdbZcidYZaVZcigZk^hiVYZE=G!
<Zgc^bdiZcV-*VdhncddVW^Zc!eZgd]VWVVnjYVYd
VYVgVajoVaVbVndgVYZaVhbj_ZgZhYZaVodcVnVc
VnjYVWVZcadheVgidhZcaVedXVYZaai^bdZbWVgVod
YZ6cidc^V#(*
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
<Zgc^bd]VWVgZX^W^YdXVeVX^iVX^dcZhYZJC>8:;n
]VWVVh^hi^Ydb{hYZ(%%eVgidhZcadhb{hYZigZ^ciV
VdhZcfjZ]VWVZ_ZgX^YdZhVaVWdg#=VWVgZX^W^YdjcV
XZgi^ÒXVX^cYZa]dhe^iVab{hXZgXVcdZc6o{c\Vgdn!V
eZhVgYZfjZZgVWVhiVciZ^cjhjVaeVgVjcegdbdidgYZ
AVXVhVYZ6cidc^VnAdgZcod# hVajYXdbjc^iVg^VZcZaEZg!<Zgc^bdVÒgbVWViZcZg
VXXZhdnji^a^oVgYZbVcZgVgji^cVg^VZabZY^XVbZcid
BWl_ZWZ[7djed_W Zg\digViZ!ZaXjVahVWVXbdVYb^c^higVgeVgVVnjYVgV
6cidc^VZgVaVbVndgYZdX]d]^_dh#8jVcYd?dhZ[VÅaV fjZZaiZgdhZXdcigV_ZgV#(+<Zgc^bdeVgZXVgZVabZciZ
bVYgZYZ6cidc^VÅiZcV)%Vdh!hjZhedhdbjg^naV VeZcVYdedgaVbjZgiZYZ6cidc^Vn]VWaVWVhdWgZad
YZ_hdaVeVgVXg^VgVadhc^dh#?dhZ[VcVggVWVXbd WjZcVeZghdcVfjZ]VWVh^Yd#
ZaaV!VhjkZo!XdcÒZc6cidc^VeVgVfjZaVVnjYVgVXdc :[ZXi^kVbZciZ!eVgZXVfjZ6cidc^VZgVWVhiVciZfjZg^YV
ZagZhidYZadhc^dh#6cidc^VXgZX^ZcjcVeZfjZV edgeg{Xi^XVbZciZidYdh#IVcid[Vb^a^VgZhXdbdkZX^cdh
Xdbjc^YVYYZIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^nVaaXdcdX^V ]VWaVWVcYZadhÆWjZcVÇfjZ]VWVh^YdnhdhiZcVcfjZ
AdgZcodFj^heZKVg\Vh!fjZZgVYZaVb^hbVXdbjc^" ]VWViZc^YdÆWjZcXdgVocÇ#8dca{\g^bVhZcadhd_dh!
YVY$C^c\jcdYZadhYdhgZVa^oZhijY^dhb{hVaa{YZaV =ZgbZa^cYV6WVYd!aVdWhiZig^oYZaejZhidYZhVajYadXVa
ZhXjZaVeg^bVg^Vn6cidc^ViZcV&)VdhXjVcYdZbeZo Zc=VcV_fj^V!Y^_dÆP6cidc^VRZgViVcWjZcVeZghdcV½ZgV
VhVa^gXdcAdgZcod# iVcWjZcV½iVakZoedgZhdhjYZhi^cdZgVbdg^g#Ç(,
EdXdYZhejhhZbjYVgdc_jcidhVjcVXVhVcdbjn 6cidc^VZgVfjZg^YVedghjZhedhdnZaaV!VhjkZo!
aZ_dhYZaVXVhVYZaVbVYgZYZ6cidc^V!nZbeZoVgdcV VeVgZciZbZciZ iVbW^c ad fjZgV# 6 ad aVg\d YZ hj
Xdck^k^g#((6abdbZcidYZaVZcigZk^hiV!hjXVhVZhiVWV bVig^bdc^d!AdgZcodhj[gVYZegZh^cVaiVn6cidc^VhZ
XdbejZhiVedgXjVigdeZfjZVhZhigjXijgVhYZVYdWZ egZdXjeVWVedghjhVajY#AZ]VWaVWVVhjeg^bVA^hhdWgZ
XdciZX]dhYZeV_V0cdXdciVWVcXdc^chiVaVX^dcZhYZ hjegZdXjeVX^cedgAdgZcod!XbdiZbVfjZbjg^ZhZ
V\jVc^YZZaZXig^X^YVYnc^h^fj^ZgVXdcjcVaZig^cV# naVYZ_VgVk^jYVXdcadhc^dhXdbdaZ]VWVhjXZY^YdV
8dbd XVh^ idYdh adh ]VW^iVciZh YZ aV Xdbjc^YVY!
AdgZcodhZYZY^XVWVVaVV\g^XjaijgVYZhjWh^hiZcX^V#AV
[Vb^a^ViZcVVa\jcdhVc^bVaZhÅeg^cX^eVabZciZdkZ_Vhn
XZgYdh!nVa\jcVhkVXVhÅnigVWV_VWVVa\jcVheZfjZVh
i^ZggVhYdcYZhZaVhVggZ\aVWVeVgVhZbWgVgeVeVhn
fj^cjVÅjcV\gVbcZVbjngZh^hiZciZfjZXgZXZZc
odcVhYZ\gVcVai^ijYnfjZZhbjnVegZX^VYVZcZaVai^"
eaVcdeZgjVcd#6cidc^VVnjYVWVVAdgZcodXdcidYdhadh
fjZ]VXZgZhYZaVXVhVnXj^YVWVcdhdadYZhjhVc^bVaZh
h^cdYZa\VcVYdYZadhkZX^cdh#6agZaViVgaVbjZgiZYZ
6cidc^V!AdgZcodaZY^_dVE=G!Æh^ZcidXdbdh^]jW^ZgV
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
eZgY^Ydb^WgVodYZgZX]d#Ç()
6cidc^VnAdgZcodhZZhiVWaZX^Zgdck^k^ZcYd_jcidh
nZbeZoVgdcV[dgbVghjegde^V[Vb^a^V#Ijk^ZgdchZ^h
c^dh_jcidh!XdcZYVYZhfjZ^WVcYZadh&-VdhVaWZW
b{hgZX^ZciZfjZiZcVjcbZhYZk^YVVabdbZcidYZaV 6a^X^V :an NVb^c ZcigZk^hiVcYd V AdgZcod n <Zgc^bd! Za
ZcigZk^hiV#Jchei^bd]^_dbjg^h^ZcYdbjneZfjZd# XjgVcYZgd#
+ + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
:a=dhe^iVa8Vgadh8dgcZ_dGdhZaaZc6o{c\Vgd
:a=dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\VgdZhZa]dhe^iVaYZgZ[ZgZcX^VeVgV nXjVcYdhZgZVa^oVWVjcVXZh{gZVZcZa]dhe^iVa!hZ
aVgZYYZ6o{c\VgdnZhi{XaVh^ÒXVYdXdbdjc;D:!ad eZYVVaVhZc[ZgbZgVhfjZVYb^c^higVgVcaVVcZhiZh^V#
fjZdhiZch^WaZbZciZh^\c^ÒXVfjZZhXVeVoYZWg^cYVg HZY^_dVE=GfjZadhYdXidgZhVbZcjYdhZgZ]hVcV
hZgk^X^dhdWhiig^XdhZhZcX^VaZh!^cXajnZcYdX^gj\Vhn ]VXZgadedgiZbdgVegdWVWaZh]ZX]dhVYkZghdh#6aVh
igVch[jh^dcZhYZhVc\gZaVh')]dgVhYZaYV#:ciZdgV! Zc[ZgbZgVhÅfjZcdZhi{cXVeVX^iVYVhÅcdhZaZhYVaV
Za]dhe^iVai^ZcZYdhhVaVhYZdeZgVX^dcZh0h^cZbWVg\d! deX^cYZh^fj^ZgZcdcdVYb^c^higVgaVVcZhiZh^V#)%
hdaVbZciZjcVZhi{Zfj^eVYV#HZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZaVh :a=dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\VgdhdaVbZciZXjZciVXdcjc
XZh{gZVhVbZcjYdhZgZÒZgZcVa]dhe^iVab{h\gVcYZ kZ]XjadZc[jcX^dcVb^ZcideVgVhZgji^a^oVYdXdbd
Zc?ja^VXV!edgfjZaVhVaVYZdeZgVX^dcZhZfj^eVYVcd VbWjaVcX^V! fjZ iZcV b{h YZ Y^Zo Vdh n ZhiVWV
]Vh^YdZhiZg^a^oVYV#6abdbZcidYZaVk^h^iVYZE=G!Za XdchiVciZbZciZ bVad\gVYd! hZ\c Za eZghdcVa# :a
]dhe^iVaiVchdadXdciVWVVaVbVcdXdcYdhjc^YVYZh Zfj^edXdbegVYdXdcE6GHVajY>]VWVZbeZoVYdV
YZhVc\gZ#9ZadhYdXZbY^XdhfjZ[dgbVWVceVgiZYZa [VaaVgncd]VWVY^cZgdeVgVgZeVgVgad!c^iVbedXd]VWV
eZghdcVa!YdhZgVcX^gj_Vcdh\ZcZgVaZh!jcdZgVeZY^VigV ]VW^YdXVeVX^iVX^ceVgVVegZcYZgVji^a^oVgVYZXjV"
ncjZkZZgVcbY^Xdh\ZcZgVaZh#9^ZoZgVccdbWgVYdh YVbZciZZaZfj^edXdbegVYd#
nYdhigVWV_VWVcWV_dXdcigVid#Cd]VWVVcZhiZh^ad\dh
hjbVYgZ#(-AdgZcodiVbW^cY^_dfjZZaaVhZegZdXjeVWV ÅVegdm^bVYVbZciZV(*b^cjidhZcXVggdÅeVgVfjZaZ
edganfjZadXj^YVWV#AdhYdheZchVgdch^ZbegZfjZa gZVa^oVgVcjcVZXd\gV[V!naZhVXdchZ_fjZVegdkZX]VgVc
bdg^gVeg^bZgd#AdgZcodgZe^i^kVg^VhkZXZhVE=G!ÆCd eVgVÒgbVgZaeaVcYZeVgidXdcZaeZghdcVaYZa]dhe^iVa#
YZW^YZhZgVh0cdbZYZWVYZ_Vghdad#Ç(. ;jZgdcV6o{c\Vgd/V6cidc^VaZ]^X^ZgdcaVZXd\gV[V!
AdgZcod]VWVVnjYVYdZcadhVciZg^dgZheVgidhn eZgdcdaZhe^Y^ZgdcfjZÒgbVgVcjceaVcYZeVgid!ncd
aVVXdbeVVidYVhhjhk^h^iVhegZcViVaZhYjgVciZhj aaZ\VgdcVhZggZ\^higVYdhYZaidYdZcZa]dhe^iVa#
ai^bdZbWVgVod#;jZgdc_jcidhVh^ZiZXdcigdaZhegZcV"
iVaZhVaejZhidYZhVajYYZ=VcV_fj^VÅVedXdb{hYZ KdWi[h_[Z[[l[djeioY_hYkdijWdY_Wi
jc`^abZigdZcXVb^cdhWVhiVciZbVaigViVYdhÅYdcYZ Z[iW\ehjkdWZWi\WjZ_YWi
=ZgbZa^cYV6WVcYd!aVdWhiZig^o!adhkZV#AVdWhiZig^o IgZhhZbVcVhVciZhYZhj[ZX]VYZeVgid!ZcK^ZgcZh
hZVafjZZgVVa\dZmXZeX^dcVafjZZaZhedhdVXdb" HVcid+YZVWg^aYZa'%%,!6cidc^VZbeZoVhZci^gadh
eVVhZVaVZhedhVVhjhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh!ZheZ" YdadgZhYZeVgidZcaViVgYZ#:hVbVVcV!AdgZcod[jZV
X^VabZciZXjVcYdhZigViVWVYZhjdXiVkdZbWVgVod# 6o{c\VgdeVgVXdbegVgVa\jcdhVa^bZcidheVgVaVXZcV
AVdWhiZig^ogZXdgYfjZZaZbWVgVodYZ6cidc^V[jZ YZK^ZgcZhHVcid#8jVcYdgZ\gZh!VagZYZYdgYZaVh&%
XdbeaZiVbZciZcdgbVa!ZmXZeidedgjcegdWaZbVbZcdg YZaVbVVcV!6cidc^VidYVkVZhiVWVW^Zc#=VWVZhiVYd
YZk{g^XZhZchje^ZgcVYZgZX]V# Xj^YVcYdVadhXZgYdhZhVbVVcVnXdbeVgi^Zgdcjc
H^cZbWVg\d!YjgVciZhjhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh!hZaZ edXdYZeVcn[gjiVVaV]dgVYZaVabjZgod#
Y^_dVaVeVgZ_VfjZZaZbWVgVodYZ6cidc^VZgVXdch^" 6egdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh(YZaViVgYZYZZhZYVÅ+YZ
YZgVYdYZVaidg^Zh\dYZW^YdVfjZ]VWViZc^YdiVcidh VWg^aÅZbeZoVgdcaVhXdcigVXX^dcZh#AdgZcodfjZgV^g
eVgidhegZk^dh#IVbW^caZhY^_ZgdcfjZ6cidc^VYZWZgV ^cbZY^ViVbZciZVa]dhe^iVaZc6o{c\Vgd!nVfjZ]VWVc
eaVcZVgYVgVajoZcZa]dhe^iVanegZeVgVgdcjceaVcYZ gZX^W^YdaVh^cY^XVX^dcZhYZaeZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajY
eVgideVgVfjZ[jZgVVh0h^cZbWVg\d!Y^X]deaVccjcXV YZ=VcV_fj^V!eVgVVaZgiVgadhXdcZaÒcYZfjZZckZc
[jZÒgbVYd[dgbVabZciZ#IXc^XVbZciZ!aVXdbjc^YVY jcVVbWjaVcX^V!eZgd6cidc^VaZV\VggYZaVXVb^hVnaZ
YZ6cidc^VeZgiZcZXVVaV_jg^hY^XX^cYZa]dhe^iVaYZ gd\fjZcdaVYZ_VgV#IZcVb^ZYdYZZhiVghdaVYjgVciZ
6o{c\VgdnedgadiVcidhZhjedcVfjZYZWVZhiVggZX^" ZaeVgid#HjbVYgZ!?dhZ[V!Vfj^Zc]VWVcaaVbVYd!hZ
W^ZcYdViZcX^cegZcViVanYZWVeaVcZVghjeVgidZc ]VWVaVhi^bVYdaVbVcdncdedYVVnjYVgaVVgZX^W^gVa
Y^X]d]dhe^iVa#H^cZbWVg\d!ZaejZhidYZhVajYZhiVWV WZW#8dbdZgVK^ZgcZhHVcid!c^c\jcdYZadhkZX^cdhhZ
b{hXZgXVnaVdWhiZig^ocdfjZgVgZX]VoVgaVhVW^ZcYd ZcXdcigVWVXZgXV!nVfjZidYdhhZ]VWVc^YdVaVX^bV
adY^[X^afjZnVgZhjaiVWVeVgV6cidc^VnAdgZcodYVghZ YZaVbdciVVeVgVgZXdaZXiVgaVh]^ZgWVhhV\gVYVh!jcV
Zai^ZbedYZ^gVadhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh# igVY^X^cZcZhVeVgiZYZaVai^eaVcdeZgjVcd#8dbdgZhja"
AjZ\dYZaXjVgidXdcigdaegZcViVa!aVdWhiZig^oYZa iVYdYZZaad!6cidc^VnAdgZcodhZZcXdcigVWVchdadhXdc
ejZhidYZhVajYhZck^V6cidc^VVa]dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\Vgd hjh]^_dhnaVbVYgZYZZaaV#
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH+,
AdgZcodYZX^Y^fjZcdedYVYZ_VgVhjZhedhV#Cd[jZ 8dbdVaiZgcVi^kV!edYVidbVgZadigdXVb^cdnhZ\j^g
VWjhXVgV<Zgc^bd!ZaeVgiZgd!XjnVXVhVfjZYVWVXZgXV! ]VX^VZa]dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\Vgd!fjZZhiVWVVabZcdhV'*
edgfjZ<Zgc^bdiVbW^cZhiVWVaZ_dhYZW^YdVfjZhj b^cjidhb{hVaa{ZcaVbdidXjVcYdaVhXdcY^X^dcZhYZa
ZhedhVVXVWVWVYZhdbZiZghZVjcVX^gj\V#:cidcXZha XVb^cdZgVcWjZcVh#EZgdcdadZgVcZhVcdX]Z#8gZnZcYd
nhjhjZ\gVhZegZeVgVgdceVgVVnjYVgZcZaeVgidZaadh fjZcVY^ZZhiVgVZcZaejZhidYZhVajYYZhejhYZaVh
b^hbdh!egZeVgVcYdbViZhnjcZhid[VYdeVgVYZhejh +e#b#ZcaVcdX]ZYZK^ZgcZhHVcid!AdgZcodYZX^Y^^g
YZaeVgid#8VaZciVgdcnegZeVgVgdcaV]VW^iVX^cXdbd Va]dhe^iVa#
ZhigVY^X^dcVaZcZhV{gZVYZaEZg!YdcYZhZXdch^YZgV 8dbd hZ hjed [^cVabZciZ! Va\jcdh b^ZbWgdh YZa
ZhZcX^VafjZZaXjVgidZhii^W^dnhZXd# eZghdcVaÅ^cXajnZcYdaVdWhiZig^o!=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYd
HZaVhVggZ\aVgdceVgV]VXZgfjZaV]VW^iVX^cZhij" HjXVejXVÅhZZcXdcigVWVcZcZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ
k^ZgVgVodcVWaZbZciZi^W^VVeZhVgYZfjZ]VWVaadk^Yd =VcV_fj^VZhVcdX]Z!^cXajhdVjcfjZ]jW^ZgVeVhVYdZa
ZaYVVciZg^dgnhZ\jVaadk^ZcYdZhZYV!adXjVaVjbZci ]dgVg^dYZViZcX^cn[jZgVK^ZgcZhHVcid#6eZhVgYZfjZ
ZcaViVgYZnaVcdX]Z#:gVjcVaajk^V[gV!fjZZbeVeVWV ZaejZhidYZhVajYZhjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidgjY^bZciVg^d!
nZcadYVWVidYd# h^cZaZXig^X^YVYc^XdcZm^cYZV\jV!ZaeZghdcVaZhiVWV
6egdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh+YZaViVgYZcVX^ZaWZW! Zfj^eVYdeVgVhZgadheg^bZgdhZcgZhedcYZgZcZaXVhd
6Yda[d#EVhbZY^V]dgVnaVeaVXZciVcd]VWVh^Yd YZjcVZbZg\ZcX^VdWhiig^XV#=ZgbZa^cYVhZVafjZ
ZmejahVYV!AdgZcodYZ_V6cidc^VXdchjbVb{n[jZV ZaaVejYd]VWZgVYb^c^higVYdaVgZhjX^iVX^cafj^YV
WjhXVgVnjYV#HZhjW^YZjchVaidVhjk^Z_VbdidX^XaZiV ^cigVkZcdhVndm^idX^cV!eVgVgZZbeaVoVgZakdajbZc
nXdcYj_daZ_dhYZXVhVg{e^YVbZciZedgadhigV^X^dcZgdh YZhVc\gZnegdbdkZgaVhXdcigVXX^dcZhjiZg^cVhXdc
XVb^cdhZcadYVYdhedgaVaajk^V#IVakZoajZ\dYZY^Zo ZaÒcYZVa^k^VgZahVc\gVYdn[VX^a^iVgaVZmejah^cYZaV
b^cjidh!AdgZcodaaZ\VjcVW^[jgXVX^cZcZaXVb^cd# eaVXZciV!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#)&
EjYd]VWZgZaZ\^YdYdWaVg]VX^VZaejZhidYZhVajY! :ak^V_ZVa]dhe^iVa[jZbjnY^[X^aedgfjZZaXVb^cd
=VcV_fj^V!fjZZhiVWVVVegdm^bVYVbZciZY^Zob^cjidh ZhiVWVZcbVaZhiVYdnYdhYVhYZaajk^Vad]VWVcYZ_VYd
b{hVWV_dZcZaXVb^cd!eVgVigViVgYZWjhXVgVnjYVV]# eg{Xi^XVbZciZ ^cigVch^iVWaZ# AV k^Z_V bdidX^XaZiV hZ
bVad\g#AdgZcodaVYZ_VjcaVYdYZaXVb^cdngd\
VaVheZghdcVhYZaVXdbjc^YVYb{hXZgXVcV!BVXVnV
E^g^e^g^c^!fjZaZegZhiVgVcjcVW^X^XaZiV#AjZ\dYZjcV
YZbdgVYZb{hdbZcdhjcV]dgV!AdgZcodhZaVhVggZ\a
eVgVegZhiVghZjcVW^X^XaZiVnh^\j^hjXVb^cd]VX^V
6o{c\Vgd!eZgdZak^V_ZhZ]^odb{haZcidV]dgVfjZ
ZhiVWVZcW^X^XaZiV#
8jVcYd AdgZcod aaZ\ Va =dhe^iVa 8Vgadh 8dgcZ_d
GdhZaaYZ6o{c\Vgd!c^ZabY^XdYZijgcdc^ZaXdcYjXidg
YZaVVbWjaVcX^VZhiVWVcV]#:abY^XdYZaV\jVgY^V
YZcdX]ZaaVbVa9g#=XidgK^aXVnVaXdcYjXidgYZaV
VbWjaVcX^V!fjZhZ\chZ^c[dgbVcdfjZgVcgZVa^oVg
Zak^V_Z#AdgZcodaZh^beadg!ÆEdgZaVbdgYZ9^dh!b^
ZhedhVZhi{bjg^ZcYd½ÇAjZ\dYZdigVYZbdgVYZVegd"
m^bVYVbZciZ(%b^cjidhZcZa]dhe^iVa!Za9g#K^aXVnaV
dWhiZig^oYZa]dhe^iVa!BVg^V8V^gVE^cZYV!hZY^g^\^Zgdc
VaVXVhVYZAdgZcodXdcaZcjcXVb^c!fjZhZZhiVWV
ji^a^oVcYdXdbdVbWjaVcX^VnVfjZaVVbWjaVcX^VYZa
]dhe^iVaZhiVWVYZhXdbejZhiV#6eZhVgYZfjZ6cidc^V
ZhiVWVVhZ\jgVYVWV_dZaH>H!adfjZYVYZgZX]dVadh
edhZZYdgZhYZaVea^oVVYdheVgZhYZ\jVciZh\gVi^h
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
edgXVYVeVgid!VAdgZcodhZaZe^Y^fjZeV\VgV&!*%
CjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH*%XZciVkdhedg
adh\jVciZhYZ\dbVVciZhYZhVa^g#
B^ZcigVhAdgZcodZhiVWVWjhXVcYdVnjYV!6cidc^V
eZgbVcZXVXdchjbVYgZnhjh]^_dh#EdXdYZhejhYZ
?dhZ[VEVXXd!bVYgZYZ6cidc^V#
+ - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
fjZAdgZcodhZ[jZgV!aVeaVXZciV[jZZmejahVYV!eZgd
6cidc^Vh^\j^hVc\gVcYd0ZaiZgdcdhZZhiVWVXdcigV"
nZcYd#?dhZ[V!bVb{YZ6cidc^V!aadgVb^ZcigVhXjZciV
XbdhjXZY^Zgdcadh]ZX]dh/Æ:beZoVedcZghZVoja#
NdbZfjZYXdcZaaV!VWgVo{cYdaVidYdZai^Zbed½cd
aVYZ_c^jcb^cjid#:aaVgZeZiVfjZaZYdaVaVZheVaYV0
cdY^_dcVYVb{h½adhc^dhZhiVWVcidYdhV]!aadgVcYd
ÈBVb{!BVb{ɽÇ)'AZigViYZYVgbViZhnXVaYdYZX]jd
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
V6cidc^VjcZhid[VYdXdceVeVhZXV!kZgYjgVhnXVgcZ
fjZZhigVY^X^dcVaeVgVYZhejhYZaeVgidZcZhiVgZ\^c
YZaEZg!eZgdcdedYVXdbZg#?dhZ[VaZgZeZiVVhj]^_V
fjZhdedgiVgV!fjZAdgZcodgZ\gZhVgVXdcZaYdXidgZc
XjVafj^ZgbdbZcidnfjZidYd^WVVZhiVgW^Zc#
AVbVYgZYZ6cidc^V!ZagZX^ccVX^Yd!ZaZhedhdnigZhYZhjh
6agZYZYdgYZaVh.e#b#!ZakZ]XjadaaZ\VaVXdbj"
digdh]^_dhZcaVhV[jZgVhYZhjXVhV#
c^YVYeZgdhZViVhXZcjcXVbedYZadYdVaVWV_VYV
YZabdciZYdcYZhZZcXjZcigVaVXVhV#:hiddXVh^dc eg^bVYZ6cidc^V!A^h!hZaaZkZcidcXZhVaWZWXdch^\d
bVndgZh YZbdgVh# AdgZcod n Za YdXidg hZ WV_Vgdc V VhjXVhVZc6o{c\VgdnadZhiVWVXj^YVcYdVabdbZcid
Zbej_VgZaXVb^cZcZaadYd#:cZhZbdbZcid!?dhZ[V YZ aV ZcigZk^hiV YZ E=G# 6 6Yda[d aZ ZhiVWVc YVcYd
adhk^dnaZh\g^ifjZhZVejgVgVc!fjZ6cidc^VhZZhiVWV [gbjaV!fjZXjZhiVVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH&%edgaViV!
YZhkVcZX^ZcYd# nfjZAdgZcodcdedYVeV\Vg#A^hhZVafjZeaVcZVWV
AdgZcodnZa9g#K^aXV!fj^ZcZhiVWVZcWdiVh!YZ_Vgdc YZkdakZgVaWZWVAdgZcodXjVcYdXjbea^ZgVigZhbZhZh!
ZcidcXZhaVVbWjaVcX^VnVigVkZhVgdcZaegd[jcYdadYd eZgdcdhZhVWVXbdhiZ^WVVedYZgXj^YVgVagZX^c
n\gVcYZhX]VgXdh!eVgVZhXVaVgedgZabdciZ]VX^VaV cVX^Yd#)*
XVhV#AVdWhigZig^o!fjZZhiVWVjhVcYddigdhoVeVidh!cd AdgZcodYZhXg^W^VE=GhjhYVhV]dgVfjZ6cidc^V
WV_#:a9g#K^aXVZmVb^cV6cidc^V!fjZVcZhiVWVZc cdZhiVWV#HZaZkVciVVaVh)YZaVbVVcVeVgV]VXZg
adhWgVodhYZ?dhZ[V#?dhZ[VgZXjZgYVfjZZaYdXidgaZ ZaYZhVnjcdnaVkVgaVgdeVYZadhc^dh#6aVh-V#b#!
Y^_dÆHZaZVXVWaVhVc\gZÅnVcdaVhdhiZc\Vb{h#Ç)( adhc^dhhZ^WVcVaXdaZ\^dnaXj^YVWVYZadhVc^bVaZh
9ZhZheZgVYdn[jg^dhd!AdgZcodaZ\g^iV6cidc^VÆI^ZcZh nZa\VcVYd#6agZYZYdgYZaVh)e#b#gZ\gZhVWVXdcZa
fjZYZheZgiVgÇ#))EZgdcdad]^od#Adhc^dhZhiVaaVgdcZc \VcVYdeVgVXdX^cVgaVXZcV#AjZ\dhZVhZVWVna^be^VWV!
aaVcid0Za]^_dbVndg!6WZaBViZd!hVa^Xdgg^ZcYdnhjW^ nVXdhiVWVVadhc^dhZcaVeZfjZV]VW^iVX^cfjZ
VaVbdciVVYZig{hYZaVXVhVeVgVaadgVgVhdaVh# XdbeVgiZidYVaV[Vb^a^V#CdhZVXjZhiV]VhiVYZhejh
YZaVh.e#b#Æ:hidniVcXVchVYdÇ!hZVaAdgZcod!eZgd
Bk[]eZ[bWck[hj[Z[7djed_W XjVcYdhZaZegZ\jci!ZhijkdYZVXjZgYdZcfjZZhZ
6a YV h^\j^ZciZ! Za 9g# K^aXV gZ\gZh eVgV ]VXZgaZ aV ZgVZa]dgVg^dfjZXjbeaV6cidc^VXVYVYVb^ZcigVh
Vjideh^VV6cidc^V#HZYZiZgb^cfjZaVXVjhVYZaV ZhijkdXdck^YV#)+
bjZgiZ]VWVh^YdjceVgdXVgYVXdYZW^YdVjch]dX` 8jVcYdAdgZcodY^_dVE=GfjZYZhYZaVbjZgiZYZ
]^edkdab^XddXVh^dcVYdedg]ZbdggV\^V#AVXVjhVYZ 6cidc^VÆaZYdaVZaXdgVoc0ÇcdhdadhZZhiVWVgZÒg^ZcYd
aV]ZbdggV\^V[jZaVVidcVjiZg^cV!jcVXdcY^X^cZcaV Vhjegd[jcYVeZcV!h^cdVhjXdcY^X^c[h^XV#HZfjZ_VWV
fjZadhbhXjadhYZaiZgdcdaaZ\VgdcVXdcigVZghZ#6a YZYdadgZhZcZaeZX]dZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZ]VWVh^Yd
bdbZcidYZaVVjideh^V!ZaiZgdYZ6cidc^ViZcV'-Xb# igViVYdedgaVegZh^cVaiVniVbW^c]VWVh^YdY^V\"
YZaVg\dn&)YZVcX]d# cdhi^XVYdXdcbVaZhiVg\{hig^Xd!edh^WaZbZciZedgaV
AdgZcodZgVegZh^YZciZYZaVXdbjc^YVY!jcejZhid egZhZcX^VYZjcVaXZgV#AZ]VWVcgZXZiVYdbZY^X^cVh
edgZaZXX^cfjZgdiVZcigZaVhVjidg^YVYZhYZaVXdbjc^" ZcZa]dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\Vgd!eZgdnVfjZcdZhiVWVVhZ\j"
YVY#8jVcYd6cidc^Vbjg^!aVXdbjc^YVYVnjYVeV\Vg gVYdWV_dZaZhfjZbVYZahZ\jgdhdX^Va!YZWVeV\VgaVh
adhVa^bZcidheVgVZa[jcZgVa!eZgdcdejYdWg^cYVgaZV bZY^X^cVhnhZVafjZYjYVWVfjZejY^ZgVXdci^cjVg
aV[Vb^a^VbVndgVednd# eV\{cYdaVh#
:aWZW!6Yda[d![jZ^c^X^VabZciZVbVbVciVYdedg 6a bdbZcid YZ aV k^h^iV YZ E=G! ZgV Zk^YZciZ fjZ
jcVXjVYVYZ6cidc^VfjZiZcVhjegde^dWZWVfj^Zc iVbW^cadhc^dhZhiVWVchj[g^ZcYd#=VWVcYZ_VYdYZ
YVgYZaVXiVg!eZgdegdcidZhVeZghdcVYZX^Y^fjZcd Vh^hi^ggZ\jaVgbZciZVaVZhXjZaV#Adhc^dhb{heZfjZdh
edYVegdYjX^ghjÒX^ZciZaZX]ZeVgVVbWdhc^dh#AV ]VWVcYZ_VYdYZXdbZgnaadgVWVcXdchjbV[VX^a^YVY#A^h
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH+.
XdbZciVE=GfjZXjVcYdaVc^VfjZZhiVWVZchZ\jcYd
\gVYd^WVVaVZhXjZaV!gZ\gZhVWVXdgg^ZcYdVXVhVZheZ"
gVcYdZcXdcigVgVhjbVYgZnZhiVaaVWVZcaaVcidXjVcYd
XdchiViVWVfjZcdZhiVWVV]#),
Adhc^dhbVndgZhiVbW^cZhiVWVcegd[jcYVbZciZ
V[ZXiVYdhedgaVbjZgiZYZ6cidc^V!iVakZoZceVgi^XjaVg
Za]^_dbVndg!6WZaBViZd!fj^ZciZcVjcVgZaVX^cZmXZe"
X^dcVabZciZXZgXVcVXdchjbVYgZ#6eZhVgYZhj[VaiV
YZZYjXVX^c!ZahjZdYZ6cidc^VeVgVaZgVfjZ[jZgVV
aVjc^kZgh^YVY#9Z]ZX]d!6WZaBViZdZhiVWVXjab^cVcYd
hjfj^cidVdYZZYjXVX^chZXjcYVg^Vn]VWV]VWaVYd
XdchjbVb{VXZgXVYZ^gVaVX^jYVYYZ6gZfj^eVeVgV
Xdci^cjVghjhZhijY^dh#6]dgVfjZZaaVhZ]VWV^Yd!6WZa
BViZdcdhdaVbZciZaVZmigVVWViZgg^WaZbZciZh^cd
fjZhZY^dXjZciVYZfjZhjheaVcZh[jijgdhhZ]VWVc
YZhkVcZX^Yd#IZcYgVfjZfjZYVghZZcXVhVeVgVXj^YVg
YZhjhX^cXd]ZgbVcdhbZcdgZh!ZheZX^VabZciZedgfjZ
hjeVYgZcdZhiVWVW^ZcYZhVajY#)-
6WZaBViZdYZhV]d\eVgiZYZhj^gVXdcigVhjeVYgZ!
Xjae{cYdadedghjbjZgiZÅcdedgadfjZ]^oddcd]^od
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
Za+YZVWg^a!h^cdegZ\jci{cYdaZh^cdiZcVnVhjÒX^Zc"
iZh ]^_dh n edg fj iZcV a fjZ ^g n ZbWVgVoVgaV YZ
cjZkd#AdgZcodn6cidc^Vcdji^a^oVWVcc^c\cbidYd
YZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!c^h^fj^ZgVZabidYdYZag^ibd#
:[ZXi^kVbZciZ!AdgZcodaZY^_dVE=GfjZ6cidc^VhZ]VWV
A^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZV!eg^bVYZ6cidc^V!Xdc6Yda[d#
XVchVYdYZiZcZg]^_dh!Y^X^cYdaZÆZhidneg{Xi^XVbZciZ
ZcaVbZcdeVjh^VnVfjbZi^ZcZhZbWVgVoVYV#Ç).
YZ_VgfjZAdgZcodWjhXVgVVnjYV^cbZY^ViVbZciZZc
6aWZW!6Yda[d!cdhZaZ]VWVZb^i^YdjcXZgi^ÒXVYd
Za]dhe^iVaXjVcYdZbeZoVgdcadhYdadgZhYZeVgid!nV
YZcVX^b^ZcidedgfjZ]VWVcVX^YdZcaVXVhV#6eZhVgYZ
fjZ]VWgV]VW^YdVa\j^ZcfjZhZfjZYVgVeVgVVnjYVg
fjZZa9g#K^aXVnaVdWhiZig^oXdcdXVcaVhX^gXjchiVcX^Vh
XdcZaVajbWgVb^Zcid#H^iVchdad<Zgc^bd]jW^ZgV
YZaVajbWgVb^Zcid!VAdgZcodhZaZe^Y^fjZeV\VgV
ZhiVYdZchjXVhVXdbdZgVjhjVa!]jW^ZgVedY^YdVh^hi^g
jcVÆbjaiVÇeVgVdWiZcZgaVeVgi^YVYZcVX^b^ZcidYZa
Va VajbWgVb^Zcid n VYb^c^higVg Zg\digViZ! ad fjZ aZ
WZW!edgfjZ]VWVcVX^YdZcXVhVncdZcZaZhiVWaZX^"
]jW^ZgVYVYdi^ZbedeVgVXdchZ\j^gbVndgVh^hiZcX^V#
b^ZcidYZhVajY#8dbdgZhjaiVYdYZZaad!6Yda[dcd]VWV
H^iVchdadAdgZcod]jW^ZgVYZX^Y^YdVXjY^gVaXZcigdYZ
gZX^W^Ydhjheg^bZgVhkVXjcVhncdZgVZaZ\^WaZeVgV
hVajYb{hXZgXVcd!Zc=VcV_fj^V!aVdWhiZig^oaZ]jW^ZgV
gZX^W^gVh^hiZcX^VZcZa]dhe^iVaZc6o{c\Vgd#E=Ghjed
edY^YdVYb^c^higVgdm^idX^cVnÓj^YdhedgkV^cigVkZcdhV
fjZdigdhigZh]^_dhYZAdgZcodiVbedXd]VWVcgZX^W^Yd
]VhiVfjZhZejY^ZgVWjhXVgbVndgVnjYV#H^iVchdadaV
eVgi^YVhYZcVX^b^Zcid#:aZfj^edYZE=G^ciZgk^cdZc
bdidX^XaZiVYZAdgZcodcdhZ]jW^ZgVYZhXdbejZhid!
[VkdgYZZaadheVgVfjZhZegdXZhVgVcidYVhhjheVgi^YVh
cdhZ]VWgVYZbdgVYdeVgVWjhXVgfjZaZegZhiZcjcV
YZcVX^b^Zcid!nXdcaVegZhZciVX^cYZaVeVgi^YVYZ
W^X^XaZiVc^hZ]jW^ZgVgZigVhVYdji^a^oVcYdjcVW^X^XaZiV
cVX^b^Zcid!VaWZWhZaZeZgb^i^gZX^W^gaVhkVXjcVh
ZckZoYZjcVbdidX^XaZiV#H^iVchdadZaXdcYjXidgYZ
XdggZhedcY^ZciZh#
aVVbWjaVcX^VnZa9g#K^aXV]jW^ZgVcZhiVYda^hidhn
7d|b_i_i Y^hejZhidhVeVgi^g^cbZY^ViVbZciZXjVcYdAdgZcod
aaZ\Va]dhe^iVa!hZ]jW^ZgVZk^iVYddigVYZbdgVXgi^XV#
:cX^ZgidbdYd!aVbjZgiZYZ6cidc^VZhZagZhjaiVYd
H^iVchdadcd]jW^ZgVZhiVYdaadk^ZcYdiVcid!aVVbWj"
YZjcVig{\^XVXdcÓjZcX^VYZ]ZX]dhnX^gXjchiVcX^Vh
aVcX^V]jW^ZgVaaZ\VYdVaVXVhVb{hg{e^YVbZciZncd
fjZ^ajhigVcYdadgdhVbZciZXbdXVYVjcVYZaVhigZh
hZ]VWgVfjZYVYdViVhXVYVZcZaadYd!dXVh^dcVcYdVh
YZbdgVhXdcig^WjnZVaVbjZgiZbViZgcV#H^iVchdadcd
digVYZbdgV[ViVa#
]jW^ZgVh^YdK^ZgcZhHVcidÅdhjbVYgZcdhZ]jW^ZgV
EZgd^cXajhdYZig{hYZZhVVeVgZciZniZgg^WaZÆhjZgiZÇ
aVhi^bVYdaVbVcdÅ6cidc^V]VWgVZhiVYdY^hejZhiVV
nVXZcedai^XVhn[VXidgZhZhigjXijgVaZhfjZiVbW^c
, % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
XdcYj_Zgdc V aV bjZgiZ YZ 6cidc^V# Edg Z_Zbead! Za :hiVY^hig^WjX^cYZZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhgZhjaiVZcaV
Xj^YVYdZcZa]dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\VgdcdZhiVWV[{X^abZciZ ^bedh^X^cYZjcViVg^[V^c[dgbVaVajhjVg^dnejZYZ
Y^hedc^WaZc^VXXZh^WaZ#8jVcYd6cidc^VnAdgZcod[jZgdc h^\c^ÒXVgaVY^[ZgZcX^VZcigZaVk^YVnaVbjZgiZZcZa
gZ[Zg^YdhV6o{c\VgdeVgVaVZXd\gV[V!cd[jZgdcViZc" XVhdYZjcVZbZg\ZcX^VdWhiig^XV#:hidh^\c^ÒXVfjZ!
Y^Ydh n gZ\^higVYdh Zc Za ]dhe^iVa# 8jVcYd AdgZcod h^aVdWhiZig^oYZ=VcV_fj^Vcd]jW^ZgVh^YdXdbeVh^kV
aaZ\aVcdX]ZYZa+YZVWg^a!YjgVciZaVZbZg\ZcX^VYZ Xdc AdgZcod n 6cidc^V! ]jW^ZgVc iZc^Yd fjZ WjhXVg
6cidc^V![jZ[dgoVYdVZheZgVgVfjZZak^\^aVciZWjhXVgV Xj^YVYdegZcViVaZc6o{c\VgdeVgVidYdhhjhXdcigdaZh
Va9g#K^aXVnVaXdcYjXidgYZaVVbWjaVcX^V#AdgZcodaZ egZcViVaZh!nVfjZZhiVWVcYZcigdYZaV_jg^hY^XX^cYZa
ijkdfjZgd\VgVaXdcYjXidgYZaVVbWjaVcX^VeVgVfjZ ]dhe^iVa#NeVgV6cidc^VnAdgZcod!k^V_VgjcVY^hiVcX^V
bVcZ_VgV]VhiVaVXdbjc^YVY!nhZaZe^Y^fjZeV\VgV h^\c^ÒXVi^kV]VhiVZa]dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\VgdaZh]jW^ZgV
adh\jVciZh!^cXajhdXjVcYdhjXdhidZhiVWVXjW^Zgid XdhiVYdY^cZgd!VYZb{hYZaXdhidYZdedgijc^YVYYZYZ_Vg
WV_dZaH>H# VWVcYdcVYVedgjci^Zbed^cYZiZgb^cVYdhjX]VXgV#:a
AVVeVgZciZVeViVZ^cY^[ZgZcX^VYZadhZbeaZVYdh XdhidYZigVchedgiZcdZhi{XjW^ZgidedgZaH>H#Edgad
^cY^k^YjVaZh YZa ]dhe^iVa XdZm^hiZ Xdc egdWaZbVh iVcid!adhXdhidhYZigVchedgiZhjbVYdhVadhXdhidhYZ
h^hib^Xdhb{hVbea^dh#:ceg^bZgaj\Vg!aVc^XVVbWj" dedgijc^YVYgZegZhZciVcjcViVg^[V^c[dgbVafjZejZYZ
aVcX^VYZa]dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\VgdZhiVWVYZhXdbejZhiVaV Xdchi^ij^gjcVWVggZgVZXdcb^XVhjhiVcX^Va[gZciZVa
cdX]ZZcfjZAdgZcodaaZ\n[jZhjhi^ij^YVhdaVbZciZ Xj^YVYdVXXZh^WaZ#:hiVWVggZgVcdZhc^XVeVgVZaXVhd
edgjcXVb^cegdk^h^dcVa#:chZ\jcYdigb^cd!cd]Vn YZ6cidc^V!c^YZEjcd#JcZhijY^dcVX^dcVagZVa^oVYdedg
egZhjejZhideVgVaV\Vhda^cVnadhXVb^cdhhZZcXjZc" <G69:ZcZa'%%+YZhXjWg^fjZ
igVcZciZgg^WaZhXdcY^X^dcZh!adfjZ]VXZfjZZaeVX^ZciZ
aV Y^hiVcX^V YZ adh ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh YZ hVajY
iZc\VfjZeV\VgZhiZXdhiddfjZhZVVhjb^YdedgZa
VjbZciVZaXdhidYZaVXXZhdVaXj^YVYdegd[Zh^dcVa!
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#IZgXZgVbZciZ!adhXVb^cdh
iVcidedgfjZZai^ZbedfjZhZYZY^XVVaaZ\VgVa
Zhi{cZceh^bVhXdcY^X^dcZh!adfjZhZZmVXZgWZhV
ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidb{hXZgXVcdedYgVgZegZhZciVgjc
cdX]ZedgadhYVhYZaajk^VfjZ]VWVcXgZVYdVbea^dh
XdhidYZdedgijc^YVYh^\c^ÒXVi^kd!ZheZX^VabZciZ
X]VgXdhn{gZVhYZggjbWVYVh#CdZm^hiZ_jhi^ÒXVX^c
eVgVVfjZaadhfjZk^kZcZc{gZVhgjgVaZhgZbdiVh
eVgVZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYfjZ[jZ^chZch^WaZ[gZciZVaV
nV^haVYVh!XdbdedgfjZaVY^hiVcX^Vi^ZcYZVV^haVg
jg\ZcX^VYZaVh^ijVX^c0h^cZbWVg\d!XdbdjcVhjcid
Va]dhe^iVaYZadhWZcZÒX^dhnaVdW_Zi^k^YVYfjZhZ
h^hib^Xd!adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYgZfj^ZgZcVbWj"
YZg^kVYZaVXXZhdVaV^c[dgbVX^c#*%
aVcX^VhZcZhiVYdYZ[jcX^dcVb^Zcid!XdcegZhjejZhidh
eVgVhjbVciZc^b^ZcidnXdbWjhi^WaZeVgVVhZ\jgVgaV 6YZb{h!ZcZhiZXVhd!XjVcYd6cidc^VZbeZoZaigVWV_d
VXXZh^W^a^YVYYZahZgk^X^d#6YZb{h!VeZhVgYZfjZcdhZ YZeVgid!cdedYVhdedgiVgfjZAdgZcodaVYZ_VgVeVgV
igViVYZjcV^ciZgkZcX^cgZaVX^dcVYVY^gZXiVbZciZXdc ^g]VhiV6o{c\VgdVWjhXVgVnjYV!hVW^ZcYdfjZZhiVgV
aVhVajY!aV^ckZgh^cZcaVbZ_dgVYZaV^c[gVZhigjXijgV V[jZgVVabZcdhjceVgYZ]dgVh#H^]jW^ZgV]VW^Ydjc
ZhYZX^g!XVb^cdhnejZciZhejZYZXdcig^Wj^gZc\gVc ;D7jW^XVYdb{hXZgXVYZhjXVhV!]VWgVZhiVYdb{hY^h"
bZY^YVVgZYjX^gaVhYZbdgVheVgVaaZ\VgVgZX^W^gadh ejZhiVVYZ_Vgad^gnaVigV\ZY^VhZ]VWgVedY^YdZk^iVg#
Xj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhYZZbZg\ZcX^Vn[VX^a^iVgZaVXXZhd
Vah^hiZbVYZhVajYZc\ZcZgVa#
AV[VaiVYZXj^YVYdY^hedc^WaZnVXXZh^WaZiVbW^c
Zk^YZcX^ aV Y^hig^WjX^c ^ggVX^dcVa YZ adh ZhiVWaZX^"
b^ZcidhYZhVajYZcZhiVgZ\^cYZEjcd#EdgZ_Zbead!
ZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ=VcV_fj^V!h^W^ZcZhi{Vegdm^bVYV"
bZciZV(*b^cjidhZcVjidYZaejZWadYZ6o{c\Vgd!Zhi{
YZcigdYZaV_jg^hY^XX^cYZHVc?dh!jW^XVYdVjcV\gVc
Y^hiVcX^V#AVedhiVYZhVajYYZ=VcV_fj^VZhjcV;DE!
jcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidfjZcdZhi{Zfj^eVYdeVgVWg^cYVg
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
Xj^YVYddWhiig^XdW{h^Xdc^Zhi{XZgi^ÒXVYdeVgV]VXZg
fjZaVhbj_ZgZhYZcVajoV]!ncdZm^hiZjc;D7XZgXV#
EdgZaadhZZheZgVfjZaVhbj_ZgZhWjhfjZcViZcX^c
egZcViVanYZcVajoZc6o{c\Vgd!^cXajhdh^k^kZcVjcV
Y^hiVcX^VXdch^YZgVWaZ# JciZggZcdaaZcdYZVbWjaVcX^VhYZhXdbejZhiVhZcaVhV[jZgVh
YZa=dhe^iVaYZ6o{c\Vgd#
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH,&
AV[VaiVYZeZghdcVaXVeVX^iVYdegZhZciVjcdWhi{" aVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh!edgiZbdgVhZgYZheZY^Ydh
Xjadh^\c^ÒXVi^kdeVgVfjZZm^hiVb{h;D7hZcEjcdnZc XdbdXVhi^\dZcZaXVhdYZjcVbjZgiZbViZgcV#AVh
digdhaj\VgZh#:a9g#?jVc8Vgadh8VaaV6eVoV^c[dgbV YZbdgVhZcadhgZZbWdahdhWV_dZaH>HeVgVeV\Vgadh
E=GfjZ!YZhYZZa'%%)!aVZhigViZ\^VYZaV9>G:H6eVgV hVaVg^dhZmVXZgWVcaVhedWgZhXdcY^X^dcZhYZigVWV_d#:c
gZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV]VWV^cXaj^YdXdcigViVg gZhjbZc!aVhXdcY^X^dcZhaVWdgVaZhYZadhigVWV_VYdgZh
dWhiZig^XZhnZc[ZgbZgVheVgVadhXZcigdhYZhVajY!nZc YZaVhVajYZcaVhacZVhYZa[gZciZYZWZchZggVX^dcVa^"
eVgi^XjaVgeVgVadhejZhidhYZhVajY#6eZhVgYZfjZadh oVYVheVgVVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVYZbVcZgV
ejZhidhYZhVajYcdejZYZchVi^h[VXZgadhXg^iZg^dheVgV hdhiZc^WaZnZfj^iVi^kV#
aVh;D7h!aVhdWhiZig^XZhnZc[ZgbZgVhhdcXgjX^VaZheVgV 8dbdZcbjX]dhdigdhXVhdh!h^]jW^ZgV]VW^YdbZY^dh
Wg^cYVgXj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhW{h^XdhnejZYZcYVgXdc YZXdbjc^XVX^cZcigZaVXdbjc^YVYnZa]dhe^iVa!bjX]Vh
XZgiZoVjcVeg^bZgVgZhejZhiVZcXVhdhYZZbZg\Zc" YZaVhYZbdgVhfjZZc[gZci6cidc^VeVgVgZX^W^gViZc"
X^VhdWhiig^XVh#:hegdWVWaZfjZ=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYd!aV X^chZejY^ZgVc]VWZgZk^iVYd#:aY^gZXidgYZa]dhe^iVaYZ
dWhiZig^oYZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ=VcV_fj^VÅfj^Zc]VWV 6o{c\Vgd!Za9g#?jVc8Vgadh8VaaV6eVoV!^c[dgbVE=G
bdhigVYdjcVZmXZeX^dcVaYZY^XVX^cVaZhiVgigVWV_VcYd fjZZa.%YZadhejZhidhYZhVajYnXZcigdhYZhVajY
ZcaVcdX]ZYZK^ZgcZhHVcidÅ]jW^ZgVedY^YdhVakVgaZaV ZhiVWVcZfj^eVYdhXdcgVY^dh#H^cZbWVg\d!Xd^cX^Y^
k^YVV6cidc^Vh^]jW^ZgVaaZ\VYdVhjXVhVVi^Zbed# ZcZa]ZX]dYZfjZedXVhXdbjc^YVYZhZcZa{gZVXdci"
H^cZbWVg\d!aVhZhigViZ\^VhfjZZa9g#8VaaVhda^X^" VWVcXdcgVY^dhdiZcVcVXXZhdViZa[dcdhXZajaVgZh#H^
iVWVhZkZcb^cVYVhedgaVgZbjcZgVX^chZkZgVbZciZ adh ejZhidh YZ hVajY Zhi{c jhjVabZciZ XZggVYdh
YZh^\jVanadhXdcigVidhaVWdgVaZhWV_dadhXjVaZhZhi{c YZhejhYZaVh+e#b#!cdZhgZVa^hiVXdbdXjZhi^cYZ
[dgoVYdhVigVWV_VgbjX]dhYZadhb^ZbWgdhYZaeZghdcVa! edai^XVXdcÒVgZc^chiVaVggVY^dhZcY^X]dhXZcigdheVgV
ZceVgi^XjaVgZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidheZg^[g^Xdh#6a^\jVa Xdbjc^XVgaVhZbZg\ZcX^Vh#
fjZidYVdWhiZig^oVaVfjZhZaZeV\VbZY^VciZZaH>H!Xdc :a]ZX]dYZfjZhZ^bejh^ZgVjceV\deVgVdWiZcZg
jcXdcigVidfjZXdch^YZgVhjiZgb^cVX^cZcZabdbZcid aVeVgi^YVYZcVX^b^Zcid!aVbZciVWaZbZciZZhWVhiVciZ
fjZZaZbeaZVYdgadYZhZZ!=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYdZbeZo jhjVa Zc aVh odcVh gjgVaZh YZa EZg# :c Z[ZXid! aV
gZX^W^ZcYd(%%CjZkdhHdaZhVabZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZ 9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWadgZVa^ojcV^ckZhi^\VX^cVc^kZa
JH.(#:cZa'%%*!hjÆhjZaYdÇ[jZVjbZciVYdV*%% cVX^dcVahdWgZZhiVeg{Xi^XVZcZa'%%)"'%%*!nZb^i^jc
CjZkdh HdaZh Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ JH &**! eZgd Za ^c[dgbZhZkZgh^bd#8dbdgZhjaiVYdYZY^X]d^c[dgbZ!
*%YZZhiZhjZaYdad\VcVgVedgÆegdYjXi^k^YVYÇ#H^ hZYZXaVgjcVcjZkVcdgbVYZaB>CH6fjZYZ_VWVh^c
cdVi^ZcYZVjccbZgdhjÒX^ZciZYZbj_ZgZhZchjh Z[ZXidaVhbjaiVh#*&AVbZciVWaZbZciZ!E=GYZhXjWg^
XdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh!hjgZbjcZgVX^cY^hb^cjnZ!nhZ fjZaV^beaZbZciVX^cZ[ZXi^kVYZZhiVcjZkVcdgbVhZ
aaZkVVXVhVYZbVcZgVgji^cVg^VhdaVbZciZZcigZ+%n ]VWVYZ_VYdVaVoVg!*'adXjVaejhdYZgZa^ZkZaVXVgZcX^V
'*%CjZkdhHdaZhVabZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH&-",-# YZbZXVc^hbdhXdcfjZXjZciVaV9Z[ZchdgVeVgV]VXZg
B^ZcigVhiVcid!aVhdWhiZig^XZhcdbWgVYVh\VcVcZcigZ Xjbea^g aV cdgbV# 9ZhYZ aV ejWa^XVX^c YZ aV cjZkV
&-%%n'%%%CjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH*+( cdgbVYZaB>CH6!hiVhZgZheZiVZcVa\jcdhadXVaZh0
Ä+'*!igVWV_VcbZcdh]dgVhnXjZciVcXdcWZcZÒX^dh h^cZbWVg\d!digdhcjcXV]VcZhXjX]VYdhdWgZhjZm^h"
nhZ\jg^YVYaVWdgVa# iZcX^V#8jVcYdhZaZh]^odkZgadhcjZkdhgZfjZg^b^Zcidh!
:hiVh^ijVX^ck^daVadhYZgZX]dhaVWdgVaZhYZadh Va\jcdhXZcigdhYZhVajY]VcYZ_VYdYZXdWgVgedgaVh
egd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYVadaVg\dnVcX]dYZaEZg# eVgi^YVhYZcVX^b^Zcid0Va\jcdh^cXajhdhZ]VckjZaid
6[ZXiVVaVhdWhiZig^XZhZceVgi^XjaVg!nVfjZcdZm^hiZ egdVXi^kdhZcgZaVX^cVY^[jcY^gaVcjZkV^c[dgbVX^c#
jcbZgXVYdaVWdgVaZcZaZmigVc_ZgdeVgVaVhdWhiZ" 8dbdadYdXjbZciE=G!digdhidYVkVXdWgVcedgaVh
ig^XZheZgjVcVh!adfjZh^\c^ÒXVfjZcdi^ZcZaj\VgaV eVgi^YVhYZcVX^b^Zcid!^cXajhdYZhejhYZhVWZgYZaV
b^hbV[VaiVYZeZghdcVaXVeVX^iVYd!XdbdZhZaXVhd Zm^hiZcX^VYZaVcdgbVYZaB>CH6#
YZaVhZc[ZgbZgVh!edgZ_Zbead#6hjkZo!ZhidV[ZXiV :hiVeg{Xi^XV!fjZWjhXVegdedgX^dcVg^cXZci^kdhVaVh
aVXVeVX^YVYYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYeZgjVcdYZWg^cYVg [Vb^a^VheVgVfjZaVhbj_ZgZhYZcVajoZcadhZhiVWaZX^"
8D:bY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZeiVWaZhnYZXVa^YVY# b^ZcidhYZhVajY!k^daVadhYZgZX]dhYZac^dnVaVkZo
AdhXdcigVidhhdcVXdgideaVodnXdcYjXZcVjcVVaiV Zhd[Zch^kVbZciZXdVXi^kV#6YZb{h!XjVcYdaV[Vb^a^V
gdiVX^cYZeZghdcVaZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!ad cdejZYZeV\VgZhiZbdcidÅfjZVeVgZciZbZciZkVgV
fjZV[ZXiVaVedh^W^a^YVYYZ[dg_VggZaVX^dcZhYZXdcÒVcoV ZcigZadh&%n*%CjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH
XdcaVedWaVX^c#AV[VaiVYZhZ\jg^YVYaVWdgVaVbZcjYd ("&+ÅZac^dcdgZX^WZaVhkVXjcVX^dcZhnZhZmXaj^Yd
XdcYjXZVjcdh^cXZci^kdheZgkZghdheVgVZk^iVgbVcZ_Vg YZ egd\gVbVh iVaZh Xdbd ?JCIDH! jc egd\gVbV YZ
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH,(
VXdgYVgdcjceaVcYZeVgidXdcaVdWhiZig^o!adXjVafjZY
gZ\^higVYdZcZagZ\^higdegZcViVa#AVeVgZ_VeaVcZVWV
iZcZgVaWZWZchjXVhVXdcBVgV!aVdWhiZig^o!ViZc"
Y^ZcYdZacVX^b^Zcid#;gVcX^hXdhZVaVfjZeZgX^WVcZa
eaVcYZeVgidXdbdjcXdcigVidXdcZaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid
YZhVajY!nXdcBVgVZceVgi^XjaVg#
9jgVciZZaZbWVgVod!BZaVc^Vn;gVcX^hXdh^ZbegZ
[jZgdcViZcY^YdhedgaVb^hbVeZghdcV/BVg^VBV\YVaZcV
8dcYdg^6eVoV!aVdWhiZig^o#:aaVaZVÒgbVWVgZeZi^YVh
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
kZXZhVBZaVc^VfjZidYVhaVhbj_ZgZhiZcVcb^ZYdZc
hjheg^bZgdhZbWVgVodh!eZgdfjZidYdZhiVWVcdgbVa
nfjZhZYZhVggdaaVgVW^Zc#BZaVc^VhZZbeZoVgZaV_Vg
b{hnVXdcÒVgZcaVdWhiZig^o#;gVcX^hXdY^XZfjZiVbW^c
iZcVcXdcÒVcoVZcBVgVedgfjZ]VWVViZcY^YdZaeVgid
Bj_Zg\daeZVcYdaVfj^cjVfjZVXVWVYZhZgXdhZX]VYV# YZhjXjVYVnidYd]VWVhVa^YdW^Zc#
AVbVYgZYZ;gVcX^hXd!?dk^iVEVg^hjVcV!gZXjZgYVfjZ Bb[]WbW\[Y^WZ[bfWhje
BZaVc^VZgVbjnYjaXZnfjZeVgZXVÆXdbddigV]^_V 8jVcYdZbeZoVgdcaVhXdcigVXX^dcZhYZBZaVc^VZchj
eVgVZaaV#Ç*. [ZX]VYZeVgidegd\gVbVYV!hZ[jZVaejZhidYZhVajYV
8dbdgZX^cXVhVYdh!BZaVc^Vn;gVcX^hXdk^kVcZcjcV e^Zb^ZcigVhfjZ;gVcX^hXd[jZVWjhXVgVaXjgVcYZgd
eZfjZVXVhVYZVYdWZXdcadheVYgZhYZ;gVcX^hXd#:a YZaVXdbjc^YVYVaZZgaVh]d_VhYZXdXVXdcZadW_Zid
]ZgbVcdYZ;gVcX^hXdiVbW^ck^kZXZgXVnidYVaV[Vb^a^V YZkZgXbd^WVVhZgZaeVgid#:cZhiVgZ\^cYZaEZg!
hZYZY^XVVaVV\g^XjaijgVYZhjWh^hiZcX^V!Xjai^kVcYdZcigZ ZhigVY^X^dcVafjZjcXjgVcYZgdadXVaÆaZVaVh]d_VhYZ
digVhXdhVhfj^cjVn[gZ_daZh#Ejfj^hZhjcVXdbjc^YVY XdXVÇÅadfjZZhh^b^aVgVaZZgaVh]d_VhYZiÅVciZh
edWaVYVYZbVcZgVgZaVi^kVbZciZYZchV!XdcXVh^iVhYZ YZjceVgid#
VYdWZnadhigVY^X^dcVaZhiZX]dhXc^XdhaaVbVYdhejijXdh ;gVcX^hXdcdZcXdcigVaXjgVcYZgdZchjXVhV!nhZ
fjZhVae^XVcadhXVbedhYZfj^cjV# Y^g^\^VZcXdcigVghZXdcBZaVc^VVaejZhidYZhVajY#
BZaVc^VcdijkdjcZbWVgVod[{X^a#H^ci^jcVhc{jhZVh EZgd b^ZcigVh bVcZ_VWV hj W^X^XaZiV ]VX^V Vaa{! aV
iZgg^WaZh YZhYZ Za Xdb^Zcod n ;gVcX^hXd gZXjZgYV Zc ZcXdciggZ\gZhVcYdVXVhV#BVgVaZ]VWVY^X]dfjZ
eVgi^XjaVgjck^V_ZfjZ]^X^ZgdcVaVX^jYVYYZEjcdV hZ[jZgVVXVhVedgfjZhjhXdcigVXX^dcZhVccdZgVcad
eg^cX^e^dhYZhjZbWVgVod!ZcZafjZiZgb^ckdb^iVcYd hjÒX^ZciZbZciZ[jZgiZh#HZ\caVbVYgZYZ;gVcX^hXd!
YjgVciZ\gVceVgiZYZab^hbd#waaZ]VWVXdbegVYdXVgV" BVgVaZY^_dVBZaVc^VfjZegZeVgVgVidYdeVgVZaeVgid#+&
bZadhYjgdheVgVigViVgYZVhZciVghjZhibV\d#+% BZaVc^V^c[dgbV;gVcX^hXdfjZBVg^VaV^gVVViZcYZgV
6adhigZhbZhZh!ZbeZoVgdcV^gVaejZhidYZhVajY hjXVhVjcedXdb{hiVgYZ!iVaXdbdad]VWVcVXdgYVYd
adXVa!fjZZhjc8A6H8db^iAdXVaYZ6Yb^c^higVX^c ZchjeaVcYZeVgid#
ZcHVajYeVgVhjhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh#BZaVc^VZhiVWV BVgVcjcXVaaZ\#6aVh+e#b#!BZaVc^VZbeZoZa
cZgk^dhVedgZaZbWVgVod!eZgdcd]VWaVWVZheVdancd igVWV_dYZeVgidVXi^kd#:aeVYgZYZBZaVc^V[jZVWjhXVg
fjZgV^gVaejZhidYZhVajYhdaV#;gVcX^hXdh^ZbegZaV VBVgVVaejZhidYZhVajY!eZgdeVgVZhV]dgVnVcd
VXdbeVVWVVadhXdcigdaZh!aaZk{cYdaVZchjW^X^XaZiVVa ]VWVcVY^ZVaa#6eVgZciZbZciZ!BVgVhZ]VWV^YdV
ejZhidfjZZhiVWVVegdm^bVYVbZciZVjc`^abZigdYZ hjXVhV#
aVXVhV#:cZahZ\jcYdXdcigdaegZcViVa!aVdWhiZig^oYZa :aeVYgZYZBZaVc^VgZ\gZhVaVXVhVYdcYZZhiVWVc
ejZhid!BVgVBV\YVaZcV8dcYdg^6eVoV!aZY^dVBZaVc^V BZaVc^VXdc;gVcX^hXdnhjheVYgZh!nhjbVYgZ#Adh[Vb^"
Va\jcVheVhi^aaVheVgVaVhc{jhZVh#AVdWhiZig^oaZhY^_d a^VgZhY^ZgdcVBZaVc^VbViZheVgVVnjYVgaVVY^aViVgn
fjZhZgVcbjaiVYdhXdc*CjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYV" Zckdak^ZgdcjcVkZcYVVagZYZYdgYZaVeVgiZhjeZg^dgYZ
bZciZJH&!(%h^[VaiVWVcVadhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh! hjX^cijgV!adfjZhZ]VXZigVY^X^dcVabZciZeVgVZ_ZgXZg
eZgdcdad]^X^Zgdc#6h^hi^ZgdcVdX]dXdcigdaZhegZcV" egZh^c]VX^VVWV_dhdWgZZaiZgdnajZ\dhdWgZaVeaVXZciV#
iVaZhZcidiVaVciZhYZfjZBZaVc^VZbeZoVgVZaigVWV_d 6aVh.e#b#adhYdadgZhhZidgcVgdc^chdedgiVWaZhV
YZeVgid# bZY^YVfjZZcigZcaV[VhZYZigVch^X^c!nVegdm^bVYV"
9jgVciZZhiVhk^h^iVh!cdhZaZh^c[dgbfjZ]jW^ZgV bZciZVaVh&%e#b#ZaWZW!=jbWZgid!cVX^#;gVcX^hXd
XjVafj^ZgXdbea^XVX^cediZcX^VadhZVaZhYZVaVgbV# n hj bVYgZ VnjYVgdc Zc Za VajbWgVb^Zcid YZa WZW#
H^cZbWVg\d!VBZaVc^VaZY^_Zgdchj[ZX]VYZeVgidn 8dadXVgdcVaWZWZX]VYd_jcidVBZaVc^VnVbVggVgdcZa
, ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
XdgYcjbW^a^XVa#EZgdb^ZcigVhZheZgVWVcaVZmejah^c YZX^h^c^cjhjVaYZZciVWaVgjcVVXjhVX^c[dgbVaXdcigV
YZaVeaVXZciV!BZaVc^VZbeZoVhj[g^gjcV]ZbdggV\^V# aVdWhiZig^oVciZaVeda^XVnaV;^hXVaVZcZaedWaVYdYZ
B^gV;gVcX^hXdnbjh^iÆaakViZVij]^_dedgfjZndZhidn =jVcXVc!YdcYZZhi{jW^XVYVaV8dgiZb{hXZgXVcV#
bjnbVa½Ç+'AjZ\dYZ_YZ]VWaVgnhjhjZ\gVgZXjZgYV AVVXjhVX^ceZcVaVaZ\VWVjcÆXg^bZcXdcigVaVk^YV!Za
fjZhdaVbZciZbjh^iVa\jcdhhdc^Ydh#+( XjZgednaVhVajY!WV_daV[dgbVYZVWVcYdcdYZjcbZcdg
:ae{c^XdhZVedYZgYZaVbZY^YVfjZkZVfjZ dYZjcVeZghdcVfjZhj[gZjcVY^hXVeVX^YVYÇ!YZXdc[dg"
BZaVc^VeZgYVXVYVkZob{hhVc\gZ#;gVcX^hXdhZ[jZ b^YVYXdcZaVgiXjad&'*YZa8Y^\dYZEgdXZY^b^Zcidh
XdchjhjZ\gdnhj]ZgbVcd!<ZgVgYd!eVgVigViVgYZ EZcVaZh#+,AVVXjhVX^cYZ;gVcX^hXdVaZ\VWVfjZBVgV
XdchZ\j^gVnjYV#GZ\gZhVgdcVaejZhidYZhVajYZ^cXajhd hVWVfjZBZaVc^VZhiVWVZcigVWV_dYZeVgidnfjZZhiVWV
[jZgdc]VhiVZaXZcigdYZhVajYZcIVgVXd!WVhiVciZb{h ZcaVdWa^\VX^cbdgVanaZ\VaYZViZcYZgZaeVgid!iVan
aZ_Vcd#EZgdcdZcXdcigVgdcVcVY^Z#+)BZaVc^Vbjg^YZ Xdbdad]VWVcVXdgYVYdZcZaeaVcYZeVgid#
]ZbdggV\^VedheVgidYZW^YdVaVgZiZcX^cYZaVeaVXZciV BVgV!aVdWhiZig^o!egZhZcijcVZmXZeX^cVXVjhV
Vegdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh(V#b# fjZVg\jbZciVWVfjZhj]dgVg^dYZigVWV_dZgVYZ-V#b#
V+e#b#nfjZYjgVciZZhVh]dgVhBZaVc^VcdhZZcXdc"
Begk[ikY[Z_Z[ifki igVWVZcXdcY^X^dcZhfjZaV]jW^ZgVc]ZX]d^cXVeVoYZ
B{hiVgYZ!ZhZb^hbdYV!aV[Vb^a^Vcdi^ÒXaVbjZgiZVa Xj^YVgYZhb^hbVc^ZhiVWVZceZa^\gd^cb^cZciZYZjc
iZc^ZciZ\dWZgcVYdgaVb{hVaiVVjidg^YVYYZaVXdbjc^YVY YVdhZg^ddbjZgiZ#EdgadiVcid!BVgVVg\jbZciVWV
niVbW^cVaejZhidYZhVajYZcEjfj^h#AVdWhiZig^o!BVgV! fjZcdedYVhZgVXjhVYVYZVWVcYdcd#+-:a9g#>ijhVXV
iVbedXdZhiVWVZcZaejZhidYZhVajYZhZYV#:a9g#BVcjZa Wg^cYjciZhi^bdc^dgZheVaYVcYdaVZmXZeX^cVXVjhV
>ijhVXVk^cdVgZVa^oVgaVVjideh^V!adfjZedgaZnh^ZbegZhZ YZBVgV#+.JcejcidXaVkZeVgVaVZmXZeX^cVXVjhVYZ
aaZkVVXVWdZcadhXVhdhZcfjZaVbj_Zg]VnVYVYdVajoZc BVgV[jZhjgZXaVbdhdWgZaVWVhZYZfjZÆCdZm^hiZ
XVhV#H^cZbWVg\d!ZcZhiZXVhdaVVjideh^V[jZgZVa^oVYV YdXjbZcid Va\jcd fjZ ^cY^fjZ fjZ aV V\gVk^VYV hZ
ZcaVXVhVncdZcZaejZhidYZhVajY!Xdbd]jW^ZgVh^Yd ZcXdcigVWVWV_db^Xj^YVYddegdiZXX^c!bZcdhVchZ
adcdgbVa#6YZb{h!;gVcX^hXdeV\aVVjideh^VnidYdhadh ZcXdcigVWVZceZa^\gdYZbjZgiZ!WV_dZhVhX^gXjchiVc"
Xdhidh[jcZgVg^dh!VeZhVgYZfjZZhidh\VhidhYZW^ZgdchZg X^Vh#Ç,%H^cZbWVg\d!ZaeaVcYZeVgid!fjZhZciVWVaVh
XjW^ZgidhedgZaH>H!XdbdeVgiZYZaVXdWZgijgVYZahZ\jgd WVhZheVgVfjZ;gVcX^hXdnBZaVc^VZciZcY^ZhZcfjZ
YZBZaVc^VWV_dZaEaVc8# BZaVc^VhZZcXdcigVWVWV_dZaXj^YVYdnegdiZXX^cYZ
6abdbZcidYZaVVjideh^V!Za9g#>ijhVXVaZe^Y^V BVgV!]VWVYZhVeVgZX^Ydb^hiZg^dhVbZciZ!_jcidXdc
;gVcX^hXdhjXVgcYZXdcigdaegZcViVa!YdcYZhZ]VWV idYdZagZhidYZadhgZ\^higdhbY^Xdh#H^cZbWVg\d!c^
gZ\^higVYdZaeaVcYZeVgid#8jVcYdhiZaZe^Y^fjZhZ BVgVc^Za9g#>ijhXVBVbVc^!c^cVY^Zb{hYZah^hiZbV
adYZkdak^ZhZ!ZaYdXidgcdad]^od#B{hVYZaVciZ!gZhjai YZhVajY![jZVXjhVYdYZdWhigjXX^cVaV_jhi^X^V#
fjZidYdhadhgZ\^higdhbY^XdhYZBZaVc^V!VhXdbd AVbdX^cYZZmXZeX^cVXVjhVYZBVgV[jZgZX]VoVYV
hj gZ\^higd Zc Za H>H n digdh YdXjbZcidh! hZ ]VWVc Zc=jVcXVcnZaÒhXVaegdh^\j^XdcZaXVhd#H^cZbWVg\d!
eZgY^Yd#+* BVgVVeZaYZhejhaVYZX^h^cZcaVXdgiZZc?ja^VXV!
IdYVaVXdbjc^YVYhZY^g^\^VaejZhidYZhVajYZc fjZYZ[ZcY^hjbdX^cnYZhZhi^bZaXVhdh^cZmea^XVg
Ejfj^heVgVYZcjcX^VgaV[VaiVYZViZcX^cZcZa8A6Hn hjgVodcVb^Zcid#CjbZgdhVheZghdcVh^ckdajXgVYVhZc
eVgVeZY^gfjZXVbW^VgVcVidYdZaeZghdcVaYZhVajY# Za_j^X^daZY^_ZgdcV;gVcX^hXdfjZcdiZcVZheZgVcoVh
>cZmea^XVWaZbZciZ!Za8A6HXVbW^VidYdhZmXZeidV edgfjZBVgViZcVY^cZgdnXdbegVgVZah^hiZbV!adXjVa
BVgV!aVdWhiZig^o!XjndXdcigVid[jZZmiZcY^YdedgigZh eVgZX^ZgVhZgZmVXiVbZciZadfjZhjXZY^#
bZhZhb{h#6eZhVgYZZaad!BVgVcdejYdgZ\gZhVgV ;gVcX^hXdhZh^ci^YZkVhiVYdedghZ\jcYVkZoXjVcYd
igVWV_VgedgfjZaVXdbjc^YVYgZX]VohjegZhZcX^Vn aVYZX^h^cÒcVahZY^dVXdcdXZgZc[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,!
gZ]jhkZgaV!^cXajhdaVVXdh#;jZigVch[Zg^YVVdigd VeVgZciZbZciZ igV^X^dcVYd iVcid edg Za h^hiZbV YZ
ejZhidnk^kZVXijVabZciZZcaVX^jYVYYZ?ja^VXV#:c _jhi^X^VXdbdedgZah^hiZbVYZhVajY#:aegdXZhd_jY^X^Va
ZaigVchXjghdYZZhiV^ckZhi^\VX^c!hZgZVa^oVgdckVg^dh ^cÓ^\^jcV\gVcegY^YVV;gVcX^hXd#HZegdadc\edg
^ciZcidhedgXdciVXiVgnZcigZk^hiVgVBVgV!eZgdE=G YdhVdhnbZY^d!adfjZ]^odfjZ\VhiVgVidYdhjY^cZgd
cdgZX^W^gZhejZhiVVa\jcV#++ ZcZaegdXZhd!iZc^ZcYdfjZkZcYZghj\VcVYdndigdh
:cidYdhZci^Yd!;gVcX^hXdhZZcXdcigVWVidiVabZciZ W^ZcZh#AVhXde^VhYZadhYdXjbZcidhdÒX^VaZhejZYZc
YZkVhiVYdedgaVbjZgiZYZBZaVc^V#IVbW^cZhiVWV XdhiVgYZ(%V*%CjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH
[jg^dhdedgfjZBVgV!aVdWhiZig^o!cdhZ]VWVVeVgZ" ."&*XVYVjcV!VYZb{hYZdigdheV\dhfjZ;gVcX^hXd
X^YdZchjXVhV!iVaXdbdad]VWVcVXdgYVYd#IdbaV ijkdfjZgZVa^oVg#
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH,*
XdbegZcYZgedgfjhjZhedhV]VWVbjZgid#wa!Vhj
kZo!XVeVX^iVdigdh]dbWgZhZcaVXdbjc^YVY#;gVcX^hXd
Y^XZfjZÆVegZcY^fjZaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhcdhZejZYZc
egZkZc^g!nfjZaV]ZbdggV\^VcdaVedYZbdhXdcigdaVg
cdhdigdh#Cd]VncVYVfjZedYVbdh]VXZgh^jcVbj_Zg
Zbe^ZoVViZcZgjcV]ZbdggV\^V½Ç,&8jVcYd?jVcV!hj
cjZkVZhedhV!ZbeZoZaigVWV_dYZeVgid!cdhZ^WVV
XdggZgc^c\cg^Zh\d/ab^hbdZhXdaiVaVdWhiZig^o
YZaejZhidYZhVajYZcEjfj^h]VhiVhjXVhV!eVgVfjZ
VnjYVgVXdcZaVajbWgVb^Zcid#
7d|b_i_i
=jWdjcVaZiVaVjhZcX^VYZXj^YVYdYZXVa^YVYZcZhiZ
XVhd#H^BVgV]jW^ZgVViZcY^YdZaeVgid!BZaVc^VegdWV"
WaZbZciZcd]jW^ZgVbjZgid#AVhdWhiZig^XZhZcZaEZg
Zhi{cXVeVX^iVYVhnZfj^eVYVheVgVVYb^c^higVggZhjX^"
iVX^cafj^YV^cigVkZcdhVneVgVVYb^c^higVgdm^idX^cV!
fjZ]VXZfjZZaiZgdhZXdcigV^\VnZmejahZaVeaVXZciV#
IVbW^cZhi{chjejZhiVbZciZZcigZcVYVhZcZabVhV_Z
jiZg^cd n Zc aV ZmigVXX^c bVcjVa YZ aV eaVXZciV# H^
]jW^ZgVgZX^W^YdZhdhXj^YVYdh!adb{hegdWVWaZZhfjZ
BZaVc^V]jW^ZgVh^YdZhiVW^a^oVYVadhjÒX^ZciZbZciZ
XdbdeVgVedYZghZgaaZkVYVVa]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXV!fjZ
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
Zhi{Vegdm^bVYVbZciZVjcV]dgVYZXVb^cdZcXVggd#
AVYZbdgVZcidbVgaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgaVViZc"
X^cgZfjZg^YV[jZZagZhjaiVYdY^gZXidYZaVXdcÒVcoV
ejZhiVedg;gVcX^hXdnBZaVc^VZcZaVXjZgYdXdcBVgV
;gVcX^hXdXdc=jbWZgid# YZVh^hi^gVaeVgid!nhjXdcÒVcoVZchjegZY^XX^cYZfjZ
idYdhVaYgVW^Zc#:caVodcVgjgVaYZaEZg!adheaVcZh
9jgVciZZaY^aViVYdegdXZhd_jY^X^Va!;gVcX^hXdhZ YZeVgidhdcigViVYdhXdbdXdcigVidhnhdcYZhXg^idh
kdak^VXVhVg#;dgbjcbVig^bdc^dYZ]ZX]dXdcjcV XdbdiVaZhedgadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYVaY^hXj"
_dkZcYZaVXdbjc^YVY!?jVcV!nijk^Zgdcjc]^_d_jcidhZa i^gadhXdcadheVX^ZciZh#KVg^dhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajY
VdeVhVYd#;gVcX^hXdaZY^_dVE=GXdca{\g^bVhZcadh aZY^_ZgdcVE=GfjZadheaVcZhYZeVgidhdcji^a^oVYdh
d_dhfjZ]VWZghZXVhVYdcjZkVbZciZcdaZ]VWV]ZX]d eVgVYdXjbZciVgZaXdbegdb^hdYZaVeVgZ_V!VhXdbd
b{h[{X^ahdWgZaaZkVgaVegY^YVYZBZaVc^V# YZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY!XdcZaÒcYZVhZ\jgVgfjZ
=jbWZgid!Za]^_dYZ;gVcX^hXdXdcBZaVc^V!h^\j^ ZacVX^b^ZcidhZVViZcY^YdedgeZghdcVaXVeVX^iVYd#:h
k^k^ZcYd Xdc aV bVYgZ YZ ;gVcX^hXd! ?dk^iV! ^cXajhd b{h!E=GhjedfjZY^X]dheaVcZhYZeVgidVbZcjYd
]VhiVYZhejhYZfjZhiZhZkdak^ZgVVXVhVg#:ckVg^Vh hdc [^gbVYdh! cd hdaVbZciZ edg aVh eVgiZh ^ckdaj"
dXVh^dcZh!;gVcX^hXdigViYZaaZkVgV=jbWZgidVhj XgVYVh!h^cdiVbW^cÅdVabZcdhXdchiViVYdhÅedgadh
XVhVeZgdXVh^h^ZbegZiZgb^cVWVgZ\gZhVcYdZcbZY^d b^ZbWgdhYZaV[Vb^a^VnVbZcjYdedgaVhVjidg^YVYZh
YZaVcdX]ZedgfjZ=jbWZgidhZedcVVaadgVgXaVbVcYd Xdbjc^iVg^Vh#
edghjVWjZaV#6abdbZcidYZaVZcigZk^hiVXdcE=GZa :cZhiZXVhd!BVgVhVWVfjZBZaVc^VZhiVWVZcigVWV_d
c^d!fjZgZX^cXdbZcoVWVVVcYVg!ZhiVWVXaVgVbZciZ YZeVgidnaZY^_dfjZhZegZeVgVgVeVgVZaeVgidZcXVhV#
VeZ\VYdVhjVWjZaVnVfjZaVhZ\jVedgidYVheVgiZh CjcXVhZaZY^dV;gVcX^hXdjcVZmea^XVX^chdWgZedg
VagZYZYdgYZaVeZfjZVX]VXgVb^ZcigVhhiVdgYZVWV fjBVgVcdhZVeVgZX^ZcZaeVgid#EVgZXZfjZh^beaZ"
VaVhkVXVhnViZcYVadhYZb{hfjZ]VXZgZh# bZciZhZ[jZVhjXVhV#:chjVeZaVX^c!BVgVhZVafjZ
:cZa'%%*!;gVcX^hXdk^h^iGZegdhVajY!jcegd\gVbV ÆcdiZcVaVdWa^\VX^cYZfjZYVghZZcZaejZhidYZhVajY
VYb^c^higVYdedgZaBdk^b^ZcidBVcjZaVGVbdhÅDC< ]dgVhZmigVh!edgfjZcd]VWVchZVaZhYZVaVgbV#ÇNV
fjZigVWV_VV[VkdgYZadhYZgZX]dhYZaVhbj_ZgZhÅeVgV fjZaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVhhdc^begZYZX^WaZhn
VegZcYZghdWgZZaZbWVgVodnZaeVgid!nVhigViVgYZ ejZYZchjg\^gYZ^begdk^hdYjgVciZnYZhejhYZjceVgid!
, + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
XZcigdYZhVajYb{hXZgXVcd!aV[VaiVYZigVchedgiZZhdigd
Æ6egZcY fjZ aVh Xdbea^XVX^dcZh cd hZ ejZYZc
[VXidgfjZ^beZYVfjZaV[Vb^a^VedgadbZcdhidbVgVaV
egZkZc^g!nfjZaV]ZbdggV\^VcdaVedYZbdhXdcigdaVg
YZX^h^cYZigVchedgiVgVBZaVc^VVa]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXV#
cdhdigdh#Cd]VncVYVfjZedYVbdh]VXZgh^jcV
H^]jW^ZgVcYZX^Y^YdigViVgYZbdkZgVBZaVc^V!;gVcX^hXd
bj_ZgZbe^ZoVViZcZgjcV]ZbdggV\^V#Ç
nhj[Vb^a^V]jW^ZgVciZc^YdfjZXVg\VgaV]VhiVZaXVb^cd
— Francisco Yucra Yucra—cuya esposa murió de hemorragia— b{hXZgXVcdÅVabZcdhedgbZY^d`^abZigdÅn]VXZg
describiendo lo que había aprendido. luego de participar en las
eVgVgVjcXVb^cdVjidbk^afjZejY^ZgVeVhVgZcbZY^d
capacitaciones ofrecidas mediante ReproSalud, un proyecto del
Movimiento Manuela Ramos. YZaVcdX]ZeVgVigVchedgiVgaVV?ja^VXV!ZcXjndigVch"
XjghdegdWVWaZbZciZiVbW^c]VWgVbjZgid#
AVVjhZcX^Vh^hib^XVYZXdbjc^XVX^cnigVchedgiZ
ZhiZi^edYZXdcYjXiVgZÓZ_VjcVX]dXVciZYZhViZcX^cV
^bedh^W^a^iVjch^hiZbVYZgZ[ZgZcX^VfjZ[jcX^dcZZ
hjeVX^ZciZedgeVgiZYZaVdWhiZig^o#
^c]WZZaVXXZhdVaXj^YVYdbY^XdZcidYdEjcd#:a9g#
Adh[VXidgZhZhigjXijgVaZhfjZeZgb^i^ZgdcZhiVVaVg"
8Vgadh7Vgg^Zcidh!Y^gZXidgYZa=dhe^iVa8VgadhBdc\Z
bVciZYZhViZcX^ckVcb{hVaa{YZa^cY^k^Yjd!BVgVZc
BZYgVcdYZ?ja^VXV!hZVaVE=GfjZaVhXdbjc^XV"
ZhiZXVhd#EdgZ_Zbead!Za9g#>ijhVXVZck^YdXjbZcidh
X^dcZhnZaigVchedgiZYZWZchZgYdhYZaVheg^cX^eVaZh
hjhiZciVidg^dhV[VkdgYZBVgVVa_j^X^dnZhXg^W^jc
eg^dg^YVYZh eVgV VWdgYVg aV bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV Zc
^c[dgbZeVgVZa]dhe^iVaZcZafjZhdhiZcVfjZÆZa]dgVg^d
Ejcd#,(EdgZ_Zbead!ZcaVgZYHVcGdb{c!fjZZhi{
YZViZcX^cYZaejZhidYZhVajYZgVYZ-V#b#V+e#b#!n
XdbegZcY^YVedgZa=dhe^iVa8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd!
fjZedgZaadaVY^[jciVPBZaVc^VR[jZViZcY^YVYZVXjZgYd
jc]dhe^iVaYZgZ[ZgZcX^VXaVh^ÒXVYdXdbd;D:!Y^Zo
XdcadhgZheZXi^kdhegdXZY^b^Zcidh###Ç,'9^X]dhegdXZY^"
XZcigdhYZhVajYXjVigdYZadhXjVaZhZhi{cXaVh^Ò"
b^ZcidhÅfjZ^\cdgVcadhVXjZgYdhXdchjheVX^ZciZh
XVYdhXdbd;D7h!nigZ^ciVnh^ZiZejZhidhYZhVajY!
nhjhcZXZh^YVYZhÅhdcZk^YZciZbZciZ^cXdch^hiZciZh
]VnhdaVbZciZZcigZXjVigdnX^cXdgVY^dhZc[jcX^d"
XdcZadW_Zi^kdYZ]VXZgfjZadhXj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhYZ
cVb^ZcidZcadhXZcigdhYZhVajYZcjcbdbZcidYVYd
ZbZg\ZcX^VhZVcY^hedc^WaZhnVXXZh^WaZhVidYVhaVh
cdidYdhadhXjVaZhhdc;D7hnc^h^fj^ZgVjciZa[dcd#
bj_ZgZhYZaEZg#
:a=dhe^iVa8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcdXjZciVhdaVbZciZ
H^cZbWVg\d!cdhZejZYZZheZgVgfjZadhigVWV_VYdgZh
XdcjcVVbWjaVcX^VZc[jcX^dcVb^Zcid!VeZhVgYZfjZ
YZaVhVajYigVWV_Zc')]dgVhVaYV!adhh^ZiZYVhYZaV
ZaZhiVX^dcVb^ZcidZhi{aaZcdYZkZ]XjadhfjZnVcd
hZbVcV#AVhZhigjXijgVhYZXdbeZchVX^cYZWZcidbVg
[jcX^dcVc#,)6YZb{h!^chiVaVggVY^dhniZa[dcdhZcadh
ZcXjZciVfjZaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhhdc^begZ"
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYcd\VgVci^oVfjZaVheZghdcVh
YZX^WaZhnegZb^VgZahdWgZi^Zbed#EZgd!ZcZaXVhdYZjc
ZcaVhXdbjc^YVYZhejZYVcjhVgadhYjgVciZjcVZbZg"
igVWV_dYZeVgidZcaVh]dgVhZmigVh!adheVX^ZciZhYZWZc
\ZcX^V0h^Za8A6HEjfj^h]jW^ZgViZc^YdjcgVY^dZc
iZcZgeaVcZhVaiZgcVi^kdhfjZhZVcXdcXZgiVYdhXdcZa
ZhiZXVhd!ZhVa\dfjZcd]jW^ZgVVnjYVYdZccVYVc^V
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYZ^beaZbZciVYdhÅ^cXajnZcYd
;gVcX^hXdc^VBZaVc^V#
eVhdhZheZXÒXdheVgVXdbjc^XVghZXdcZaZhiVWaZX^"
AVh hZXjZaVh YZ ZhiZ XVhd ^ajhigVc jc egdWaZbV
b^Zcid;D7b{hXZgXVcdnVhZ\jgVhZYZfjZhZXjZciZ
h^hib^XdYZgZhedchVW^a^YVYZcZaEZg#6eVgZciZbZciZ
XdcigVchedgiZ!fjZgZfj^ZgZhZgeV\VYdedgZaH>H#6
]jWdXdajh^cedgeVgiZYZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYeVgV]VXZg
eZhVgYZaeaVcYZeVgidÒgbVYd!cdhZZhiVWaZX^jceaVc
fjZYZhVeVgZX^ZgVcadhYdXjbZcidheZgi^cZciZhYZa
VaiZgcdhZbZ_VciZZcZhiZXVhd#9Z]ZX]d!VeZhVgYZaVh
XVhd#CddWhiVciZ!cVY^Z[jZegdXZhVYdedgdWhigjXX^c
egZ\jciVhYZiVaaVYVhZcadheaVcZhYZeVgidhdWgZXbd
YZaV_jhi^X^V!VeZhVgYZfjZaVb^hiZg^dhVYZhVeVg^X^c
YVg{VajoaVbj_Zg^cXajnZcYdXbdaaZ\Vg{VaZhiVWaZX^"
YZadhYdXjbZcidhYZhZbeZjceVeZaYZiZgb^cVciZ
b^ZcidYZhVajYXjVcYdZhidZhadfjZhZ]VVXdgYVYd!V
ZcZaXVhd#
bZcjYd]VXZc[VaiVadhbZY^dheVgVZ[ZXi^kVbZciZidbVg
:aVXXZhdVah^hiZbVYZ_jhi^X^VZcZaEZgiVbW^c
Y^X]Vh YZX^h^dcZh YjgVciZ jcV ZbZg\ZcX^V Åad fjZ
eaVciZV Za b^hbd i^ed YZ WVggZgVh ÅZXdcb^XVh!
eaVciZVVa\jcVhegZ\jciVhhdWgZZakVadgYZadheaVcZh
\Zd\g{ÒXVhnXjaijgVaZhÅfjZZaVXXZhdVah^hiZbVYZ
YZeVgideVgVVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#
hVajY#:cZhiZXVhd!;gVcX^hXd\VhiidYdhhjhW^ZcZh
:hidfj^ZgZYZX^gfjZcd]VnbZY^dhYZXdbjc^XVX^c
eZgh^\j^ZcYdjc_j^X^dedgb{hYZYdhVdh!ZcZafjZ
Y^hedc^WaZhZcZhiZXVhd!XdbdZcbjX]dhdigdh#;gVcX^hXd
VeVgZciZbZciZaVdWhiZig^oejYdXdbegVghjZmdcZgV"
]VVYfj^g^YdV]dgVjciZa[dcdXZajaVg!eZgdZcZhVedXV
X^c#BVgViVbedXd[jZhVcX^dcVYVVYb^c^higVi^kVbZciZ
c^ac^cVY^Zb{hXdciVWVcXdcc^c\jcd#Cd]VniZa"
YZbdYdVa\jcd0VcZ_ZgXZXdbddWhiZig^oZcZaYZeVg"
[dcdhÒ_dhZcEjfj^h#9ZaVb^hbVbVcZgV!VeZhVgYZ
iVbZcidYZEjcd#
fjZ;gVcX^hXdWjhXVnjYVZcZaejZhidYZhVajYnZcZa
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH,,
AVbdk^a^oVX^cYZaVXdbjc^YVYajZ\dYZaVbjZgiZ XVaVb^cVYZbZiVa!VadigdaVYdYZjceZfjZdejijXd
YZBZaVc^VZhjcYVidcdiVWaZZcZhiZXVhd!XdbdadZh d XdchigjXX^c YZ VYdWZ YZ [dgbV gZYdcYZVYV# H^c
Za]ZX]dYZfjZaVXdbjc^YVYcdad\gXdchZ\j^gfjZ ZbWVg\d!ZhVgZaVX^ccdYjg#HjeVgZ_VaVYZ_nhZ
BVgV[jZgVgZi^gVYV#:aejZhidYZhVajYZcZhiZXVhd aaZkVa]^_dXdch^\d!YZ_VcYdVEVWaVXdchj]^_V!8aVgV!
ZgVjc8A6HÅjc8db^iAdXVaYZ6Yb^c^higVX^cZc fjZgZX^cZbeZoVWVVXVb^cVg#
HVajY0YZW^]VWZgh^YdgZaVi^kVbZciZb{h[{X^aeVgVaV 6egdm^bVYVbZciZdcXZVdhYZhejh!EVWaVZbeZoV
Xdbjc^YVY]VWZg]ZX]dZhXjX]VghjkdoeVgVgZi^gVgV hVa^gXdc6\jhicA^bV]jVnVFj^heZ!fjZZgVYZaVb^hbV
jcigVWV_VYdg#H^cZbWVg\d!XdbdXVYVkZob{hYdXidgZh Xdbjc^YVYYZGVb^h#GVb^hZhjcVXdbjc^YVYZhiVWaZ"
negd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYYZadh8A6HigVWV_VcWV_d X^YVYZbVcZgVYZchVXdbejZhiVedgh^ZiZhZXidgZh!n
XdcigVidhXdcZaB>CH6!aV]VW^a^YVYYZa8dchZ_dnYZaV ZahZXidgYdcYZk^kVEVWaVi^ZcZVegdm^bVYVbZciZ&%%
6hdX^VX^ceVgV^cÓj^gZcZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZa8A6HÅn b^ZbWgdh#8Vh^idYdhZcGVb^h!^cXajnZcYdV6\jhic!
ZheZXÒXVbZciZZcZaYdXidgfjZZgVZaVYb^c^higVYdgÅ hZYZY^XVcVaVV\g^XjaijgVYZhjWh^hiZcX^V#
]VY^hb^cj^YdZc\gVc[dgbV#:a8A6HnVcd[jcX^dcVYZ EVhVgdcVabZcdhYdhVdh]VhiVfjZ6\jhichZ
[dgbVhjhiVcX^VabZciZY^hi^ciVfjZjcZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid bjYVgVVaVXVhVYZEVWaVÅaVXVhVZcaVfjZ]VWV
YZhVajYgZ\jaVg#:hidhZZk^YZcX^ZcZhiZXVhdYZW^Yd k^k^YdXdchjVciZg^dgeVgZ_V!aVXVhVYdcYZ]VWVXgZX^Yd!
VaVYZX^h^cYZa8A6HYZgZcdkVgaZVBVgVhjXdcigVid! aVXVhVYdcYZhjbVb{]VWVbjZgidVaYVgVajo#wa
VeZhVgYZaV^cY^\cVX^cYZaVXdbjc^YVY# ^c[dgbVE=GfjZ^c^X^VabZciZhZhZciVgZVX^dVVhjb^g
6bZY^YVfjZZa8A6HhZkjZakZb{hjcV[dgbVa^YVY aVgZhedchVW^a^YVYYZjcVbj_ZgfjZnViZcVjcV]^_V#
fjZjcbZXVc^hbd\Zcj^cdfjZ]V\Vedh^WaZaVeVgi^X^" EZgdZkZcijVabZciZXVbW^YZeVgZXZg/ÆEVWaVZgVbjn
eVX^cYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhZcaVhYZX^h^dcZhgZaVX^d" igVWV_VYdgV!ÇY^_dÅjcVXVgVXiZghi^XVfjZZhbjnkVad"
cVYVhXdcaVhVajY!jcVediZcX^VakVeVgV^ckdajXgVgV gVYVZcjcVZhedhVdeVgZ_VZcaVh^ZggVYZaEZg#,+
aVXdbjc^YVYZcaVhYZX^h^dcZhfjZV[ZXiVchjZhiVYd 6\jhicnEVWaVZbeZoVgdcg{e^YVbZciZViZcZghjh
YZ hVajY! ^cXajnZcYd aV ZkVajVX^c YZa eZghdcVa YZ egde^dh]^_dh#AVeVgZ_ViZcVYdhc^Vh!NjY^i]GdhVaV
hVajY!hZZhi{Xdck^gi^ZcYdZcjcVeg^kVX^ccdhdaV" nNZcc^[ZgGdXd!fjZXdciVWVcXdc-n(VdhgZheZX"
bZciZZcEjfj^hdZcEjcd!h^cdZcidYdZaEZg#E=G i^kVbZciZVabdbZcidYZaVZcigZk^hiVYZE=G#6\jhic
ejYd^c[dgbVghZYZfjZadh8A6HhZZhi{chjWÒcVc" iVbW^c]VWVVYdeiVYdV8aVgV!aV]^_VYZhjeg^bZgV
X^VcYdh^hiZb{i^XVbZciZ!nfjZZhiZZmeZg^bZcideVgV jc^c#waeV\VWVaVgdeVnadhi^aZhZhXdaVgZhYZ8aVgV!
egdbdkZgaVeVgi^X^eVX^cXdbjc^iVg^VZchVajYZhi{Zc nVeVgZciZbZciZcdbVaigViVWVVaVc^V#
g^Zh\dYZYZhVeVgZXZgZcZaEZg#,* EZgdVeVgZciZbZciZ]VWViZch^dcZhZcigZ6\jhicn
EVWaV#6a\jcdhVÒgbVgdcfjZaZhiVWVgZhZci^YdedgfjZ
8jaeVcYdVfj^ZcXdggZhedcYZ/EVWaV ZaaV]VWViZc^YdjcVjc^cVciZg^dgÅVeZhVgYZfjZ
W^ZcejYd]VWZgh^Ydedgdigdbdi^kd#Cd]VncVYVfjZ
EVWaVGdWZgiV6g^oVcXV7Vgg^ZcidhiZcV(*VdhXjVcYd
^cY^fjZfjZ6\jhic]jW^ZgVVWjhVYdYZEVWaVkZgWVad
bjg^ZchjXVhV!ZcaVXdbjc^YVYYZGVb^h!ajZ\dYZ
[h^XVbZciZ#H^cZbWVg\d!VeVgZciZbZciZEVWaVZhiVWV
YVgVajoVhjfj^cid]^_d0aVVjideh^VbdhigVWVXdbd
hj[g^ZcYdedgVa\d#HZ\chZ^c[dgbV!hZaVcdiVWVXVaaVYV
XVjhVYZaVbjZgiZaVeaVXZciVVXXgZiV#
BWl_ZWZ[FWXbW
9ZVXjZgYdVidYVhaVhZk^YZcX^Vh!EVWaVZgVjcVbj_Zg
ig^hiZ# =VWV iZc^Yd jcV k^YV Y^[X^a n hiV VeVgZciZ"
bZciZaZ]VWVeVhVYdjcVeZhVYV[VXijgV#Hjegde^V
bVYgZbjg^VaYVgVajoÅVbZaa^odhÅnEVWaVhZk^d
[dgoVYVVVhjb^gbjX]VhgZhedchVW^a^YVYZhZcaVXVhV
eVgVVnjYVgVhjeVYgZ!^cXajnZcYdZaXj^YVYdYZhjh
igZh]ZgbVcdh#8dbdgZhjaiVYdYZZaadYZ_aVZhXjZaV
YZhejhYZahZ\jcYdVdYZZYjXVX^ceg^bVg^V#EVWaV
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
cjcXVVegZcY^VaZZgc^VZhXg^W^g#
8jVcYdZgV_dkZcX^iV!EVWaV[dgbjcVjc^cYZ]ZX]d
nijkdYdh]^_dh!jcc^dnjcVc^V#EVWaVnhjeg^bZgV
eVgZ_Vk^kVc_jcidhZcaVXVhVYdcYZEVWaV]VWVXgZX^Yd!
jcVXdchigjXX^cYZjcVhdaV]VW^iVX^cXdciZX]dYZ 6\jhicnNZcc^[Zg(ZchjXVhV#
, - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
]VhiVZaejcidYZeVgZXZgYZeg^b^YV!n[h^XVbZciZeVgZXV
YZhcjig^YVhZ\cZaeZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajYZc
GVb^h#6\jhiccZ\fjZZhijk^ZgVYZhcjig^YV#
:cZaVd'%%*!XjVcYdEVWaV[jZVaejZhidYZhVajY
Åh^ijVYdiVchdadV&%%bZigdhYZaVXVhVÅhZfjZ_YZ
YdadgZhVaZhibV\d#IVbW^chjbZchigjVX^cZhiVWV
VigVhVYVnaVZc[ZgbZgVYZaejZhidYZhVajYZcGVb^h!
>hVWZaFjZciV!aZdgYZcjcZmVbZcYZZbWVgVod#8jVcYd
VEVWaVaZY^_ZgdcfjZZhiVWVZbWVgVoVYV!ZbeZoV
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
aadgVg# :hiVWV YZhZheZgVYV edg Zk^iVg jc ZbWVgVod!
hZ\c aV Zc[ZgbZgV#,, 6\jhic n EVWaV cd ji^a^oVWVc
c^c\cbidYdYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgYZW^YdVaVh
egZ[ZgZcX^VhfjZaiZcV#wahZVaVE=GfjZ!VeZhVg
YZfjZZaaVnhjVciZg^dgeVgZ_Vji^a^oVgdcjcbidYdYZ
=dhe^iVa8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd!?ja^VXV#
XdcigdaYZaVcViVa^YVY!XdcaZaaVcdad]VWV]ZX]d#,-
8jVcYdEVWaVgZ\gZhedghjhZ\jcYdXdcigdaegZcViVa
fjZYZWVc^g_jcidhVa]dhe^iVa!fjZXjVcYdEVWaVY^ZgV
jcbZhYZhejh!hZ]VWVXVabVYdjcedXd#AZY^_dV
VajoaZYZWVc]VXZgjcVXZh{gZVn!XdbdcdYZhZVWVc
aVZc[ZgbZgVfjZZheZgVWV[jZhZjcc^d!nVfjZZhd
b{h]^_dh!hZaZgZVa^oVgVjcVa^\VYjgVYZigdbeVhVa
XdbeaVXZgVVhjZhedhd#EVWaVh^\j^fjZ_{cYdhZYZ
b^hbdi^Zbed#
YdadgZhZhidbVXVaZhnaVdWhiZig^o!NVcZi]6gVj_d!YZiZXi
6\jhicVXZei^gVa]dhe^iVaXdcEVWaVeVgVfjZaZ
jcWjaidZc[dgbVYZ]Zgc^VZchjVWYdbZc#
gZVa^oVgVcaVZXd\gV[VnadhVc{a^h^h!naVdWhiZig^ohZ
EVWaVVh^hi^Vh^ZiZXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZhÅh^ZbegZ
ZcXdcigVgVXdcZaadhV]#AVbZciVWaZbZciZ!]jWdjcV
hdaV!hjZhedhdcjcXVaVVXdbeV#AZY^_dVaVdWhiZig^o
bVaVXdbjc^XVX^c#AVdWhiZig^o!NVcZi6gVj_d![jZVa
fjZcdiZcVVeZi^idnfjZhjhYdadgZhZhidbVXVaZhhZ
]dhe^iVa Zc ?ja^VXV YdcYZ Zhijkd ZheZg{cYdadh idYd
^cXgZbZciVWVcXjVcYdXdbV#EVWaViVbW^cYZhVggdaa
ZaYV#6\jhicnEVWaVZciZcY^ZgdcfjZiZcVcfjZ^g
egZ"ZXaVbeh^V!jcVXdcY^X^chZg^VfjZejZYZegdYjX^g
VaXZcigdYZhVajYZcIVgVXdÅjcedWaVYdb{hXZgXV
Xdckjah^dcZhnVkZXZhaVbjZgiZh^cdhZigViV#AVZc[Zg"
YZGVb^hfjZaVX^jYVYYZ?ja^VXVÅYdcYZ!VhjkZo!
bZgVnaVdWhiZig^ofjZgVcZck^VgVEVWaVVa]dhe^iVa
ZheZgVgdcVaVdWhiZig^oedg]dgVh#:hiZbVaZciZcY^Yd
Zc?ja^VXV!fjZZhi{VVegdm^bVYVbZciZjcV]dgVZc
edYgVVig^Wj^ghZVa]ZX]dYZfjZaVdWhiZig^ohdaVbZciZ
XVggd!eVgVfjZaZgZVa^oVgVcjcVZXd\gV[VnVa\jcdh
]VWaVZheVda!n6\jhic!h^W^Zc]VWaVVa\dYZZheVda!
Vc{a^h^h#IVbW^cfjZgVcfjZY^ZgVVajoZcZa]dhe^iVa
hZh^ZciZbjX]db{hXbdYd]VWaVcYdfjZX]jV#EVWaV
edgXZh{gZVYZW^YdVhjegZ"ZXaVbeh^V#
hdaVbZciZ]VWaVWVfjZX]jVnidYVaVXdbjc^XVX^c[jZ
>hVWZaFjZciV!aVZc[ZgbZgVYZaejZhidYZhVajY!aZ
ZcigZaVdWhiZig^onhjZhedhd#EVWaV[jZb{hiVgYZ!ZhZ
Y^_dVE=G/ÆaVhbj_ZgZhVfjcd]VXZccVYVh^ceZgb^hd0
b^hbdYV!VaejZhidYZhVajYnaZgZXaVbVaVZc[ZgbZgV
Za]dbWgZaZhYVeZgb^hdeVgV^gVaYdXidg!Za]dbWgZ
ÅfjZh]VWaVWVfjZX]jVÅXgZnZcYdfjZaZh]VWVc
ZhZafjZhVWZaV[ZX]VYZhjai^bVgZ\aV½VhfjZaZ
]ZX]dZheZgVgÆedg\jhidÇ#-%
ijkZfjZZmea^XVgaVh^ijVX^cVaP6\jhicReVgVfjZZaaV
EdhiZg^dgbZciZ!Xdc(,hZbVcVhYZ\ZhiVX^c!EVWaV
ejY^ZgV^gV?ja^VXV#Ç,.
h[jZVa]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXVXdchjXjVYV#AaZkjcV
>hVWZahVWVfjZ6\jhichZbdhigVgVZhXei^Xd#=VWV
gZ[ZgZcX^VYZaH>HYZaejZhidYZhVajYYZGVb^h#EVWaV
iZc^YdbVaVhZmeZg^ZcX^VhXdcZaH>HZcZaeVhVYd#:cjc
[jZZck^VYVXdcZaY^V\chi^XdYZegZ"ZXaVbeh^V!VcZb^V!
VciZg^dgZbWVgVod!EVWaVhZ]VWVaVhi^bVYdaVbVcdn
jcV]Zgc^VZcZaVWYdbZcnhcYgdbZYZegZh^kd#8dbd
cd]VWVgZX^W^YdigViVb^ZcidZcZa]dhe^iVaVeZhVgYZ
ZhiVWVVigb^cdniZcVegZ"ZXaVbeh^V!EVWaV[jZVa
fjZZhiVZkZcijVa^YVYZhijk^ZgVXjW^ZgiVedgZaEaVc8YZa
]dhe^iVaZheZgVcYdfjZYVghZnYVgVajoV]edgXZh{gZV!
H>H#9ZaVb^hbV[dgbV!hj]^_VhZ]VWV[gVXijgVYdjc
eVgVajZ\dhdbZiZghZVjcVa^\VYjgVYZigdbeVh#:beVX
e^ZZcjcVXX^YZciZ]VXVb{hdbZcdhjcVdniVbedXd
jcVeZfjZVWdahVXdcgdeVndigVheZgiZcZcX^VhnhZ
[jZigViVYV!VeZhVgYZZhiVgVhZ\jgVYVbZY^VciZjc
[jZV?ja^VXV!VXdbeVVYVYZhjXjVYV#
eaVcY^hi^cidVaH>H#6\jhicZhiVWVgZVX^dV^gVa]dhe^iVa
?ja^VXVZhjcV\gVcX^jYVYYZkVg^dhX^ZcidhYZb^aZh
niZcVedXVXdcÒVcoVZcZah^hiZbV#
YZeZghdcVh!gZWdhVciZYZig{ÒXdnbdidiVm^h#:a=dhe^iVa
EZgd>hVWZaaZZmea^XV6\jhicfjZZaZbWVgVodZgV
8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcdZhjcVZhigjXijgV\^\VciZhXVfjZ
YZVaidg^Zh\d#HZaVhVggZ\aeVgVXdckZcXZgV6\jhicYZ
dXjeVZaZfj^kVaZciZYZVabZcdhjcVXjVYgVXdbeaZiVYZ
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH,.
aVX^jYVY!nfjZhZ\jgVbZciZaZejZYZeVgZXZgWVhiVciZ fjZ]VWVhjXZY^YdnfjZhjZhedhdaVaaVbVWVÆbVdhVÇ#
^bedcZciZVVa\j^ZcfjZk^ZcZYZaXVbed!cd[Vb^a" Æ:aYdXidgY^XZfjZZhi{hW^Zc!VhfjZYZ_VYZfjZ_VgiZn
^Vg^oVYdXdcaVX^jYVY!VcVa[VWZidZ^cXVeVoYZ]VWaVg YZegZdXjeVgiZ!ÇXdbZcifjZaZ]VWVY^X]d6\jhic#-)
ZheVda#NVcZi]!aVdWhiZig^oYZGVb^h!VXdbeVVEVWaV 8jVcYdhZaZegZ\jciXbdhZh^ci^XjVcYdEVWaV
eZgdaVYZ_ZcZa]dhe^iVaedgfjZVeVgZciZbZciZVadh gZ\gZhYZa]dhe^iVa!6\jhicaZY^_dVE=GfjZZhiVWV
YdXidgZhcdaZh\jhiVfjZZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYVXdbeVZ XdcÒVYdedgfjZZaYdXidg]VWVY^X]dfjZidYdZhiVWV
VadheVX^ZciZh#-& W^Zc!nfjZZhiVWV[Za^oedgfjZZaYdXidg]VWVY^X]dfjZ
:cZa]dhe^iVa!Za9g#EgZoaZgZVa^ojcVZXd\gV[V ZaWZW^WVVhZgjcc^d#-*
VEVWaVZhZYV!ZcbVgodYZa'%%+!najZ\deVhedg
XdchjaiVXdcZa9g#:b^a^dBVX]^XVd#:a9g#BVX]^XVdZh BWYh_i_i
jcbY^XdcdbWgVYdnZcZ_ZgX^X^dfjZ]VZhiVYdZc HdadVa\jcdhYVhYZhejhYZfjZgZ\gZhVgVYZa]dhe^iVa
Za]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXVedgbjX]dhVdh#9Zegd[Zh^c Zc ?ja^VXV! Za &- YZ bVgod YZa '%%+! ZbeZoVgdc adh
\cZXd"dWhiZigV!Za9g#BVX]^XVd]VZchZVYdYjgVciZ YdadgZhYZeVgidYZEVWaV#EVWaVZhiVWVhdaVZcXVhV
VdhiZbVhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVdWhiZig^X^Vn\^cZXdad\V XdchjhigZh]^_Vh!NZcc^[Zg!NjY^i]!n8aVgVYZhjeg^bZgV
ZcaVjc^kZgh^YVYadXVa#:a9g#BVX]^XVdaZY^_dVEVWaV jc^c!fjZeVgVZcidcXZhnViZcV&)Vdh#6\jhicZhijkd
fjZaVZXd\gV[V^cY^XVWVfjZ^WVViZcZgjcc^d#6eZhVg igVWV_VcYdZcadhXVbedhYjgVciZZaYVnajZ\dVh^hi^
YZhjZaZkVYVegZh^chVc\jcZVnYZdigVhhZVaZhYZ VjcVgZjc^cXdbjc^iVg^V#CdgZ\gZh]VhiVfjZXVn
egZ"ZXaVbeh^V!iVbW^caZY^_dfjZidYdeVgZXVW^Zcn aVcdX]Z#EVgVZhV]dgV!aVhXdcigVXX^dcZhnVZhiVWVc
aVYZkdak^VhjXVhV#HZ\chZ^c[dgbV!Za9g#BVX]^XVd [jZgiZh#:aXZcigdYZhVajYZhiVWVXZggVYdnZgVcb{h
cd]VWaVfjZX]jV# YZaVh-YZaVcdX]ZXjVcYd6c\jhic[jZVWjhXVgV
CdZhi{XaVgdh^Za9g#BVX]^XVdZcgZVa^YVYZmVb^cV ;a^mNjXgVNjXgV!jceVgiZgdfjZZgVW^ZcXdcdX^YdZc
EVWaVXdbeaZiVbZciZdh^gZk^hhjhVc{a^h^hYZhVc\gZn aVXdbjc^YVYnfjZ]VWVViZcY^YdZacVX^b^ZcidYZhj
YZdg^cV#Digd\cZXd"dWhiZigVYZa]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXV!Za ]^_VVciZg^dg#:cZhZVciZg^dgeVgid!NZcc^[Zg]VWVcVX^Yd
9g#HVci^V\dFj^heZK^aXV!^c[dgbVE=GfjZZhegdidXdad XdcZaXdgYcjbW^a^XVaZcgZYVYdVagZYZYdgYZaXjZaad!
YZa]dhe^iVa]VXZgfjZaVhbj_ZgZhXdcegZ"ZXaVbeh^V eZgd;a^madYZhZcgZYnaVWZWZhijkdW^Zc!edgadfjZ
YZcVajo^cbZY^ViVbZciZedgXZh{gZVj]dhe^iVa^oVgaVh 6\jhicaZiZcVXdcÒVcoV#
nbVciZcZgaVhZcdWhZgkVX^c]VhiVZabdbZcidZcfjZ ;a^m]VWVViZcY^Ydb{hYZ&-%eVgidhniVbW^c
hZaZhejZYV]VXZgYVgVajoedgXZh{gZV#ÆCjcXVhZaZh ZgVXdcdX^YdedgadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZaejZhidYZhVajY
ZckVVXVhV#Ç:a9g#Fj^heZhZVaVaZfj^edYZE=G! YZGVb^h#IZcVZacbZgdYZXZajaVgYZ7dc^[VX^d!Za
Æ:hbjneZa^\gdhd#Ç-'8dc(,hZbVcVh!EVWaVZhiVWV VnjYVciZYZaVZc[ZgbZgVZcZaejZhidYZhVajY!fjZ
Vigb^cdn]jW^ZgVedY^Yd]VXghZaZjcVXZh{gZVn ]VWaVWVfjZX]jV!niZcV^chigjXX^dcZhYZaaVbVgXVYV
bVciZcZgaVZcdWhZgkVX^cZcZa]dhe^iVa# kZofjZ]VWVjcXVhdfjZgZfj^g^ZhZigVchedgiZdbZY^"
6aZfj^edYZE=GhZaZdg\Vc^ojcidjgedgaVh{gZVh XVX^c#H^W^Zc;a^mcdiZcVVXXZhdVadhbZY^XVbZcidh
^bedgiVciZhYZa]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXV!-(^cXajnZcYdaVh fjZhZedYVcY^heZchVg!heVgZXViZcZgXdcdX^b^Zcid
hVaVhYZY^aViVX^cnYZeVgid!aVjc^YVYYZbViZgc^YVY YZaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhediZcX^VaZhnYZaVcZXZh^YVYYZ
naVJc^YVYYZ8j^YVYdh>ciZgbZY^dh!YdcYZZaZfj^ed gZ[Zg^gVaVhbj_ZgZhZcZaXVhdYZXdbea^XVX^dcZh0]VWV
YZE=GdWhZgkVjcVbj_ZgfjZZhiVWVgZX^W^ZcYd gZVa^oVYdcjbZgdhVhXVeVX^iVX^dcZhhdWgZZbWVgVodn
igViVb^ZcideVgVaVegZ"ZXaVbeh^V#KVg^VhZc[ZgbZgVh eVgidZcaVXdbjc^YVY#-+
[jZgdc Vh^\cVYVh V ZhiV hdaV eVX^ZciZ n aZ ZhiVWVc 6\jhicgZ\gZhVXVhVXdc;a^mnhjbVYgZ!BVg^V
bdc^idgZVcYdaVegZh^chVc\jcZV!aVegdYjXX^cYZ GdhVg^dFj^heZ>d!niVbW^cjcVkZX^cVZhiVWVV]Xdc
dg^cVnaZZhiVWVcgZVa^oVcYdjcZmVbZc[h^XdYZ[dgbV EVWaV#EVWaVZhiVWVZcigVWV_dYZeVgidZcZaejijXd!
gZ\jaVg#9Z]ZX]d!ZaY^gZXidgYZa]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXV! XdbdZgVigVY^X^dcVa!edgfjZZhjhjVabZciZaVeVgiZ
Za9g#8Vgadh7Vgg^Zcidh!hZVafjZZhiZXj^YVYdhZ b{hX{a^YVYZXjVafj^ZgXVhV#6\jhic]VWVXdadXVYd
Wg^cYVWVVeZhVgYZfjZaVjc^YVYYZXj^YVYdh^ciZg" jcVe^ZaYZdkZ_VZcZae^hdnEVWaVZhiVWVZX]VYVZcZaaV
bZY^dhcdZgVgZXdcdX^YVXdbdiVaedgZaH>HedgfjZ b^ZcigVhZa[jZ\dVgYV!aaZcVcYdaVeZfjZV]VW^iVX^c
XVgZXVYZX^ZgidhZfj^edh!nfjZedgZaad!VacdXdciVg XdcjcZheZhd]jbddXVh^dcVYdedgZaZhi^gXdafjZhZ
XdcZagZZbWdahdYZaH>H!Za]dhe^iVaZhiVWVVWhdgW^ZcYd fjZbVWV#whiZZgVZab^hbdejijXdYdcYZaVbVYgZYZ
adhXdhidhYZZhiZXj^YVYd# EVWaVaV]VWVYVYdVajo!nYdcYZ]VWVbjZgidYjgVciZ
6eVgZciZbZciZEVWaVgZ\gZhVXVhVb{hYZeg^b^YV ZaigVWV_dYZeVgidXjVcYdEVWaVZgVVeZcVhjcVc^V
fjZcjcXV#>c[dgbVaVZc[ZgbZgVYZaejZhidYZhVajYad eZfjZV#
- % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
BWWkjefi_Wobegk[ikY[Z_Z[ifki
6egdm^bVYVbZciZVaV&/(%V#b#YZaYdb^c\d!6\jhic
n;a^m[jZgdcVVaZgiVgVaiZc^ZciZ\dWZgcVYdg!aVb{h
VaiVVjidg^YVYYZaVXdbjc^YVY#:cidcXZh![jZgdcVaV
XVhVYZaVZc[ZgbZgV]VhiV?ja^VXVeVgVVk^hVgaZ#>hVWZa!
VhjkZo!]VWaXdcZa]dhe^iVaeVgVfjZZck^VgVcVjc
YdXidgfjZejY^ZgVgZVa^oVgaVVjideh^V#Adhb^ZbWgdh
YZaVXdbjc^YVYegdiZhiVgdcedgZaeaVcYZ]VXZgfjZ
YZhXdcdX^YdhgZVa^XZcaVVjideh^V0YZXVcfjZaZhigVZgV
VidYdhjcVbjnbVaVhjZgiZn]VgVfjZeZgY^ZgVchjh
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
XdhZX]Vh#:cZhiVeVgiZYZaEZg]VnjcV[jZgiZXgZZcX^V
YZfjZh^hZXdgiVVaVbj_ZgeVgVVWg^gaVcdhZaZYZ_Vg{
YZhXVchVgZceVon!XdbdgZhjaiVYdYZZaad!eZghZ\j^g{
VaV[Vb^a^VnVaVXdbjc^YVY#:ahdad]ZX]dYZeZchVgZc
fjZjcdhZmigVdhaVXdgiVgVcZgVVa\deVgi^XjaVgbZciZ
:aejijXdYZaV[Vb^a^V!YdcYZiVcidEVWaVXdbdhjbVYgZ d[Zch^kdeVgVZaadh#
bjg^ZgdcVaYVgVajo#
H^cZbWVg\d!aVVjideh^VhZgZVa^o!n[jZaaZkVYVV
;a^mZhiVWVY^h\jhiVYdedgfjZ6\jhic]VWVZheZ" XVWdZcZaejZhidYZhVajYYZGVb^hedgZa9g#EZgXn
gVYd]VhiVYZhejhYZfjZ]VWVZbeZoVYdZaeVgideVgV 8VhVeZgVaiV# AV Vjideh^V XdcXajn fjZ EVWaV ]VWV
WjhXVgad0VeZhVgYZfjZgZXdcdX^fjZ]VWVZhiVYd iZc^Yd eaVXZciV VXXgZiV! jcV XdcY^X^c Zc aV fjZ aV
XdbegVcYdXjVYZgcdheVgVhjh]^_dhb{hiZbegVcd! hjeZgÒX^ZYZVY]Zh^cYZaVeaVXZciVXdcZaiZgdZh
;a^mhdhijkdVE=GfjZa]jW^ZgVegZeVgVYdbZ_dgZa VcdgbVa!iZc^ZcYdXdbdgZhjaiVYdjcV^cXVeVX^YVYYZ
ejijXd#8jVcYdaaZ\V]!hZVaVfjZZhiVWV]bZgdn aVeaVXZciVeVgVhZeVgVghZnhZgZmejahVYV#8jVcYdZa
[gdÅadfjZhZXdch^YZgVbjneZa^\gdhdeVgVaVbVYgZ eZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajYaZegZ\jciVa9g#=jgiVYd
fjZYVVajo!nVfjZZa[gdaZejZYZZcigVgVaXjZged! hdWgZZaY^V\chi^Xd!hiZY^_dfjZjcdcdejZYZYZiZg"
dXVh^dc{cYdaZjc\gVcYVd#-,6\jhicY^hXjiZfjZ]VnV b^cVgbZY^VciZjcVZXd\gV[VfjZ]VWVjcVeaVXZciV
ZhiVYd]bZYdd[gdVYZcigd#--;a^mZmea^XfjZijkd VXXgZiV!nfjZcdaZhidXVWVVZaadhYZX^gaZVaYdXidgXbd
fjZVk^kVgZa[jZ\dnXVaZciVgadheVdh# ]VXZgjcY^V\chi^Xd#.(HdgegZcYZciZbZciZ!cdhZ]^od
6aVh.e#b#aVhXdcigVXX^dcZhhZ]VWVckjZaidbjn bZcX^cZcZa^c[dgbZYZaVVjideh^VVaVegZ"ZXaVbeh^V
[jZgiZh#:aWZW!8ZhVgDgaVcYd!cVX^Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ dZXaVbeh^V#
Ydh]dgVhYZhejh#;a^maZY^_dV6\jhic!Æ6a\gViZ!Zh AVcdX]ZYZhejhYZfjZhZgZVa^oVgVaVVjideh^V!
jcc^d#Ç-.:aWZWZgV\gVcYZ!eZgdEVWaVZgViVbW^c ZbeZoV\gVc^oVg0hZ\cadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbj"
jcVbj_ZgVaiV#;a^mXdgiZaXdgYcjbW^a^XVanadVbVgg c^YVY!cd[jZjc\gVc^odXdbc#EdgZaXdcigVg^d![jZ
VagZYZYdgYZaVgdY^aaVYZZaaV!eVgVfjZcdgZ\gZhVgVV jc\gVc^od^cjhjVabZciZYjgdfjZYZkVhihjheVeVh
hjXjZged!nVfjZaVeaVXZciVVccd]VWVhVa^Yd# ndigVhXdhZX]Vh#AVXdbjc^YVYXjae^cbZY^ViVbZciZ
AVhjZ\gVYZEVWaVigViYZYVgaZbViZYZX]VcXVXV VadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZaejZhidYZhVajYedgZa\gVc^od!
cZ\gV!XdbdZhigVY^X^dcVaYZhejhYZaeVgid!najZ\d nZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYijkdb^ZYdYZ^gVigVWV_Vgedg
^cXajhdi^gYZhjeZadeVgVigViVgYZfjZEVWaVgZVXX^d" kVg^dhYVh#9Z]ZX]d!>hVWZaFjZciVXdcifjZZaaVn
cVgV#.%H^cZbWVg\d!XVh^^cbZY^ViVbZciZ[jZZk^YZciZ NVcZi6gVj_d!aVdWhiZig^o!hZ[jZgdcV?ja^VXVedgjc
fjZVa\dVcYVWVbjnbVa# i^Zbed]VhiVfjZaVhXdhVhhZ]jW^ZgVcXVabVYdZcaV
EVWaVZbeZoVXdckjah^dcVgk^daZciVbZciZ#.&6\jhic Xdbjc^YVY#.)
igViYZhdhiZcZgaVXVWZoVnZaeZX]dYZEVWaV!b^Zc" AVXjaeVedgaVbjZgiZYZEVWaVhZY^[jcY^iVbW^c
igVhfjZ;a^m^ciZciVh^ghjhe^ZgcVh!eZgdEVWaVZgV edg idYdh aVYdh# AV b^hbV EVWaV [jZ XjaeVYV YZ hj
YZbVh^VYd[jZgiZ#HjhWgVodhhZkdak^Zgdcg\^Ydhncd eaVXZciVVXXgZiVedgfjZÆhZhZciVWVbjX]dVahdaÇ!adfjZ
edYVcbVciZcZgaVZX]VYVnVfjZhZgZidgXVneViZVWV dXVh^dcfjZhjeaVXZciVÆhZaZeZ\VgVVaVZheVaYV#Ç.*
ZheVhbY^XVbZciZ#Hjhd_dhhZejh^Zgdck^Yg^dhdh#Edg 6\jhic[jZXjaeVYdedgcdiZcZgZaejijXdhjÒX^ZciZ"
idYVhZhVh^cY^XVX^dcZh!eVgZXZgVfjZ]jW^ZgVhj[g^Yd bZciZi^W^d0Va\jcdhkZX^cdhYZXVcfjZEVWaV]VWV
ViVfjZhYZZXaVbeh^V#:cigZ&*b^cjidhVbZY^V]dgV bjZgidYZ[gd#.+;a^m[jZXjZhi^dcVYdedgZaeZghdcVa
YZhejh!EVWaV]VWVbjZgid#.'=jWdedXdhVc\gVYd! YZaejZhidYZhVajYfjZhZegZ\jciVWVedgfjcd]VWV
eZgdaVeaVXZciVcjcXV[jZZmejahVYV# cdi^ÒXVYdVaVnjYVciZYZaVZc[ZgbZgVZcZaejZhidYZ
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH-&
hVajYeVgVfjZWjhXVgVVnjYV#:aeZghdcVaYZaejZhid IVakZoZheZX^VabZciZedgZaZhX{cYVadYZW^YdVaV
YZhVajY[jZXjZhi^dcVYdÅedgcdYZX^gfjZ[jZY^gZXiV" Vjideh^V!6\jhic]^odidYdadfjZejYdXjVcYdaaZ\Za
bZciZXjaeVYdÅedgeZgb^i^gfjZdXjgg^ZgVjcVbjZgiZ bdbZcidYZaZci^ZggdYZEVWaV#HZ\VhiXVh^idYdhj
bViZgcVZchj_jg^hY^XX^c#>hVWZaFjZciVÅaVZc[ZgbZgV Y^cZgdZcZa[jcZgVanaVijbWVYZhjZhedhV!nZcaVigVY^"
YZaejZhidYZhVajYYZGVb^hÅhZfjZ_VWV/ÆIdYdhcdh X^dcVaÒZhiVfjZhZYVZc]dcdgYZjcVeZghdcVY^[jciV
ZX]VgdcaVXjaeV#´6XVhdY^_ZgdcfjZaVeVX^ZciZ[jZVa ZcZaYVYZIdYdhadhHVcidh!Za&YZcdk^ZbWgZ#AV
]dhe^iVanfjZedgcZ\a^\ZcX^VYZZaadhaVgZ\gZhVgdcV ijbWVYZEVWaV!VhXdbdaVYZ8hVg!i^ZcZcjcVXgjoYZ
hjXVhVVaVeVX^ZciZ4###9ZZhdc^h^fj^ZgV]VWaVgdc½ aViVXdcY^hZdnZhXjae^YVVbVcd!ZckZoYZaVhbZcdh
NVbbZY^_Zgdccd]VWaZhb{h!cdZX]Zhb{haZVVa XdhidhVh]ZX]VhYZeVeZafjZ]VnZcVa\jcVhijbWVh#
[jZ\d!ZhbZ_dgfjZiZXVaaZh#Adc^XdfjZY^_ZZhVkZo 6\jhickZcY^hj\VcVYdeVgVeV\VgaVhXZaZWgVX^dcZh
[jZfjZaZYZcb{hZhiVW^a^YVYVaVdWhiZig^onbZXVaa0 gZVa^oVYVh-YVhYZhejhYZXVYVjcVYZhjhbjZgiZh!
nbZhZciiVc^bediZciZfjZcdhVWVfj]VXZg½Ç.,H^c naVhYZa&YZcdk^ZbWgZ#:hiVhXZaZWgVX^dcZhi^ZcZcedg
ZbWVg\d!cVY^ZYZaVXdbjc^YVYdYZaV_ZgVgfjVYZa ÒcVa^YVYZck^VgVaY^[jcidVhjk^V_ZVadigdbjcYd!nVaV
h^hiZbVYZhVajYeVgZXVXjaeVgVa9g#BVX]^XVd# kZo]dcgVgadnkZcZgVgad!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ#
:aWZW!8hVg![jZaaZkVYdedgaVXjVYVYZEVWaV!
fjZiZcVYdhc^dheZfjZdhegde^dh#H^cZbWVg\d! 7d|b_i_i
cd ZhiVWV YVcYd YZ aVXiVg n V 8hVg ad Va^bZciVWVc AVeaVXZciVVXXgZiVZhjcVXdcY^X^cY^[X^aYZYZiZXiVg!
XdcaZX]ZYZaViV!fjZZhbjX]dbZcdhXdhidhVfjZaV VeZhVgYZfjZVkZXZhejZYZhZgYZhXjW^ZgiVedgjc
[gbjaV#8jVcYdXVbW^VgdcaVbVgXVYZaVaZX]ZfjZ ZmVbZcYZZXd\gV[VgZVa^oVYdedgbVcdhZmeZgiVh#AV
ZhiVWVgZX^W^ZcYdÅYZaZX]ZCVcVaZX]Z<adg^VÅ8hVg dm^idX^cVnadhYZb{hbZY^XVbZcidhfjZ]VXZcfjZ
hZZc[ZgbYZY^VggZVnbjg^YZYZh]^YgViVX^cZa*YZ ZaiZgdhZXdcigV^\VcdejZYZcgZhdakZgaVeaVXZciV
_ja^dYZa'%%+#.-:hi{ZciZggVYdZcjcVeZfjZVijbWV VXXgZiV#:aigViVb^ZcidgZfj^ZgZX^gj\VÅXVh^h^ZbegZ
_jcidVhjbVYgZ# jcV]^hiZgZXidbVeVgVgZi^gVgZaiZgdXdcaVeaVXZciV
8aVgV!aV]^_VYZaVeg^bZgVjc^cYZEVWaV![jZaaZkVYV n Vh Zk^iVg d YZiZcZg aV ]ZbdggV\^V# EVWaV ]VWgV
VA^bVeVgVfjZk^kVXdcZa]ZgbVcdYZEVWaV#6\jhic gZfjZg^YdhZgigVch[Zg^YVVjc;D:ÅZhYZX^g!Za]dhe^iVa
hZfjZYXdchjhYdh]^_VhnhZbjYXdchjbVYgZfjZ Zc?ja^VXVÅeVgVedYZghVakVgaVYZaVbjZgiZYZW^YdV
Xj^YVWVYZaVheZfjZVh#AVbVYgZYZ6\jhic!BVgV aVeaVXZciVVXXgZiV#
GdhVg^d!ZhjcVZcYZWaZbj_ZgYZ,%VdhXjndZhiVYd H^cZbWVg\d!edgbai^eaZhiZhi^bdc^dhYZadhiZhi^\dh
YZhVajYZhZk^YZciZbZciZbjn[g{\^a# dXjaVgZh!VhXdbdhjY^V\chi^XdegZZm^hiZciZYZegZ"
BVg^VGdhVg^dZhgZhedchVWaZYZidYVhaVhiVgZVhYZ ZXaVbeh^V!fjZcd[jZigViVYV!eVgZXZhZgfjZaVbjZgiZ
aVXVhVnYZaaZkVgVNjY^i]nVNZcc^[ZgVaVZhXjZaV#9^XZ YZEVWaViVbW^cYZYZW^ÅniVakZob{hY^gZXiVbZciZÅ
fjZVbZcjYdaaZkVngZXd\ZVaVc^VbZcdgYZalVlV VaVhXdckjah^dcZhYZW^YVhVaVZXaVbeh^V#
lVh^!nfjZh^beaZbZciZnVcdi^ZcZaV[jZgoVeVgVhZ\j^g :aeVgidnaVbjZgiZVgVoYZaVhXdckjah^dcZh[jZiVc
]VX^cYdad#.. g{e^YdÅXdbdb{m^bdbZY^V]dgVÅfjZjcVkZofjZhZ
idbaVYZX^h^cYZfjZY^ZgVVajoZcaVXVhV!cd]VWgV
]VW^Yd[dgbVYZhVakVgaV#
6Y^[ZgZcX^VYZaXVhdYZ6cidc^V!ZcZafjZbai^eaZh
edh^W^a^YVYZhaVedYgVc]VWZghVakVYd!aVc^XVbVcZgV
ZcaVfjZaVk^YVYZEVWaV]jW^ZgVedY^YdhVakVghZZgV
fjZ]jW^ZgVYVYdVajoZcZa]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXVjdigd
;D:# :c eg^bZgd aj\Vg! EVWaV iZcV jc Y^V\chi^Xd
XdcdX^YdYZegZ"ZXaVbeh^V!fjZYZW^]VXZgfjZ[jZgV
]dhe^iVa^oVYV!eVgVfjZgZX^W^ZgVbZY^XVbZcidhXdcigV
adhViVfjZhXjVcYdZbeZoVgdcaVhXdckjah^dcZh#:c
hZ\jcYdigb^cd!EVWaV[jZY^V\cdhi^XVYVXdceaVXZciV
;did/BVg^dc7gdlc
VXXgZiVpost mortem!fjZZhi{XVh^h^ZbegZVhdX^VYVV
jcV]ZbdggV\^VedheVgidfjZedcZZcg^Zh\daVk^YVYZ
aVbj_Zg#AV]ZbdggV\^VVhdX^VYVVaVeaVXZciVVXXgZiV
hdaVbZciZhZejZYZigViVgXdcX^gj\Vn\ZcZgVabZciZ
AVhijbWVhYZEVWaVn8hVg# bZY^VciZaVgZbdX^cYZaiZgd]^hiZgZXidbV#8dc
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH-(
Zah^hiZbVbY^Xd[dgbVanaVhbj_ZgZhfjZaaZ\VcYZa jcXVhdiVaXdbdhiZ!YdcYZZm^hiZcYdhXdhbdad\Vh
XVbedncd]VWaVcZheVda#Jc^c[dgbZgZVa^oVYdedg XdbeaZiVbZciZY^hi^ciVhfjZX]dXVcZcigZhZcadgZaVi^kd
<G69:ZcZa'%%+hdWgZaVhWVggZgVhZXdcb^XVhncd VaVgZVa^oVX^cYZaVVjideh^V!aV^bedh^X^cYZaYZhZd
ZXdcb^XVhfjZhZaZkVciVc[gZciZVaXj^YVYdegZcViVa YZah^hiZbVYZhVajYZheZgX^W^YVedgaVhXdbjc^YVYZh
ZcigZaVhbj_ZgZheZgjVcVh!YZhXjWg^fjZZaaZc\jV_Z ^cY\ZcVhgjgVaZhXdbdjcVk^gijVagZ"Xdadc^oVX^c#
gZegZhZciVjcVWVggZgV^bedgiVciZeVgVZaVXXZhdVaV AVig^hiZ]^hidg^VYZEVWaViVbW^c^ajhigVadhZ[ZXidhYZ
hVajYYZaVhb^cdgVh^cY\ZcVh#Æ>cXajhdZcVbW^ZciZh aVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhZcaVhgZaVX^dcZhYZ\cZgd#EVWaV[jZ
bjai^XjaijgVaZh!VbZcjYdZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYcdZhi{ dWa^\VYVVYZ_VgaVZhXjZaVVjcVZYVYiZbegVcVedgfjZ
XVeVX^iVYdeVgVaVXdbjc^XVX^c^ciZgXjaijgVa!^\cdgVZa ZgVjcVc^VncZXZh^iVWVXj^YVgYZhjh]ZgbVc^idh!
^Y^dbVcVi^kdni^ZcYZVVhjb^gjcVVXi^ijYYZXdcYZh" b^ZcigVhfjZhjh]ZgbVcdhhVh^hi^ZgdcVaVZhXjZaV#
XZcYZcX^V[gZciZVaVhb^cdgVhic^XVh#Ç&%' 8dbdgZhjaiVYdYZZaad!cdhdaVbZciZZgVVcVa[VWZiV
AVY^hiVcX^VXjaijgVanZbdX^dcVaZcigZaVhedWaVX^dcZh h^cdfjZcdedYV]VWaVgZaZheVda#;jZVWVcYdcVYV
nZah^hiZbVYZhVajYZhi{gZaVX^dcVYVXdcZa]ZX]dYZ edghjeg^bZgVeVgZ_Vn!VeZhVgYZfjZZgVV[dgijcVYV
fjZaVh[Vb^a^Vh^cY\ZcVhXdcbjX]V[gZXjZcX^VVXjYZc edgk^k^gZcaVXVhVYZhjheVYgZh!cdiZcVbVcZgVYZ
VadheVgiZgdheVgVfjZVnjYZcVaVbj_ZgVYVgVajo# bVciZcZghZVhb^hbVc^Vhj]^_V#:chjgZaVX^cXdc
:a eVgiZgd! Zc ZhiZ XVhd ;a^m! XdbeVgiZ aVh b^hbVh 6\jhic!ZaaVcdedYVYZiZgb^cVgZacbZgddZheVX^V"
XdhijbWgZhnXgZZcX^Vh!i^ZcZjcVgZaVX^cegZk^VXdc b^ZcidYZhjh]^_dh#EVWaVijkdedXVhdeX^dcZhZchj
aV[Vb^a^V!Z^cXajhdh^ZhXdch^YZgVYdjcVÆVjidg^YVYÇ! k^YVnZcaVhedXVhdXVh^dcZhZcfjZhZ_ZgX^hjYZhZd
YjgVciZZaeVgidZaigVidZhYZ^\jVaV^\jVa#AVVibh[ZgV ÅiVaXdbdXjVcYdidbhjheZgiZcZcX^VhnaVhaaZkVa
eVgVZacVX^b^ZcidZh[Vb^a^VgnaaZcVYZg^ijVaZh#:cZa ]dhe^iVaYZ?ja^VXVeVgVYVgVajoVhjWZWn]VXZghZ
h^hiZbVYZhVajYcdgbVa!edgdigdaVYd!ZaegdkZZYdgZh jcVa^\VYjgVYZigdbeVhÅhZZcXdcigXdcaVY^hXg^b^"
jcÆZheZX^Va^hiVÇfjZVhjbZjceVeZaeVgi^XjaVgnejgV" cVX^cnaV^cY^[ZgZcX^VfjZ!ÒcVabZciZ!YZbdhigVgdc
bZciZ[jcX^dcVa!naVgZaVX^cZhi{XVgVXiZg^oVYVedgZa hZgbdgiVaZh#
edYZgnadhXdcdX^b^ZcidhVh^big^Xdh#&%(Adhg^ijVaZhYZ
aVbZY^X^cVdXX^YZciVacdhdcXdbeVi^WaZhXdcadhg^ijV"
aZhigVY^X^dcVaZhYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZh/aVhZeVgVX^cYZ
hjbjcYdnXdadXVX^cZcjcbjcYdV^haVYdnY^[ZgZciZ
Adhg^ijVaZhVcY^cdhYZaeVgid
YZajXZhWg^aaVciZhn]VW^iVX^dcZh[gVh!aVgZbdX^cYZaV :cigZ aVh Xdbjc^YVYZh ^cY\ZcVh YZ adh 6cYZh!
gdeVnYZadhZ[ZXidheZghdcVaZh!VhXdbdaVgZYjXX^cV bjX]dhg^ijVaZhgdYZVcaVhVajYgZegdYjXi^kVn!Zc
hZgh^beaZbZciZjcVeVX^ZciZnVkZXZhjcdW_ZidhdWgZZa eVgi^XjaVg!ZaegdXZhdYZaeVgid#HZXgZZfjZaVbj_Zg
XjVaZaegdkZZYdgZ_ZXjiVdVXiV!hdcidiVabZciZV_ZcdhV YZWZYVgVajoZcjcVbW^ZciZX{a^YdndhXjgd!egdiZ"
ZaaVh!h^cdak^YVgfjZaVhVXi^ijYZheViZgcVa^hiVhedgeVgiZ \^YdYZa[gdnYZaVajoXdc[gVoVYVhnXdgi^cVh#HZ
YZadhegdkZZYdgZhYZhVajYcdVnjYVcViZcYZgejZciZh hjedcZfjZaVbj_ZgZcigVWV_dYZeVgidYZWZZX]VghZ
fjZejZYVcVnjYVgVhjeZgVgZhiVY^k^h^c#&%) ZcZahjZadhdWgZjcVe^ZaYZdkZ_VcZ\gVnfjZbVg
AVXdcigdkZgh^VedgaVVjideh^VZhdigV^ajhigVX^cYZ ]^ZgWVheVgV]VXZg^cX^Zchd#9ZWZZhiVgXdbeaZiV"
aVYgVb{i^XVYZhXdcZm^cfjZZm^hiZZcigZaVXdbjc^YVYn bZciZkZhi^YVniZcZgiVbW^cjcViZaVZchjXVWZoV!
Zah^hiZbVYZhVajY#IdYVhaVhbjZgiZhbViZgcVhfjZcd eVgVZk^iVgfjZhZYZhbVnZ!VhXdbdjcVWVcYVVagZ"
dXjggZcZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYZhi{chj_ZiVhV YZYdgYZhjX^cijgVeVgVVnjYVgaZVZmejahVgVaWZW
jcVVjideh^V#:hiVeg{Xi^XVZhi{ZhiVWaZX^YVedgaZnZcZa YZaVhZcigVVh#B^ZcigVhY^aViV!YZWZWZWZgbViZh
EZg#EZgdiVbW^chZji^a^oVeVgV^cYjX^gVaVh[Vb^a^Vh eVgVfjZaZVnjYZcVY^hb^cj^gZaYdadgnVegZhjgVg
V fjZ YZX^YVc iZcZg eVgidh ^chi^ijX^dcVaZh! egZX^hV" ZaegdXZhdYZaeVgid#HZXgZZfjZdaZgZaeZaaZ_dYZaV
bZciZedgfjZXdgiVgeVgVVWg^gZaXjZgedYZjcVbj_Zg kVXVfjZhZZhi{fjZbVcYdiVbW^cejZYZVnjYVg
ZhXdcigVg^dVaVhXgZZcX^Vh^cY\ZcVh#:a9g#7Vgg^Zcidh VVXZaZgVgZaeVgid#AjZ\dYZYVgVajoVaWZW!hZ
aZY^_dVE=GWgjhXVbZciZ!Æji^a^oVbdhaVVbZcVoVYZaV hjedcZfjZcVY^ZYZWZidXVgaV!c^VagZX^ccVX^Yd!
Vjideh^VeVgVegZh^dcVgadhVfjZYZcVajoZcadhZhiV" ]VhiVfjZaVeaVXZciVhZVZmejahVYV!naVWVcYVfjZ
WaZX^b^Zcidh#Ç&%*:ckZoYZXdbegdbZiZghZZcjcY^{ad\d hZ]VXdadXVYdVagZYZYdgYZhjX^cijgVYZWZV_jhiVghZ
nZYjXVX^chdhiZc^YdhXdcaVhXdbjc^YVYZhVaVhfjZ eVgVVnjYVgVaVZmejah^cYZaVeaVXZciV#
h^gkZ!Zah^hiZbVYZhVajYZhZcX^VabZciZhVXVkZciV_VYZ — Adaptado de L. Estrada. “Ritos andinos en el parto.”
adhiZbdgZhYZaVXdbjc^YVYeVgVegZh^dcVgadhV]VXZg GZiVbVh n dgfjYZVh# Proyecto ReproSalud – Manuela
adfjZadhYdXidgZhfj^ZgZc#HZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZZc Ramos. Lima: junio de 1996.
- ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
JcVhZh^cdcdiVchZXgZid/8Vgda^cV YZVci^XdcXZeX^c^cnZXiVWaZ!eZgdaZbdaZhiVWVcadh
XdchiVciZhYdadgZhYZXVWZoVfjZaZdXVh^dcVWVnZhiVWV
8Vgda^cVMiZcV(,VdhXjVcYdbjg^Zchjk^k^ZcYV
^ciZgZhVYVZcWjhXVgdigVhdeX^dcZh#H^cZbWVg\d!XjVcYd
XdbdgZhjaiVYdYZaV^cYjXX^cYZjcVWdgid#&%+
aVdWhiZig^oYZaejZhidYZhVajYY^hXji^aVhdeX^dcZh
BWl_ZWZ[9Wheb_dW Y^hedc^WaZhXdcaVeVgZ_V!BVcjZacdfj^hdfjZ8Vgda^cV
ji^a^oVgVc^c\ci^edYZVci^XdcXZeX^c#wahZVafjZ
8jVcYdhZaZgZigVhaVgZ\aV!8Vgda^cVhVWVfjZcd
ZaaVhZ]VWVZc\dgYVYdXdcZaYZegdedkZgVnfjZ!Zc
fjZgViZcZgdigd]^_d#NV]VWViZc^YdXjVigd]^_dh/jc
XjVafj^ZgXVhd!aVVci^XdcXZeX^ccdZgVcZXZhVg^V#ÆCd
c^dYZ&'VdhfjZVXVWVWVYZZbeZoVgaVhZXjcYVg^V
fj^ZgdfjZjhZc^c\jcVYZZhVhXdX]^cVYVh#Ndhdnjc
ZcaVX^jYVYXZgXVcVnigZh]^_dhbZcdgZhXdcZYVYZh
]dbWgZYZcZ\dX^dhnk^V_d#EjZYdXdcigdaVgZaXVaZc"
fjZÓjXijVWVcZcigZadh&%n,Vdh!fjZVh^hiVcVaV
YVg^d#:hdZhadfjZ]VgZbdh#Ç6h!ZcZa'%%)!BVcjZa
ZhXjZaVeg^bVg^VadXVa#8dciVWVXdc(,VdhnhZYZXV
n8Vgda^cVYZ_VgdcYZji^a^oVgVa\cbidYdbdYZgcdYZ
fjZhjZhedhd!BVcjZa!WZWVYZbVh^VYd#EdgdigVeVgiZ!
Vci^XdcXZeX^c#
BVcjZajhjVabZciZZhiVWV[jZgVYZXVhV!nVfjZedghj
8Vgda^cVnBVcjZaeVhVgdcaVg\dheZgdYdhZcIVXcV
igVWV_dYZWVk^k^gZcIVXcVÅaVXVe^iVaZec^bVYZdigd
ZcadhVdh'%%)n'%%*#9jgVciZZhidheZgdYdh!hZcdh
YZeVgiVbZcideZgjVcdÅadfjZcdgZhjaiV^cjhjVaZcigZ
^c[dgbfjZ8Vgda^cVhVa^ZbWVgVoVYV!cdjcVh^cdYdh
adh]VW^iVciZhYZaVgZ\^cVnbVgVYZEjcd#
kZXZh#6egZcY^ZcIVXcVhdWgZjcbidYdÆhZ\jgdÇeVgV
:cjceg^cX^e^d!aVcdX^cYZaXdbZgX^deVgZXVcd
VWdgiVg#AZY^_ZgdcfjZ]VWVjcVeVhi^aaV!b^hdegdhida!
Vgbdc^oVgXdcaVWjXa^XVXdbjc^YVYYZYdcYZBVcjZa
fjZedYVXdbegVgZcaV[VgbVX^VnidYdadfjZiZcV
n8Vgda^cVegdkZcVc!XdchjheZfjZVhk^k^ZcYVhYZ
fjZ]VXZgajZ\dYZidbVgaVeVhi^aaVZgVÆZheZgVgfjZ
VYdWZ iZX]VYVh Xdc XVaVb^cV fjZ eVgZXVc hVae^XV"
ZaegdWaZbVhZ[jZgVÇ#HZ\cadfjZaZXdbZciVhjh
YVhedgZa6ai^eaVcd#AVedWaVX^cYZaVXdbjc^YVYZh
kZX^cVh!8Vgda^cVji^a^oXdcm^idZab^hdegdhidaZhVhYdh
WVhiVciZYZchVnaVhXVhVhZhi{cXZgXVaVjcVYZaVdigV#
kZXZhfjZZhijkdZbWVgVoVYVeVgVVWdgiVgadh[Zidh#
HZZcXjZcigVXZgXVYZaaV\dI^i^XVXV!Zab{hVaidYZa
:ab^hdegdhidaZhjcVegdhiV\aVcY^cVfjZhZji^a^oV
bjcYd!fjZZhjcV^bedgiVciZ[jZciZYZVa^bZcidheVgV
\ZcZgVabZciZeVgVigViVgaXZgVhZhidbVXVaZh#HZkZcYZ
aVedWaVX^cadXVa#
XdcZacdbWgZYZbVgXV8nidiZXZcadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydhn
EZgdZaXdbZgX^dZhjcVVXi^k^YVY[jcYVbZciVaeVgV
hZegZhXg^WZZcXdbW^cVX^cXdcb^[Zeg^hidcZZcXVhdh
aV\ZcZgVX^cYZ^c\gZhdhZcZhiVgZ\^cYZaYZeVgiV"
YZVWdgidhbY^XdhiZbegVcdh#:ab^[Zeg^hidcZWadfjZV
bZcidYZEjcd!fjZa^b^iVXdc7da^k^V#BjX]dh]dbWgZh
aV]dgbdcVYZaVegd\ZhiZgdcV!fjZZhcZXZhVg^VeVgV
k^V_VcXdc[gZXjZcX^V!YZ_VcYdVhjhZhedhVhVXVg\dYZ
bVciZcZgZaZbWVgVod!nZab^hdegdhidadXVh^dcVaVh
aVhX]VXgVh#E=GcjcXVad\ghVWZgfji^edYZW^ZcZh
XdcigVXX^dcZhfjZigVZcXdbdgZhjaiVYdaVZmejah^c
kZcYVBVcjZa#H^cZbWVg\d!ZcigZadhW^ZcZhXdbegVYdh
YZaWZW#AjZ\dYZidbVgb^hdegdhida!adhYdadgZh!Za
nY^hig^Wj^YdhVaVhY^hi^ciVhX^jYVYZhVa^ciZg^dgYZa
hVc\gVYdnaVegZhZcX^VYZXd{\jadhejZYZ^c^X^VghZ
EZg]VnjcVaidedgXZciV_ZYZVgiXjadhYZXdcigVWVcYd
iVchdadZc'%b^cjidh#:caVhh^\j^ZciZh+V-]dgVh!
igVYdhYZaV[gdciZgV!YZhYZVjidhngZejZhidhYZVjid
aVbVndgVYZaVhbj_ZgZhVWdgiVc#:ahVc\gVYdZhV
]VhiVegdYjXidhVa^bZci^X^dhnbZY^X^cVh!adhb^hbdh
bZcjYdbVndgfjZZaYZjceZgdYdbZchigjVa!Xdc
fjZhdceVhVYdhYZXdcigVWVcYdeVgVZk^iVgZaeV\dYZ
\gVcYZh Xd{\jadh# Adh Z[ZXidh hZXjcYVg^dh! ^cXajhd
^bejZhidhndigdhXdWgdh#
XjVcYdhZidbVhZ\caVegZhXg^eX^cbY^XV!edYgVc
8Vgda^cVhZYZW^hZci^gYZVa\jcVbVcZgVhdaVn
^cXaj^gjc[jZgiZhVc\gVYd!YdadgYZXVWZoV!cVjhZV!
V^haVYVZcZhiVXdbjc^YVYnZchjk^YVZc\ZcZgVa#Cdh
kb^idh!Y^VggZVnYdadgZhbjn[jZgiZh#&%,
^c[dgbVgdcfjZhZaaZkVWVW^ZcXdchj[Vb^a^Vedai^XV
HZ\chjhkZX^cdh!8Vgda^cVhZiZcVbjX]VXdcÒVcoV
fjZ k^kV Zc aV XVhV YZ Va aVYd n Xdc digdh kZX^cdh!
VahVWZgXbdgZVa^oVgjcVWdgid#>cXajhd]VWaVWVXdc
eZgdVeVgZciZbZciZcd^ciZgVXijVWVbjX]dXdcdigVh
digVhbj_ZgZhYZaVXdbjc^YVYfjZZhiVWVcZbWVgV"
bj_ZgZhYZaVXdbjc^YVY#JcVkZX^cVY^_dhdWgZZaaV/
oVYVhncdfjZgVciZcZg]^_dh#:aaVaZhYZXVfjZhVWV
ÆH^ZbegZZhiVWVhdaV!eZgdcdbZhZcicjcXVZcXdc"
fjYZWVc]VXZg!Zmea^X{cYdaZhfjZYZWVcidbVgYdh
ÒVcoVXdbdeVgVegZ\jciVgaZedgfj#:gVjcVWjZcV
iVWaZiVhYZb^hdegdhidakV\^cVabZciZnYdhdgVabZciZ!
bj_ZgnhZVhZ\jgVWVYZfjZhjh]^_dh[jZgVch^ZbegZ
nhZYZWVcegZeVgVgeVgVfjZZahVc\gVYdZbeZoVgVZc
VaVZhXjZaV#Ç
]dgVh#:hiVYdh^hZhWVhiVciZb{hVaiVfjZaVgZXdbZc"
9ZhejhYZfjZcVX^hjai^bd]^_d!8Vgda^cV]VWV
YVYVedgadhbY^Xdh#CdZhi{XaVgdh^digVhbj_ZgZhZc
^YdVaVedhiVeVgVegZ\jciVghdWgZadhbidYdhYZeaVc^"
aVXdbjc^YVYYZ8Vgda^cVh^\j^Zgdchjh^chigjXX^dcZh#
ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg#9ZX^Y^ji^a^oVgYZegdedkZgV!jcV[dgbV
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH-*
6abZcdhjcVbj_ZghZVXZgXVaejZhidYZhVajYnaZ ^cbZY^ViVbZciZYZfjZcdZhiVWVW^Zc#8Vgda^cVaZhY^_d
egZ\jciVaVdWhiZig^oh^ZabidYdZgVhZ\jgd#AVdWh" fjZhZhZciVbVaYZaZhibV\dnadhbVcYVaejZhid
iZig^oaVYZhVaZciYZ]VXZgad# YZhVajYeVgVfjZaZigV_ZgVcVa\cgZbZY^deVgVadh
Digdegd[Zh^dcVaYZaVhVajY^ckdajXgVYdZcZaXVhd kb^idh^cXdcigdaVWaZh#
hZVaVE=GfjZVeZhVgYZfjZZaVWdgidZh^aZ\VaZc AdhYdhc^dhnaVc^VhZY^g^\^ZgdcVe^ZVaejZhid
ZaEZg!nYZfjZhZigViVYZjceVhVaiVbZciZXVia^Xd! YZhVajY!fjZhZZcXdcigVWVZcigZhjZhXjZaVnaVXVhV
ÆZcigZaVhbj_ZgZhXVbeZh^cVh!^cYjX^gjcVWdgidcdZh ÅVegdm^bVYVbZciZVjc`^abZigdedgjcXVb^cdYZ
Xdch^YZgVYd^cbdgVa#:hb{hXdbdZmigVZghZjcY^ZciZ#Ç i^ZggV#Adhc^dhaaZ\VgdcVaejZhidYZhVajYVegdm^bVYV"
H^cZbWVg\d!VeZhVgYZfjZZaVWdgidZhXdch^YZgVWaZ" bZciZVaVh(/(%e#b#:gVYVYZkVXjcVX^c!edgadfjZ
bZciZXdbcZcigZaVhXVbeZh^cVhZcZaEZg!h^\jZ ZaejZhidYZhVajYZhiVWVaaZcdYZeVX^ZciZh!nijk^Zgdc
h^ZcYdZahZXgZidfjZidYdhXdcdXZceZgdYZaXjVacVY^Z fjZZheZgVgWVhiVciZi^ZbedeVgVhZgViZcY^YdhedgZa
]VWaVVW^ZgiVbZciZ#8jVcYdYZX^Y^VWdgiVgedgiZgXZgV eZghdcVa#
kZo!8Vgda^cVadeaVcZidYdXj^YVYdhVbZciZeVgVfjZ 8jVcYdZac^dYZ&%VdhaZZmea^XfjZhjbVb{
cVY^Zadhje^ZgV# ZhiVWVbVaYZaZhibV\d!aVdWhiZig^oaZegZ\jciedg
fj8Vgda^cVcd]VWVkZc^YdZaaVb^hbV!nh^8Vgda^cV
;i[ZW ZhiVWVZbWVgVoVYV#:ac^daZY^_dfjZhjbVYgZZhiVWV
8Vgda^cV cd aZ ]VWV XdciVYd V cVY^Z fjZ ZhiVWV kdb^iVcYdbjX]dnfjZcd]VWVedY^YdkZc^g!eZgdaZ
ZbWVgVoVYV/c^VhjZhedhd!c^VhjhkZX^cdh!c^VaVdWh" Y^_dfjZcdZhiVWVZbWVgVoVYV!nVfjZcdiZcVgVodcZh
iZig^odaVZc[ZgbZgVYZaejZhidYZhVajY#:heZg]VhiV eVgVXgZZgfjZ[jZgVVh#AVdWhiZig^oY^dVadhc^dhYdh
ZaYVZcfjZhVWVfjZiZcYgVaVXVhVeVgVZaaVhdaV# bZY^X^cVheVgVZaaV!aZh^chigjnhdWgZaVhYdh^hnaZh
IZcVhjÒX^ZciZi^ZbedeVgVZheZgVgnnVZhiVWV]VX^V e^Y^fjZaZY^_ZgVcVhjbVb{fjZk^c^ZgVZaajcZh#AV
ZaÒcVaYZaeg^bZgig^bZhigZXjVcYdaaZ\ZaYVVegd" dWhiZig^oaZgZXZiY^bZc]nYg^cViZjcVci^"Zbi^Xdn
e^VYd#HjZhedhd!BVcjZa!]VWVeVgVYdZcaVX]VXgVZc gVc^i^Y^cVjcVci^{X^Yd#
hjXVb^cdVIVXcVZhVbVVcVncdgZ\gZhVgVVabZcdh Adhc^dhXdgg^ZgdcYZgZ\gZhdVXVhVadb{hg{e^Yd
edgkVg^dhYVh#:gVjck^ZgcZhn!XdbdZhigVY^X^dcVaZc fjZejY^ZgdcnaZY^ZgdcVhjbVYgZadhbZY^XVbZcidh#
ZhVeVgiZYZEjcd!hjhhjZ\gdhnXjVYV!VhXdbdadh 8Vgda^cVidbaVheVhi^aaVheZgd^cbZY^ViVbZciZaVh
kZX^cdhhZ]VWVc^YdidYdhVaAV\dI^i^XVXVeVgVeZhXVg kdb^i#6ZhiVhVaijgVh!VeZcVhedYV]VWaVgnZhiVWV
ngZXdaZXiVgaaVX]dÅaVhgVXZhYZadhXVgg^odhYZididgV ZX]VYV#
YZaaV\dÅfjZhZji^a^oVeVgVVa^bZciVgVaVhkVXVh#HVWV Adhc^dh!Zk^YZciZbZciZVhjhiVYdhedgkZgVhjbVYgZ
fjZZhiVgVc[jZgV\gVceVgiZYZaYV#8Vgda^cVZheZg ZcZhVhXdcY^X^dcZh!Xdgg^ZgdcVVk^hVgVhjhkZX^cdhfjZ
]VhiVfjZhjh]^_dhhZ[jZgVcVaXdaZ\^dÅVagZYZYdgYZ hjbVb{ZhiVWVbjnZc[ZgbV#:cZhiZbdbZcidnVZgVc
aVh-V#b#ÅnÒcVabZciZhZfjZYhdaV# XVh^aVh*e#b#nadhkZX^cdh]VWVcgZ\gZhVYdYZaaV\d
EdgaVZk^YZcX^VfjZhZZcXdcigYZhejh!hZYZW^ XdchjaaVX]deVgVaVhkVXVh#:a]^_dbVndgYZ8Vgda^cV
]VWZgegZeVgVYdXj^YVYdhVbZciZ#=VWV]ZX]dZhid iVbW^c]VWVgZ\gZhVYdYZaVZhXjZaV#
VciZhnZk^YZciZbZciZhVWVfjcZXZh^iVgV#IZcVjc :ahjZ\gdYZ8Vgda^cV!;gVcX^hXd!aaZ\VhjXVhVYZa
eZYVodYZea{hi^XdYdcYZedcZgZa[ZidnajZ\dYZh]V" aV\deVgVZcXdcigVgVjc\gjedYZkZX^cdh[gZciZVZaaV#
XZghZYZa#IZcViZaVheVgVa^be^VgaVhVc\gZ#AjZ\dYZ CdhVWVfj]VWVeVhVYdnaZegZ\jciVhjc^ZidbVndg#
^chZgiVgYdhiVWaZiVhWaVcXVh]ZmV\dcVaZhZchjkV\^cV AdhkZX^cdhfjZaaZ\VgdcVaVXVhVZcXdcigVgdcV8Vgda^cV
nidbVghZYdhb{h!ZheZgVfjZ]^X^ZgVcZ[ZXid#6a\c VeZcVhXdchX^ZciZ#AZkVciVgdcaV[gVoVYVnh{WVcVYZaV
i^ZbedYZhejh!ZmejahVa[Zidn8Vgda^cVadZckdak^Zc XVbVnaVZcXdcigVgdcZX]VYVhdWgZjcX]VgXdYZhVc\gZ
Zaea{hi^XdXdbdad]VWVeaVcZVYdnadXdadXVjcXdhiVYd fjZhZ]VWVZhXjgg^YdedgaVXVbV#
WV_dVa\jcVhiZaVhZcjcVZhfj^cVYZaYdgb^idg^d# JckZX^cd!:cg^fjZ!hVa^ZchjW^X^XaZiV]VX^VZaejZhid
:cjcbdbZcidYVYd!XjVcYdaVeaVXZciVcdaaZ\V YZhVajY#AaZ\Va\jcdhb^cjidhYZhejhYZaVh*e#b#
hZgZmejahVYV!8Vgda^cVYZW^aaZcVghZYZe{c^Xd!nVfjZ naVdWhiZig^o^cbZY^ViVbZciZidbjcVbdidX^XaZiVn
hZY^dXjZciVYZfjZVa\dVcYVWVbjnbVa#IVbedXd gZ\gZhXdca]VhiVaVXVhV!fjZZhiVWVViVchdadjcdh
edYVeVgVgYZkdb^iVg# b^cjidhZcbdid#H^cZbWVg\d!VaV]dgVZcfjZaaZ\Vgdc
8jVcYdhjhigZh]^_dhbZcdgZhgZidgcVgdcVXVhVYZ YZgZ\gZhdVaVXVhV!V8Vgda^cVhZaZ]VWV^YdXdbeaZ"
aVZhXjZaV!edXdYZhejhYZaVh'e#b#!ZcXdcigVgdcVhj iVbZciZZaXdadg#8jVcYdaVdWhiZig^oaVZmVb^c!hZY^d
bVYgZZcaVXVbV!hZciVYVeZgdYZWV_dYZaVhh{WVcVhn XjZciVYZfjZ8Vgda^cVZhiVWVbjZgiV#
[gVoVYV#Cdk^ZgdccVYVYZhVc\gZeZgdhZY^ZgdcXjZciV
- + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
:[ifkiZ[bWck[hj[Z[9Wheb_dW XVh^h^ZbegZ^aZ\VaZcZaEZg!8Vgda^cVhZk^d[dgoVYV
:hVcdX]Z!hZcdi^ÒXVaeZghdcVaYZhVajYYZa]dhe^iVa VgZVa^oVghjeaVcZchZXgZid#C^h^fj^ZgVejYdgZh^\"
b{hXZgXVcdhdWgZaVbjZgiZn[jZgdcVaVXdbjc^YVY cVghZV]VXZgfjZhjh]^_dhVaZgiVgVcVaejZhidYZhVajY
eVgVgZVa^oVgjcVVjideh^V#AVeda^XViVbW^c[jZcdi^" XjVcYdaaZ\Vgdcedgeg^bZgVkZoYZaVZhXjZaV!XjVcYd
ÒXVYV!eZgdcdhZegZhZci# nVhVWVfjZaVhXdhVh]VWVchVa^YdbVa#:aXj^YVYdYZ
:aeZghdcVaYZhVajYaaZ\Vegdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh adhVWdgidh^cXdbeaZidhgZfj^ZgZbjX]VhYZaVhb^hbVh
-/(%e#b#n!eVgVZhV]dgV!jcVbjX]ZYjbWgZhZ]VWV [VX^a^YVYZhfjZaVh^cXaj^YVhXdbd[jcX^dcZhY^hi^ci^kVh
gZjc^Yd V[jZgV# 6eVgZciZbZciZ aV Xdbjc^YVY Zc jc YZadh8D:b!^cXajnZcYdZajhdYZaVhkVh^cigVkZcdhVh
eg^bZg bdbZcid eZch fjZ 8Vgda^cV ]VWV bjZgid jdm^idX^cVh^cnZXiVWaZh#H^cZbWVg\d!ZhiVYZbdgVZc
YZW^YdVadhbZY^XVbZcidhfjZaVdWhiZig^oaZ]VWV aVYZX^h^cYZ8Vgda^cVYZgZkZaVgaVkZgYVYnWjhXVgjcV
egZhXg^idZcZaejZhidYZhVajY#H^cZbWVg\d!bjnegdcid ViZcX^cVYZXjVYVZhiVWVgZaVX^dcVYVXdcZaZhiVijhYZ
hZY^ZgdcXjZciVYZadfjZ]VWVhjXZY^Yd# ^aZ\VaYZaVXidfjZ]VWVXdbZi^Yd#
9ZcigdYZaVXVhV!ZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYZcXdcigVa[Zid AdhVWdgidhXaVcYZhi^cdhhdcXdbjcZhZcidYdZaEZg
ZckjZaidZcea{hi^Xd#=VWVedXVhVc\gZZcZae^hdn\gVc nXdchi^ijnZcjcVYZaVheg^cX^eVaZhXVjhVhYZaVbdgiVa^"
eVgiZYZadhkb^idh]VWVch^Yda^be^VYdh#9ZWV_dYZaV YVYbViZgcV#:aVWdgidZhXdch^YZgVYdjcXg^bZcZcZa
XVbV!ZcXdcigVgdcadhigVedhZbeVeVYdhfjZ8Vgda^cV EZg!ZmXZeidXjVcYdZhcZXZhVg^deVgVhVakVgaVk^YVd
]VWVZhiVYdjhVcYdeVgVa^be^VghZVbZY^YVfjZhZ aVhVajYYZaVbVYgZ#:aVgiXjad(%YZaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZ
YZhVc\gVWVnkdb^iVWV!edh^WaZbZciZZcjcZh[jZgodedg HVajYgZfj^ZgZfjZadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYgdbeVc
ZcXjWg^gadfjZZhiVWVeVhVcYdncdVaVgbVgVhjh]^_dh# hjYZWZgYZXdcÒYZcX^Va^YVYZ^c[dgbZcadhXVhdhZc
AV Vjideh^V gZkZa fjZ 8Vgda^cV iZcV YZ &' V &( fjZhdheZX]VcYZaVZm^hiZcX^VYZjcVWdgid^cYjX^Yd
hZbVcVh YZ ZbWVgVod n fjZ ]VWV bjZgid edg jc VaVeda^XV#&%-AVhbj_ZgZhfjZhZhdbZiZcVVWdgidhn
VWdgid^cXdbeaZid#AVeaVXZciV]VWVZhiVYdgZiZc^YV aVheZghdcVhfjZadhgZVa^oVcZhi{chj_ZiVhVhZciZcX^Vh
nZbeZoVhj[g^gjcV]ZbdggV\^VfjZaV]^odhj[g^gjc YZeg^h^c#&%.
h]dX`]^edkdab^Xd#Jcegd[Zh^dcVaYZhVajYfjZZhijkd 8dbdZcdigdheVhZhYdcYZZaVWdgidZheZcVa^oVYd!
egZhZciZZcaVVjideh^VY^_dVE=GfjZ8Vgda^cVhZ]VWV ZaegdXZY^b^ZcidhZ]Vk^hid[dgoVYdVgZVa^oVghZZcaV
YZhVc\gVYdXdbeaZiVbZciZ/cdfjZYVWVhVc\gZZchjh XaVcYZhi^c^YVY#AdhZhijY^dhZhi^bVcfjZ]jWdVegdm^bV"
g\Vcdh^ciZgcdh#HZZcXdcigZk^YZcX^VYZaVegZhZcX^V YVbZciZ(,&#%%%VWdgidh^cYjX^YdhZcZaEZgZcZaVd
YZegdhiV\aVcY^cVhYjgVciZaVVjideh^V# '%%+#&&%JcgZX^ZciZZhijY^dejWa^XVYdedgaVHdX^ZYVY
;gVcX^hXd!ZahjZ\gdYZ8Vgda^cV!aaVbVBVcjZaV EZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\VXdcXajnfjZaV
IVXcVnaZXdciadfjZ]VWVhjXZY^Yd# eZcVa^oVX^ccd]VWVgZYjX^YdaVeg{Xi^XVYZaVWdgid
AV[Vb^a^Vh^\jZk^k^ZcYdZcaVb^hbVXVhV#6]dgV! ZcZaEZg#&&&
adhVWjZadhXj^YVcYZadhc^dh#BVcjZah^\jZk^V_VcYd 6a\jcdhXVhdhYZVWdgidh^cXdbeaZidhiZgb^cVcZc
[gZXjZciZbZciZVIVXcV#JckZX^cdY^_dYZBVcjZa/Æa adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY#EdgZ_Zbead!ZcigZZcZgd
ZhV]dgVjcWdggVX]dnZhi{bjnYZhXj^YVYd0]VVWVc" nbVgodYZa'%%,!adhYVidhYZa]dhe^iVagZ\^dcVaYZaV
YdcVYdXdbeaZiVbZciZVhjhX]^XdhnVadhVWjZadh#ÇAdh X^jYVYYZEjcd^cY^XVcfjZ]jWd&&.VWdgidh!YZadh
c^dhh^\jZck^k^ZcYdZcaVb^hbVeZfjZV]VW^iVX^c XjVaZhZa_Z[ZYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\V!Za9g#Aj^h
YdcYZbjg^8Vgda^cV!ZcaVb^hbV]VW^iVX^cYdcYZaV :cgfjZo!Zhi^bfjZjc\gVcedgXZciV_ZgZegZhZciVWV
k^Zgdcbdg^g# VVWdgidh^cYjX^Ydh!ZckZoYZVWdgidhZhedci{cZdhZh
8jVcYdhZaZegZ\jcihdWgZZa^cX^YZciZ!;gVcX^hXd! YZX^g!egY^YVh#&&':cZa]dhe^iVaWVhiVciZb{heZfjZd
ZaVWjZad!Y^_dZcVnbVgV!Æ:hijkZZch]dX`0[jZXdbdh^ YZ>aVkZ!hZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZVabZcdhZm^hiZjcXVhd
aV]jW^ZgVbViVYdjcXVggd!eVhiVcYZgZeZciZ#B^]^_d YZVWdgidVaYV#Adh]dhe^iVaZhYZ6o{c\Vgdn?ja^VXV
V]dgVZhi{hdad!hZfjZYXdcXjVigdc^dhfjZXj^YVg#Hj cdWg^cYVgdcX^[gVhhdWgZVWdgidh!eZgdZaeZghdcVaYZ
YZegZh^cadZbej_VVWZWZgnVcdhdigdh!adhVWjZadh!cdh VbWdhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhgZXdcdX^fjZZcadh]dhe^iVaZh
]VcYZ_VYdhdadhVaXj^YVYdYZadhc^Zidh#ÇH^cZbWVg\d! hZkZVXdc\gVc[gZXjZcX^VVgg^WVgaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZh
iVbW^cgZÓZm^dc!Æ=ZbdheVYZX^YdaVYZh\gVX^VfjZ YZadhVWdgidh^cXdbeaZidh#
]VcZmeZg^bZciVYdkVg^Vhbj_ZgZhfjZk^kZcVfj#Ç :c aV X^jYVY YZ ?ja^VXV! E=G dWhZgk XjVYgVh
XdbeaZiVhaaZcVhYZeZfjZdhXdchjaidg^dhfjZd[gZXZc
7d|b_i_i aVgZVa^oVX^cYZÆegjZWVhYZZbWVgVodÇ#HZ^c[dgb
:aXVhdYZ8Vgda^cV^ajhigVfjZjcZbWVgVodcdYZhZVYd V E=G fjZ Zhidh Xdchjaidg^dh d[gZXZc VWdgidh V aVh
ZhjcZbWVgVodYZVaidg^Zh\d#9VYdfjZZaVWdgidZh bj_ZgZhXjnVhegjZWVhYZZbWVgVodYVcedh^i^kdncd
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH-,
fj^ZgZciZcZg]^_dh#HZbVc^[ZhifjZjcVWdgidZcZa :cjc\gjed[dXVafjZE=GaaZkVXVWdZc8VgVWVnaad!aVh
YZeVgiVbZcidYZEjcdXjZhiVVegdm^bVYVbZciZ&%% bj_ZgZhhZVaVWVcfjZZhid]VWVdXjgg^YdZcZa]dhe^iVa
CjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH(%ZcZ[ZXi^kd! YZ8da^fjZZcA^bV#
eZgdadhegdkZZYdgZhVbZcjYdVXZeiVc_dnVh!gVY^dh! CjbZgdhdh^c[dgbVciZhXaVkZhZmea^XVgdcVE=GfjZ
iZaZk^hdgZhndigdhVgiXjadhZaZXigc^XdhXdbdeV\dedg ZgV[{X^adWiZcZgjcVWdgidZcjcVXac^XVeg^kVYVdbZ"
hjhhZgk^X^dh#&&( Y^VciZjcVggZ\adXdcigVXijVaeg^kVYdXdcjcbY^Xdh^
BjX]dhegdkZZYdgZhYZVWdgidhXVgZXZcYZXVeVX^" aVbj_ZgXdciVWVXdcgZXjghdhZXdcb^Xdh#:caVeg{X"
iVX^cnhdcidiVabZciZ^cZhXgjejadhdh#E=GhjedfjZ i^XV!aVeZcVa^oVX^cYZaVWdgidZcZaEZg!XVhi^\VVaVh
VYZb{hYZadhVci^\jdhbidYdheVgVgZVa^oVgVWdgidh! bj_ZgZhedWgZhnaVhedcZZcg^Zh\dYZbdg^gYZW^YdV
Va\jcdhYZZhidhegdkZZYdgZhd[gZXZcVW^ZgiVbZciZaV aVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhYZab^hbd#
iXc^XVÆhZ\jgVÇYZaVVhe^gVX^cbVcjVa#:aVWdgidedg :caVVXijVa^YVYi^ZcZaj\Vgjc^bedgiVciZYZWViZ
Vhe^gVX^cbVcjVaZcYdjiZg^cV6B:JZhjcegdXZY^" ZcZaEZghdWgZaVYZÒc^X^cnZaegdidXdadeVgVadh
b^Zcidfj^gg\^XdniVbW^cejZYZaaVbVghZZmigVXX^c ÆVWdgidhiZgVeji^XdhÇ!fjZhZYZÒcZcYZbVcZgVbjn
bZchigjVa#:hiZi^edYZVWdgidejZYZaaZkVghZVXVWd gZhig^Xi^kVWV_daVaZnVXijVa#:c[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,!8:96L
ZcigZaV(¯n-¯hZbVcVhYZaV[ZX]VYZaeg^bZgYVYZa gZXdbZcYVaEZgfjZÆgZk^hZhj^ciZgegZiVX^cgZhig^X"
eZgdYdYZjcVbj_Zg!VjcfjZVa\jcdhbY^Xdhji^a^oVc i^kVYZaVWdgidiZgVeji^Xd!fjZZhaZ\Va!eVgVedcZgjc
ZaegdXZY^b^Zcid]VhiVaVYX^bdhZ\jcYVhZbVcVYZ bVndgc[Vh^hZcaVegZkZcX^cYZadhZbWVgVodh_jkZ"
ZbWVgVod#HZejZYZgZVa^oVgjcV6B:JZcZaXdchja" c^aZh!nfjZXdch^YZgZaVgZk^h^cYZaVaZnfjZhZgZaV"
idg^dYZjcbY^XddZcjcVbW^ZciZ]dhe^iVaVg^d!nV X^dcVXdcZaVWdgidedgZbWVgVodhcdYZhZVYdhXdcZa
fjZcdgZfj^ZgZYZZaZXig^X^YVYdZfj^edhXdbeaZ_dh!n dW_ZidYZgZi^gVgaVhY^hedh^X^dcZhejc^i^kVh^bejZhiVh
ejZYZaaZkVghZVXVWdVYb^c^higVcYdVcZhiZh^VadXVa# VaVhbj_ZgZhfjZhZhdbZiZcVjcVWdgid#Ç&&,
H^cZbWVg\d!hZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZZajhdZmiZcY^YdYZ AV^bedh^W^a^YVYYZigViVgZaVWdgidXdbdZakZgYVYZgd
6B:JedgeVgiZYZeZghdcVhcdXVeVX^iVYVh]VigVYd egdWaZbVYZhVajYeWa^XVfjZZm^hiZZcZaEZghZgZÓZ_V
XdbdXdchZXjZcX^VXVhdhYZiZgdheZg[dgVYdh#&&) ZcZaH>H!fjZcd^cXajnZZmeaX^iVbZciZaVhXdbea^XV"
6eZhVgYZfjZZaVWdgidZh^aZ\Va![jZ[{X^aZcXdcigVg X^dcZhedhiZg^dgZhVaVWdgidWV_dadfjZZgVZaEaVc8#
Vk^hdhYZhZgk^X^dhVWdgi^kdhZcZaeZg^Y^XdCorreo YZ :aigb^cdÆZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhÇWV_dZaVci^\jd
Ejcd!nhZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZZhidhVcjcX^dhiVbW^c EaVc8YZaH>HgZfj^ZgZjcVVXaVgVX^cXdcgZheZXidVaV
VeVgZXZcZcY^Vg^dhhZchVX^dcVa^hiVhcVX^dcVaZh!iVaZh ^cXajh^cYZaigViVb^ZcidedgVWdgidh^cXdbeaZidh#
XdbdAjá# :a 9g# :cgfjZo! _Z[Z YZ DWhiZig^X^V n <^cZXdad\V
:[ZXi^kVbZciZ!eVgZXZ]VWZgZhXVhdXjbea^b^ZcidYZ YZa]dhe^iVagZ\^dcVaYZEjcd!hZVafjZXgZVfjZaV
aVhaZnZhhdWgZZaVWdgidZcZaEZg#Jc^c[dgbVciZXaVkZ Vbea^VY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZb^hdegdhidaZgVgZhedchVWaZ
Zmea^XVE=GfjZZaVgiXjad(%YZaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajY! YZjcgZX^ZciZ^cXgZbZcidZcZacbZgdYZXVhdhYZ
fjZgZfj^ZgZfjZadhbY^XdhYZcjcX^ZcadhVWdgidhVaV VWdgid#&&-6c^kZacVX^dcVa!adhZhi^bVYdh^cY^XVcfjZadh
eda^XV!YVVadhbY^XdhaVdedgijc^YVYYZeZY^gY^cZgdV VWdgidh^cYjX^Ydh]VcVjbZciVYdYZ(*'#%%%ZcZa'%%%
aVhbj_ZgZhedWgZh!VbZcVo{cYdaVhXdcYZcjcX^VgaVhh^ V(,&#%%%ZcZa'%%+#&&.
cdeV\Vc#&&*Digd^c[dgbVciZXaVkZhdhijkdVciZE=GfjZaV
eda^XViVbW^cji^a^oVWVaVeZcVa^oVX^cYZaVWdgidXdbd Jc\gjed[dXVaXdcYjX^YdedgB>C<6EZgZcAdgZid
jcVdedgijc^YVYYZZmidgh^dcVgVaVhbj_ZgZhedWgZhfjZ XdcegdbdidgZhYZhVajY!^YZci^ÒXZcVWg^aYZa'%%,
cdejZYZcVXjY^gVaVhXac^XVheg^kVYVh0bZgdYZVcZcadh jcVaidedgXZciV_ZYZZbWVgVodhcdYZhZVYdhfjZ
VagZYZYdgZhYZadh]dhe^iVaZheWa^XdhZheZgVcYdedgjc gZhjaiVWVcZcVWdgidhVig^Wj^WaZhVaVk^daZcX^VhZmjVa!
XVhdegdWVWaZdh^ZcYdVYkZgi^YdhhZXgZiVbZciZedgadh VhXdbdVaV[VaiVYZVXXZhdVaVVci^XdcXZeX^c#AVh
egd[Zh^dcVaZhYZhVajYfjZ[dgbVceVgiZYZaeZghdcVa#&&+ iVhVhZhi^bVYVhYZVWdgidhdcXdch^YZgVYVheVgi^Xj"
aVgbZciZVaiVhZcigZaVhVYdaZhXZciZhYZAdgZid#
JcZmeZg^bZciVYdbY^XdhZVaVE=GÆ:aVgi"
Xjad(%PYZaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYRZhjckZgYVYZgd DigVedh^WaZgVocYZabVndgcbZgdYZVWdgidhZh
egdWaZbV#CdadhZ\j^bdhZmXZeidZcadhXVhdhZc aV[VaiVYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZVci^XdcXZei^kdh!jcXdbed"
adhfjZZhegdWVWaZfjZaVbj_ZgbjZgV!edgfjZV] cZciZXaVkZeVgVZaYZgZX]dYZaVhbj_ZgZhVjcXj^YVYd
hVWZbdhfjZ]VWg{jcV^ckZhi^\VX^ceda^X^Va#EZgd YZhjhVajYgZegdYjXi^kV#:cZhiZXVhd!8Vgda^cVYZ_
VcVhZhi{ejWa^XVYV#:aVgiXjad(%cZXZh^iVhZg YZji^a^oVgVci^XdcXZei^kdhedgfjZhjZhedhdaZegd]^W^
XVbW^VYd#Ç jhVgadh#
- - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
H^cZbWVg\d!adhZhijY^dh]VcYdXjbZciVYdjcVY^hb^"
cjX^cYZajhdYZVci^XdcXZei^kdhYZhYZaVgZZhigjXij"
7#=J6C86K:A>86
gVX^cYZaEgd\gVbVCVX^dcVaYZEaVc^ÒXVX^c;Vb^a^Vg! 9ZbjX]VhbVcZgVh!=jVcXVkZa^XVZhZaYZeVgiVbZcid
eVgVXdckZgi^ghZZcjcXdbedcZciZYZaV6iZcX^cYZaV b{hedWgZni^ZcZjcVYZaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVcYVYbViZgcV
HVajYYZaVhBj_ZgZhZcZaVd'%%&#Adh^c[dgbVciZh b{hVaiVhYZaeVh!Xdc(%'bjZgiZhedgXVYV&%%#%%%
XaVkZhYZhXg^W^ZgdcVE=GXbdaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdhZcZa'%%%#&')IjkdjcVedWaVX^cYZ
]VWVeZgY^Ydeg^dg^YVY!eZghdcVa!gZXjghdhnY^cVb^hbd! Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ)+%#%%%ZcZaVd'%%)!&'*XdcVeZcVh
nXdbdgZhjaiVYdYZZaadXbd]VWV]VW^YdhZg^dhegd" edXdb{hYZa,%gZh^Y^ZcYdZcodcVhgjgVaZh!&'+Zc
WaZbVhZcaVegdk^h^cYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYgZegd" XdcigVhiZXdcidYdZaEZg!YdcYZVagZYZYdgYZa,%
YjXi^kVn!ZceVgi^XjaVg!ZcadhhZgk^X^dhYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c YZaVedWaVX^ck^kZZc{gZVhjgWVcVh#:c=jVcXVkZa^XV
[Vb^a^Vg#&'%AVY^hig^WjX^cYZbidYdhVci^XdcXZei^kdh aV[Vb^a^VegdbZY^di^ZcZ+!*]^_dhX^[gVbjX]dbVndg
VadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYZgVaZciV!Zgg{i^XVnhZ fjZZaegdbZY^dcVX^dcVanZa*+YZaVedWaVX^ci^ZcZ
ZcXdcigVWV gZigVhVYV# E=G dWhZgk jcV ZhXVhZo YZ bZcdhYZ&.Vdh#GZX^ZciZbZciZ!ZcZa'%%'!Za*'YZ
YZegdedkZgVZceVgi^XjaVg!fjZZhXdch^hiZciZXdcadh aVedWaVX^cYZaVgZ\^cZhiVWVXdchi^ij^Ydedgbj_ZgZh&',
YVidhcVX^dcVaZhfjZ^cY^XVcfjZZcZa'%%(aVb^iVYYZ nZgVXdch^YZgVWaZbZciZ^cXjaiV!Xdcc^kZaZhYZVcVa[VWZ"
adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYXVgZXVYZ^cnZXiVWaZh#&'& i^hbdfjZVaXVcoVWVcZa)-ZcigZaVhbj_ZgZh#&'-
HZ]VcZb^i^YdcjbZgdhdh^c[dgbZhfjZYZiVaaVcadh AVhZhiVYhi^XVhYZedWgZoVZcZhiZYZeVgiVbZcid
egdWaZbVhYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYnYZVXXZhdVaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c VaiVbZciZ^cY\ZcVgZhjaiVcYgVb{i^XVh#9ZVXjZgYdVa
[Vb^a^Vg#&'' >C:>!Za--YZaVedWaVX^cYZ=jVcXVkZa^XVk^kVZc
AV ig{\^XV ]^hidg^V YZ 8Vgda^cV ^ajhigV aV [VaiV YZ edWgZoVZcZaVd'%%&&'.nZa,)YZaVedWaVX^ck^k^
a^WgZVaWZYgdfjZi^ZcZcaVhbj_ZgZhhdWgZhjhegde^dh ZcZmigZbVedWgZoV#&(%:a-.YZadh]d\VgZhcdejZYZc
XjZgedh#:aaVYZhZVWVXdcYZhZheZgVX^ccdiZcZgb{h hVi^h[VXZghjhcZXZh^YVYZhW{h^XVh!&(&adfjZXdggZh"
]^_dh#HjZhedhdWZWVnaVYZ_VWVhdaVeVgVfjZhZZcXVg" edcYZVa.'!'YZidYVhjedWaVX^cZcZaVd'%%%#&('
\VgVYZaVXVhV!YZaVX]VXgVnYZadh]^_dhedgaVg\dh AVYZhcjig^X^cV[ZXiVVb{hYZa,%YZaVedWaVX^c
eZgdYdhYZi^Zbed#8Vgda^cVZgVX^ZgiVbZciZkXi^bVYZ YZZhZYZeVgiVbZcid!&((nXVh^Za,'YZadhc^dhfjZ
aVk^daZcX^VZbdX^dcVa!h^cd^cXajhdYZaVk^daZcX^V[h^XV# XjghVcaVeg^bVg^Vhj[gZYZYZhcjig^X^cXgc^XV#&()Jc
HjZhedhdaV[dgoVYZ_VgYZji^a^oVgVci^XdcXZeX^cn egdbZY^dYZ&%,c^dhYZXVYV&%%%bjZgZcVciZhYZ
8Vgda^cVcdiZcVXdcigdahdWgZXj{cYdnh^iZcVgZaV" Xjbea^gZaeg^bZgVd#&(*:cZaVd'%%%!aVgZ\^ciZcV
X^dcZhhZmjVaZh#Hj[VaiVYZVjidcdbVhdWgZhjXjZged jcbY^XdedgXVYV&*#%%%]VW^iVciZh!&(+VjcfjZdigV
aVXdcYj_dY^gZXiVbZciZVjcZbWVgVodcdYZhZVYdZ! [jZciZgZedgiVfjZ]VWV&''bY^XdhigVWV_VcYdZcZa
^cY^gZXiVbZciZ!VaVbjZgiZ# YZeVgiVbZcid0ZhYZX^g!XVh^jcYdXidgedgXVYV(#-%%
:m^hiZjcVZhXVhZoYZVednd^chi^ijX^dcVaeVgVbj_ZgZh ]VW^iVciZhZcZaVd'%%*#&(,
iVaZhXdbd8Vgda^cVZcZaEZg#AdhYVidhYZ:C9:HYZ AVVc\jhi^VciZedWgZoVYZ=jVcXVkZa^XVZheVgi^XjaVg"
'%%)^cY^XVcfjZjcVb^cdgVYZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZhj[gZc bZciZ^beVXiVciZ!edgZa]ZX]dYZfjZZaYZeVgiVbZcid
YZk^daZcX^VYdbhi^XVgVgVkZoWjhXVVnjYVYZVa\j^Zc! egdkZZVegdm^bVYVbZciZjciZgX^dYZaVZaZXig^X^YVYZc
nbjX]dbZcdhYZaVh^chi^ijX^dcZh#AVhbj_ZgZhfjZ ZaEZg#6ab^hbdi^Zbed!bZcdhYZjciZgX^d(&YZ
XVgZXZcYZZYjXVX^cdhdcedWgZhi^ZcZc^cXajhdbZcdg aVedWaVX^cYZ=jVcXVkZa^XVc^h^fj^ZgVi^ZcZVXXZhdV
egdWVW^a^YVYYZ]VXZgad#&'(AVhbj_ZgZh^cY\ZcVhedWgZh aVZaZXig^X^YVY#&(-AVedWgZoVYZaYZeVgiVbZcidiVbW^c
Zc[gZciVcaVhb^hbVhWVggZgVhZXdcb^XVh![h^XVhn XdcigVhiVidiVabZciZXdcaVg^fjZoVYZb^cZgVaZhYZa
XjaijgVaZhVciZZaVednd^chi^ijX^dcVa[gZciZVaVk^daZcX^V b^hbd#&(.6YZb{hYZaVhgZhZgkVhYZo^cX!]^Zggd!eadbd
Ydbhi^XVfjZaVhfjZnVZcXjZcigVceVgVadh8D:b! nXdWgZ!=jVcXVkZa^XV]Vh^YdZahei^bdYZeVgiVbZcid
n Xdc bjX]V [gZXjZcX^V aVh Ydh Y^bZch^dcZh YZ aV egdYjXidgYZdgdneaViVVc^kZacVX^dcVaZcigZZcZgd
ZmXajh^cigVWV_VcZcjcVh^cZg\^VYZhV[dgijcVYVeVgV YZa'%%*n[ZWgZgdYZa'%%+#&)%CddWhiVciZ!adh^c\gZhdh
edcZgaVhZcbVndgg^Zh\dYZjcVbjZgiZbViZgcV# YZahZXidgb^cZgdfjZXdggZhedcYZcV=jVcXVkZa^XV]Vc
h^YdhdgegZcYZciZbZciZWV_dh!idbVcYdZcXjZciVaV
ZmigZbVedWgZoVfjZV[ZXiVVaVgZ\^c#:aYZeVgiVbZcid
hdaVbZciZgZX^W^%!*YZaVhgZ\VaVhb^cZgVhfjZhZ
Y^hig^WjnZgdcZcZa'%%*#&)&
6Y^[ZgZcX^VYZEjcd!=jVcXVkZa^XVZhi{ZcZaXZcigd
YZaXVbed!nZh^bedh^WaZVXXZYZgVZaaVbZY^VciZadh
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH-.
Vk^dcZhXdbZgX^VaZh#:hb{h!cdidYdhadhWjhZhXdbZg" \ZcZgVabZciZ hjXZYZ Zc adh 6cYZh eZgjVcdh# ;jZ
X^VaZhkVcV=jVcXVkZa^XV!YZW^YdVhjhXVggZiZgVheZa^" [jcYVYV]VXZkZ^ciZVdhnhjh]VW^iVciZhhdcXVh^idYdh
\gdhVhnh^cjdhVh#9ZhYZA^bVhZidbVVegdm^bVYVbZciZ V\g^XjaidgZhYZhjWh^hiZcX^VXdbd6aZ_VcYgd#HZejZYZ
,]dgVhZcWjheVgVaaZ\VgV=jVcXVnd!aVXVe^iVaYZa aaZ\VgV8^ZcZ\j^aaVXVb^cVcYdVegdm^bVYVbZciZYdh
YZeVgiVbZcidkZX^cdYZ?jcc!njcVhXjVciVh]dgVhb{h ]dgVhedgjcVaVYZgVYZaVbdciVVYZhYZZaedWaVYd
ZcVjid]VhiV=jVcXVkZa^XV!aVXVe^iVagZegZhZciVi^kVYZa a^\ZgVbZciZb{h\gVcYZYZ8Vg]jVeViV!fjZZhVYZb{h
YZeVgiVbZcid#JcVhZhdgYZE6GHVajY>fjZigVWV_Zc YdcYZfjZYVZaejZhidYZhVajYb{hXZgXVcd#:aedWaVYd
8jhXdn=jVcXVkZa^XVhZVafjZVY^[ZgZcX^VYZa8jhXd! b^hbdZhi{gdYZVYdedgigZhaVYdhYZbdciVVhZbe^"
fjZi^ZcZjcVZgdejZgidnYZhi^cdhijghi^XdhVigVXi^kdh! cVYVh#6eZhVgYZfjZhZejZYZaaZ\VgV8^ZcZ\j^aaVZc
cVY^ZYZa7>9aVhgZ\^dcZh[jZgdcgZeVgi^YVhnE6GHVajY XVggddXVb^cVigVkhYZhjXVb^cdYZi^ZggVedWgZ"
>aZVh^\c=jVcXVkZa^XVVa7>9]VWV^YdV=jVcXVkZa^XV bZciZbVciZc^Yd!edXdhgZh^YZciZhi^ZcZcVXXZhdViVaZh
V^cheZXX^dcVgXbdhZ\VhiVWVZaY^cZgdYZE6GHVajY># bZY^dhYZigVchedgiZ!adfjZ]VXZYZaVadXVa^YVYjc
Æ9dcYZcVY^ZkV!V]ZhYdcYZhZZcXjZcigVaVgZVa^YVY aj\VgVcb{hgZbdid#
ZcZhiZeVh#Ç&)' 6aZ_VcYgd XdcdX^ V :kVg^hiV EVfj^nVjg^ Dhdg^d
]VXZdcXZVdh!XjVcYdZaaVZhiVWVigVWV_VcYdZcjcV
AVbjZgiZ\daeZVYdhkZXZh/:kVg^hiV X]VXgVXZgXVcV#:kVg^hiVeZgiZcZXVdg^\^cVabZciZVdigd
edWaVYd!fjZfjZYVWVVegdm^bVYVbZciZVjcV]dgVYZ
:kVg^hiVEVfj^nVjg^Dhdg^diZcV((VdhXjVcYdZa&.YZ
8^ZcZ\j^aaV#:aaViZcVXVh^Y^ZoVdhbZcdhfjZaniZcV
cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%+bjg^Zchjk^k^ZcYVYZ]ZbdggV\^V
jcVXVgVWdc^iVhZ\c6aZ_VcYgd#6aZ_VcYgdgZXdgYVWV
edheVgidYZW^YdVaVgZiZcX^cYZaVeaVXZciV#
V:kVg^hiVXdbdbjn_dk^VaZ^cXajhd_j\jZidcV!adfjZ
BWl_ZWZ[7b[`WdZheWdj[ioYed;lWh_ijW egdWVWaZbZciZYZW^\jhiVgaZ#
6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]dZhjc]dbWgZVeVX^\jVYdYZ :kVg^hiVn6aZ_VcYgdhVa^Zgdc_jcidhedgjcWgZkZeZgdYd
XjVgZciVnYdhVdh!fjZXjab^caVZhXjZaVeg^bVg^V VciZhYZYZX^Y^gk^k^g_jcidh#CdhZXVhVgdc[dgbVabZciZ!
nhZbVci^ZcZVhb^hbdbZY^VciZaVV\g^XjaijgVYZ eZgd[dgbVgdcjci^edYZbVig^bdc^dYZ]ZX]ddXdck^kZcX^V!
hjWh^hiZcX^V#=VWaVVa\dYZZheVdaeZgdhZh^ZciZb{h fjZZhbjnXdbcZcaVh^ZggVhjgYZaEZg#6abdbZcid
XbdYdZmegZh{cYdhZZcfjZX]jV# YZhjjc^c!:kVg^hiVnVZhiVWVZbWVgVoVYVYZhj]^_dfjZ
6aZ_VcYgdhZbjYVaedWaVYdYZ8^ZcZ\j^aaVYZjcV V]dgVi^ZcZY^ZoVdh!BVg^cd#EdhiZg^dgbZciZijk^ZgdcigZh
Xdbjc^YVYkZX^cV]VXZY^ZX^dX]dVdh!edXdYZhejhYZ ]^_dhb{h_jcidh/7gVja^d(!HVciV:aZcV'naVWZW!BVg^V
fjZ8^ZcZ\j^aaV[jZgV[jcYVYV#HZbjYXdchj[Vb^a^V >hVWZa&bZhnbZY^dVabdbZcidYZaVZcigZk^hiV#Digd
naV[Vb^a^VYZhj]ZgbVcdbVndg!DY^ac!ZheZgVcYd ]^_dbjg^h^ZcYdbjneZfjZd#
dWiZcZgjcedXdb{hYZi^ZggVhfjZigVWV_Vg#8^ZcZ\j^aaV :kVg^hiV ZgV Za hZ\jcYd bVig^bdc^d YZ ]ZX]d YZ
fjZYVVkVg^Vh]dgVhZcXVggdYZaVXVe^iVaYZaYZeVgiV" 6aZ_VcYgd#:beZohjeg^bZgVXdck^kZcX^VXjVcYdiZcV
bZcid#:hjcVXdbjc^YVYYZVagZYZYdgYZigZhX^Zcidh &-Vdh!nijkdYdh]^_dhXdchjeg^bZgVZhedhV#EZgd
gZh^YZciZh!Y^k^Y^YVZcigZhhZXidgZhY^hi^cidh!Xdbd ZcZahei^bdbZhYZhjiZgXZgZbWVgVod!aVeg^bZgV
ZhedhVYZ6aZ_VcYgdhZh^ci^bVa0YZegdcidZbeZo
VfjZ_VghZYZiZgg^WaZhYdadgZhYZXVWZoVnc{jhZVh!
nagZXjZgYVfjZiVbW^cejYd]VWZgiZc^YdjcedXd
YZY^VggZV#6aZ_VcYgdaZegZeVgY^[ZgZciZhbViZheVgV
adhYdadgZhYZXVWZoVnaZXdbegVhe^g^cV!eZgdcVYV
eVgZXVVa^k^VghjYdadg#HZ\c6aZ_VcYgd!cdaVaaZkVa
ejZhidYZhVajYedgfjZ!ÆZcZhVedXV!cdiZcVbdhaV
dWa^\VX^cYZ^gVaejZhidYZhVajY!VeZhVgYZfjZV]dgV
iZcZbdhZhVdWa^\VX^c#Ç&)(
;did/8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg
6eg^cX^e^dhYZadhcdkZciV!cdZm^hiVc^c\cZhfjZbV
YZhZ\jgdYZhVajYZcZaEZgnadhejZhidhYZhVajY
ZhiVWVcZfj^eVYdhXdcbZcdgZhgZXjghdhVcYZadhfjZ
i^ZcZc]dnZcYV#Hjeg^bZgVZhedhVcdiZcVgZaVX^cXdc
ZaejZhidYZhVajY!cd]VWVYVYdVajoVc^c\jcdYZhjh
]^_dhVaan6aZ_VcYgdVeVgZciZbZciZcdZcXdciggVoc
6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]d# Va\jcVeVgVaaZkVgaVVaejZhidYZhVajYXjVcYdhZh^ci^
. % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
bVa#AdhYdadgZhYZXVWZoVhZkdak^ZgdceZdgZhnbjg^
YZhejhYZjcdhYVh!g{e^YVbZciZ0cd]jWdZk^YZcX^V
Va\jcVYZhVc\gVYd!ÒZWgZjdigdhhcidbVh#AVXVjhV
egZX^hVYZaVbjZgiZYZhjeg^bZgVZhedhVcdZhi{XaVgV0
cjcXVhZgZVa^ojcVVjideh^VncjcXV[jZZkVajVYVedg
jcVegd[Zh^dcVaYZhVajY#H^cZbWVg\d!YVYVhhjhfjZ_Vh
Zhedh^WaZhjedcZgfjZejYd]VWZgZhiVYdhj[g^ZcYdYZ
egZ"ZXaVbeh^V!fjZajZ\dhZXdck^gi^ZcZXaVbeh^V#
;did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
8jVcYdaVeg^bZgVZhedhVYZ6aZ_VcYgdbjg^!hZ
fjZYhdadeVgVXg^VgVYdhc^dheZfjZdh#:cZ[ZXid!
hZ\c 6aZ_VcYgd!hZXVhXdc:kVg^hiVeVgVfjZZaaV
ejY^ZgVXj^YVgVadh]^_dhYZhjeg^bZgbVig^bdc^d#6
bZcjYdjcVhZ\jcYVeVgZ_VZk^iVgVdYZhXj^YVgVV
adh]^_dhYZjcVjc^cVciZg^dg0h^cZbWVg\d!VaeVgZXZg
ZhZcd[jZZaXVhdYZ:kVg^hiV#IVaXdbdhdhi^ZcZciVcid 6a^X^V:anNVb^cnaV[Vb^a^VYZ6aZ_VcYgdn:kVg^hiVYZaVciZYZ
hjXVhV#
6aZ_VcYgdXdbd<dY^[gZYd!Za]^_dYZhjeg^bZgbVig^"
bdc^d!:kVg^hiVh^ZbegZigViVadhc^dhXdbdhjndh! YZhejh#HZ\c6aZ_VcYgd!:kVg^hiVVh^hi^VhjhXdcigdaZh
nZaadhaaZ\VgdcVXdch^YZgVgaVjcVbVYgZnhZegZdXj" egZcViVaZhYjgVciZidYdhhjhZbWVgVodh#&)*:aaVZhiVWV
eVWVcbjX]dedgZaaV# VhZ\jgVYVZcZaEaVc8YZaH>H!ZaZhfjZbVYZhZ\jgdYZ
:cidYdhZci^Yd!:kVg^hiVZgVVaVkZoZcijh^VhiVnigVWV" hVajYn!hZ\cadhgZ\^higdhbY^Xdh!ijkdigZhXdcigdaZh
_VYdgV!adfjZhZXdch^YZgVjcgVh\dZhZcX^VaZcjcVbj_Zg egZcViVaZhZchjfj^cidnai^bdZbWVgVod#&)+:aaVVh^hiV
ZcaVhXdbjc^YVYZh^cY\ZcVhYZaVodcVgjgVaVcY^cV#&)) VadhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZhhdaV06aZ_VcYgdcdaVVXdb"
Hj[Vb^a^VaVYZhXg^W^XdbdjcVWjZcVXdX^cZgV!nYZXV eVVWVVaejZhidYZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViV#
fjZ]VXVjcWjZcigVWV_dXj^YVcYdVadhc^dhnVnjYVcYd :kVg^hiVeaVcZYVgVajoZcXVhV!VeZhVgYZfjZ
XdcadhfjZ]VXZgZhYZaVX]VXgV#=VXVYZidYdZcaVXVhV hZ ^c[dgb fjZ Za eZghdcVa YZa ejZhid YZ hVajY YZ
ÅXdX^cVg!a^be^Vg!aVkVgnXj^YVgVadhc^dhÅniVbW^c 8Vg]jVeViVaZVYk^gi^fjZeaVcZVgVYVgVajoZcjc
hVaVVVnjYVgV6aZ_VcYgdZchjX]VXgV# ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#:kVg^hiVcdiZcVjceaVcYZ
AVeVgZ_Vk^kV_jcidXdchjh]^_dhZcjcVeZfjZVk^" eVgidÒgbVYd!adfjZejYd]VWZg^cY^XVYdfjZZaaVn
k^ZcYVXZgXVYZaXZcigdYZjcdYZadhhZXidgZhYZaedWaVYd! ZaeZghdcVaYZ8Vg]jVeViV!YdcYZgZX^W^aVViZcX^c
b^ZcigVhfjZadhXVbedhVgVYdhedg6aZ_VcYgdZhiVWVc egZcViVa!cd]VWVcVXdgYVYdadhigb^cdhhdWgZYcYZ
jW^XVYdhb{hVaa{!Vgg^WVYZaVbdciVV#8dbdbjX]Vh ^WVVYVgVajo#
k^k^ZcYVhYZa{gZV!hj]d\VgXdch^hiVZcjcVhedXVh
XdchigjXX^dcZheZfjZVhfjZgdYZVWVcjceVi^dVW^Zgid ;lWh_ijWZWWbkp"f[heh|f_ZWc[dj[ikh][bW
ZcZafjZhZgZVa^oVcbjX]VhVXi^k^YVYZhY^Vg^Vh#6eZhVg Yh_i_i
YZfjZXjZciVcXdcX^ZgiVhXdbdY^YVYZhiVaZhXdbdaV AVcdX]ZZcfjZ:kVg^hiVY^dVajo!ZaaV]VWVeVhVYd
ZaZXig^X^YVY!idYVhaVhXdchigjXX^dcZhi^ZcZce^hdhYZ ZaYVXdc6aZ_VcYgdZcA^gXVn#6aZ_VcYgd]VWV^YdV]
i^ZggVniZX]dhYZeV_V#IVcidaV^\aZh^VXdbdaVZhXjZaV VkdiVgZcaVhZaZXX^dcZhbjc^X^eVaZh#>cXajhd]VWVc
YZaedWaVYdZhiVWVcVjcVhXjVYgVhYZaVXVhV# VabdgoVYdZcjcgZhiVjgVciZ#AjZ\dYZXVb^cVgjcV
H^c ZbWVg\d! V Y^[ZgZcX^V YZ bjX]Vh [Vb^a^Vh YZ Y^hiVcX^VXdch^YZgVWaZYZgZ\gZhdVXVhVnYZVa^bZciVg
aVodcV!6aZ_VcYgdn:kVg^hiVXdciVWVcXdcjcVk^YZd VadhVc^bVaZh!VbWdhhZgZi^gVgdcVhjXVbV#:cZhZ
XVhZiZgV#:caVhcdX]Zh!an:kVg^hiVX]V`X]VWVc]d_Vh bdbZcid!idYdaZeVgZXVcdgbVanXVabVYdV6aZ_VcYgd0
YZXdXVnkZVck^YZdhXdcadhc^dh#:kVg^hiVhdaVbZciZ :kVg^hiVZhiVWVh^beaZbZciZX]V`X]VcYd]d_VhYZXdXV
kZVk^YZdhZcfjZX]jV!nVfjZcd]VWaVWVc^ZciZcYV XdbdhdaV]VXZgadZcaViVgYZnZcaVcdX]Z#
ZheVda0VYZb{h!cdaZ\jhiVWVfjZiVcidhk^YZdhZc H^cZbWVg\d!ZcbZY^dYZaVcdX]Z!Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ
ZheVdaZhijk^ZgVcaaZcdhYZk^daZcX^V#:aaVegZ[ZgVadh VaVh'V#b#!:kVg^hiVhZYZheZgiXdcjc[jZgiZYdadg0
k^YZdhZcfjZX]jV!fjZiZcVcXVcidhnWV^aZh!nadhkZV aVhXdcigVXX^dcZh]VWVcZbeZoVYd#6aZ_VcYgdaZY^di
jcVndigVkZoZchjeZfjZV]VW^iVX^c!fjZXdbeVgiVc YZdg\VcdeVgVZaYdadg!aZejhdjcjc\Zcidi^W^dZcaV
Xdcadhc^dh# ZheVaYVnaZVbVggjcV[V_VVcX]VVhjVagZYZYdg!Xdbd
AdhdigdhXjVigd]^_dhYZ:kVg^hiVcVX^ZgdcZchjXVhV Zhie^Xd]VXZgadZcadhcVX^b^ZcidhfjZi^ZcZcaj\Vg
nh^cegdWaZbVh!VeZhVgYZfjZjcdYZZaadhbjg^edXd ZcaVhXVhVhYZadh6cYZh#AV[V_Vh^gkZeVgVZk^iVgfjZ
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH.&
ZaiZgdhZbjZkV]VX^VVgg^WVnYVVaVhbj_ZgZhjcV >hVWZa!aVVjm^a^VgYZZc[ZgbZgVfjZZhiVWVYZijgcd!fjZ
hZchVX^cYZhZ\jg^YVY# aaZ\Zcjcdhb^cjidh#AZZmea^XadfjZ]VWVhjXZY^Yd
HjWZW!BVgV>hVWZa!cVX^iVchdadjcV]dgVYZhejh! nfjZaZegZdXjeVWVfjZ:kVg^hiVejY^ZgVbdg^g#6eZhVg
_jhideVhVYVhaVh(V#b#8jVcYdaVeaVXZciVcdhVa^! YZaVZbZg\ZcX^VnYZa]ZX]dYZfjZZaYdXidgnaVdWhiZ"
6aZ_VcYgdhjedfjZVa\dVcYVWVbVa#H^cZbWVg\d!cd ig^ok^kVcVaaVYdYZaejZhidYZhVajY!cdhZYZheZgiV
[jZ^cbZY^ViVbZciZVWjhXVgVnjYVVaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid c^c\jcdYZZaadheVgVVnjYVgXdcaVZbZg\ZcX^V#EdgZa
YZhVajY#EdgZaXdcigVg^d![jZVWjhXVgVhj]ZgbVcd! XdcigVg^d!>hVWZahZ[jZXdc<dY^[gZYdigViVcYdYZZcXdc"
DY^ac!fjZk^kVXZgXV#6akZgaVh^ijVX^c!DY^acaZY^_d igVgjckZ]XjadeVgVgZ\gZhVgVaVXVhV#
Vhj]ZgbVcdfjZYZWVccdi^ÒXVg^cbZY^ViVbZciZVa B^ZcigVh <dY^[gZYd hZ ^WV Va ejZhid YZ hVajY!
ejZhidYZhVajY#Cd]VWViZa[dcdc^gVY^dZcaVXdbj" 6aZ_VcYgd[jZVWjhXVgVaVeVgiZgVnegdbdidgVYZhVajY
c^YVY!VhfjZVegdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh(/(%V#b#6aZ_VcYgd YZaVXdbjc^YVY!BVjg^X^V#B^ZcigVhiVcid!DY^ac!fjZ
Zck^Va]^_dYZhjeg^bZgVjc^c!<dY^[gZYd!VaejZhidYZ ]VWVaaZ\VYdVXVhVXdchjZhedhV!6aW^cV!hZfjZY
hVajYeVgVcdi^ÒXVgaZhaVZbZg\ZcX^V# Xdc:kVg^hiVnaVhdhijkdZchjhWgVodh#AVXdcY^X^cYZ
=VWV aadk^Yd YjgVciZ \gVc eVgiZ YZ aV cdX]Z n :kVg^hiVZbeZdg0ZhiVWVeZgY^ZcYdhVc\gZnaVeaVXZciV
<dY^[gZYd[jZVcYVcYdedgidYdZaXVb^cd!YZhXZcY^ZcYd VccdhVaV#&)-9ZhZheZg{cYdhZ!6aW^cVXdgg^[jZgVYZaV
edgaVaVYZgVZbe^cVYVngdXdhVeVgVaaZ\VgVaejZhid XVhVnaaVbV6aZ_VcYgdeVgVfjZgZ\gZhVhZedgfjZZaaV
YZhVajYZc8Vg]jVeViV!edgfjZcd]VWVdigdbZY^dYZ nDY^aciZbVcfjZ:kVg^hiVZhijk^ZgVVejcidYZbdg^g#
igVchedgiZY^hedc^WaZ#AZidbVegdm^bVYVbZciZjcV 6aZ_VcYgdhZVejgeVgVaaZ\VgVaVXVhVnaVeVgiZgV$
]dgVnbZY^VaaZ\VgVaejZhidYZhVajY#6kVcoadb{h egdbdidgVYZhVajYYZaVXdbjc^YVY!BVjg^X^V!aaZ\
g{e^YdfjZejYd!eZgdZagZXdgg^Yd[jZeVgi^XjaVgbZciZ Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ)%b^cjidhYZhejh!eZgdcdejYd
Y^[X^anVfjZZhiVWVdhXjgdV[jZgVncdiZcVh^fj^ZgVjcV ]VXZgcVYVedg:kVg^hiV#BVjg^X^VgZaViVE=GfjZÆeVgV
a^ciZgcVeVgVfjZaZVnjYVgV#6YZb{h!aVhXdcY^X^dcZhYZ ZhZbdbZcid!nVhZ]VWV^Yd#Ç
egZhZcX^VYZadYdYZW^YdVaVaajk^VYZW^Zgdc]VXZgYZa >hVWZa!aVVjm^a^VgYZZc[ZgbZgVYZaejZhidYZhVajY!
igVnZXidjcVZbegZhVeVgi^XjaVgbZciZYZhVÒVciZ#&), aaZ\VhjXVhVZc8^ZcZ\j^aaVVa\jcdhb^cjidhYZhejh
:aejZhidYZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViVZhi{XaVh^ÒXVYd fjZBVjg^X^V!VagZYZYdgYZaVh+V#b#VeZhVgYZfjZaZ
Xdbdjc;DE#:hi{Zfj^eVYdeVgVWg^cYVgaVViZcX^c YZW^idbVghdaVbZciZYZ(%V)%b^cjidheVgVaaZ\Vg!
egZcViVaYZgji^cVnViZcYZgadheVgidhkV\^cVaZhh^c hjigVnZXidhZgZigVhedgfjZZaejZhidYZhVajYcdZhi{
Xdbea^XVX^dcZhfjZnVZhi{cZcegdXZhd#H^cZbWVg\d! Zfj^eVYdXdcjcVVbWjaVcX^Vc^[dgbVVa\jcVYZigVch"
aVh]VW^a^YVYZhngZXjghdhXdaZXi^kdhYZaejZhidhdc edgiZ#>hVWZan<dY^[gZYdijk^ZgdcfjZYZheZgiVgVjc
a^b^iVYdheVgVgZhedcYZgVZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh ]dbWgZfjZk^kZZc8Vg]jVeViV!fjZXdcYjXZjciVm^n
iVaZhXdbdaVZmeZg^bZciVYVedg:kVg^hiV# fjZVbZcjYdZhi{aaVcdVji^a^oVghjVjideVgVXdcYjX^gV
8jVcYd<dY^[gZYdaaZ\V8Vg]jVeViV!Vegdm^bVYV" Va\jcVeVX^ZciZZcXVhdYZZbZg\ZcX^VhYZhVajY#:cZhiZ
bZciZVaVh*V#b#!Za\jVgY^VYZaijgcdYZcdX]ZaaVbV XVhd!VXZeiaaZkVgV>hVWZanV<dY^[gZYd!nhZY^g^\^Zgdc
]VX^VVgg^WVedgaVbdciVV]VhiVaVXVhV#H^cZbWVg\d!
Vb^iVYYZXVb^cdVaVjidhZaZYZh^cÓjcVaaVciV#
AjZ\dYZaaZ\VgVaVXVhVYZ:kVg^hiVn6aZ_VcYgd!
>hVWZa^ciZci^chZgiVgjcVkV^cigVkZcdhVZcaVhkZcVh
YZ:kVg^hiV!eZgdnVhZ]VWVcZcYjgZX^Yd#&).AZY^_dVaV
[Vb^a^VfjZ:kVg^hiVnV]VWVbjZgid#HZ\c6aZ_VcYgd!
>hVWZa aZ gZegZcY^! Y^X^cYdaZ fjZ hj ZhedhV ]VWV
bjZgidedgfjZ]VWVZheZgVYdYZbVh^VYdeVgVaaZkVgaV
VaejZhidYZhVajY#&*%
;did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
BWl_ZWZ[7b[`WdZhei_d;lWh_ijW
:aXjZgedYZ:kVg^hiV[jZaaZkVYdVA^gXVnedgYdhYVh!
eVgVfjZhZgZVa^oVgVaVVjideh^VZcZaXZcigdYZhVajY
YZVaa#6eZhVgYZfjZaVaZneZgjVcVZm^\ZfjZhZgZVa^XZ
jcVVjideh^VXjVcYdjcVeZghdcVbjZgZZcjcVk^k^ZcYV
K^hiVYZ8^ZcZ\j^aaV]VX^VZaedWaVYdYdcYZZhi{jW^XVYdZa ZckZoYZ]VXZgadZcjcXZcigdYZhVajY!Zh^cjhjVafjZ
EjZhidYZHVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViV# hZ]VnVgZVa^oVYdZcA^gXVn!ZckZoYZ]VWZgh^Yd]ZX]V
;did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
b{hVgg^WVYZhjXVhV#6aZ_VcYgdhdaVbZciZi^ZcZjcV
[didYZhjZhedhVYZaYVYZhjbVig^bdc^d!eZ\VYVVjc
XVgicfjZ\jVgYVYZcigdYZhjeZfjZV]VW^iVX^c!jcV
]VW^iVX^cfjZV]dgVXdbeVgiZXdchjh]^_dh#
EdXdb{hYZjcbZhYZhejhYZhjbjZgiZ!6aZ_VcYgd
gZXjZgYVV:kVg^hiVXdbdjcVWjZcVZhedhVnaVZmigVV IdbVhV=j^cX]dXdcBVgV>hVWZa#
bjX]d#CdhVWVXbd^WVV]VXZgXdcadhXjVigd]^_dh
fjZiZcVfjZXg^Vg#8jVcYdhZaZegZ\jcifjZciZcYVd jcbZY^deVgVÆYVgaZjcVaZXX^cÇ#IgZhYZaVhVjidg^"
XbdZmea^XVWVZa]ZX]dYZ]VWZgeZgY^YdcdjcVh^cdYdh YVYZhYZaedWaVYdgZX^ZciZbZciZZaZ\^YVheVgZXVccd
ZhedhVhÅnVaVhYdhegdWVWaZbZciZedgXdbea^XVX^dcZh ZhiVgYZVXjZgYdXdcZhiVedai^XV#:hiVhVjidg^YVYZh
YZW^YVhVaZbWVgVodÅ6aZ_VcYgdWV_aVXVWZoVZ]^odjcV Xdbjc^iVg^VhaZY^_ZgdcVE=GfjZaV^bedh^X^cYZiVg^[Vh
eVjhVVciZhYZgZhedcYZgfjZÆ:aYZhi^cdÅ9^dhÅYZiZg" eVgVdWiZcZgeVgi^YVhYZcVX^b^ZcidXdchi^ijVjcVeg{Xi^XV
b^cVXj{cYdbjZgZjcVbj_Zg#ÇEZgdajZ\dV\gZ\fjZ WVhiVciZZmiZcY^YVZcZaejZhidYZhVajY!nfjZhZigViVWV
ZhiVWVaaZcdYZgZbdgY^b^Zcidhedgcd]VWZg]ZX]didYd ZhZcX^VabZciZYZjcVbjaiVedgYVgVajoZcXVhV#
adedh^WaZeVgVhVakVgV:kVg^hiV!nhZhZ\jVegZ\jciVcYd 6aZ_VcYgdgZX^W^jcVeVgi^YVYZcVX^b^ZcidXjVcYd
Vhb^hbdfjb{hejYddYZW^]VWZg]ZX]d#Ç&*&:a adh^ckZhi^\VYdgZhYZaZfj^edYZE=GVg\jbZciVgdcVhj
eZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajYaZ]^odhZci^gfjZaVbjZgiZ [VkdgZcZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViVnV[VkdgYZ
YZhjZhedhVZgVXdbeaZiVbZciZhjXjaeV# BVgV>hVWZa!XjndYZgZX]dVaV^YZci^YVYZhiVWVh^ZcYd
9VYdfjZBVgV>hVWZacdcVX^ZcZaejZhidYZhVajY! cZ\VYd#&*'BVgV>hVWZaiVbW^c[jZkVXjcVYV!nVfjZ
6aZ_VcYgdijkdY^ÒXjaiVYZheVgVdWiZcZgaVeVgi^YVYZ VciZg^dgbZciZcdhZaV]VWVVXZeiVYdeVgVVea^XVgaZ
cVX^b^ZcidYZaVgZX^ccVX^YV#:cZaejZhidYZhVajY aVkVXjcV#
YZ8Vg]jVeViVaZY^_ZgdcgZeZi^YVhkZXZhfjZdWiZcZg 6]dgV6aZ_VcYgdZc[gZciVaViVgZVYZXj^YVgedghhdad
jcVeVgi^YVYZcVX^b^ZcidaZXdhiVgV*%CjZkdhHdaZh VXjVigdc^dheZfjZdh!XjnVhZYVYZhkVgVcYZhYZaV
Vegdm^bVYVbZciZJH&+YZW^YdVfjZaVc^V]VWV gZX^ccVX^YV]VhiVadhY^ZoVdh#6edXdb{hYZjcbZh
cVX^YdZcjcVk^k^ZcYV!VeZhVgYZfjZZhidZhi{ZcXdcigV YZaVbjZgiZYZ:kVg^hiV!aZY^_dVE=GfjZadhc^dhcd
YZaVaZneZgjVcV#H^cjcVeVgi^YVYZcVX^b^Zcid!BVgV ZhiVWVcXdb^ZcYdW^Zc0Y^_dfjZZhiVWVciVcig^hiZhfjZ
>hVWZacdejZYZgZ\^higVghZZcZaH>HncdejZYZiZcZg ]VWVceZgY^YdZaVeZi^id#wab^hbdhZhZciViVbW^c
VXXZhdVaVhkVXjcVhc^Vadhegd\gVbVhYZWZcZÒX^dh VWgjbVYdedgaVXVg\VfjZYZWVhdedgiVg/ÆAd]V\d
YZa\dW^Zgcd#8jVcYd[jZgVVYjaiV!cdedYgVdWiZcZg idYdhdad#8dX^cd!aVkdaVgdeVYZadhc^dh!adhaaZkdV
jcYdXjbZcidcVX^dcVaYZ^YZci^YVY!d9C>!nedgZaad aVZhXjZaV!]V\didYdnbZh^ZcididiVabZciZhdad#Ç:c
iVbedXdedYgVkdiVg# eVgi^XjaVg!ÆV]dgVfjZb^h]^_dhbVndgZhPYZb^eg^bZgV
Adhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZhVajYYZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ jc^cRhZZhi{cnZcYdVaVhZakVVigVWV_Vg!kdnVZhiVg
8Vg]jVeViVVhZ\jgVgdcVE=GfjZadhVciZg^dgZhaYZgZh bjn!bjnhdad#AVZmigVdWVhiVciZ#Ç&*(
Xdbjc^iVg^dhfjZajZ\d]VWVch^YdXVbW^VYdhZhiVWVc <dY^[gZYdnhj]ZgbVcdeaVcZVWVc^ghZVaVhZakVeVgV
YZVXjZgYdZcfjZ6aZ_VcYgdYZWVhZgXVhi^\VYdedg igVWV_VgiVaVcYdbVYZgVZcadhYVhdhZbVcVhedhiZg^d"
hjXdbedgiVb^Zcid#:aeZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajY gZhVaVZcigZk^hiVXdc6aZ_VcYgd#:gVZk^YZciZfjZZaadh
hdhiZcVfjZa]VWVYZ_VYdbdg^gVhjeg^bZgVZhedhV! gZegZhZciVWVcZaeg^cX^eVaVedndYZ6aZ_VcYgd#AVZhedhV
nfjZV]dgV]VWVYZ_VYdbdg^gVaVhZ\jcYV!nVfjZ YZ<dY^[gZYdÅaVcjZgVYZ6aZ_VcYgdÅIdbVhV!ZhiVWV
cd]VWVcdi^ÒXVYdVaejZhidYZhVajYVeZcVhZbeZo VnjYVcYdVYVgYZaVXiVgVaVWZW!BVgV>hVWZa#=VWV
Za igVWV_d YZ eVgid# :mea^XVgdc fjZ aV ^bedh^X^c YZ YZ_VYdYZYVgYZaVXiVgVhjegde^dWZW]VXVjcVd!
jcVbjaiVeVgVdWiZcZgaVeVgi^YVYZcVX^b^Zcid!ZgV eZgdYZhejhYZYVhYZ[gjhigVYdh^ciZcidheVgVYVgYZ
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH.(
aVXiVgVaVgZX^ccVX^YV!hjaZX]ZZbeZoVÓj^gcjZkV" ^bedgiVcX^VYZYVgVajoZcjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY
bZciZXdcBVgV>hVWZa#IdbVhVaZY^_dVE=GfjZVZaaV Xdc:kVg^hiV!VhXdbdXdcidYdhadheVX^ZciZhfjZgZX^WZc#
aZ\jhiVgVVYdeiVgaVnXg^VgaVXdbdhjegde^V]^_V#&*) H^cZbWVg\d!ZcWVhZVhjhgZ\^higdhegZcViVaZh!cdZm^hiV
AV digV ]^_V YZ 6aZ_VcYgd n :kVg^hiV! HVciV :aZcV! jceaVcYZeVgideVgVfjZZaaVY^ZgVVajoZcZaejZhidYZ
fjZ iVc hdad i^ZcZ Ydh Vdh! eVgZXV ZhiVg eVhVcYd hVajY!ZckZoYZ]VXZgadZchjk^k^ZcYV#
aVeZdgeVgiZeVgVVXdhijbWgVghZVaVbjZgiZYZhj :m^hiZjcVegZ\jciV\ZcZgVahdWgZaVji^a^YVYYZZhidh
bVYgZ#AadgVWVXdc[VX^a^YVYn]VWVYZ_VYdYZXdbZg eaVcZhYZeVgidYVYVaV[VaiVYZXdbjc^XVX^cnigVch"
VYZXjVYVbZciZ# edgiZeVgVedcZgadhZceg{Xi^XVZcZaXVhdYZjcVZbZg"
EdXdYZhejhYZjcbZhYZhejhYZeZgYZgVhj \ZcX^V#6YZb{h!ZhgVodcVWaZegZ\jciVghZh^Zah^hiZbV
hZ\jcYV ZhedhV! aZ Y^_Zgdc V E=G fjZ 6aZ_VcYgd nV YZhVajYgZVabZciZedYgViZcZgaVXVeVX^YVYYZWg^cYVg
ZhiVWVeZchVcYdZcWjhXVgVdigVbj_ZgeVgVfjZXgZ ViZcX^cVidYVhaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVh!h^hiVhYZ
Vhjh]^_dh!edgfjZZgVh^beaZbZciZ^bedh^WaZeVgVa Va\jcVbVcZgVhZaVhVggZ\aVgVceVgVaZ\VgVadh;D7h
]VXZgadhdad# d;D:hb{hXZgXVcdh#
H^cZbWVg\d!ZcZhiZXVhd!VeZhVgYZaVXdWZgijgVYZa
7d|b_i_i hZ\jgd!6aZ_VcYgdn:kVg^hiVcjcXVeaVcZVgdcYVgVajo
JcVhZg^ZYZ[VXidgZh^be^Y^ZgdcfjZ:kVg^hiVejY^ZgV ZcZaejZhidYZhVajYdZcZaXZcigdYZhVajYZcA^gXVn!
gZX^W^gaVViZcX^cbY^XVcZXZhVg^VnVi^ZbedeVgV nVfjZiZbVcfjZ:kVg^hiVcZXZh^iVgVjcVXZh{gZVn
igViVghjZbZg\ZcX^VdWhiig^XV#=jWdYZbdgVhZcidbVg gZfj^g^ZgVjcVigVch[ZgZcX^VXdhidhVV=jVcXVkZa^XV!aV
aVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgViZcX^cnYZbdgVhZc]VXZgfjZ XVe^iVaYZaYZeVgiVbZcid/Æ:kVg^hiVh^ZbegZ]VWVYVYd
aVViZcX^caaZ\jZeVgVfjZZaaVgZX^WVZaigViVb^Zcid VajocdgbVabZciZZcXVhV!h^cegdWaZbVh#9ZW^YdV
VYZXjVYd#HjWnVXZciZhVZhVhYZbdgVhhZZcXjZcigVc Zaad!XdcÒ{WVbdhZcfjZZhiZcVX^b^ZcidiVbW^c[jZgV
aVhYZÒX^ZcX^VhZcaVXdbjc^XVX^cnZaigVchedgiZ!aV cdgbVa#½6ZaaVcdaZ\jhiVWV^gVaejZhidYZhVajY!nnd
Y^hiVcX^VXjaijgVaZcigZZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYn iZcVb^ZYdYZfjZaVXdgiVgVc!aVdeZgVgVcdaVigVch"
hjhjhjVg^dh!VhXdbdadhiZbVhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcadh Òg^ZhZcV=jVcXVkZa^XV#9ZW^YdVhjiZbdg!cdVXjY^bdh
gdaZhYZ\cZgdnaV^cZfj^YVY# VaejZhidYZhVajY#Ç6aZ_VcYgd]VWgViZc^YdfjZeV\Vg
:c ZhiZ XVhd! aV gZhjX^iVX^c kV ^cigVkZcdhV! aV XjVafj^ZgbZY^dYZigVchedgiZfjZcd[jZgVjcVVbWj"
ZmigVXX^cbVcjVaYZaVeaVXZciVnadhbZY^XVbZcidh aVcX^V!aVb^hbVfjZcdZhiVWV[{X^abZciZY^hedc^WaZ#
fjZXdcigVZcZaiZgdedYgVc]VWZgaZhVakVYdaVk^YVh^ 6YZb{h!E=GXdcÒgbZhijY^dhegZk^dhfjZYZhXj"
:kVg^hiVadh]jW^ZgVgZX^W^YdVciZh!n]jW^ZgVh^YdigVch" Wg^ZgdcfjZbjX]dhXVbeZh^cdhgZaVX^dcVcZaeVgidZc
[Zg^YVVdigdZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidXVeVoYZWg^cYVgaZ8D:b jcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYXdcaVXZh{gZV!nVeVgZciZ"
W{h^Xdh#H^cZbWVg\d!Zm^hiVcdigdh[VXidgZhgZaVX^d" bZciZcdhdcXdchX^ZciZhYZaVh^cY^XVX^dcZhYZjcV
cVYdhXdcaVY^hedc^W^a^YVY!VXXZh^W^a^YVYnXVa^YVYYZaV XZh{gZV#&**:aiZbdgYZjcVXZh{gZVegZkVaZXZ#:m^hiZ
ViZcX^cfjZXdcYj_ZgdcVaVhYZbdgVhZcaVYZX^h^cYZ jcVZcdgbZgZcjZcX^VVfjZjcVbj_ZghZVÆXdgiVYVÇn
WjhXVgViZcX^cnZcZai^Zbedegdadc\VYdfjZaZidb aVXgZZcX^VYZfjZYZhejhYZjcVXZh{gZV!ZaaVfjZYVg{
V<dY^[gZYdaaZ\VgVaejZhidYZhVajY# Æ^ci^aÇdcdedYg{igVWV_Vg#AVhbj_ZgZhXVbeZh^cVhhdc
:c eg^bZg aj\Vg! Zm^hiZ jcV h^\c^[^XVi^kV [VaiV YZ kVadgVYVhedgadbjX]dfjZigVWV_VcÅjcVXVa^YVYfjZ
VaXVcXZYZcigdYZaVXdbjc^YVYfjZejY^ZgVVhZ\jgVg 6aZ_VcYgdbZcX^dckVg^VhkZXZhVE=GgZÒg^cYdhZV
fjZ aVh eVgZ_Vh hdc XdchX^ZciZh n Zhi{c egZeVgVYVh :kVg^hiV#:hidZhXdbegZch^WaZnVfjZaVk^YVZhhjbV"
eVgVaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhfjZejY^ZgVchjg\^gYjgVciZZa bZciZYjgVZcZaiZggZcdbdciVdhdZ^c]he^id!njcV
ZbWVgVoddZaeVgid#AVh[Vb^a^VhVbZcjYdcdejZYZc eVgZ_VgZfj^ZgZfjZVbWdhigVWV_ZcbjnYjgdh^beaZ"
gZXdcdXZgaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh!eaVcZVgfj]VXZg bZciZeVgVhdWgZk^k^g#&*+
h^VeVgZXZc!Z^cXajhdi^ZcZcb^ZYdYZk^h^iVgZaejZhidYZ EVgZXZhZgfjZhZ]VcgZVa^oVYdbjnedXdhZh[jZgodh!
hVajY#:heZX^VabZciZYVYdZaZhiVijhYZ:kVg^hiVXdbd h^ZhfjZhZ]VgZVa^oVYdVa\jcd!eVgVjc^gZhiVhY^hiVc"
\gVcbjaieVgVhiZZgVhjfj^cidZbWVgVod!hZaZhYZW^ X^VhXjaijgVaZhXdcZah^hiZbVYZhVajYneVgVVa^k^Vg
ZYjXVgiVcidVZaaVXdbdVhjZhedhdhdWgZaVXaVgVedh^" ZhidhiZbdgZh!fjZ]VWgVcaaZkVYdVZmea^XVgV:kVg^hiV
W^a^YVYYZiZcZgjceVgidXdbea^XVYd#CdZhi{XaVgdh^ZhV n6aZ_VcYgdaVhZhigZX]VhX^gXjchiVcX^VhWV_daVhXjVaZh
XdckZghVX^chZY^dVabdbZcidYZhjhXdcigdaZhegZcV" hZgVcZXZhVg^VjcVXZh{gZV!adfjZ^bea^XVaVX^gj\Vn
iVaZh#6aZ_VcYgdVÒgbfjZZaadhcjcXVeaVcZVgdcfjZZa XbdhZgVaVgZXjeZgVX^cYZ:kVg^hiVZcZaXVhdYZfjZ
cVX^b^Zcidijk^ZgVaj\VgZcZaejZhidYZhVajY!VeZhVg hZgZfj^g^ZhZY^X]VX^gj\V#8dbdXdchZXjZcX^VYZZaad!
YZfjZZaeZghdcVaYZab^hbdhZVafjZZc[Vi^oVgdcaV aVgZaVX^cXdcZaejZhidYZhVajYÅnZah^hiZbVYZhVajY
. ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
Zc\ZcZgVaÅ[jZYZjcVY^hiVcX^VZbdX^dcVaZmigZbVn H^cZbWVg\d!ZhiZXVhdhZVaVdigdhiZbVhncdhdad
YZYZhXdcÒVcoV!adfjZX^ZgiVbZciZejYd]VWZg^cÓj^Yd jcV[VaiVYZ^c[dgbVX^cXdcgZheZXidVaVhZbZg\ZcX^Vh
ZcaV[dgbVYZVXijVgYZ6aZ_VcYgdYjgVciZZaeVgidYZ dWhiig^XVhnhjigViVb^Zcid#6eVgZciZbZciZZm^hiZjcV
:kVg^hiVnVbZY^YVfjZaVXg^h^hhZYZhVggdaa# edWgZgZaVX^c\ZcZgVa^oVYVZcigZadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZa
:cacZVh\ZcZgVaZh!ZaXVhdhZVaVaVcZXZh^YVYYZ ejZhidYZhVajYnaVhXdbjc^YVYZhVaVhfjZZaejZhid
jcV^c[dgbVX^cVXXZh^WaZhdWgZaVhVajYbViZgcVnaVh YZhVajYYZWZhZgk^g#6aZ_VcYgdhZVafjZhjhkZX^cdh
ZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh!bZY^VciZZheVX^dhgVY^VaZh iVbW^cZk^iVcZaejZhidYZhVajY#9ZhYZaVeZgheZXi^kV
Y^g^\^YdhVZhZeWa^XddW_Zi^kd!ji^a^oVcYdgVY^dcdkZaVh YZadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZaejZhidYZhVajY!Za9g#Ndh]^gV
ndigdhbZY^dhbVh^kdhYZY^[jh^c#&*, OVbdgVHVaVhVg\jbZcifjZXVgZXZcYZVedndYZadh
:ceVgi^XjaVg!hZgVi^aXdciVgXdcegd\gVbVhgZaVX^d" VcX^VcdhYZaVXdbjc^YVYn!XdbdZaeZghdcVaZcZa
cVYdhXdcadhhcidbVhYZaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhn ejZhidYZhVajYZhi{Xdc[dgbVYdedgbj_ZgZh!ajX]Vc
aV^bedgiVcX^VYZWjhXVgVh^hiZcX^VXjVcYdhZ^c^X^Vcadh XdcZabVX]^hbdZcaVhXdbjc^YVYZh#&+%AdhVcX^VcdhYZ
YdadgZhYZeVgidYZaVbj_Zg!h^ZhidZhedh^WaZ#9VYdfjZ aVXdbjc^YVYZcigZk^hiVYdhedgE=Gc^h^fj^ZgVfj^h^Zgdc
aV]ZbdggV\^VedheVgidejZYZYZhVggdaaVghZYZbVcZgV VXdbeVVgVaZfj^edYZgZ\gZhdVaejZhidYZhVajYeVgV
^begZYZX^WaZnejZYZiZcZgXdbdgZhjaiVYdjcVbjZgiZ VegZcYZgb{h#
bjng{e^YVVbZcjYdZcaVhh^\j^ZciZh]dgVh!jcVkZo :hiZXVhdZhie^XdZcigZbjX]dhZcidYdZaEZg!
fjZZbe^ZoVaV]ZbdggV\^VejZYZgZhjaiVgYZbVh^VYd YdcYZ Zm^hiZ jc [gVXVhd Zc aV Xdbjc^XVX^c n Xdb"
iVgYZh^cdZm^hiZcbZY^dhYZXdbjc^XVX^cnigVchedgiZ egZch^cfjZhZYVZcigZZah^hiZbVYZhVajYnaVXdbj"
[{X^abZciZY^hedc^WaZh# c^YVY#&+&>ajhigVaVZm^hiZcX^VYZY^hiVcX^VhXjaijgVaZhn
NV fjZ aV bVndgV YZ aVh eZghdcVh Zc aVh {gZVh ZbdX^dcVaZhZcigZadhjhjVg^dhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYnadh
gjgVaZhYZaEZgcdaZZcadheZg^Y^Xdhc^kZciZaZk^h^c! ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!fjZejZYZcXgZVgWVggZgVh
aVgVY^dZhZabZY^db{hZ[ZXi^kdeVgVXdbjc^XVgZhidh h^\c^ÒXVi^kVh[gZciZVaVXXZhd!^cXajhdb{hVaa{YZaVh
bZchV_Zh#&*-HZ\cadhYVidhYZaV:C9:H!Zc'%%)XVh^ WVggZgVhÒcVcX^ZgVh#E=GYZhXjWg^fjZ!ZcZhiZXVhd!
YdhiZgX^dh+(!)YZaVedWaVX^cgjgVaZhXjX]VaVgVY^d adhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYZgVcg{e^YdhZcVig^Wj^gaV
VabZcdhjcVkZoVaVhZbVcV!ZcXdbeVgVX^cXdciVc gZcjZcX^VVYVgVajoZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYV
hdadZa&%!(fjZaZZadheZg^Y^XdhdgZk^hiVhjcVkZo ÆXgZZcX^VhXjaijgVaZhÇnVÆ^Y^dh^cXgVh^VhÇ!h^c]VXZgVa
VaVhZbVcVnZa'-!(fjZkZiZaZk^h^cjcVkZoVaV b^hbdi^Zbedc^c\cZh[jZgodh^hiZb{i^XdedgXdbegd"
hZbVcV#&*.AVhDC<h]Vc]ZX]d]^cXVe^ZcZa]ZX]dYZ bZiZghZZcZaY^{ad\dXdcaVhXdbjc^YVYZhgZheZXidV
fjZaVXdbjc^XVX^chdX^VaZhb{hZ[ZXi^kVXjVcYdhZ Xj{aZhZgVchjhegZ[ZgZcX^VheVgVZacVX^b^ZcidYZadh
WVhVnhZYZg^kVYZaVhgZVa^YVYZhYZadhdnZciZh!bZ" c^dhdXbdhZedYgVcXdbegdbZiZgadhZhiVWaZX^"
Y^VciZaVhgVY^dcdkZaVh!edgZ_Zbead!ZckZoYZa^b^iVghZ b^ZcidhYZhVajYhdWgZaVbVcZgVZcfjZhZWg^cYVZa
VY^[jcY^gadhVcjcX^dhVXdhijbWgVYdh# Xj^YVYd!XdcZaÒcYZWjhXVgjcejcidbZY^dYZVXjZgYd
ZcigZaVhYdh^chiVcX^Vh#
IdYdZaeZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViV
7^ZckZc^YVHVajY YZhXg^W^ aV [VaiV YZ Y^{ad\d n Xdbjc^XVX^c Xdc adh
AVgVY^dZhjcV]ZggVb^ZciVYZXdbjc^XVX^chdX^Va b^ZbWgdh YZ aV Xdbjc^YVY n Vjidg^YVYZh Xdbd jc
^ckVadgVWaZVadaVg\dnVcX]dYZjceVhXdbdZa dWhi{XjadXaVkZeVgVigViVgaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh
EZg!XdcedWaVX^dcZhiVcY^heZghVh#:cgZaVX^cXdc nZk^iVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#:gVZk^YZciZfjZZm^hiV
aV^ckZhi^\VX^cYZE=G!B>C<6EZgZhi{aVcoVcYd jcV[VaiVYZXdbjc^XVX^cnYZY^{ad\dZhidiVbW^c[jZ
jcVk^hdgVY^VaZchjegd\gVbVÆ7^ZckZc^YVHVajYÇ! dWhZgkVYdedgadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbjc^YVY!^cXajhdV
hda^X^iVcYd V fj^ZcZh aaVbVc fjZ XdbeVgiVc hjh eZhVgYZfjZiVcidZaYdXidgXdbdadhYZb{hb^ZbWgdh
ZmeZg^ZcX^VheZghdcVaZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZaiZbV YZaeZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ8V]jVeViV]VWaVWVc
YZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#AdhgZhjaiVYdhYZZhiV fjZX]jV#:hid^cY^XVfjZXdbeVgi^gZa^Y^dbVZhjcV
^ckZhi^\VX^c iVbW^c hZ Zhi{c egZhZciVcYd bZ" XdcY^X^ccZXZhVg^VeZgdcdhjÒX^ZciZeVgVZhiVWaZXZg
Y^VciZjcVhZg^ZgVY^VaY^k^Y^YVZc'*Ze^hdY^dh!fjZ jcVWjZcVXdbjc^XVX^c!nfjZaVXdbjc^XVX^c^bea^XV
hZg{aaZkVYVVaV^gZigZhkZXZhedghZbVcV!Y^g^\^YV cdhdadaVigVchb^h^cYZ^c[dgbVX^c!h^cdaVZm^hiZcX^V
VjcVVjY^ZcX^VYZVegdm^bVYVbZciZ+*#%%%dnZciZh YZjcVgZaVX^c#
ZcaVhgZ\^dcZhVbVoc^XVhYZAdgZid!HVcBVgic! :hiVgZaVX^cZhiVWVk^h^WaZbZciZVjhZciZZcZaXVhd
=j{cjXdnEjXVaaeV# YZ8Vg]jVeViV!nVbZcjYd]VXZ[VaiVZcbjX]Vh{gZVh
gjgVaZhYZaEZg#8dbdgZhjaiVYdYZZaad!aVhYZhXg^e"
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH.*
X^dcZhYZaVZYjXVX^cnaVhXVeVX^iVX^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVh idg^d#E=GYZhXjWg^fjZiVcidZc=jVcXVkZa^XVXdbd
XdcaVhVajYbViZgcV!fjZadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZhVajY Zcdigdhaj\VgZhVcY^cdh!adhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajY
Wg^cYVgdcVE=GZc8Vg]jVeViVÅnZcdigdhaj\VgZhYZ fjZigVWV_VcZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidheZg^[g^XdhWV_d
=jVcXVkZa^XVÅhZgZ[ZgVcVfjZadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaV XdcigVidhfjZXdch^YZgVcZaigb^cdYZadhb^hbdhV
hVajYÆaZ]VWaVWVcÇVadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbjc^YVYdV hda^X^ijYZhi{chj_ZidhVjcYZhe^YdhjbVg^dXjVcYd
aVheVgZ_VhYZbVcZgV^cY^k^YjVa!ZckZoYZ^ckdajXgVghZ hdcVhdX^VYdhXdcjcVbjZgiZbViZgcV#:hiZ[jZZaXVhd
ZcjcY^{ad\d]dg^odciVaXdcadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbj" YZ>hVWZa#:hiVheg{Xi^XVh!Vbea^VbZciZY^[jcY^YVh!cd
c^YVY!eVgVYZiZgb^cVgXj{aZhZgVchjhegZdXjeVX^dcZh! i^ZcZcgZaVX^cVa\jcVXdcaVkZgYVYZgVgZhedchVW^a^YVY
cZXZh^YVYZhneZgXZeX^dcZh# ni^ZcYZcVXgZVgjcdh^cXZci^kdheZgkZghdheVgVfjZaVh
E=GYdXjbZciaVZm^hiZcX^VYZjcVVXi^ijYejc^i^kV eZghdcVhfjZigVWV_VcZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY
]VX^VadheVX^ZciZh!VhXdbdYZcigdYZab^hbdh^hiZbV Zk^iZc^ckdajXgVghZZcXVhdhYZZbZg\ZcX^Vedgb^ZYd
YZhVajY#:cZhiZXVhd!>hVWZaaZY^_dV6aZ_VcYgdfjZ[jZ VhZgYZheZY^YVh#
ÆXjaeVYZaÇfjZ:kVg^hiV]jW^ZgVbjZgid#:aeZghdcVa Digd[VXidgfjZhZYZWZhZVaVgZcZhiZXVhdcdZh
YZaejZhidYZhVajYhZciVfjZYZWVhZgXVhi^\VYdedgcd iVcidfjZZaZhedhdYZ:kVg^hiVgZigVhhjYZX^h^cYZ
]VWZgcdi^ÒXVYd^cbZY^ViVbZciZVaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZ WjhXVgViZcX^cZcZaejZhidYZhVajY!h^cdfjZidYVhaVh
hVajYXjVcYd:kVg^hiVZbeZoZaigVWV_dYZeVgid#8dbd YZX^h^dcZhcZXZhVg^Vh[jZgdcidbVYVhedgadh]dbWgZh
XdchZXjZcX^VYZZaad!ZhiVWVcgZiZc^ZcYdaVeVgi^YVYZ YZhj[Vb^a^V#EdghjeVgiZ!aV[Vb^a^VYZ:kVg^hiVZhijkd
cVX^b^ZcidYZBVgV>hVWZa]VhiVfjZeV\VgVjcVbjaiV idiVabZciZVjhZciZnVfjZZaaVhZbjYYZhjXdbjc^YVY
de facto#IVbW^cXgZVcfjZaVhVjidg^YVYZhYZaVXdbj" V8^ZcZ\j^aaVeVgVk^k^gXdc6aZ_VcYgd#
c^YVYYZWVc!edghjaVYd!XVhi^\VgV6aZ_VcYgd^bedc^c" 6eVgZciZbZciZ!XgZnZcYdfjZhZigViVWVYZjceVgid
YdaZjcVhVcX^c!aVb^hbVfjZ\ZcZgVabZciZVYdeiV cdgbVa! XjVcYd ZbeZoVgdc adh YdadgZh YZ eVgid YZ
aV[dgbVYZjcVbjaiVdYZaVdWa^\VX^cYZgZVa^oVgjc :kVg^hiV!6aZ_VcYgdcdWjhXViZcX^cbY^XVeVgVhj
igVWV_dXdbjc^iVg^d# ZhedhV#C^iVbedXdWjhXViZcX^c^cbZY^ViVbZciZ
8dbd hZ hZVa Zc digdh XVhdh! aV ^bedh^X^c YZ XjVcYdaVeaVXZciVcd[jZZmejahVYV#EdgZaXdcigVg^d!
bjaiVhde factoVaVhbj_ZgZhfjZYVcVajoZcXVhV cZXZh^ifjZhj]ZgbVcdaZ]^X^ZgVkZgaVjg\ZcX^VYZa
ÅXdbd jc bZY^d eVgV dWa^\Vg V fjZ Zm^hiVc b{h XVhd eVgV dWiZcZg Za ^bejahd YZ WjhXVg aV ViZcX^c
cVX^b^Zcidh^chi^ijX^dcVaZhÅZhi{Vbea^VbZciZY^[jc" ajZ\dYZZheZgVgVabZcdhbZY^V]dgV#N!adfjZZhb{h
Y^YVZcZaEZg#E=GYZhXjWg^fjZ\gVccbZgdYZ h^\c^ÒXVi^kd!hdaVbZciZhZXdchjaiVadh]dbWgZhhdWgZ
b^ZbWgdhYZaVXdbjc^YVYVhZ\jgVWVcfjZZaejZhid aVZkZcijVaYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgaVViZcX^c#6aZ_VcYgd
YZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViVhZ\jVZhiVeg{Xi^XV#EZgdZhd XdchjaiXdchj]ZgbVcd!DY^ac!eZgdcjcXVXdcaVh
ZhXdbcZcbjX]Vh{gZVhgjgVaZhYZaEZg#:cZ[ZXid! bj_ZgZh!c^YZaVXVhVc^YZaVXdbjc^YVY#:kVg^hiVb^hbV
Za^c[dgbZZb^i^YdedgaV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWadYZhejh cdijkdkdoc^kdidZcZaegdXZhdYZidbVYZYZX^h^c
YZhj^ckZhi^\VX^cgZVa^oVYVZcZa'%%)"%*!YZhXjWg^ YZhYZjc^c^X^d!VeZhVgYZfjZZhidaVV[ZXi[ViVabZciZ#
fjZaVeg{Xi^XVZhiVWVÆZmiZcY^YVÇ#8dbdgZhjaiVYdYZ :hiVY^c{b^XViVbW^chZ]VYdXjbZciVYdZcZhijY^dh
ZhZ^c[dgbZ!hZegdbja\jcVcjZkVcdgbVYZaB>CH6 egZk^dhhdWgZZaegdWaZbVYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZa
egd]^W^ZcYdaVhbjaiVh#&+'H^cZbWVg\d!ZaXjbea^b^Zcid EZg#&+):cbdbZcidhYZXg^h^hiVaZhXdbdaVhZbZg\Zc"
YZY^X]VcdgbV]Vh^YdVaiVbZciZkVg^VWaZ!nZcbjX]dh X^VhdWhiig^XVh!VeZhVgYZfjZaVhhjZ\gVhYZhZbeZVc
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYZaeZghdcVaeVgZXZcdZhiVg jceVeZa^bedgiVciZ!adhZhedhdhnadhYZb{h]dbWgZh
XdchX^ZciZYZaVZm^hiZcX^VYZZhVcdgbV# YZaV[Vb^a^Vi^ZcYZcVVhjb^gZaXdcigdaZcaVidbVYZ
6ab^hbdi^Zbed!ZhiVhbZY^YVhXdVXi^kVhhZVea^XVc YZX^h^dcZh#:hidgZÓZ_VaVY^k^h^cW{h^XVYZadhgdaZhYZ
VeVX^ZciZhnVadhjhjVg^dhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajY!nadh \cZgd!VhXdbdZa]ZX]dYZfjZadh]dbWgZhedgad
egd[Zh^dcVaZhfjZigVWV_VcZcZah^hiZbVYZhVajYZhi{c! \ZcZgVaXdcigdaVcadhgZXjghdhZXdcb^Xdh!VadhXjVaZh
Zaadhb^hbdh!hj_ZidhVjch^hiZbVejc^i^kdZ^ggVX^dcVa# hZ]VXZcZXZhVg^dgZXjgg^gZcbdbZcidhYZXg^h^h#
>hVWZa!aVVjm^a^VgYZZc[ZgbZgVfjZViZcY^V:kVg^hiV EZgdZaYdb^c^dYZadhXjZgedhYZaVhbj_ZgZhnYZ
ZhVbVVcV![jZdW^ZcYZheZY^YVdigVch[Zg^YV^cbZ" aVhYZX^h^dcZhgZegdYjXi^kVhedgeVgiZYZadh]dbWgZh
Y^ViVbZciZYZhejhYZaVbjZgiZYZ:kVg^hiV!VeZhVg Xdb^ZcoVbjX]dVciZhYZfjZhjXZYVjcVZbZg\ZcX^V
YZfjZZhedXdegdWVWaZfjZZaaVejY^ZgV]VWZg]ZX]d dWhiig^XV#AVhYZX^h^dcZhgZheZXidVaVVci^XdcXZe"
Va\db{hfjZadfjZ]^od#&+(:hidZhadfjZhjXZYZ!edg X^cnVajhdYZadhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYVbZcjYdhdc
ad\ZcZgVa!ZcadhXVhdhYZjcVbjZgiZbViZgcV!YdcYZ idbVYVhedgadh]dbWgZhZcaVhXdbjc^YVYZhgjgVaZh
h^ZbegZ]VnVa\j^ZcfjZi^ZcYZVhZgZaX]^kdZme^V" YZ=jVcXVkZa^XV!VhXdbdZcdigdhaj\VgZhYZaEZg#:c
. + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
ZaXVhdYZ:kVg^hiV!VeZhVgYZfjZhZaZ^c[dgbhdWgZ ^bedgiVciZeVgVigViVgaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhYZ
aVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgZcZaejZhidYZhVajY!6aZ_VcYgd bVcZgVdedgijcV#6cVh!]VhiVZabdbZcidcdhZ]Vc
cdfj^hdji^a^oVgc^c\cbidYdYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg ji^a^oVYdc^adhgZXjghdheWa^Xdhc^adh[dcYdhcZXZhVg^dh
nedgZaadcdji^a^oVWVc^c\jcd!c^h^fj^ZgVZabidYd eVgVaVgZZhigjXijgVX^cYZaHZXidgHVajYVigVkhYZ
YZag^ibd#HZ\cZa9g#OVbdgV!ZhY^[X^a]VXZgfjZaVh E6GHVajY>eVgVXdbegVggVY^dhYZhi^cVYdhVaVhXdbj"
bj_ZgZhkZc\VcVaejZhidYZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViVdfjZ c^YVYZhZcZaEZg#
ji^a^XZcaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgedgfjZhjhZhedhdh AV[VaiVYZXdbjc^XVX^chZk^dV\gVkVYVedgjcV[VaiV
idbVcZhiZi^edYZYZX^h^dcZhedgZaaVh#&+* YZigVchedgiZ^\jVabZciZhZg^V!jc[VXidgfjZidYdhadh
:hiZ XVhd iVbW^c edcZ YZ gZa^ZkZ adh ZaZbZcidh ^ckdajXgVYdhÅYZhYZaVXdbjc^YVY]VhiVZaejZhidYZ
Xgi^Xdh fjZ ^be^YZc Za VXXZhd n Za hjb^c^higd YZ hVajYÅ X^iVgdc Xdbd jc dWhi{Xjad ^bedgiVciZ eVgV
aVViZcX^cjcVkZofjZhZ]VidbVYdaVYZX^h^cYZ igViVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV#8dbdaVbVndgVYZadh
WjhXVgaV#:hidZh!cd]VWVbZY^dhYZXdbjc^XVX^c gZh^YZciZhYZ8^ZcZ\j^aaV!6aZ_VcYgdcdiZcVc^c\cdigd
ZcigZ8^ZcZ\j^aaVnZaejZhidYZhVajY!ncdhZXdciVWV bZY^deVgVaaZ\VgVaejZhidYZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViVfjZ
XdcbZY^dhYZigVchedgiZ[{X^abZciZY^hedc^WaZh]VX^V Zah^beaZ]ZX]dYZXVb^cVg#EdgZaad!hj]^_d<dY^[gZYd
dYZhYZZaejZhidYZhVajY# hZk^ddWa^\VYdVXVb^cVgYjgVciZjcV]dgVnbZY^VZc
Cd]VnjcgVY^ddbZY^dYZXdbjc^XVX^cVa\jcd XdbeaZiVdhXjg^YVY!YZhXZcY^ZcYdedgjcVaVYZgVb^Zc"
Y^hedc^WaZeVgVadhgZh^YZciZhYZ8^ZcZ\j^aaV#EdgZaad! igVhaadkV#&+-:aejZhidYZhVajYcdXjZciVXdcjcbZY^d
ZcZaXVhdYZZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhdYZdigdi^ed!adh YZigVchedgiZY^hedc^WaZnZchjYZ[ZXidhZXdc[VZcjc
gZh^YZciZhcdejZYZcXdbjc^XVghZ^cbZY^ViVbZciZXdc gZh^YZciZXZgXVcdfjZedcZVY^hedh^X^chjeZghdcVn
ZaejZhidYZhVajYYZ8Vg]jVeViV#H^]jW^ZgV]VW^Ydjc hjVjidbk^a#&+.:hiZgZh^YZciZigVWV_V[gZXjZciZbZciZ
gVY^dZc8^ZcZ\j^aaV!6aZ_VcYgdhZ]VWgVedY^YdXdbj" XdbdXdcYjXidgYZiVm^nVbZcjYdcdZhi{Y^hedc^WaZ
c^XVgXdcZaejZhidYZhVajYnhZ]jW^ZgVedY^YdZk^iVgaV eVgVZaeZghdcVaYZaejZhidYZhVajY#AVVbWjaVcX^Vb{h
egY^YVYZaVegZX^dhV]dgVnbZY^VYZ<dY^[gZYdYZhXZc" XZgXVcVhZZcXjZcigVZcZaXZcigdYZhVajYZcA^gXVn!V
Y^ZcYdedgaVZbe^cVYVXda^cVaaZcVYZadYd#8dcZhZ b{hYZjcV]dgVYZigVnZXid#:cZhiZXVhd!aVVjm^a^Vg
V]dggdYZi^Zbed!Zhedh^WaZfjZ:kVg^hiV]jW^ZgVedY^Yd YZZc[ZgbZgVhZaVhVggZ\aeVgVXdckZcXZgVa]dbWgZ
hZgZhiVW^a^oVYVedgaVVjm^a^VgYZZc[ZgbZgVYZaejZhid YZfjZaVaaZkVgVZchjVjidbk^a!eZgdhZcZXZh^ijc
YZhVajY!Zai^ZbedhjÒX^ZciZXdbdeVgVigVch[Zg^gaVV bVciZc^b^ZcidVY^X^dcVaVciZhYZfjZejY^ZgVcgZVa^oVgZa
jcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYb{h\gVcYZYdcYZejY^ZgV igVnZXidhjW^ZcYdVaVbdciVVeVgVaaZ\VgV8^ZcZ\j^aaV#
]VWZggZX^W^YdZaigViVb^ZcidcZXZhVg^d# :aeh^bdZhiVYdYZaXVb^cdiVbW^c]^odfjZjcVaaVciV
6ZhiZgZheZXid!aVh^ijVX^cZc8^ZcZ\j^aaVZhaVbZc" hZe^cX]VgV!^be^Y^ZcYdfjZaVVh^hiZcX^VbY^XVaaZ\VgV
iVWaZbZciZWVhiVciZie^XV#E=GYZhXjWg^!nXdcÒgbV egdciVbZciZ#EVgVZabdbZcidZcfjZaVVnjYVbY^XV
igVkhYZadh^c[dgbVciZhXaVkZhnadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZ aaZ\VaVXVhV!:kVg^hiVnV]VWV[VaaZX^Yd#&,%
aVhVajY!fjZZhgVgdfjZZc=jVcXVkZa^XVnadhYZb{h 6Y^X^dcVabZciZ! Za ejZhid YZ hVajY cd Zck^ V hj
aj\VgZh YZa EZg gjgVa Zm^hiV jc gVY^d j digd bZY^d eZghdcVab{hXVeVX^iVYdeVgVViZcYZgaVZbZg\ZcX^V
YZXdbjc^XVX^c!iVaXdbdjciZa[dcddjcXZajaVg! dWhiig^XV#C^ZaYdXidgfjZ]VigVWV_VYdV]YjgVciZ
Y^hedc^WaZeVgVaVXdbjc^YVY#HZ\caV:C9:HYZa'%%)! igZhVdh!nZhXdcigViVYd!c^aVdWhiZig^odZc[ZgbZgV
iVchdadZa(YZadh]d\VgZhgjgVaZhVadaVg\dYZaEZg [jZgdcVViZcYZgaVZbZg\ZcX^V#EdgZaXdcigVg^d!>hVWZa!
XdciVWVXdciZa[dcd#&++:c=jVcXVkZa^XV!aVh^ijVX^cZh aVVjm^a^VgYZZc[ZgbZgV![jZZck^VYVV8^ZcZ\j^aaV!V
eVgi^XjaVgbZciZYjgV!XdciVchdad%!+'acZVhiZaZ[c^XVh eZhVgYZfjZZm^hiZcc^kZaZhbjnkVg^VYdhYZXVeVX^iV"
edgjcVedWaVX^cYZ&%%eZghdcVh!ZcXdbeVgVX^cXdc X^cnZhedXdegdWVWaZfjZ>hVWZa]jW^ZgVedY^Yd!edg
A^bVfjZXjZciVXdc()!(-acZVhedgXVYV&%%# &+,Cd Z_Zbead!ZmigVZgbVcjVabZciZaVeaVXZciV!fjZhVWV
Zm^hiZcacZVhiZaZ[c^XVhZc8^ZcZ\j^aaVc^XdWZgijgVYZ ZhiVWVgZiZc^YVedgaVYZhXg^eX^cYZ<dY^[gZYd#:cZhiZ
iZaZ[dcVXZajaVgVa\jcV# XVhd!:kVg^hiVnV]VWVbjZgidVabdbZcidZcfjZ>hVWZa
:hb{hegdWVWaZfjZhZY^hedc\VYZgVY^dhdiZa" aaZ\!eZgdZheZgijgWVYdgZa]ZX]dYZfjZZaejZhidYZ
[dcdhZcadhejZhidhYZhVajY!eZgdZm^hiZjcVYZbdgV hVajYcd]VnVbdk^a^oVYdVhjeZghdcVab{hXVa^ÒXVYd
h^\c^ÒXVi^kVZcXdbjc^XVgjcVZbZg\ZcX^VXjVcYd!Xdbd ÅZa9g#OVbdgVÅeVgVfjZhZ]^X^ZgVXVg\dYZjcVZbZg"
ZcZhiZXVhd!ZaejZhidYZhVajYZhi{jW^XVYdVX^ZgiV \ZcX^ViVchZkZgV#
Y^hiVcX^VYZaVXdbjc^YVYb^hbV#Adhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZ ;^cVabZciZ!XVWZgZhVaiVgZcZhiZXVhdfjZ6aZ_VcYgd
aVhVajYXdcadhfjZE=GXdckZghhZVaVgdcgZeZi^YVh n:kVg^hiVgZ\gZhVWVcYZkdiVgZcaVhZaZXX^dcZhbjc^X^"
kZXZhfjZaV[VaiVYZXdbjc^XVX^cZgVjcdWhi{Xjad eVaZhZcA^gXVnZaYVfjZZbeZoZaigVWV_dYZeVgid#
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH.,
KVg^dhZhijY^dhgZVa^oVYdhZcZaEZg]VcYZhXjW^ZgidfjZ IdbVhV!AjX^dnhjhh^ZiZ]^_dhk^kZcZcjcVaVYZgV
aVhbj_ZgZhgjgVaZhVbZcjYdcdkdiVcedgfjZcdXjZciVc ZmigZbVYVbZciZgZbdiV!ZcjcgZX^cidXdbejZhidedg
XdcYdXjbZcidhYZ^YZci^YVY#&,&AVeVgi^X^eVX^cedai^XV XjVigdeZfjZVhXdchigjXX^dcZh#Hjk^k^ZcYVhZjW^XVZc
ZhjcVXdcY^X^ccZXZhVg^VÅeZgdhZgZXdcdXZfjZcdZh jcVYZaVhZaZkVX^dcZhb{hVaiVhedh^WaZhZcjcVejcV
hjÒX^ZciZÅeVgVZmegZhVgaVegde^VkdoZcaVhedai^XVh VggVhVYVedgZak^Zcid#AdheZfjZdhedWaVYdhfjZhZ
fjZV[ZXiVchjhVajYnW^ZcZhiVg#:c=jVcXVkZa^XV!nZc ZcXjZcigVcb{hVWV_dc^h^fj^ZgVhdck^h^WaZhYZhYZhj
bjX]dhdigdhaj\VgZh!aVXVeijgVYZa\dW^ZgcdgZ\^dcVaedg ]d\Vg!VafjZhZejZYZaaZ\VghdaVbZciZbZY^VciZjc
eVgiZYZaVhZa^iZhjgWVcVhZhi{gZea^XVcYdaVhYZh^\jVa" XVb^cdYZi^ZggVZbe^cVYdnVc\dhid#
YVYZhfjZZm^hiZcVc^kZacVX^dcVa#&,' IdYVh aVh XdchigjXX^dcZh i^ZcZc e^hdh YZ i^ZggV n
iZX]dhYZeV_V#CdXjZciVcXdc^chiVaVX^dcZhYZV\jV!
Jcm^idegZXVg^d/IdbVhV c^gVY^ddZaZXig^X^YVY#EVgVXdchZ\j^gV\jV!IdbVhVn
hjh]^_dhi^ZcZcfjZXVb^cVgWV_VcYdedgaVbdciVV
IdbVhVIVaeZKVg\VhiZcV)%VdhXjVcYdhdWgZk^k^
]VhiVIVciVXXVidnaaZkVgXdcZaadhZaV\jV]VhiVaVeVgiZ
V aVh Xdbea^XVX^dcZh dg^\^cVYVh edg aV gZiZcX^c YZ
hjeZg^dgYZaVbdciVV!adXjVaejZYZXdckZgi^ghZZcjcV
eaVXZciVZchjYX^bdZbWVgVod#K^kZXdchj[Vb^a^VZc
VgYjV_dgcVYV#&,*>cXajhdYjgVciZZaYV!aVhk^k^ZcYVh
aV8dbjc^YVYYZIVciVXXVid!aVXjVa[dgbVeVgiZYZaV
hdcZmigZbVYVbZciZdhXjgVh!nVfjZXVgZXZciVcidYZ
cVX^c8]deXXV#&,(
kZciVcVhXdbdYZZaZXig^X^YVY#
JecWiWoBkY_e IdbVhV n hj [Vb^a^V Xjai^kVc hdaVbZciZ Va\jcdh
IdbVhVnAjX^d]VWVcXgZX^Yd_jcidh#IdbVhVZcjc egdYjXidh!eg^cX^eVabZciZeVeVh!ZcaVZbe^cVYVaVYZgV
eg^cX^e^dZhib^YVnaZYZÒZgZVAjX^daVeVaVWgV0hdaV" fjZZhi{ZcaVhV[jZgVhYZhjXVhV#8jZciVcXdcVa\jcdh
bZciZfj^ZgZfjZaVZcigZk^hiZcZcegZhZcX^VYZa#wa Vc^bVaZhZchjheVhidh!eg^cX^eVabZciZdkZ_Vh#8dciVc
hdcgZgZXdgYVcYdfj]ZgbdhVZgVXjVcYdhZXdcd" bV\gdhgZXjghdh!cd]VnhjÒX^ZciZVa^bZcideVgVgZVa^"
X^Zgdcedgeg^bZgVkZo!nZaaViVbW^chdcgZ#6bWdh oVgigZhXdb^YVhVaYV#Adhc^dhidbVcYZhVnjcdn
iZcVckZ^ciZVdhXjVcYd[dgbVgdcjcbVig^bdc^dYZ XZcVc!jhjVabZciZjcVhdeVV\jVYVVWVhZYZeVeVh#
]ZX]d n ]VhiV ZhZ bdbZcid ]VWVc ZhiVYd hVa^ZcYd BjnedXVhkZXZhXdbZcXVgcZ!nVfjZZhYZbVh^VYd
edgZaZheVX^dYZYdhVdh#HjheVYgZhVggZ\aVgdchj Xdhidhdji^a^oVghjhVc^bVaZheVgVVa^bZciVghZZckZo
jc^c#6bWdhXgZX^Zgdc_jcidhZcaVeZfjZVXdbjc^YVY YZkZcYZgadh#&,+
YZIVciVXXVidZcaVcVX^c8]deXXVÅjc\gjedic^Xd IdbVhVaaZkiVchdadYdhVdhYZZYjXVX^ceg^bVg^V0
Y^hi^cidXdbejZhidedgejZWadh^cY\ZcVhfjZ]VWaVc ZhVcVa[VWZiVnhdaVbZciZ]VWaVfjZX]jV#Hj[Vb^a^Vcd
fjZX]jVÅnXdbdXdchZXjZcX^VYZZaadk^k^ZgdcV]]VhiV iZcVhjÒX^ZciZY^cZgdeVgVhZ\j^gZck^{cYdaVVaVZhXjZaV#
fjZhZbjYVgdcb{hVgg^WVZcaVbdciVV!YdcYZk^kZc 6]dgV!ZmXZeidedgaVbVndgÅfjZnVZhjcVbVYgZhdaiZgV
VXijVabZciZ#:abdi^kdYZhjbjYVcoVhZYZW^VaYZhZd VYdaZhXZciZÅidYdhadh]^_dhYZIdbVhVZcZYVYZhXdaVg
YZZhiVgb{hXZgXVYZadheVYgZhVcX^VcdhYZIdbVhV! idYVkVVh^hiZcVaVZhXjZaV!VeZhVgYZfjZhZi^ZcZc
fjZnVcdhZedYVcXj^YVgW^Zcedghhdadh#&,) fjZYZheZgiVgVaVh*V#b#eVgVgZVa^oVgaVXVb^cViVYZ
Ydh]dgVhWV_VcYdedgaVbdciVV#>cXajhdXdcgZXjghdh
ZXdcb^Xdha^b^iVYdheVgVhjhiZciVgaVZYjXVX^cXdci^cjV
YZhjh]^_dh!jcdYZadhhjZdhYZIdbVhVeVgVZaadhZh
XdbeaZiVghjZYjXVX^cnVfjZZaaVcdejYd]VXZgad#&,,
AjX^dhZ]VXZZXdYZiVaZhhZci^b^Zcidh!Y^X^ZcYd!Æ8dbd
eVYgZh! fjZgZbdh b{h fjZ cVYV fjZ ZhijY^Zc# EZgd
hdbdhedWgZh!nXVgZXZbdhYZgZXjghdheVgVeV\Vgadh
VdhYZZhijY^dhnadhi^aZhZhXdaVgZh#Ç&,-
IdbVhVnAjX^di^ZcZch^ZiZ]^_dh!XdcZYVYZhfjZkVc
;did/8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg
YZadh&+Vdh]VhiVZaWZWYZhZ^hbZhZhVabdbZcid
YZaVZcigZk^hiVfjZbVcijk^ZgdcXdcE=G#CddWhiVciZ
fjZhZigViVWVYZhjYX^bdZbWVgVod!hjhigZheg^bZ"
gdh]^_dhbjg^ZgdcYZbjneZfjZdhYZW^YdVXdbea^"
XVX^dcZhYZg^kVYVhYZ^c[ZXX^dcZhgZhe^gVidg^VhV\jYVh#
:cZhZi^Zbed!ZaejZhidYZhVajYb{hXZgXVcdZhiVWV
IdbVhVnAjX^dZchj]VW^iVX^c# bjX]db{haZ_dhYZhjXVhVncdZm^hiVjceaVcYZhZ\jgd
. - 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
eWa^XdfjZVnjYVgVVhj[gV\VgadhXdhidhYZaVViZcX^c
naVhbZY^X^cVh#:cXVYVZbWVgVod!IdbVhVY^dVajoZc
hjXVhV!ncjcXV]VWVZmeZg^bZciVYdXdbea^XVX^dcZh
egZk^VbZciZ#AjX^daVVnjYVYVgVajoVidYdhhjh]^_dh!
nXdbZciVE=GfjZadheVgidh[jZgdccdgbVaZh#&,.
9jgVciZhjZbWVgVodb{hgZX^ZciZ!IdbVhVVXjY^Va
ejZhidYZhVajYZcHVc?jVcYZ8XVg]jVXXeVgVgZVa^oVghZ
;did/8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg
adhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh#whiZZgVZaeg^bZgZbWVgVod
eVgVZaXjVaZaaVWjhXngZX^W^ViZcX^cegZcViVa#K^h^i
ZaejZhidYZhVajYjcidiVaYZhZ^hkZXZhniZcVjcV
WjZcV gZaVX^c Xdc Za iXc^Xd YZ hVajY fjZ ]VWaVWV
fjZX]jV#8jVcYdkdak^V^geVgVhjai^bdXdcigda!iVc
hdadVa\jcdhYVhVciZhYZYVgVajo!aVdWhiZig^oaZY^_d
fjZZaaVZgVjcVeVX^ZciZYZbjnVaidg^Zh\dnaV^chiV
XdciVXiVgVaejZhidYZhVajY^cbZY^ViVbZciZYZhejhYZ IdbVhVXdchj]^_d!9Vc^Za
^c^X^VYdhadhYdadgZhYZeVgid#&-%:aaVZmea^XaVhhZVaZh
YZcigdYZhj_jg^hY^XX^c#:ckZoYZeVgi^gVe^ZdZc
YZVaVgbViVcidVaZhedhdXdbdVaVZhedhV#HZ\cAjX^d
W^X^XaZiVXdcAjX^dVhjk^k^ZcYVZaXZcigdYZhVajYcd
nIdbVhV!aVdWhiZig^oiVbW^caZhVbZcVoY^X^ZcYdfjZ
XdciVWVXdcjckZ]Xjad!YZX^Y^ZgdcigVch[Zg^gZaXVhdVa
h^cdkZcVcVaejZhidYZhVajY!iZcYgVcfjZeV\Vgedg
XZcigdYZhVajYYZ8XVhhVeViV!fjZZhiVWVedgadbZcdh
aVeVgi^YVYZcVX^b^ZcidYZac^d#
VYdh]dgVhYZIVciVXXVidZcXVggd#&-'H^cZbWVg\d!Za
9ecfb_YWY_ed[igk[Wc[dWpWdbWl_ZWWbZWhWbkp XZcigdYZhVajYYZ8XdX]VXXVhVZhi{Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ
bZY^V]dgVVe^ZYZhYZaVk^k^ZcYVYZAjX^dnIdbVhV#
6aVh&%e#b#YZaVcdX]ZYZa'(YZ_jc^dYZa'%%+!ZbeZ"
9ZhYZ8XdX]VXXVhV!ZaeZghdcVaVaZgiVYdedgAjX^dhZ
oVgdcadheg^bZgdhYdadgZhYZeVgid#=VX^ZcYdXVhdYZa
Xdbjc^XedggVY^dXdcZaXZcigdYZhVajYZc8XVhhVeViV#
XdchZ_dYZaVdWhiZig^onYZaiXc^XdYZhVajYYZEVciVX]^
:a9g#?Vk^ZgL^a[gZYdIVhVnXdZhXjX]ZabZchV_ZnZck^
Hjg!>hVVh!Zcfj^ZciVcidIdbVhVXdbdAjX^diZcVc
^cbZY^ViVbZciZVjcVdWhiZig^onVjcegdbdidgYZhVajY
WVhiVciZXdcÒVcoV!YZX^Y^bVcYVgVhj]^_VbVndg!
YZhYZjcejZhidYZhVajYZcigZ8XVhhVeViVnaVk^k^ZcYV!HVc
CVcXn!VWjhXVgVnjYVZcZaejZhidYZhVajYEVciVX]^
?jVcYZ8XVg]jVXX#EVja^cd!ZaegdbdidgYZhVajY!XdcYj_d
Hjg!eVgVaaZ\VgVaXjVaYZhYZhjk^k^ZcYVZhcZXZhVg^d
V:a^oVWZi]6eda^cVg^d!aVdWhiZig^o!VaVk^k^ZcYV!XdgiVcYd
idbVgedgjcVigV^X^dcZgVaVYZgV#H^cZbWVg\d!Vacd
XVb^cdeVgVaaZ\VgVaab{hg{e^Yd#6ab^hbdi^Zbed!Za9g#
XdciVgh^fj^ZgVXdcjcVa^ciZgcV!ijkdb^ZYdYZhVa^g
IVhVnXdZck^VaXdcYjXidgYZaVVbWjaVcX^VYZaXZcigdYZ
]VhiVfjZ]jW^ZgVhjÒX^ZciZajoV[jZgVeVgVgZVa^oVgZa
hVajYVaVZhXZcV#:aXdcYjXidg!;dgijcVIdgijcVid!ji^a^o
k^V_ZXdchZ\jg^YVY!adfjZhjXZY^Vegdm^bVYVbZciZV
jcV\gVcXVb^dcZiVe^X`"je!nVfjZaVVbWjaVcX^VÅV
aVhXjVigdYZaVbVYgj\VYV#AjZ\dYZaaZ\VgVaejZhidYZ
eZhVgYZhZgcjZkVÅZhiVWV[jZgVYZhZgk^X^dedggZfjZg^g
hVajY!>hVVhcdZhiVWVV]#CVcXnigViYZjhVgaVgVY^d
Va\jcVhgZeVgVX^dcZh#:a9g#IVhVnXdiVbW^chZegZdXje
eVgVeZY^gVnjYVVdigdhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!eZgd
edgadaZ_dhfjZZhiVWVIVciVXXVidnedgZa]ZX]dYZfjZ
edgVa\cbdi^kdcdZhXjX]VgdcaVaaVbVYV#
aVeVX^ZciZejY^ZgVbdg^g!hZhjW^VjcVeZfjZVbdid"
6egdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh*V#b#YZa')YZ_jc^d!cVX^
X^XaZiVeVgVaaZ\Vgb{hg{e^YdfjZaVVbWjaVcX^V#=VWV
Za]^_dYZIdbVhV!9Vc^Za#>c^X^VabZciZ!idYdeVgZXVhZg
aadk^YdgZX^ZciZbZciZnaVgjiVYZaXdcYjXidgYZaVVbWj"
cdgbVanZheZgVWVcfjZaVeaVXZciV[jZgVZmejahVYV#
aVcX^VZcaVXVb^dcZiVe^X`"jeZhiVWVWVhiVciZZcadYVYV!
8jVcYdZhidcddXjgg^YZcigdYZadhigZ^ciVb^cjidh
eZgdbVcZ_adb{hg{e^Ydedh^WaZ#&-(
edhiZg^dgZhVacVX^b^Zcid!AjX^dhVWVfjZVa\dVcYVWV
B^ZcigVhiVcid!IdbVhVeZgbVcZXVZchjk^k^ZcYV
bVa#:aZmigZbdV^haVb^ZcidYZhjk^k^ZcYV!h^ckZX^cdh
XdcZagZhidYZhjh]^_dh#Hjh]^_dhZhiVWVcidYdhVbdc"
VadhVagZYZYdgZhdbZY^dhYZXdbjc^XVX^c!YZegdcid
idcVYdhVhjVagZYZYdgZcaVeZfjZV]VW^iVX^cYZaV
hZ]^odWVhiVciZh^c^Zhigd#AjX^dZhiVWVVhjhiVYd0g{e^"
k^k^ZcYV#Adhb{heZfjZdhZbeZoVgdcVaadgVgb^ZcigVh
YVbZciZhZhjW^VhjW^X^XaZiVnhZaVhVggZ\aeVgV
hjbVYgZhZYZhbVnVWV[gZciZVhjhd_dh#IdbVhVgZ"
bVcZ_VgaV]VhiVZaXZcigdYZhVajYb{hXZgXVcd!Zc
XjZgYV]VWZghZhZci^YdViZggdg^oVYV!h^chVWZgfj]VgV
8Xd]VXXVhV!eVgVWjhXVgVnjYV#&-&
AjX^dh^ZaaVbdgVnXbdadhc^dhegdheZgVgVc#&-)
6eZhVgYZfjZ8XdX]VXXVhVZgVZaXZcigdYZhVajY
AVdWhiZig^oYZHVc?jVcYZ8XVg]jVXX!:a^oVWZi]
b{hXZgXVcd!aVk^k^ZcYVYZIdbVhVnAjX^dcdZhiVWV
6eda^cVg^d!aaZ\XdcEVja^cdVegdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh'
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH..
e#b#:cXdcigVgdcVIdbVhV^cXdchX^ZciZ!gdYZVYVYZ YZhXVchVg!nidYVkVi^ZcZY^ÒXjaiVYZhZheZX^VabZciZ
jc\gVcX]VgXdYZhVc\gZ#GZk^hVgdchjhh^\cdhk^iVaZh ZcadhigVnZXidhaVg\dh!^cXajnZcYdVfjZaadhcZXZhVg^dh
naZejh^ZgdcYdh^c[jh^dcZh^cigVkZcdhVhYZÓj^Ydhn eVgVigVZgV\jVeVgVaV[Vb^a^V#
eaVhbV#:a^oVWZi]ZhiVWVgZX^cZbeZoVcYdVZmigVZg IdYVkVh^\jZbjnVhjhiVYVedgidYdadfjZaZeVh
bVcjVabZciZaVeaVXZciVXjVcYdaaZ\Za9g#IVhVnXd# ncdfj^ZgZiZcZgb{h]^_dh#:aYdXidgnaVdWhiZig^oaZ
:a9g#IVhVnXd]VWVeVhVYdVAjX^d!fjZgZ\gZhVWVVhj Y^_ZgdcfjZedYgVbdg^gh^hVaZZbWVgVoVYVcjZkV"
k^k^ZcYVZchjW^X^XaZiV#:aYdXidgidbZaXdcigda!Zmea^X bZciZ# 6 eZhVg YZ fjZ Za eZghdcVa iVcid YZa ejZhid
VAjX^dfjZYZWVZmigVZgaVeaVXZciVnejYdZmigVZg YZhVajYXdbdYZaXZcigdYZhVajYaZh]VWahdWgZadh
\gVceVgiZYZhiV#&-*H^cZbWVg\d!Va\jcdheZYVodh bidYdhYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!ZaaVnAjX^dcdZhi{c
hZfjZYVgdcnYZX^Y^igVch[Zg^gaVVaXZcigdYZhVajYYZ ji^a^oVcYd VXijVabZciZ c^c\c bidYd bdYZgcd# HZ
8XVhhVeViVZcaVXVb^dcZiVe^X`"je!eVgVgZVa^oVgjc a^b^iVcVji^a^oVgZabidYdYZag^ibd#
bZ_dgigViVb^ZcidnZkVajVX^c#&-+
7d|b_i_i
Bk[]eZ[bWYh_i_i"bWiWbkZZ[JecWiWc[`ehW EdghZgjcVbj_ZgZchjYX^bdZbWVgVod!IdbVhViZcV
f[hef[hi_ij[dbeij[ceh[i jcg^Zh\dh^\c^ÒXVi^kdYZhj[g^gXdbea^XVX^dcZhgZaVX^d"
JcVkZofjZIdbVhV[jZigVch[Zg^YVVaXZcigdYZhVajY! cVYVhXdcZaZbWVgVod#;jZVYZXjVYdfjZaVVaZciVgVcV
eZgbVcZX^ZcdWhZgkVX^caVh')]dgVhYZaYVedgjc YVgVajoZcZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYZckZoYZ]VXZgad
idiVaYZigZhYVh#AjX^daVVXdbeVVaXZcigdYZhVajY Zchj]d\Vg!nZa]ZX]dYZfjZIdbVhVnAjX^dijk^ZgVc
neZgbVcZX^VhjaVYdidYdZai^Zbed#Hj]^_VbVndg! jcVgZaVX^cedh^i^kVegZZm^hiZciZXdcZaegdbdidgYZ
CVcXn!hZfjZYVXVg\dYZagZhidYZadhc^dh# hVajY[jZ^bedgiVciZeVgVhjYZX^h^cYZcdi^ÒXVgVa
6hjaaZ\VYVIdbVhVgZX^W^]^YgViVX^c^cigVkZcdhV ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYiVcegdcidXdbdhZ^c^X^Za
VY^X^dcVanhZhdbZi^VjcXjgZiV_ZeVgVaVZmigVXX^cYZ igVWV_dYZeVgid#H^cZbWVg\d!YZW^YdVfjZcdXdciV"
adh[gV\bZcidhYZeaVXZciVgZiZc^Ydh#EZgbVcZX^Xdc WVcXdca^ciZgcV!naVaVYZgVYZaVbdciVVZhiVWViVc
Vci^W^i^XdhYjgVciZidYVhjZhiVYV#6aiZgXZgYV!hZaZ Zbe^cVYV!CVcXncdejYdhVa^gYZhjk^k^ZcYV]VhiVfjZ
Y^dYZVaiVZcXdcY^X^cZhiVWaZ!XdcX^cXdYVhb{hYZ ZbeZoVVXaVgVg!Vegdm^bVYVbZciZhZ^h]dgVhYZhejh
Vci^W^i^XdhdgVaZheVgVZk^iVgaV^c[ZXX^cnhjeaZbZcidh YZadheg^bZgdhYdadgZhYZIdbVhV#9ZhYZZa^c^X^dYZ
YZ]^ZggdeVgVigViVghjVcZb^V#&-,CdhZaZXdWgc^aV adhYdadgZh]VhiVZacVX^b^ZcidYZaWZW!eVhVgdch^ZiZ
ViZcX^cc^aVVbWjaVcX^V#IdYdhZhidhXdhidh[jZgdc ]dgVh#6aVajoYZaVhX^gXjchiVcX^Vh!hjYZX^h^cYZ
XjW^ZgidhedgZaH>H#&-- WjhXVgViZcX^c[jZegdciV!eZgdcdejY^ZgdcZ_ZXjiVg
:aXZcigdYZhVajYYZ8XVhhVeViVZhjcZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid Y^X]VYZX^h^cYZbVcZgVdedgijcV#
gZX^ZciZbZciZgZbdYZaVYdfjZXjZciVXdcadhhjb^c^h" :chZ\jcYdaj\Vg!hjh^ciZcidhYZWjhXVgViZcX^chZ
igdhVegde^VYdh!ngZX^W^jcÒcVcX^Vb^Zcidh^\c^ÒXVi^kd k^Zgdc[gjhigVYdhedgjcV[VaiVYZigVchedgiZnbZY^dh
bZY^VciZE6GHVajY>#:hi{XZgi^ÒXVYdXdbd;DC7!ad YZXdbjc^XVX^c^cbZY^Vidh!VhXdbdedgWVggZgVh
XjVah^\c^ÒXVfjZZhjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidXVeVoYZWg^cYVg _jg^hY^XX^dcVaZhYZcigdYZah^hiZbVYZhVajYeWa^XV#
ViZcX^cdWhiig^XVW{h^XV#:a9g#IVhVnXdZhi^bfjZZa AVhWVggZgVh\Zd\g{ÒXVhfjZhjg\^ZgdcedgadhY^[X^aZh
XZcigdYZhVajYViZcY^Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ-%eVgidh!aV XVb^cdhbdciVdhdhiVbW^cgZigVhVgdcZaVXXZhdVaV
b^iVYYZadhXjVaZhegZhZciVWVcZbZg\ZcX^Vh#8jZciVXdc ViZcX^cYZIdbVhV#
gZXjghdhVYZXjVYdhYZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiVYZeZghdcVa 6cVh!cdXdciVWVcXdcZaVXXZhdVjcVXdbjc^"
^cXajnZcYdVcZhiZh^ad\d!adXjVaZhbjnedXdXdbcZc XVX^cgVY^VaXZgXVcV!nCVcXnhZk^d[dgoVYVVXVb^cVg
aVhodcVhgjgVaZhYZaEZg!^chjbdhfj^gg\^XdhbZcdgZh! ]VhiVZaejZhidYZhVajYYZEVciVX]^HjgZcadfjZ[jZ
bZY^XVbZcidhcZXZhVg^dh!bZY^dhYZigVchedgiZnZfj^ed ÒcVabZciZjc^ciZcid[Vaa^YdYZeZY^gVnjYVedggVY^d#
YZXdbjc^XVX^c#:hiVh^ijVX^cXdcigVhiVXaVgVbZciZXdc HdaVbZciZAjX^dejYdaaZ\VgVjcgVY^dfjZZhiVWVZc
ZaXZcigdYZhVajYkZX^cdYZ8XdX]dXXVhV#:aeZghdcVa [jcX^dcVb^Zcid! fjZ hZ ji^a^o eVgV aaVbVg e^Y^ZcYd
VhdX^VYdV8XVhhVeViVXdciVWVXdcadhXdcdX^b^Zcidhn VnjYVV8XVhhVeViV#:hiZXVhdZhie^XdZcXjVcidV
aVh]VW^a^YVYZhcZXZhVg^VheVgVgZVa^oVgZaegdXZY^b^Zcid fjZaVVjhZcX^VYZgVY^djdigdbZY^dYZXdbjc^XVX^c
YZXjgZiV_ZfjZaZhVakaVk^YVneZgb^i^VIdbVhVgZkZgi^g b{hXZgXVcdVa]d\VgZhjc^beZY^bZcidh^hiZb{i^Xd
aVbdgiVa^YVYVhdX^VYVXdcZaeVgid# eVgVbVcZ_VgaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhnVWdgYVgaV
IdbVhVXjZciVfjZZhijkdYW^a!iVcid[h^XVXdbd bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg#
bZciVabZciZ!edgjcWjZci^ZbedajZ\dYZaVZbZg" AV edh^W^a^YVY YZ IdbVhV n AjX^d YZ ^YZci^[^XVg n
\ZcX^V# Cd edYV XVb^cVg \gVcYZh Y^hiVcX^Vh h^c aaZ\VgVjcZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajYhZk^dbVndgbZciZ
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH&%&
VaiVbZciZeda^i^oVYdhZckZoYZ^ckZgi^gZc^ciZgkZcX^dcZh bZciZVaVAZnYZCdbWgVb^ZcidBY^Xd!fjZeZgb^iV
i^aZhn![jcYVbZciVabZciZ!Zm^hiZedXVgZhedchVW^a^YVY# VadhYdXidgZhgZX^ZciZbZciZcdbWgVYdhhZaZXX^dcVg
:caVVXijVa^YVY!iVchdadhZgZfj^ZgZjcgZX^WdeVgV YcYZfjZgVcigVWV_Vg#&..H^cZbWVg\d!bVciZcZgjc
YZbdhigVgfjZhZ]VXdbegVYdjcVVbWjaVcX^V!eZgdZa h^hiZbVZcZafjZadhYdXidgZhcdXjZciVcXdcWZcZÒX^dh
kZ]XjadZcgZVa^YVYejZYZ]VWZgh^YdkjZaidVkZcYZgd c^XdcZhiVW^a^YVYaVWdgVacdejZYZXdchi^ij^gjcVhdaj"
ji^a^oVYdeVgVdigdegdeh^id!ncdZhiVgY^hedc^WaZZcZa X^chdhiZc^WaZeVgVXdciVgXdcjcVYdiVX^cYZeZghdcVa
ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid#:m^hiZjcVXaVgVcZXZh^YVYYZbZ_dgVg gVX^dcVa#:aEZggZfj^ZgZjg\ZciZbZciZjcVZhigViZ\^VYZ
adhh^hiZbVhYZbdc^idgZdnYZVh^\cVX^cYZgZhedc" gZ\^cedggZ\^ceVgVZc[gZciVgaVgdiVX^cYZeZghdcVa!
hVW^a^YVYXdciVWaZeVgVXdcigdaVgVYZXjVYVbZciZaVh fjZgZheZiZadhYZgZX]dhYZadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZhVajY#
XdbegVhYZZfj^edh# 9^X]VZhigViZ\^VYZWZXdcXZcigVghZZcadh;D7h#6WdgYVg
:abVciZc^b^ZcideaVciZViVakZojcegdWaZbVVc aVVaiVgdiVX^cYZeZghdcVanaVgVX^dcVa^oVX^cYZaV
bVndg#:hidhZgZÒZgZVfjZ!YVYdfjZZaXdhidYZXVe^iVa [jZgoVYZigVWV_dZchVajYXdchi^ijnZjcVhjcidZhZc"
nYZYZegZX^VX^ccdhZ^cXajnZZcadhX{aXjadhYZXj{cid X^VaeVgVVhZ\jgVgfjZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZZmeZg^bZciVc
XjZhiVcadhcVX^b^ZcidhZcaVhodcVhgjgVaZh!ZaÒcVc" ZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhY^hedc\VcXdci^cjVbZciZYZ
X^Vb^Zcid Zh Vbea^VbZciZ ^chdhiZc^WaZ# Edg Zaad! V adhXdc_jcidhYZ]VW^a^YVYZhnXj^YVYdhcZXZhVg^dh!eVgV
eZhVgYZfjZZa7>9VhZ\jgVE=GfjZhZ]VcXdciZb" fjZVhaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVhZkZVgZYjX^YV#
eaVYdegd\gVbVX^dcZhYZbVciZc^b^ZcideVgVidYdh :chjbV!IdbVhV[jZZmigZbVYVbZciZV[dgijcVYV!
adhZfj^edhXdbegVYdhYZVXjZgYdXdcE6GHVajY!&.+Zc eZgdZhiZXVhdcdYZWZXdch^YZgVghZXdbdZ_ZbeadYZ
gZVa^YVYXjVcYdjcZfj^edhZbVad\gVÅXdbdZcZaXVhd jcm^idYZah^hiZbV#
YZaVVbWjaVcX^VYZaXZcigdYZhVajYYZ8XVhhVeViVÅZa
H>HZh^cXVeVoYZXjWg^gZaXdhidfjZ^bea^XVhjgZeVgV" :hXVeVgYZaXdcÓ^XideVgVZc[gZciVg
X^c#:aH>HhdaVbZciZeV\VjcViVhVÒ_VeVgVadhZfj^edh
aVigV\ZY^VnaV^c_jhi^X^V/;gVcX^hXV
XdbegVYdhedgaVhY^hi^ciVh9>G:H6hiVaZhXdbdaVYZ
=jVcXVkZa^XV#:hiViVhV[^_VcdgZXdcdXZZaXdhidYZ ;gVcX^hXV8XZciZFj^heZbjg^ZcZa8ZcigdYZHVajY
aaZkVgadhVaVh{gZVhgjgVaZhncdegdedgX^dcVbVciZc^" ZcEVbeVhZa')YZVWg^aYZa'%%)!VaVZYVYYZ(-Vdh!
b^Zcidc^XdbWjhi^WaZ#&., YZW^YdVjcYZggVbZXZgZWgVaXdbdgZhjaiVYdYZjcV
;^cVabZciZ!aVh^ijVX^cZhegZXVg^VZcXjVcidVaV egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V#
YdiVX^cYZeZghdcVa#AdhVXidgZhXaVkZhZcZhiVZbZg" BWl_ZW[dYecdZ[<hWdY_iYWo7cWdY_e
\ZcX^VdWhiig^XV!iVcidaVdWhiZig^oXdbdZa9g#IVhVnXd!
;gVcX^hXVn6bVcX^dhZXVhVgdcXjVcYdZaaViZcV&-
Zhi{cYZY^XVYdhVhjigVWV_d!eZgdE=GhjedfjZhjh
Vdhna''#HjheVYgZhVggZ\aVgdcZabVig^bdc^d!eZgd
XdcigVidhiZgb^cVgVcedXdYZhejhYZaVhZcigZk^hiVh
ZaadhZgVcYZaVb^hbVXdbjc^YVYnhZXdcdX^ZgdcVjcV
hdhiZc^YVhXdcE=GnVbWdhiZcVceaVcZVYdYZ_VgaV
ZYVYiZbegVcV#6bVcX^dcdejZYZ]VWaVgYZ;gVcX^hXV
gZ\^c#AVVaiV^cX^YZcX^VYZgdiVX^cYZaeZghdcVaZhjc
h^caadgVg#:aaVZgV!hZ\chjejcidYZk^hiV!aVajoYZhj
egdWaZbVXdchiVciZfjZE=G^YZci^ÒXZc=jVcXVkZa^XV
k^YV!hjc^XVZheZgVcoVeVgVVaXVcoVgaV[Za^X^YVY#
nZcdigdhaj\VgZhYZaEZg#9dXidgZhiVaZhXdbdZa9g#
AVeVgZ_VZgVdg^\^cVg^VYZ6nVXjX]d!eZgdhZbjY
IVhVnXd!fjZi^ZcZaVhjZgiZYZhZgcdbWgVYd!eVhVcjc
V=jVcXVkZa^XVZc&.-)eVgVZhXVeVgYZaVXgZX^ZciZ
i^Zbedbc^bdZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZheVgVajZ\dedYZg
k^daZcX^VfjZiZcVaj\VgXZgXVYZhj]d\Vg#'%%6nVXjX]d
hZ\j^ghjhZheZX^Va^oVX^dcZhZcX^jYVYZhb{h^bedg"
ZgVZaZe^XZcigdYZak^daZcidXdcÓ^XidZcigZZa\gjediZggd"
iVciZh#AV\gVcbVndgVYZagZhidYZaeZghdcVaYZaXZcigd
g^hiVbVdhiVHZcYZgdAjb^cdhd!fjZhjg\^Zc&.-%!nZa
YZhVajYYZ8XVhhVeViVigVWV_VWVWV_dXdcigVidh!nVhZV
\dW^Zgcd#:aXjVgZciVedgX^ZcidYZaVhkXi^bVhYZY^X]d
ZcgZaVX^cXdcZahZgk^X^dgjgVaH:GJBXdbdbZY^VciZ
XdcÓ^XidegdkZcVYZ6nVXjX]d#AVVkVhVaaVYdgVbVndgV
VXjZgYdhfjZcddidg\VcWZcZÒX^dh#:ai^ZbedegdbZY^d
YZVfjZaadhVhZh^cVYdh!YZhVeVgZX^Ydhnk^daVYdhYjgVciZ
YZjcXdcigVidZhYZjcdVYdhVdheVgVadh;D7h!iVaZh
aVk^daZcX^VVgbVYVZgVcXVbeZh^cdh^cY\ZcVhhZbZ"
XdbdZaXZcigdYZhVajYYZ8XVhhVeViV#
_VciZhV6bVcX^dn;gVcX^hXV#:a{gZVYZ=jVcXVkZa^XV!
:abVcZ_dYZaeZghdcVafjZegZhiVhZgk^X^dhZcadh
YdcYZ6bVcX^dn;gVcX^hXVhZZhiVWaZX^Zgdc!iVbW^chZ
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYZhVaiVbZciZkVg^VWaZZ^ggV"
k^dV[ZXiVYVegd[jcYVbZciZedgZaXdcÓ^Xid!eZgdZaadhhZ
X^dcVaZcidYdZaEZg0Zm^hiZiVcidaVZmXZh^kVYdiVX^c
h^ci^ZgdceZghdcVabZciZb{hhZ\jgdhV]fjZZc=jVciV!
YZeZghdcVaXdbdaV[VaiVYZeZghdcVaZcadh;D7h#&.-
ZcZaYZeVgiVbZcidYZ6nVXjX]d#
:cZcigZk^hiVhhdhiZc^YVhXdc[jcX^dcVg^dhYZa7VcXd
9ZhYZhjaaZ\VYVVEVbeVh!;gVcX^hXVn6bVcX^d
BjcY^Va!hZ^c[dgbVE=GfjZZhidhZYZWZeg^cX^eVa"
k^k^ZgdcZcjcVeZfjZVeVgXZaVYZi^ZggV!fjZVcZh
& % ' 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
egde^ZYVYYZ6bVcX^d#=VnhjÒX^ZciZZheVX^deVgVaV
XVhVnjcY^b^cjid_VgYc!edgadfjZcdXdhZX]Vcc^i^ZcZc
hjhegde^dhVc^bVaZh!VY^[ZgZcX^VYZaVbVndgVYZhjh
kZX^cdh#:hiVeZfjZV{gZVeVgZXZXdcigVhiVgXdcaVhk^"
k^ZcYVhYZadhVagZYZYdgZh!ZcaVhXjVaZhXVh^idYdhi^ZcZc
eVgXZaVhkZgYZhgZaVi^kVbZciZ\gVcYZh!iVbW^ceVgV
Xjai^kVg#EdgZaXdcigVg^d!hdaVbZciZ]VnVa\jcdhXjVcidh
edaadhfjZXdggZiZVcedgaVegde^ZYVYYZ6bVcX^d!aVXjVa
;did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
ZchjbVndgeVgiZZhi{XjW^ZgiVYZi^ZggVZckZoYZeVhid#
6bVcX^dY^XZfjZan;gVcX^hXVZmigVVWVcaVX]VXgV!d
\gVc_V!igZbZcYVbZciZ#:ahjZdYZ;gVcX^hXV]VWVh^Yd
gZ\gZhVgV6nVXjX]dajZ\dYZfjZcVX^ZgVZhiZWZW0ZaaV
]VWV]VWaVYdYZgZ\gZhVgXdcXVYVkZobVndg[gZXjZcX^V
YjgVciZhjai^bdZbWVgVod# 6bVcX^dZchjbdidiVm^ZcEVbeVh#
Hj k^k^ZcYV Zc 6]jVnX]V Zhi{ WVhiVciZ XZgXV YZa
edWaVYdb{h\gVcYZYZEVbeVh06bVcX^dcdk^kZZc 6bVcX^d gZXjZgYV V ;gVcX^hXV Xdbd bjn YjaXZ n
jcaj\VgZmigZbVYVbZciZgZbdidXdbdbjX]VhYZaVh XVg^dhV!eVgi^XjaVgbZciZXdchjh]^_dh#8dcifjZZaaV
digVheZghdcVhZcigZk^hiVYVhedgE=G#9Z]ZX]d!Zm^hiZ adVbVWVbjX]dncdXdci^ZcZaVha{\g^bVhXVYVkZo
jcXVb^cdbjnigVch^iVYdYZi^ZggVfjZXdcYjXZbjn fjZ]VWaVYZZaaV#9^h[gjiVWVZheZX^VabZciZVaXdX^cVg!
XZgXVYZhjk^k^ZcYV!n]VnbjX]dhXVggdhnXVb^dcZhZc nVbZcjYdegZeVgVWVXdhVhiVaZhXdbdhdeVngdaadh
aVXVggZiZgVb{higVch^iVYVk^h^WaZVaVY^hiVcX^V# YZeVc]ZX]dhZcXVhVeVgVaV[Vb^a^V#AZXdbegVWV
9VYdfjZcdXjZciVcXdcjciZggZcdfjZXjai^kVg! cVgVc_VhnVa^bZcidhZheZX^VaZheVgVadhc^dhh^ZbegZ
6bVcX^d hZ \VcV aV k^YV XdcYjX^ZcYd jcV bdidiVm^ fjZedYV#
XVYVYV#AZXjZhiV&%CjZkdhHdaZhJH(Vafj^aVg 6bVcX^dn;gVcX^hXVijk^ZgdcXjVigd]^_dh_jcidh!Xdc
ZakZ]Xjadnedgad\ZcZgVadWi^ZcZjcV\VcVcX^VYZ ZYVYZhfjZkVcYZadhdX]dVadh''Vdh#AdhXjVigd
X^cXdVh^ZiZCjZkdhHdaZhVegdm^bVYVbZciZJH&!(% cVX^Zgdch^cXdbea^XVX^dcZhZcZaXZcigdYZhVajYYZ
"'!(%YZhejhYZeV\VgZaVafj^aZg#:hi{YZhZdhdYZ EVbeVh!VZmXZeX^cYZK^g\^c^V!aVbVndg!fjZcVX^Zc
gZVa^oVgXjVafj^Zgdigdi^edYZigVWV_dnVkZXZhhZaVh XVhV#6adaVg\dYZhjZbWVgVodb{hgZX^ZciZ!;gVcX^hXV
VggZ\aVeVgVZcXdcigVgigVWV_dhedXdXdbjcZh!eZgdaZ gZX^W^ViZcX^cegZcViVaZcZaejZhidYZhVajYb{h
ZhY^[X^a!nVfjZZhVcVa[VWZidni^ZcZedXVhYZaVh]VW^a^" XZgXVcd!Zc6]jVnX]V#'%&
YVYZhgZfjZg^YVhedgZabZgXVYd#8jVcYdgZX^ZciZbZciZ AdhgZ\^higdhYZahZ\jcYdZbWVgVodYZ;gVcX^hXVZc
igViYZXdchZ\j^gjcigVWV_dZcaVX^jYVYYZEVbeVh!aZ &..)gZkZaVcZk^YZcX^VYZaVegZhZcX^VYZ]^eZgiZch^c#
Y^_ZgdcfjZcdhZgVXdcigViVYdedgfjZcd]VWVVednVYd :m^hiZcgZ\^higdh^ciZgbZY^dhfjZ^cY^XVcZagZidgcdV
aVXVbeVVeVgVaVZaZXX^cYZaVaXVaYZ# aVegZh^cVgiZg^VacdgbVaYjgVciZaVhk^h^iVhcdgZaV"
X^dcVYVhXdcjcZbWVgVod!nZcdigVh\ZhiVX^dcZh#'%'
9ZW^YdVZhidh]ZX]dh!edYZbdh^c[Zg^gfjZegdWVWaZ"
bZciZZaaVijkdegZ"ZXaVbeh^VZchjhZ\jcYdZbWVgVod
nedgZaadZhiVWVZcg^Zh\dYZYZhVggdaaVgaVZcedhiZ"
g^dgZhZbWVgVodh#
9jgVciZ hj ZbWVgVod b{h gZX^ZciZ! ;gVcX^hXV
gZX^W^ViZcX^cegZcViVaYZjcbY^Xd!jcVdWhiZig^on
jciXc^Xd#Hjeg^bZgVk^h^iVijkdaj\VgZchjhZ\jcYd
ig^bZhigZ YZ ZbWVgVod n [jZ hZ\j^YV YZ digVh dX]d
k^h^iVh!fjZXjab^cVgdcVaVh(*hZbVcVh#;jZYZh^\cVYd
;did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
XdbdjcZbWVgVodYZVaidg^Zh\dVeZhVgYZfjZcddXj"
gg^ZgdcZ[ZXi^kVbZciZXdbea^XVX^dcZhYjgVciZhjViZcX^c
egZcViVa#'%(H^cZbWVg\d!Y^X]dhgZ\^higdhXdcigVhiVcXdc
aV^c[dgbVX^cYZa9g#6aZmOVcYgd6hXZcX^d!fjZ^c[dgb
fjZ;gVcX^hXVbdhigVWVZk^YZcX^VhYZjcV]^eZgiZch^c
B^ZbWgdhYZaV[Vb^a^VZcaVhV[jZgVhYZhjk^k^ZcYV# ^cYjX^YVedgZaZbWVgVodYjgVciZhjhXdcigdaZhegZcV"
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH&%(
X^dcZhZhedg{Y^XVhnjcZmVbZcXZgk^XVaYZ*Xb#YZ
Y^aViVX^cnjc.%YZWdggVb^ZcidYZaXjZaadjiZg^cd#
;jZVYb^i^YVZcZaXZcigdYZhVajYXdcZaY^V\chi^Xd
eg^bVg^dYZjcZbWVgVodVigb^cdZc(*hZbVcVhn
jcY^V\chi^XdhZXjcYVg^dYZ]^eZgiZch^c^cYjX^YVedg
ZaZbWVgVod#'&%:aigViVb^Zcid^cXajnaV]dhe^iVa^oVX^c
naVVYb^h^cZcZahZgk^X^ddWhiig^XdYZaXZcigd!Vh
XdbdaVVYb^c^higVX^cYZjcVYdh^hYZc^[ZY^e^cVÅjc
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
Vci^]^eZgiZch^kdÅYZWV_dYZaVaZc\jV#'&&
9ZVXjZgYdVjc^c[dgbZgZVa^oVYdigVhhjbjZgiZedg
Za9g#8ZhVgKZgV9dcVngZh!_Z[ZYZaVb^Xgd"gZYEVbeVh
IVnVXV_V!;gVcX^hXV[jZbdc^idgZVYVedgjcVdWhiZig^o!aV
A^X#AZdXVY^V8VcVaZh#'&'H^cZbWVg\d!hZ\c6bVcX^d!
cd[jZbdc^idgZVYVYZXZgXVnVbZcjYdaVYZ_VWVchdaV
8ZcigdYZhVajYYZEVbeVh# edgaVg\dheZgdYdh#8jVcYdVegdm^bVYVbZciZYdh]dgVh
ajZ\dYZhjaaZ\VYV!ZaYdadgYZ;gVcX^hXVgZ\gZh!cVY^Z
iVaZh#'%)6eZhVgYZZhiVZk^YZcX^V!cd[jZigVch[Zg^YV k^cdVgZk^hVgaVVeZhVgYZfjZ]VWV\ZciZfjZXVb^cVWV
VdigdZhiVWaZX^b^ZcideVgVbVndghZ\j^b^Zcidncd XdchiVciZbZciZVagZYZYdghjndZcZaXZcigdYZhVajY#:a
gZX^W^igViVb^ZcidVa\jcdeVgVaVegZh^cVaiVZchj YdadgXdci^cj!eZgdcdhZaZd[gZX^bVndgigViVb^Zcid
ai^bdZbWVgVod# n6bVcX^dcdad\gadXVa^oVgVaYdXidg#'&(
IZbegVcdedgaVbVVcV!;gVcX^hXV[jZaaZkVYVVaV
<WbbWi[d[bY[djheZ[iWbkZZ[FWcfWi
hVaVYZeVgidh!YdcYZ6bVcX^dcd[jZVYb^i^Yd#AjZ\dYZ
8jVcYd6bVcX^daaZ\VXVhVYZigVWV_VgaVcdX]ZYZa ZheZgVgadfjZYZhXg^W^XdbdjcaVg\di^Zbed!V6bVcX^d
'(YZVWg^aYZaVd'%%)!;gVcX^hXVnVZhiVWVZcXVbV aZY^_ZgdcfjZZaWZW]VWVbjZgidZcZaiZgd#'&)6ZhiVh
ZmeZg^bZciVcYdjcigZbZcYdYdadg!eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ VaijgVh!eZgb^i^ZgdcV6bVcX^dZcigVgVaVhVaVYdcYZk^d
VagZYZYdg YZ hj X^cijgV n WVgg^\V# 6bVcX^d hZ Y^d VhjZhedhVVcXdchjhe^ZgcVhZcadhXVWZhig^aadh#wa
XjZciVg{e^YVbZciZYZaeZa^\gdn_jcidhZbegZcY^Zgdc gZXjZgYVZch^aZcX^daVZhXZcV!nVVYZÆ:hiVWVkVXVÇ#
jcVXVb^cViV]VX^VZaXZcigdYZhVajYYZEVbeVh#6 Cd]VWaVWV!eZgdhadb^gVWV#8jVcYdigViYZidXVgaV!
eZhVgYZfjZhZigViVjhjVabZciZYZjcVXVb^cViVYZ adhYdXidgZhnZc[ZgbZgVhadgZXg^b^cVgdc#'&*
bZY^V]dgV!aZhidbVagZYZYdgYZYdh]dgVhYZW^YdV >cXajhdYZhejhYZaVZmejah^cYZaVeaVXZciV!aV
aVXdcY^X^cYZ;gVcX^hXV#'%*AaZ\VgdcVaXZcigdYZhVajY XdcY^X^cYZ;gVcX^hXVcdaaZ\VbZ_dgVg#=dgVhb{h
Vegdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh&&e#b# iVgYZ!VaVh,V#b#!Za9g#B^nV]^gV^c[dgbfjZ;gVcX^hXV
:cZaXZcigdYZhVajY!ZabY^XdYZ\jVgY^VÅjc_dkZc cdZhiVWVgZVXX^dcVcYdVadhZhibjadhniZcVg^\^YZo
gZh^YZciZH:GJB^hiVXdcZacdbWgZYZ8ZhVgB^nV]^gV YZW^YdVjcVYZhXZgZWgVX^c!egdWVWaZbZciZgZaVX^dcVYV
NViVXdÅZmVb^cV;gVcX^hXVnaZVYb^c^higjcV^cnZX" XdcjcYZggVbZ#'&+
X^c!YZhejhYZaVXjVahZXVabnejYdYZhXVchVg#'%+ HdaVbZciZZcidcXZhZaeZghdcVabY^XdYZX^Y^fjZ
AV ZcVbdgVYV YZa _dkZc YdXidg ZhiVWV k^h^iVcYd Za gZfjZgVhZgigVhaVYVYVVdigdZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid#'&,:cZhZ
XZcigdYZhVajYVab^hbdi^Zbed!adfjZÅYZVXjZgYd bdbZcid!adhYdXidgZhBViVbdgdhnB^nV]^gVY^_ZgdcV
XdcdigdbY^XdZbeaZVYdZcZab^hbdXZcigdÅ]^od 6bVcX^dfjZYZWV^gV6]jVnX]VeVgVgZXd\ZghjhgZ\^h"
fjZegZhiVgVedXVViZcX^cV;gVcX^hXV#'%,H^beaZbZciZ igdhYZhVajYegZcViVa#HZ[jZeVgVWjhXVgVaeZghdcVa
VYb^c^higV;gVcX^hXVaV^cnZXX^cngZ\gZhVaVhVaV YZhVajYfjZ]VWVgZVa^oVYdadhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZh!
YZZheZgVXdchjZcVbdgVYV# '%-HZ\cadhgZ\^higdh eZgdcdejYdZcXdcigVgVcVY^ZegZhZciZZcZaejZhid
YZhjZmVbZc!adhh^\cdhk^iVaZhYZ;gVcX^hXVZhiVWVc YZhVajY#'&-
idYdh cdgbVaZh! ZmXZeid hj egZh^c hVc\jcZV Å 6aai^bdb^cjid!V6bVcX^daZe^Y^ZgdcfjZXdch^\j^ZgV
fjZZhiVWVZaZkVYVZc&+%$&%%bb=\adcdgbVaZh jcVjidbk^aeVgVaaZkVgaVV=jVcXVnd!edgfjZaVVbWj"
1&)%$.%#AaZ\fjZ_{cYdhZYZjcYdadgeZgh^hiZciZ aVcX^VYZaXZcigdYZhVajYcdZhiVWV!hZ\cZaXdcYjXidg!
ZcZaVWYdbZcnjc^ciZchdYdadgYZXVWZoV!VhXdbd 9ZbZig^d EV^i{c! ÆZc XdcY^X^dcZh YZ gZVa^oVg k^V_Zh
YZhVc\gVYdkV\^cVa#'%. aVg\dh#Ç'&.H^cZbWVg\d!cVY^ZedYVaaZkVgadh^cfjZhZaZ
:a ZmVbZc [jZ gZaVi^kVbZciZ edXd hVaiVciZ! Xdc eV\VgVjcVhjbVbVndgYZaVfjZ6bVcX^dY^hedcVZc
ZmXZeX^cYZhjegZh^cVaiV0aVegZhZcX^VYZXdcigVX" ZhZbdbZcid#6eZhVgYZa]ZX]dYZfjZ;gVcX^hXVZhiVWV
7d|b_i_i
AVhYZbdgVhh^\c^ÒXVi^kVhfjZXdcYj_ZgdcVaVbjZgiZ
YZ;gVcX^hXVhZXZcigVcidYVhZcaVViZcX^cfjZgZX^W^
;did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
YjgVciZhjhXdcigdaZhegZcViVaZhZcZaejZhidYZhVajY
n!ZheZX^VabZciZ!YjgVciZaVZbZg\ZcX^VdWhiig^XVfjZ
aVaaZkVaXZcigdYZhVajYZcEVbeVh#
AjZ\dYZaaZ\VgVXVhV!6bVcX^dgZXdcdX^^cbZY^V"
iVbZciZaVcZXZh^YVYYZaaZkVgV;gVcX^hXVVaXZcigd
6a^X^V:anNVb^cZcigZk^hiVcYdV6bVcX^dZcaVhV[jZgVhYZ YZhVajY#9ZW^YdVaV[VaiVYZigVchedgiZnVhjYdadg!
hjk^k^ZcYV# aZhidbYdh]dgVhXVb^cVg]VhiVZaXZcigdYZhVajY
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH&%*
b{hXZgXVcd!VY^[ZgZcX^VYZadh(%b^cjidhjhjVaZh# VciZhYZaXdchZchd^ciZgcVX^dcVafjZgZXdcdXVfjZZgVaV
CddWhiVciZ!aaZ\VgdcWVhiVciZVciZhYZhjeVgidnYZa bZ_dgbVcZgVYZigViVgaVegZ"ZXaVbeh^VnaVZXaVbeh^V#
^c^X^dYZaVZXaVbeh^VfjZaVaaZkVgdcVaVbjZgiZ# 8jVcYdaVhcdgbVhgZX^cZcigVgdcZck^\ZcX^V!]VWVjc
9jgVciZhjhk^h^iVhegZcViVaZhVaejZhidYZhVajY!V edgXZciV_ZXZgXVcdVa%YZjhdYZa[{gbVXd#'(&6eZhVg
;gVcX^hXVcdhdaVbZciZhZaZYZW^Vk^hVghdWgZZaZhiVYd YZfjZhjjhdhZ]V^cXgZbZciVYdXdch^YZgVWaZbZciZ!
YZhjegZh^cVgiZg^Va!h^cdfjZhZaZYZW^d[gZXZghZg adhYVidhYZhV\gZ\VYdhh^\jZcbdhigVcYdjcV[VaiVYZ
igVch[Zg^YVVjcZheZX^Va^hiV!nhZaZYZW^VXdchZ_Vg XdbegZch^cVXZgXVYZhjji^a^YVY#:ajhdYZhja[VidYZ
hdWgZaVhhZVaZhYZaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh#Adh bV\cZh^dhZkZ^beZY^YdZc\gVcbZY^YVedgZa]ZX]dYZ
ejcidhYZVaidg^Zh\d^cXajVchjZYVYbViZgcVVkVc" fjZiVbW^cZm^hiZjcV[VaiVYZXVeVX^iVX^cYZaeZghdcVa
oVYV!XjVigdZbWVgVodhegZk^dh!jcV]^hidg^VegZk^VYZ eVgVZaad#:ahja[VidYZbV\cZh^dgZfj^ZgZjcVdWhZgkVX^c
VeVgZciZegZ"ZXaVbeh^VnaVegZh^cVgiZg^VaZaZkVYVZc XdchiVciZYZaVeVX^ZciZedgeVgiZYZeZghdcVaXVeVX^iVYd
hjhk^h^iVhegZcViVaZh# Å\ZcZgVabZciZb{hYZjcVZc[ZgbZgVjdWhiZig^oÅeVgV
:a8ZcigdYZHVajYYZEVbeVhcdZgVhdaVbZciZjc bdc^idgZVgaVhYdh^h!aVXVci^YVYYZegdYjXX^cYZdg^cVn
;D7h^cdiVbW^cjcXZcigdYZgZ[ZgZcX^V!XVWZoVYZ adhh^\cdhk^iVaZh#:hiVXVeVX^iVX^chZgZVa^oVbjnedXVh
b^XgdggZY#9Z]ZX]d!VabdbZcidYZaVZcigZk^hiVYZ kZXZheVgVZaeZghdcVaYZ;D7hnaV[VaiVYZXVeVX^iVX^c
E=G! hZ ZcXdcigVWV Zc egdXZhd YZ hZg gZXaVh^[^XVYd hZkZZmVXZgWVYVedgaV\gVcgdiVX^cYZeZghdcVafjZ
Xdbdjc;D:ÅnhZVcjcX^VXdbdiVaVeZhVgYZfjZ i^ZcZaj\VgZcadhXZcigdhYZhVajYgjgVa!iVaZhXdbdZa
VccdXjZciVXdcaVXVeVX^YVYYZgZVa^oVgXZh{gZVh YZEVbeVh#
WV_d aVh XdcY^X^dcZh Vegde^VYVh d YZ XdciVg Xdc jc :c iZgXZg aj\Vg! VYZb{h YZa ^cVYZXjVYd gZXdcd"
WVcXdYZhVc\gZ#'(%:hiZ[VahdVcjcX^deVgVVigVZgVadh X^b^Zcid YZ aV XdcY^X^c YZ jg\ZcX^V YZ ;gVcX^hXV!
eVX^ZciZhZhjcVbVaVnXc^XVgZegZhZciVX^c!fjZV iVbW^ceVgZXZhZgfjZgZX^W^bjnedXVViZcX^cYZ
bZcjYdgZk^ZgiZZcjcVegY^YVYZaVXdcÒVcoVYZeVgiZ eVgiZYZabY^XdYZ\jVgY^V!Za9g#B^nV]^gV#AVdWhiZig^o!
YZaVedWaVX^c# A^X#AZdXVY^V8VcVaZh!YdXjbZcihjegZh^cVgiZg^Van
H^cZbWVg\d!XdchZ^hYdXidgZhZcigZZaeZghdcVa! hjVXi^k^YVYjiZg^cVXVYV]dgV#H^cZbWVg\d!Zm^hiZedXV
X^cXddWhiZig^XZhnh^ZiZZc[ZgbZgVhVabdbZcidYZaV YdXjbZciVX^cYZabY^XdYZijgcd!adfjZVejciVVjcV
ZbZg\ZcX^VYZ;gVcX^hXV!YZW^ZhiVgZcXdcY^X^dcZhYZ [VaiVYZhjeZgk^h^cYZhjeVgiZ!eVgi^XjaVgbZciZXjVcYd
Wg^cYVgViZcX^cW{h^XVaVhkZ^ci^XjVigd]dgVhYZaYVV ZhidhZV\gZ\VVadhVaZ\VidhhZ\cadhXjVaZheVhZa
adhXjVigdY^hig^idhVadhfjZhZgkV!XdcjcZhi^bVYdYZ i^ZbedXdchjZcVbdgVYVZcaVhVaVYZ\jVgY^V#
*%#%%%edWaVYdgZh#CddWhiVciZ!VaVaaZ\VYVYZ;gVcX^hXV HdWgZidYd!]jWdjcV[VaiVYZidbVYZXdcX^ZcX^V
VaXZcigdYZhVajYeVgVYVgVajoVhj]^_d!cdhZY^hedcV hdWgZZaZhiVYdYZhjigVWV_dYZeVgidnZaZhiVYdYZa
YZ8D:bYZXVa^YVY# [ZidedgeVgiZYZaZfj^edbY^Xd#EdgZ_Zbead!;gVcX^hXV
:c eg^bZg aj\Vg! Za eZghdcVa YZa ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid [jZVYb^i^YVZcigVWV_dYZeVgidÆaViZciZÇ!VeZhVgYZhj
VeVgZciZbZciZ cd XdciVWV Xdc aV XVeVX^iVX^c VXi^k^YVYjiZg^cVgZ\jaVgnYZfjZadhZm{bZcZhXZgk^"
gZfjZg^YVeVgVgZXdcdXZgZ^cbZY^ViVbZciZigViVghj XVaZh[jZgVcXdch^hiZciZhXdcjceVgidVXi^kd#6YZb{h!Za
egZ"ZXaVbeh^V!XdcZaÒcYZfjZcdegd\gZhZneVhZ hVc\gVYdkV\^cVanZaÓj^YdbVcX]VYdXdcbZXdc^dYZW^Z"
VXdckZgi^ghZZcjcVZXaVbeh^V#AVbZ_dgbVcZgVYZ gdchZg^cY^XVYdgZhYZhj[g^b^Zcid[ZiVa#H^cZbWVg\d!
egZkZc^g aV ZXaVbeh^V Zh YZiZXiVg aV egZ"ZXaVbh^V n cdZgVedh^WaZgZVa^oVgjcVXZh{gZVZcZaXZcigdYZhVajY
igViVgaVVYZXjVYVbZciZ#:cZhiZXVhd!ZaZfj^edbY^Xd YZEVbeVh#:aZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidb{hXZgXVcdZcZafjZhZ
cdaaZ\VVYb^c^higVgjcVci^"Xdckjah^dcVciZiVaXdbdZa ]jW^ZgVedY^YdaaZkVgVXVWdjcVXZh{gZVZgV=jVcXVnd#
hja[VidYZbV\cZh^d!ZaXjVa]jW^ZhZZk^iVYdadhViVfjZh H^;gVcX^hXV]jW^ZgVh^YdZhiVW^a^oVYV^cbZY^ViVnVegd"
YZZXaVbeh^V# e^VYVbZciZXdchja[VidYZbV\cZh^d!]VWgVedY^YdhZg
H^cZbWVg\d!aVhYZÒX^ZcX^VhZcaVViZcX^cejZYZc ÅnYZW^]VWZgadh^YdÅigVch[Zg^YV^cbZY^ViVbZciZV
gVhigZVghZgZkZgi^YVbZciZeVgVXdch^YZgVgadh[VXidgZh =jVcXVndeVgVjcVXZh{gZV#EdgZaXdcigVg^d!ZaZfj^ed
b{hZhigjXijgVaZh!VhXdbdaVXdcYjXiVcZ\a^\ZciZYZa bY^XdZheZgedg]dgVhÅ]VhiVfjZVaXVcoaVbjZgiZ
eZghdcVaYZaXZcigdYZhVajY#:ahja[VidYZbV\cZh^dcdhZ XZgZWgVaÅeVgVgZXdbZcYVgaVigVch[ZgZcX^V#
ji^a^oVYZbVcZgVZmiZcY^YVZcZaEZg!nbjX]dbZcdhZc CdhdadhZidbYZbVh^VYdiVgYZaVYZX^h^cYZigVch"
aVedXVYZaVbjZgiZYZ;gVcX^hXVZcZaVd'%%)#:cZa [Zg^gaVVa]dhe^iVaYZ=jVcXVnd!h^cdfjZZhiVigVch"
Vd'%%)!edgeg^bZgVkZoZajhdYZhja[VidYZbV\cZh^dhZ [ZgZcX^ViZcVjcXdhidegd]^W^i^kdnZgVad\hi^XVbZciZ
Xdck^gi^ZceVgiZYZaVhcdgbVhYZhVajYYZaeVhn!Vhj Y^[X^aeVgV6bVcX^d#6bVcX^dhZk^d[dgoVYdVWjhXVghj
kZo!hZZcXdcigVWVY^hedc^WaZVigVkhYZaB>CH6!bjX]d egde^digVchedgiZ!nVfjZaVVbWjaVcX^VYZaXZcigdYZ
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH&%,
DejWi &.
KZg/:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H
&*
Censos nacionales 2005: X de población y V de vivienda!cdiV-# <ZgZcX^VYZ:hiVYhi^XV#Una posible aproximación al nivel del contra-
&+
Ibíd# bando en el Perú#'%%&/&+#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#VYjVcZi#
\dW#eZ$VYjVcVh$^c[dVYjVcVh$XdcigVWVcYd#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa,
&,
<dW^ZgcdGZ\^dcVaYZEjcd#Gerencia regional de planeamiento,
YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,#
presupuesto y acondicionamiento territorial: plan de desarrollo
regional concertado 2006 y presupuesto participativo#9^X^ZbWgZYZa
('
:cigZk^hiVVjcVci^\jd[jcX^dcVg^dYZa\dW^ZgcdZcA^bV!EZg!
'%%*0cdiV+!e{ggV[d+# Za&(YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
&-
>C:># Puno: población, mujer y salud, resultados de la encuesta
((
:cigZk^hiVV?dhZ[V8VWVcVZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!EZg!Za.
8dchjaiVYdZa,YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,# .YZbVndYZa'%%,#
EZg!Za.YZbVndYZa'%%,# ^cYZeZcYZcX^VYZ:heVV!niVbW^c[jZ[dXdYZVXi^k^YVYYZadh
(+
AVZg\dbZig^cVeZgiZcZXZVjcVXaVhZYZ[{gbVXdhYZcdb^cVYdh
^chjg\ZciZhYZHZcYZgdAjb^cdhdYjgVciZZaXdcÓ^XidX^k^aYZadh
VaXVad^YZhYZaZg\di!fjZhZVYb^c^higVcjhjVabZciZeVgVYZiZcZg VdhdX]ZciV#
ZahVc\gVYdZmXZh^kdfjZVkZXZhdXjggZajZ\dYZaVWdgiddYZ **
B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY!EZg#CdgbViXc^XVeVgVaVViZcX^cYZaeVgid
fjZcVoXVjcWZW0VXiV]VX^ZcYdfjZZabhXjadYZaiZgdhZ kZgi^XVaXdcVYZXjVX^c^ciZgXjaijgVa#C#I#C#%(("B>CH6$9<HE"
XdcigV^\V# K#%&#A^bV/B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY!'%%*#
(,
:cigZk^hiVV=ZgbZa^cYV6kVYdHjXVejXVZc=VcV_fj^V!EZg!Za
*+
:cigZk^hiVVjcVZmeZgiVZchVajYYZaVbj_ZgZcEjcd!EZg!Za&)
&%YZbVndYZa'%%,# YZbVndYZa'%%,#
(-
:cigZk^hiVVA^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZVZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
*,
:cigZk^hiVV?dhEVWad<bZo"BZoV!ZXdcdb^hiVZmeZgidZchVajY!
EZg!Za.YZbVndYZa'%%,# 7VcXdBjcY^Va!nA^k^V7ZcVk^YZh!ZheZX^Va^hiVseniorYZahZXidg
(.
:cigZk^hiVVAdgZcodFj^heZKVg\VhZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
hdX^Va!7VcXdBjcY^VaeVgi^X^eZcaVZcigZk^hiVbZY^VciZjcV
EZg!Za.n&%YZbVndYZa'%%,# k^YZdXdc[ZgZcX^VYZhYZA^bVZcLVh]^c\idc!98#!Za',YZ[ZWgZgd
YZa'%%,#
)%
AV`ZiVb^cVhZjhV\ZcZgVabZciZXdbdaVVcZhiZh^V!fjZZhjc
bZY^XVbZcidVaXjVaaVbVndgVYZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZji^a^oVcaV
*-
:cigZk^hiVV:jad\^VBVbVc^>c`V]jVcVXdZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&(
XdXVZcaVgZ\^chdcgZh^hiZciZh#AVhYdh^hZaZkVYVhYZ`ZiVb^cV YZbVndYZa'%%,#
ejZYZc]VXZgfjZaVegZh^chVc\jcZVYZaVbj_ZghjWVnfjZ *.
:cigZk^hiVV?dk^iVNjXgVEVg^hjVcVZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&(YZbVnd
adhWZWhgZX^ccVX^YdhcVoXVcYZeg^b^Ydh!Va\dfjZcdZhedXd YZa!'%%,#
XdbchZ\caVh^c[dgbVX^dcZhegdedgX^dcVYVhedgaVhZc[Zg" +%
:cigZk^hiVV;gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgVZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&'YZbVnd
bZgVhfjZE=GZcigZk^hi# YZa'%%,#
)&
:cigZk^hiVV=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYdHjXVejXVZc=VcV_fj^V!EZg!Za
+&
:cigZk^hiVV?dk^iVNjXgVEVg^hjVcVZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&'YZbVnd
&%YZbVndYZa'%%,# YZa'%%,#
)'
:cigZk^hiVV?dhZ[VEVXXdZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!EZg!Za.
+'
:cigZk^hiVV;gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgVZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&(YZbVnd
YZbVndYZa'%%,# YZa'%%,#
)(
Ibíd. +(
:cigZk^hiVV?dk^iVNjXgVEVg^hjVcVZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&(YZbVnd
))
:cigZk^hiVVAdgZcodFj^heZKVg\VhZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
YZa'%%,#
EZg!Za.YZbVndYZa'%%,# +)
:cigZk^hiVV<ZgVgYd=VaaVh^Fj^heZn;gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgVZc
)*
:cigZk^hiVVA^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZVZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
Ejfj^h!EZg!Za&(YZbVndYZa'%%,#
EZg!Za.YZbVndYZa'%%,# +*
:cigZk^hiVV;gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgVZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&(YZbVnd
)+
:cigZk^hiVVAdgZcodFj^heZKVg\VhZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
YZa'%%,#
EZg!Za.YZbVndYZa'%%,# ++
:aZfj^edYZE=GaVaaVbedgiZa[dcdZ^cXajhd[jZVhjXVhVn
),
:cigZk^hiVVA^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZVZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
]VWaXdchjZhedhd!eZgdZaaVcjcXVgZhedcY^VadheZY^YdheVgV
EZg!Za.YZbVndYZa'%%,# ZcigZk^hiVgaV#
)-
:cigZk^hiVV6WZaBViZdFj^heZZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!EZg!
+,
?jZoB^midYZaVEgdk^cX^VYZ=jVcXVc!ZmeZY^ZciZC°#'%%)"%.&0
Za&%YZbVndYZa'%%,# Y^XiVbZceVgX^VaC°#&+"'%%*"BE";EB"=#'*YZbVndYZa'%%*#
).
:cigZk^hiVVAdgZcodFj^heZKVg\VhZcIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
+-
:me#'%%)"%.&!9^XiVbZceVgX^VaC°#&+"'%%*"BE";EB"=Ejcd
EZg!Za.YZbVndYZa'%%,# '*YZbVndYZa'%%*#
*%
?VgVb^aad!B#Does public health insurance secure access to care?
+.
Ibíd#
Economic and non-economic barriers to prenatal care among Peruvian ,%
ÆCdZm^hiZYdXjbZcidVa\jcdfjZ^cY^fjZfjZaVV\gVk^VYVhZ
mothers: race, geography and power relations within the household. ZcXdcigVWVWV_db^Xj^YVYddegdiZXX^c!bZcdhhZZcXdcigVWV
<gjedYZ6c{a^h^h eVgV Za 9ZhVggdaad <G69:# HZi^ZbWgZ YZa ZceZa^\gdYZbjZgiZ!WV_dZhVhX^gXjchiVcX^Vh#Ç:me#'%%)"%.&!
'%%+/*#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$Xidda#\YcZi#dg\$Xdc[TYdXh$?VgVb^aadT 9^XiVbZceVgX^VaC°#&+"'%%*"BE";EB"=Ejcd!Za'*YZbVnd
eVeZgTeVgVaaZaT'#&#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa&%YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# YZa'%%*#
*&
9Z[ZchdgV YZa EjZWad# Supervisión a los servicios de planifi-
,&
:cigZk^hiVV;gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgVZcEjfj^h!EZg!Za&'YZbVnd
cación familiar IV: casos investigados por la Defensoría del Pueblo# YZa'%%,#
'%%*#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#dbWjYhbVc#\dW#eZ$bdYjaZh$ ,'
>c[dgbZgZb^i^Yd!=dhe^iVa8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd!DÒX^dC°#'&("
9dlcadVYh$^c[dgbZh$YZ[Zchdg^VaZh$^c[dgbZT.%#eY[#HZ\cY^X]V
9<"=8BB"G:9:H"HG"?'%%)#
gZhdajX^cejWa^XVYVZcVWg^aYZa'%%)!ÆaVZmeZY^X^cYZaXZgi^"
ÒXVYdYZacVX^Ydk^kdZh\gVij^iVZcidYdhadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZ ,(
:cigZk^hiVV9g#8Vgadh7Vgg^Zcidh!Y^gZXidgYZa=dhe^iVa8Vgadh
hVajYYZaeVh!eWa^Xdhneg^kVYdh!VhXdbdadhfjZhZVcZmeZY^Ydh Bdc\ZBZYgVcdZc?ja^VXV!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa'%%,#
edgadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhdeZghdcVaYZhVajYfjZ]VnVWg^cYVYdaV ,)
Ibíd.
ViZcX^c#ÇGZhdajX^cB^c^hiZg^VaC°#(-."'%%)$B>CH6!'(YZVWg^a ,*
:cigZk^hiVV6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!XddgY^cVYdgcVX^dcVaYZaEgd\gVbV
YZa'%%)#
YZ9ZgZX]dhZcHVajYYZ86G:"EZgZcA^bV!EZg!Za-YZbVnd
*'
6bc^hiV>ciZgcVX^dcVa#Peru: Poor and excluded women – Denial
YZa'%%,#
of the right to maternal and child health# 6BG )+$%%)$'%%+# ,+
:cigZk^hiVV6\jhicA^bV]jVnVFj^heZZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZ
?ja^d'%%+#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lZW#VbcZhin#dg\$a^WgVgn$eY[$
bVndYZa'%%,#
6BG)+%%)'%%+:C<A>H=$;^aZ$6BG)+%%)%+#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa
&'YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,#
,,
:cigZk^hiVV>hVWZaFjZciVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
'%%,#
*(
:cigZk^hiVV9g#?jVc8Vgadh8VaaV6eVoVZc6o{c\Vgd!EZg!Za.
YZbVndYZa'%%,#
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH&%.
,-
:cigZk^hiVV6\jhicA^bV]jVnVFj^heZZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZ
&%(
9^ZgcV!G#!CVXXVgVid!E#!HVaVoVg!M#nKVg\Vh!G#Salvarse con bien:
GVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa'%%,# .YZbVndYZa'%%,#
-&
:cigZk^hiVVNVcZi]6gVj_d8]VcZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
&%+
6idYVhaVheZghdcVhZ^c[dgbVciZhYZZhiVcVggVi^kVhZaZh]V
'%%,# XVbW^VYdZacdbWgZeVgVegdiZ\ZghjXdcÒYZcX^Va^YVY0VaVXdbj"
-'
:cigZk^hiVVa9g#HVci^V\dFj^heZK^aXVZc?ja^VXV!EZg!Za&(YZ
c^YVYiVbW^chZaZ]VXVbW^VYdYZcdbWgZ#:hiZXVhddXjgg^Zc
bVndYZa'%%,# ZaVd'%%+#
-(
E=GaaZkVXVWdjcidjgedgZa]dhe^iVaZcYdhYVhY^hi^cidh/Za
&%,
ÆEgdhiV\aVcY^ch/ B^hdegdhida#Ç Drug Facts and Comparisons#
&&n&(YZbVndYZa'%%,# LdaiZgh@ajlZg=ZVai]!>cX#:cZgdYZa'%%)#
-)
:cigZk^hiVV>hVWZaFjZciVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
&%-
AZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajY&,-!AZnC°#'+-)'&..,#
'%%,# &%.
H^jcVbj_ZgbjZgZXdbdgZhjaiVYdYZjcVWdgid!aVeZghdcVfjZ
-*
:cigZk^hiVV6\jhicA^bV]jVnVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
gZVa^oZaVWdgidejZYZhZgZcXVgXZaVYV]VhiVedg*Vdh#H^Za
'%%,# VWdgidZhaaZkVYdVXVWdh^cXdchZci^b^Zcid!Y^X]VeZghdcVejZYZ
hZgZcXVgXZaVYVZcigZ(n*Vdh!dYZ*V&%Vdhh^aVbj_ZgbjZgZ
-+
:cigZk^hiVV;a^mNjXgVNjXgVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
n]VWVdidg\VYdhjXdchZci^b^Zcid#8:96L#Summary Record Peru#
'%%,# 8:96L$8$HG#',*:cZgdYZa&%%*#6gi#&'e{ggV[d')#
-,
Ibíd.#
&&%
KZg I]Z 6aVc <jiibVX]Zg >chi^ijiZ 6<> '%%%! '%%)! '%%+ Zc
--
:cigZk^hiVV6\jhicA^bV]jVnVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
;ZggVcYd!9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista#;ZWgZgd
'%%,# YZa'%%,#
-.
Æ6a\gViZ!ZhkVgc#Ç:cigZk^hiVV;a^mNjXgVNjXgVZcGVb^h!EZg!
&&&
KZg/HVcYdkVa!?#nEVo!E#Æ:aVWdgid/Vc{a^h^hYZaVh^ijVX^c
Za&&YZbVndYZa'%%,# aZ\VaVegdeh^idYZaVVcZcXZ[Va^V#Ç=dhe^iVaCVX^dcVaÆHZg\^d:#
.%
:cigZk^hiVVBVg^VGdhVg^dFj^heZZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVnd
7ZgcVaZhÇYZ8daa^fjZ!Jc^kZgh^YVYCVX^dcVaBVndgYZHVcBVgXdh!
YZa'%%,# ZcHdX^ZYVYEZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\Ve{\^cVlZW#
9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#hed\#dg\#eZ$Vgi^Xjadh#e]e4Vgi^Xjad2)-#
.&
:cigZk^hiVV;a^mNjXgVNjXgVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
8dchjaiVYdZa&%YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,#
'%%,#
&&'
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#Aj^h:cgfjZo!_Z[ZYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\V
.'
AdhZhi^bVYdhgZaVi^kdhVadhi^ZbedhkVg^VgdcZcigZadhY^hi^cidh
YZa=dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZEjcd!EZg!Za&)YZbVndYZa'%%,#
iZhi^\dhegZhZcX^VaZh#
&&(
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcseniorD7<NCZcEjcd!EZg!Za&)YZbVndYZa
.(
:cigZk^hiVV>hVWZaFjZciVnNVcZi]6gVj_d8]VcZcGVb^h!EZg!
'%%,#
Za&&YZbVndYZa'%%,#
&&)
9Za^X^V;ZggVcYd[jZciZeVgVaV]^hidg^VYZEVja^cV#
.)
:cigZk^hiVV>hVWZaFjZciVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
'%%,#
&&*
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcseniorD7<NCgZVa^oVYVZcEjcd!EZg!Za&)YZ
bVndYZa'%%,#
.*
:cigZk^hiVV;a^mNjXgVNjXgVZcGVb^h!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa
'%%,#
&&+
Ibíd.
.+
:cigZk^hiVV:jXZk^d8VaaViVZcGVb^h!EZg!&&YZbVndYZa'%%,#
&&,
8:96L# Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of
]dhe^iVanedgcZ\a^\ZcX^VYZZaadhaVgZ\gZhVgdcVaVeVX^ZciZ49Z YZa=dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZEjcd!EZg!Za&)YZbVndYZa'%%,#
Zhdc^h^fj^ZgV]VWaVgdc!nVbbZY^_Zgdccd]VWaZhcVYVb{h!cd &&.
KZg I]Z 6aVc <jiibVX]Zg >chi^ijiZ 6<> '%%%! '%%)! '%%+ Zc
8dci^cjV'%%)#Cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*/&+.#KZgiVbW^caVhZXX^c &),
:cigZk^hiVXdc<dY^[gZYd=j^cX]dZc8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZg!Za,YZ
8dciZmidYZa^c[dgbZ# ZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&')
KZg/:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H>>
&)-
:cigZk^hiVXdc6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]dZc8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZg!Za,
&%YZbVndYZa'%%,# YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&'*
B^c^hiZg^dYZ8dbZgX^d:miZg^dgnIjg^hbd#Plan estratégico regional
&*&
Ibíd.
exportador: región Huancavelica. DXijWgZYZa'%%*/&*#9^hedc^WaZ &*'
Ibíd.
Zc/]iie/$$lll#gZ\^dc]jVcXVkZa^XV#\dW#eZ$E9;$IJG>HBD$E:GM# &*(
Ibíd.
eY[#
&'+
<dW^ZgcdGZ\^dcVaYZ=jVcXVkZa^XV#Plan estratégico de desarrollo
&*)
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhV=j^cX]dZc8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZg!Za,YZZcZgd
eZ$E9XdcXZgiVYd#]iba#8dchjaiVYdZa&*YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# HZmjVaZhnGZegdYjXi^kdh!BVcjZaVGVbdh!ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&'
&',
Ibíd., e{ggV[d(# YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
&'-
Ibíd., e{ggV[d)#
&*+
6a^X^VE^co{h!Jerarquías de género en el mundo rural. 8ZcigdYZaV
Bj_ZgEZgjVcV;adgVIg^hi{c/'%%&!e#,.#
&'.
Ibíd.,e{ggV[d(#
&*,
AVcZXZh^YVYYZXdciVgXdcZhV^c[dgbVX^c[jZXdcÒgbVYVedgadh
&(%
Ibíd.
ZhijY^dhgZVa^oVYdhZcdigVhgZ\^dcZhYZaEZg#KZg!edgZ_Zbead!
&(&
Ibíd. ^c[dgbZYZaVZcXjZhiV/Percepciones, conocimientos y prácticas
&('
Ibíd., e{ggV[d&+# para la disminución de muertes maternas y perinatales en Churcampa.
8VaVcYg^V$HVajYH^cAb^iZh!'%%*#
&((
JXXZaa^!;#6#Poverty Alleviation in Peru: The search for sustainable
A6H6.,$JXZaa^#eY[# &...0cdiV(!e{ggV[d)(#
&()
Plan estratégico de desarrollo regional concertado y participativo de &*.
>C:># Perú: encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar :C9:H
Za,YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&(+
Ibíd., e{ggV[d(#
&+&
KZg! edg Z_Zbead! AdnVoV 8dcYdg^! ;# Voces de mujeres de
&(,
Plan estratégico regional exportador: región Huancavelica. DXijWgZ
Huancavelica: género y salud reproductiva. BVcjZaVGVbdh#A^bV/
YZa'%%*0cdiV&'*!e{ggV[d&-#
cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%(0Voces de mujeres de Ayacucho: género y salud
&(-
B^c^hiZg^d YZ aV Bj_Zg n 9ZhVggdaad HdX^Va B>B9:H# ÆHZYZh
reproductiva. BVcjZaVGVbdh#A^bV/VWg^aYZa'%%)0:he^cdoV;Zg^V!
VYb^c^higVi^kVhnadXVaZhB>B9:HVc^kZacVX^dcVa/=jVcXVkZa^XV#Ç ?#Voces de mujeres de La Libertad: género y salud reproductiva.
9^hedc^WaZ Zc/ ]iie/$$lll#b^bYZh#\dW#eZ$adXVaZh$bZcjh$ BVcjZaVGVbdh#A^bV/_ja^dYZa'%%(08Va^hVnV!:#Voces de mujeres
bZcj]jVcXV#]ib8dchjaiVYdZa&%YZbVndYZa'%%,# de Ancash: género y salud reproductiva. BVcjZaVGVbdh#A^bV/_jc^d
&(.
AVgh9#=naVcYZgnBVg`jhBZ^a^#Æ*%%NZVghd[BZgXjgnEgdYjXi^dc/
YZa'%%)06c\jad!;#Hablan las mujeres de San Martín: género y salud
<adWVa6ccjVa>ckZcidgnWnGZ\^dcjci^a'%%%VcY6hhdX^ViZY:b^hh^dch#Ç reproductiva. BVcjZaVGVbdh#A^bV/_jc^dYZa'%%'0Salvarse con
The Science of the Total Environment, Kda#(%)0'%%(/&(!&.# bien: el parto de la vida en los Andes y la Amazonía del Perú. B>CH6
&)%
AVhgZhZgkVheg^cX^eVaZhhdcZao^cX!Zaeadbd!XdWgZ!]^Zggd!dgd
ÄEgdnZXid'%%%#A^bV/&...#
neaViV#AVhb^cVhb{h^bedgiVciZh^cXajnZc8dWg^oVegdYjXZ &+'
9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad#ÆHjeZgk^h^cVadhhZgk^X^dhYZeaVc^Ò"
dgdnXdWgZ!?jaXVc^egdYjXZeaViV!]^ZggdnXdWgZ!n8VjYVadhV XVX^c[Vb^a^Vg>K/8Vhdh^ckZhi^\VYdhedgaV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad#
<gVcYZegdYjXZ]^Zggd!XdWgZ!eaViVno^cXKZV/HdX^ZYVYCVX^dcVa '%%*#Ç9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#dbWjYhbVc#\dW#eZ$bdYjaZh$
YZB^cZgV!EZigaZdn:cZg\V!Æ8jVYgdh:hiVYhi^XdhÇ#9^hedc^WaZ 9dlcadVYh$^c[dgbZh$YZ[Zchdg^VaZh$^c[dgbZT.%#eY[#HZ\cY^X]V
Zc/]iie/$$lll#hcbeZ#dg\#eZ$XjVYgdh#]ib#8dchjaiVYdZa'%YZ gZhdajX^cejWa^XVYVZcVWg^aYZ'%%)!ÆaVZmeZY^X^cYZaXZgi^Ò"
ZcZgdYZa'%%,# XVYdYZacVX^Ydk^kdZh\gVij^iVZcidYdhadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZ
&)&
HdX^ZYVYCVX^dcVaYZB^cZgV!EZigaZdn:cZg\V#ÆGZedgiZ8Vcdc
hVajYYZaeVh!eWa^Xdhneg^kVYdh!VhXdbdadhfjZhZVcZmeZY^Ydh
B^cZgd/igVch[ZgZcX^Vh'%%*Ç#'%%+/(#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll# edgadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhdeZghdcVaYZhVajYfjZ]VnVWg^cYVYdaV
hcbeZ#dg\#eZ$eY[h$8Vcdc'%:c'%8^[gVh$8Vcdc'%B^cZgd' ViZcX^c#ÇGZhdajX^cB^c^hiZg^VaC°#(-."'%%)$B>CH6!'(YZVWg^a
%IgVch[Zg^Yd'%'%%*#eY[# YZa'%%)#
&)'
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcigVWV_VYdgYZa:hiVYdZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZ
&+(
6eZhVgYZegZ\jciVgZheZXÒXVbZciZhdWgZZhiZiZbV!E=Gcd
VWg^aYZa'%%,# ejYdYZiZgb^cVgXdcXZgiZoVh^ZaaV[jZYZheZY^YVdh^beaZbZciZ
igVch[Zg^YV#
&)(
:cigZk^hiVXdc6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]dZc8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZg!Za,
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&+)
Mujeres de negro: la muerte materna en zonas rurales del Perú.
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH&&&
&+*
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#Ndh]^gVOVbdgVHVaVhZc8Vg]jVeViV!EZg!
&.'
6a!6#6#ÆHdWgZkVadgVgdcVa\jcVhXdbegVh#ÇEl Comercio. A^bV/
Za,YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# &.YZbVgodYZa'%%,#
&++
>C:># Perú: encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar :C9:H
&.(
Ibíd.
8dci^cjV'%%)#Cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*/&-# &.)
7ZX`Zg!L#ÆEZgj/;^ghii]Zeda^XZXVghXVcYVa!cdlVbWjaVcXZh#Ç
&+,
GZeWa^XV YZa EZg# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de
Journal Peru. &YZbVgodYZa'%%,#
Desarrollo del Milenio en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar &.*
:cigZk^hiVXdc?dh<^abZg8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!k^XZb^c^higdYZHVajY!
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&,'
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcVci^\jd[jcX^dcVg^dYZa\dW^ZgcdZcA^bV!EZg!
'%&
Ibíd.
Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
'%'
GZ\^higdhegZcViVaZhegZk^dh#:hidh^cY^XVcjcVegZh^cVgiZ"
&,(
8]deXXV Zh jc \gjed ic^Xd eVgi^XjaVg YZ ejZWadh ^cY\ZcVh
g^VaYZ&*%$,%bb=\Vegdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh(,"(.hZbVcVhYZ
fjZX]jV]VWaVciZh#
\ZhiVX^c#
&,)
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhVIVaeZKVg\VhZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZ
'%(
GZ\^higdhegZcViVaZh#
ZcZgdYZa'%%,#
'%)
>c[dgbZC°#%%'G:9>>>IVnVXV_V"9>H6!=K86gZVa^oVYdedgZa9g#
&,*
Ibíd.
6aZmOVcYgd6hXZcX^d#
&,+
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhVnAjX^dZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZZcZgd
'%*
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
YZa'%%,#
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&,,
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhVIVaeZKVg\VhZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZ
'%+
Ibíd.
ZcZgdYZa'%%,#
'%,
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#>hVVh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXdZcEVbeVh!
&,-
:cigZk^hiVXdcAjX^dZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
EZg!Za&%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&,.
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhVIVaeZKVg\VhZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZ
'%-
Ibíd.:aH:GJB[jZajZ\dZmdcZgVYd#
ZcZgdYZa'%%,#
'%.
GZ\^higdhbY^XdhYZaVhVaVYZZbZg\ZcX^V#
&-%
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhVnAjX^dZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZZcZgd
YZa'%%,# '&%
6 eZhVg YZ iZcZg jc ZbWVgVod V igb^cd YZ )% hZbVcVh edg
ZhVh[ZX]Vh!aVZXd\gV[VZcZhZbdbZcidgZkZajc[ZidXdcjc
&-&
Ibíd.
iVbVdYZVegdm^bVYVbZciZ(*hZbVcVh!nedgZaadZaZbWVgVod
&-'
:cigZk^hiVXdc:a^oVWZi]6eda^cVg^dZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZ
[jZ[ZX]VYdXdcZhiV^c[dgbVX^c#
ZcZgdYZa'%%,# '&&
:hiV^c[dgbVX^c]Vh^YdXdcÒgbVYV!VYZb{h!edgZa^c[dgbZYZ
&-(
:cigZk^hiVXdc9g#?Vk^ZgL^a[gZYdIVhVnXdZc8XVhhVeViV!EZg!Za
aVZcXjZhiV#
-YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# '&'
>c[dgbZC°#%'&"'%%)$8HEI#>c[dgbZYZa9g#8ZhVgKZgV9dcVngZh
&-)
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhVIVaeZKVg\VhZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZ
hdWgZjcVbjZgiZbViZgcVZcEVbeVh!Za'&YZVWg^aYZa'%%)#
ZcZgdYZa'%%,# '&(
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
&-*
Ibíd. YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&-+
:cigZk^hiVXdc:a^oVWZi]6eda^cVg^dZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZ
'&)
Ibíd. H^c ZbWVg\d! Za 9g# BViVbdgdh bZcX^dcV fjZ ZaaV ej_
ZcZgdYZa'%%,# YZbVh^VYdg{e^Yd#waiVbW^ccdhgZÒg^fjZZaWZWcVX^k^kd#
&-,
>c[dgbVX^chdWgZaVWVhZYZadhYdXjbZcidhbY^Xdh# '&*
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
&--
:cigZk^hiVXdcIdbVhVIVaeZKVg\VhZcIVciVXXVid!EZg!Za-YZ YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
ZcZgdYZa'%%,# '&+
GZ\^higdhbY^Xdh#
&-.
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcVci^\jd[jcX^dcVg^dYZa\dW^ZgcdZcA^bV!EZg!
'&,
Ibíd. 6aVh./%%V#b#!Zm^hiZYdXjbZciVX^cVY^X^dcVaYZeVgiZ
Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# YZabY^XdYZijgcd!Za9g#>hVVhBViVbdgdh8jg^eVXd!hdWgZZa
&.%
Ibíd. ]ZX]dYZfjZ;gVcX^hXVcdZhiVWVgZhedcY^ZcYdVaVhegZ\jciVh
&.&
KZgYZ!8#;#Æ:caVgZeVgi^_V!µXdbeVZgdhÇCorreo.A^bV/'(YZ
dZhibjadh#Hjheje^aVhcdgZVXX^dcVWVcVaVajonXdcZhibjadh
bVndYZa'%%,#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#XdggZdeZgj#Xdb#eZ$ YdadgdhdhZaaVhdaVbZciZbdhigVWVhZVaZhYZYZhXZgZWgVX^c#
XdggZdcdgiZ$igj_^aad$Xdajbc^hiVcdiV#e]e4XdaT^Y2'&^YTcdiV2'%&# HjgZÓZ_deViZaVgZgV]^eZgVXi^kd#
8dchjaiVYdZa'(YZbVndYZa'%%,# '&-
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
''%
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
oVWVXZh{gZVh!VeZhVgYZcd]VWZggZX^W^YdXVeVX^iVX^cZcaV
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# VYb^c^higVX^cYZVcZhiZh^V#6YZb{h!cdh^c[dgbfjZgZVa^oVWV
gZeVgVX^dcZhYZ[hijaVh!fjZejZYZchZgX^gj\VheZa^\gdhVh!V
''&
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#>hVVh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXdZcEVbeVh!
eZhVgYZfjZcjcXV]VWVgZX^W^YdXVeVX^iVX^cVa\jcV#:cZhiZ
EZg!Za&%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# XVhd!h^cZbWVg\d!Za9g#BViVbdgdhaaZ\YZhejhYZaeVgidn
'''
:a^c[dgbZÆ:e^YZb^dad\VYZbjZgiZbViZgcV#9^gZXX^cgZ\^dcVa
cjcXV^ciZcigZVa^oVgaZjcVX^gj\VV;gVcX^hXV#:cigZk^hiVXdc
YZhVajY=jVcXVkZa^XVÇ!XdcÒgbVaV[ZX]VYZaVbjZgiZXdbdZa) Za9g#>hVVh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXdZcEVbeVh!EZg!Za&%YZ
YZVWg^aYZa'%%)!VaVh&%/&*V#b#AVhXVjhVhYZaYZXZhdhdc& ZcZgdYZa'%%,#
]ZbdggV\^V^cigVXgVcZVcV!'ZXaVbeh^VZ(]^eZgiZch^c^cYj" '(&
:cigZk^hiVXdcjcVci^\jd[jcX^dcVg^dYZa\dW^ZgcdZcA^bV!EZg!
X^YVedgZaZbWVgVod# Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
''(
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
'('
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#>hVVh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXdZcEVbeVh!
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#:hidhZkZg^ÒXVZchjhgZ\^higdhYZhVajY#H^c EZg!Za&%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
ZbWVg\d!hZ\cZa9g#BViVbdgdhcdhZgZVa^ojcVVjideh^V#
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#>hVVh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXdZcEVbeVh!
'((
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#Aj^h:cgfjZo!_Z[ZYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\V
EZg!Za&%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#CdZm^hiVcgZ\^higdhYZVjideh^V YZa=dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZEjcd!EZg!Za&)YZbVndYZa'%%,0
Y^hedc^WaZh# ZcigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#8Vgadh7Vgg^Zcidh!Y^gZXidgYZa=dhe^iVa8Vgadh
Bdc\ZBZYgVcd!Zc?ja^VXV!EZg!Za&&YZbVndYZa'%%,#
'')
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
'()
CjZkVbZciZ!YZWZhZVaVghZfjZZa9g#BViVbdgdhhdhiZcVfjZ
gZVa^oVWVXZh{gZVhYZbVcZgVgji^cVg^VZcZaXZcigdYZhVajYYZ
''*
Ibíd. EVbeVh!VeZhVgYZcd]VWZggZX^W^YdXVeVX^iVX^cZcaVVYb^c^h"
''+
Ibíd. igVX^cYZVcZhiZh^VnYZfjZZaXZcigdcdZhiVWVXZgi^ÒXVYdeVgV
'',
:cigZk^hiVXdcK^g\^c^VZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%YZZcZgdYZa
gZVa^oVgaVh#
'%%,# '(*
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#>hVVh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXdZcEVbeVh!
''-
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZZc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
EZg!Za&%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# '(+
KZgZaXVeijad>KYZaegZhZciZ^c[dgbZ#
''.
Ibíd.
:HIJ9>D9:86HDH&&(
& & ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
K>>>#:A:C;DFJ:76H69D:C9:G:8=DH
E6G667DG96GA6BDGI6A>969B6I:GC6
:C:AE:Gå
;
a:hiVYdeZgjVcd]VVhjb^YdY^kZghVhdWa^\V" aVigVnZXidg^VYZa\dW^ZgcdeZgjVcdnYZdigdhVXidgZh
X^dcZheVgVVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZa gZheZXidVZhidhXg^iZg^dh!VaVkZofjZhj\^ZgZbZY^YVh
bVgXdYZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVaZcbViZg^VYZ eVgVVYdeiVgjcZc[dfjZYZgZYjXX^cYZaVbdgiVa^YVY
YZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!iVaXdbdhZZmedcZZcZaXVeijad bViZgcVWVhVYdZcYZgZX]dh#
K>#9ZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcadhD9B!iVbW^c]VVhjb^YdaV
dWa^\VX^cXdcXgZiVYZgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZc CdgZ\gZh^cnegd\gZhdhVYZXjVYdh
jc,*ZcigZ&..%nZa'%&*#:a>c[dgbZYZaTask Force
]VhiVZab{m^bdYZadhgZXjghdh
hdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^anBViZgcVYZaEgdnZXidYZaB^aZc^d
Zmea^XVXaVgVbZciZfjZadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhhZg{c Y^hedc^WaZh
ZhZcX^VaZheVgVVaXVcoVgZhZdW_Zi^kd#& :c jc aZc\jV_Z fjZ i^ZcZ ZXd Zc aVh Y^hedh^X^dcZh
8dbdhZYZiVaaVZcXVeijadK>>!ZcaVVXijVa^YVYZa YZdigdhigViVYdh!ZaE>9:H8dWa^\VVaEZgnVdigdh
EZgcdegdkZZ8D:bY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZhYZhYZZa :hiVYdheVgiZVÆVYdeiVgbZY^YVhÇeVgVaVÆgZVa^oVX^c
ejcidYZk^hiV[h^Xd!ZXdcb^XdZ^c[dgbVi^kd!nhdWgZaV egd\gZh^kVÇYZidYdhadhYZgZX]dhgZXdcdX^YdhZcZa
WVhZYZaVcdY^hXg^b^cVX^c!VXZeiVWaZhYZhYZZaejcid EVXid!^cXajhdZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!]VhiVZaÆb{m^bd
YZk^hiVXjaijgVani^XdnYZXVa^YVY#E=GYdXjbZci YZadhgZXjghdhYZfjZY^hedc\VÇ#(6jcfjZZaYZgZX]d
aV[dgbVZcfjZaV[VaiVYZ8D:bZcY^kZghVhY^bZc" VaVhVajYcdhZejZYZZ[ZXi^k^oVgYZjcYVeVgVdigd!
h^dcZhYVaj\VgVfjZaVhbj_ZgZhhZYZbdgZcZcidbVg adhXdb^ihYZk^\^aVcX^VYZadhigViVYdhnXjVYgdhYZ
aVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgVnjYV!ZcaaZ\VgVaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid ZmeZgidh]VcZhiVWaZX^YdZcgZeZi^YVhdedgijc^YVYZhfjZ
YZhVajY!nZcgZX^W^gZaigViVb^ZcidVegde^VYdjcVkZo adh:hiVYdhi^ZcZcaVdWa^\VX^cYZYZbdhigVgfjZZhi{c
fjZ]VcaaZ\VYd#:hiVhYZbdgVh!VhjkZo!VXVWVcXdcaV gZVa^oVcYdegd\gZhdhVYZXjVYdhXdcb^gVhVZ[ZXi^k^oVg
k^YVYZaVhbj_ZgZh!dYZ_VcVbjX]VhYZZaaVheZgbV" idYdhadhYZgZX]dhgZXdcdX^YdhZcZaigViVYdYZaXjVa
cZciZbZciZ^cXVeVX^iVYVh# hdch^\cViVg^dh!^cXaj^YdZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY#):a89:H8
6YZb{hYZhjWgVnVgaVXZcigVa^YVYYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZh ]VVXaVgVYdfjZ!h^W^ZccdZm^hiZjcXg^iZg^djckdXd!aV
YZaEZgYZegdkZZg8D:bY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh!VXZe" gZVa^oVX^cegd\gZh^kVh^\c^ÒXVZhiVWaZXZgbZiVh!WVhZh
iVWaZhnYZXVa^YVY!Za9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVaZcbViZg^V YZgZ[ZgZcX^VnXgdcd\gVbVhgZVa^hiVh!ngZVa^oVgidYdh
YZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhhj\^ZgZeg^cX^e^dhfjZhZejZYZc adhZh[jZgodhedh^WaZhÅVigVkhYZaZnZh!edai^XVh!n
ji^a^oVgeVgVZkVajVgadhZh[jZgodhfjZgZVa^oVZaEZg bZY^YVhYZXVg{XiZgVYb^c^higVi^kdnegZhjejZhiVg^dÅ
edgVWdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!adhXjVaZhejZYZc eVgVVaXVcoVgaVhbZiVhZhiVWaZX^YVh#EdgdigdaVYd!hZ
hZgk^gYZ\jVeVgVaVidbVYZYZX^h^dcZhnaVegd\gV" hjZaZYVgedghZciVYdfjZaVhbZY^YVhgZ\gZh^kVhcd
bVX^cZcZa[jijgd#:hidheg^cX^e^dh!idbVYdhZcXdc_jcid! hdcXdc\gjZciZhXdcZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa#*8dbdhZ
ejZYZcedcZgYZgZa^ZkZaVhegZdXjeVX^dcZhnYVg[dgbV Zmea^XZcZaXVeijadK>!Za:hiVYdeZgjVcdiVbedXdi^ZcZ
VaVhbZY^YVhVYdeiVYVhedgadh\dW^ZgcdhgZ\^dcVaZh! Y^hXgZX^c^a^b^iVYVeVgV^ciZgegZiVgadfjZXdchi^ijnZ
Za\dW^ZgcdcVX^dcVandigdh\dW^ZgcdhÅXdbdZaYZadh ZaÆb{m^bdYZadhgZXjghdhY^hedc^WaZhÇfjZhZejZYZc
:hiVYdhJc^YdhÅ!VhXdbdZa7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7>9!fjZ YZhi^cVgVaVgZVa^oVX^cYZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYZck^gijY
YZhZbeZVcjceVeZabjn^bedgiVciZZcaVXVeVX^YVYYZ YZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa#
fjZ\doVcaVhbj_ZgZheZgjVcVheVgVZ_ZgXZghjYZgZX]d :aEZgcd]VXjbea^YdXdcZhidhXg^iZg^dh#CdXjZciV
VjcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV#8Vh^idYdhZhi{cYZVXjZgYd XdcjceaVccVX^dcVaeVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV
Zc fjZ adh Zc[dfjZh WVhVYdh Zc YZgZX]dh ]jbVcdh VYZXjVYddeVgVVWdgYVgaVgVX^dcVa^oVX^cYZaV[jZgoV
eVgVaV[dgbjaVX^cYZedai^XVhYZhVajY^cXajnVcXdbd aVWdgVaYZaHZXidgHVajY#CdhZ]VVea^XVYdVc^kZacVX^dcVa
bc^bdadhh^\j^ZciZheg^cX^e^dh/cdgZ\gZh^cnegd\gZhdh adh^cY^XVYdgZhnaVhWVhZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^VVegde^VYdh#=V
VYZXjVYdh0cdY^hXg^b^cVX^cnZfj^YVY0eVgi^X^eVX^c0 ]VW^YdgZ\gZh^cXdcgZheZXidV/Zaegd\gVbVYZeaVc^"
gZhedchVW^a^YVYngZcY^X^cYZXjZciVh0VhXdbdVh^h" ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgnaVY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZbidYdhVci^Xdc"
iZcX^VnXddeZgVX^c^ciZgcVX^dcVa#':hiZXVeijadZmVb^cV XZei^kdh0aVXdWZgijgVYZeZghdcVhedWgZhWV_dZaH>H0n
&&*
aVhY^hedh^X^dcZhXdciZc^YVhZcaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajY kZghVaZcYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!Zfj^YVYZcigZ]dbWgZhn
gZheZXidVaVWdgid#EdgdigdaVYd!Za\dW^ZgcdcdYVeg^d" bj_ZgZh!Z^ciZgXjaijgVa^YVY#Ç,
g^YVYVaVhVajYZchjegZhjejZhidncdjhVhj[VXjaiVY :a EaVc CVX^dcVa YZ 9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh iVbW^c
ÒhXVaeVgVgZXVjYVg^c\gZhdhhjÒX^ZciZheVgVVjbZciVg aaVbVWVVÆ[dgiVaZXZgaVedai^XVYZgZXjghdh]jbVcdh
ZaÆkdajbZcYZadhgZXjghdhYZfjZY^hedc\VÇ# dg^ZciVYVVbZ_dgVgaVhXdbeZiZcX^VhnXdcY^X^dcZhYZ
ZbeaZdYZadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZaHZXidgHVajY!ZcdgYZc
FbWd[iZ[WYY_d0cehjWb_ZWZcWj[hdWo\k[hpW VXjVa^ÒXVgZaYZhZbeZdYZaVh[jcX^dcZhfjZaZhhdc
bWXehWbZ[bI[YjehIWbkZ Vh^\cVYVh!naVegdbdX^cnegdiZXX^cYZaYZgZX]dVaV
6jcfjZaVaZ\^haVX^ceZgjVcV\VgVci^oVZaYZgZX]dV hVajYYZaVedWaVX^c#Ç-E=GYdXjbZciaVhÓV\gVciZh
aVhVajY!cdhZ]VVYdeiVYdYZaidYdbZY^YVhXdcXgZiVh ^cZfj^YVYZhfjZZm^hiZcZcigZadhbY^Xdhnegd[Zh^dcVaZh
ZcXVb^cVYVhVhjgZVa^oVX^c#EVgi^XjaVgbZciZ!VeZhVg YZaVhVajYfjZZhi{ccdbWgVYdhnadhfjZigVWV_VcWV_d
YZaVhYZXaVgVX^dcZhgZig^XVhYZaegZh^YZciZ<VgXVnYZ Y^hi^ciVhbdYVa^YVYZhYZXdcigVidVXdgideaVodh^cc^c\c
cjbZgdhVhVjidg^YVYZheWa^XVh!ZaEZgXVgZXZYZjc i^edYZWZcZÒX^dh!fjZZhi{chj_ZidhVYZhi^ijX^chjbVg^V#
EaVcCVX^dcVaeVgVGZYjX^gaVBdgiVa^YVYBViZgcV!YZ 6YZb{hYZaV^cZfj^YVYZm^hiZciZVa^ciZg^dgYZah^hiZbV
Xdc[dgb^YVYXdchjhdWa^\VX^dcZh[jcYVbZciVaZhZciVcid YZhVajY!Zag\^bZcaVWdgVaegdbjZkZ^cZfj^YVYZhgZaV"
:hiVYdeVgiZYZaE>9:H8#CdWVhiVXdcfjZVa\jcVhYZ X^dcVYVhXdcaVViZcX^cbY^XV!fjZhZigVYjXZcZcjc
aVhedai^XVhYZa:hiVYdEdai^XVhYZa:hiVYdYZa6XjZgYd VaiVgdiVX^cYZeZghdcVaeVgi^XjaVgbZciZZcZhiVWaZX^"
CVX^dcVahZgZÒZgVcVaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV# b^ZcidhYZhVajYgjgVaZh!adXjVab^cVaVedh^W^a^YVYYZ
HZ\cZae{ggV[d)([YZaVDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVa egdbdkZgbZ_dgVhZcadh8D:bnYZZhiVWaZXZgjcVgZY
C°#&)YZa89:H8!ZhiVZhigViZ\^VnZhiZeaVcYZVXX^c YZgZ[ZgZcX^VdeZgVi^kV#IZc^ZcYdegZhZciZZhiVh^ijVX^c!
cVX^dcVaZhYZhVajYeWa^XV Y^X]dÆ[dgiVaZX^b^ZcidÇZm^\ZjcZmVbZch^hiZb{i^XdYZ
½hZYZWZcVYdeiVgnVea^XVghdWgZaVWVhZYZaVh aVhaZnZhnedai^XVhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZa
egjZWVhZe^YZb^da\^XVh!eVgV]VXZg[gZciZVaVh HZXidgHVajY!naVYZY^XVX^cYZjcVeVgiZYZjcEaVc
egZdXjeVX^dcZhZcbViZg^VYZhVajYYZidYVaV CVX^dcVaYZHVajY!daVZaVWdgVX^cYZdigdeaVccVX^dcVa
edWaVX^c0aVZhigViZ\^VnZaeaVcYZVXX^cYZWZg{c fjZ VWdgYZ ZmegZhVbZciZ aV hVajY YZ adh gZXjghdh
hZgZaVWdgVYdh!neZg^Y^XVbZciZgZk^hVYdh!hdWgZ ]jbVcdh!fjZidbZZcXjZciVaVkVg^VX^cgZ\^dcVa#:a
aVWVhZYZjcegdXZhdeVgi^X^eVi^kdnigVcheVgZciZ0 bZcX^dcVYdeaVchZYZWZ[dgbjaVgZc[dgbVeVgi^X^eVi^kV
ZhVZhigViZ\^VnZhZeaVcYZWZcegZkZgbidYdh! nYZWZ^cXaj^gadhVedgiZhYZadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajY!
iVaZhXdbdZaYZgZX]dV^cY^XVYdgZhnWVhZhYZ VhXdbdYZadhjhjVg^dhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajY#
gZ[ZgZcX^VYZaVhVajYfjZeZgb^iVck^\^aVgZhigZ"
?dZ_YWZeh[i
X]VbZciZ adh egd\gZhdh gZVa^oVYdh0 Za egdXZhd
EVgVbdc^idgZVgadhegd\gZhdhYZbVcZgVVYZXjVYV!
bZY^VciZ Za XjVa hZ XdcX^WZ aV ZhigViZ\^V n Za
Za\dW^ZgcdeZgjVcdgZfjZg^g{iVcid^c[dgbVX^cÒYZ"
eaVcYZVXX^c!VhXdbdZaXdciZc^YdYZVbWdh!
Y^\cVXdbd^cY^XVYdgZhXdggZXidh#AVhZhi^bVX^dcZh
YZWZg{egZhiVgZheZX^VaViZcX^cVidYdhadh\gjedh
dÒX^VaZhhdWgZaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZa
kjacZgVWaZhdbVg\^cVYdh#+
EZghZhjZaZcXdch^YZgVgedXdÒYZY^\cVh#.:a^c[dgbZ
6h!ejZh!eVgVhZgXd]ZgZciZXdcadfjZZhi^ejaVZa '%%)YZa\dW^ZgcdhdWgZadhegd\gZhdhgZVa^oVYdhZcadh
89:H8gZheZXidVaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZadh:hiVYdheVgiZ! D9BhZVaVfjZÆVYZb{hPYZiZcZgjcVYZaVhiVhVhYZ
ZaeaVcYZVXX^ccVX^dcVafjZZa:hiVYdeZgjVcdZaVWdgZ bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVb{hZaZkVYVhYZ6bg^XVAVi^cV!
YZWZg{WVhVghZZcZk^YZcX^VZe^YZb^da\^XVhdWgZaVh aVhX^[gVhRgZkZaVc\gVkZhegdWaZbVhYZhjWgZ\^higdYZ
^ciZgkZcX^dcZh Z[ZXi^kVh eVgV gZYjX^g aV bdgiVa^YVY YVidh½9^X]dhjWgZ\^higdP½R^be^YZZaY^hZdZ^beaZ"
bViZgcV! n Za egdXZhd YZ ZaVWdgVX^c YZ Y^X]d eaVc bZciVX^cYZedai^XVhnegd\gVbVhfjZVWdgYZcZaegdWa"
YZWZg{hZgeVgi^X^eVi^kdnigVcheVgZciZ# ZbVZÒXVobZciZ½Ç&%
:hiZeaVchZYZWZg{[dgbjaVgXdbdeVgiZdVgi^Xj" Edg hj eVgiZ! 8:96L ]V Xg^i^XVYd aV [VaiV YZ
aVYdXdcZaeaVccVX^dcVaYZhVajYgZfjZg^YdWV_dZa YZhV\gZ\VX^cYZadheg^cX^eVaZh^cY^XVYdgZhYZhVajYZc
EaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh'%%+"'%&%!ZaXjVa ZaEZg!XdbdaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVedg{gZVhgjgVaZhn
Zhi^ejaVWVfjZY^X]deaVcYZWVhZgegZeVgVYdZ^beaZ" jgWVcVhnedgdg^\Zcic^XdVhXdbdedghZmd!h^XdggZh"
bZciVYdÆgZXd\^ZcYdaVhZmegZh^dcZhncZXZh^YVYZhYZ edcYZ#:chjgZhejZhiVVahZmid^c[dgbZeZg^Y^XdYZa
aVedWaVX^c!XdcZheZX^Vac[Vh^hZcaVedWaVX^cb{h EZg!Zc'%%,!8:96LhZVa/Æ6a8db^iaZegZdXjeV
edWgZnkjacZgVWaZYZaeVhÇnXdcjcÆZc[dfjZigVch" fjZaVY^hedc^W^a^YVYa^b^iVYVYZY^X]dhYVidhYZiVaaVYdh
b^cZgdhneZigdaZgdhXVcdcb^cZgdnXVcdceZigdaZgd!
&%%
gZheZXi^kVbZciZcdhZ^cXajnZZa\VhidZc^c[gVZhigjX"
-% ijgV!fjZedYgVbZ_dgVgadhh^hiZbVhYZgZ[ZgZcX^VYZ
adhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY#
+%
:a \dW^Zgcd eZgjVcd Y^hig^WjnZ Za *% YZa XVcdc
)% b^cZgdZcigZadh\dW^ZgcdhadXVaZhngZ\^dcVaZhZcXVa^YVY
YZgZ\VaVh#(+AVY^hig^WjX^cYZaVhgZ\VaVhYZeZcYZ
'% YZjcVhZg^ZYZXg^iZg^dh!eg^cX^eVabZciZaVYZch^YVY
edWaVX^dcVa!ZaYÒX^iYZ^c[gVZhigjXijgV!aVhcZXZh^"
%
(&&' (&&( (&&) (&&* (&&+ YVYZhW{h^XVh^chVi^h[ZX]Vh!nadhgZXjghdhdnVX^b^Zcidh
;jZciZ/PERÚ – Gasto público en salud. 2007.9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll# ZmeadiVYdhZcjcVYZiZgb^cVYVadXVa^YVY#(,:aB^c^hiZg^d
l]d#^ci$c]V$Xdjcign$E:G":#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa',YZ_jc^dYZa'%%,# YZ:XdcdbVn;^cVcoVhbdY^ÒXadhXg^iZg^dhYZY^hig^"
WjX^ckVg^VhkZXZh!ZchZi^ZbWgZYZa'%%((-nVbZY^V"
H^cZbWVg\d!ZhiVY^hb^cjX^cZcZa\VhideWa^XdZc YdhYZa'%%)#(.HZ\caVaZn!Za\dW^ZgcdgZ\^dcVaYZWZ
hVajYk^cdVXdbeVVYVYZjcXgZX^b^Zcidedh^i^kdYZa YZhi^cVgjcedgXZciV_ZYZadhgZXjghdhegdkZc^ZciZhYZa
E7>!(*adXjVa^cY^XVfjZaVY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZgZXjghdh XVcdcVÆaV^ckZgh^chdX^Va#ÇCddWhiVciZ!aV^ciZgegZ"
cd[jZaVXVjhVYZY^X]VhY^hb^cjX^dcZh#6aZmVb^cVg iVX^cfjZ]VhiVaV[ZX]VhZ]VYVYdVaigb^cd^ckZgh^c
ZaeZgdYdXdbegZcY^YdZcigZZaVd'%%%nZa'%%*!Zh hdX^Vacd^cXajnZ^ckZgi^gZmXajh^kVbZciZZcdWgVhYZ
edh^WaZdWhZgkVgfjZZaegZhjejZhidVcjVaYZaHZXidg ^c[gVZhigjXijgVYZhVajYnh^hiZbVhYZgZ[ZgZcX^V#
HVajYVjbZciZcigb^cdhVWhdajidh!eZgdY^hb^cjnZc :cadhai^bdhVdh!ZahZXidgb^cZgd!eZigdaZgdnYZ
igb^cdhgZaVi^kdhVeZhVgYZaXdbegdb^hdYZa:hiVYdYZ ]^YgdXVgWjgdh]VZmeZg^bZciVYdjcVjbZcidhjhiVcX^Va
VjbZciVgZa\VhidhdX^VaXdbdeVgiZYZa6XjZgYdCVX^dcVa YZ^c\gZhdh!ejZh]VaaZ\VYdVegdm^bVYVbZciZVa,edg
hjhXg^idedgZaZmegZh^YZciZIdaZYdZcZa'%%'# kVg^dhVdh!h^ZcYdhiZZaeg^cX^eVabdi^kdYZaXgZX^b^Zcid
8dbdhZbZcX^dcZcZaXVeijadK!ZagZYjX^Yd\Vhid YZaE7>ZcZaEZg#)%:ckVg^dhYZadhYZeVgiVbZcidh
eWa^XdZchVajYZh!ZceVgiZ!jc[VXidgYZ^cXgZbZcidYZ YdcYZhZgZ\^higVcaVhiVhVhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVb{h
adh^c\gZhdhb{hVaidfjZZaYZadhYZb{heVhZh!eZgd VaiVh!ZcigZZaadhEjcd!=jVcXVkZa^XVn8V_VbVgXV!Za
bZcdgVagZXdbZcYVYdedgZa;B>#:caVVXijVa^YVY!adh \dW^ZgcdgZ\^dcVadWi^ZcZXjVci^dhdhgZXjghdhegdkZ"
^c\gZhdhÒhXVaZhYZaEZgXdchi^ijnZchdadZa&(!(YZa c^ZciZhYZaXVcdcb^cZgdneZigdaZgd#HZVaVcYdZmeaX^iV"
E7>!b^ZcigVhfjZZa;B>gZXdb^ZcYVfjZgZegZhZciZ bZciZfjZaVÆ^ckZgh^chdX^VaÇ^cXajnZY^X]dh[VXidgZh!
Xdbdbc^bdZa&*#6h!ejZh!Za^cXjbea^b^ZcidYZa Zhidh\dW^ZgcdhgZ\^dcVaZhedYgVcZmeVcY^gadhgZXjghdh
:hiVYdeZgjVcdYZVjbZciVgZakdajbZcYZgZXjghdhfjZ YZfjZY^hedcZceVgVYZhi^cVgadhVaVhVajY!ZceVgi^XjaVg
YZhi^cVVaHZXidgHVajY!ZceVgi^XjaVgVaVhVajYbViZgcV! VaVhVajYbViZgcV#
gZÓZ_VYZX^h^dcZhYZXVg{XiZgedai^Xdn[VaiVYZkdajciVY
edai^XV!Zcaj\VgYZa^b^iVX^cVWhdajiVYZgZXjghdh# CdY^hXg^b^cVX^cZ^\jVaYVY
HZ\cZa9ZgZX]d>ciZgcVX^dcVa!hZYZWZ\VgVci^oVgidYdh
adhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!^cXajhdZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!
:chj^c[dgbZYZa'%%+!Un nuevo contrato social para
Æh^cY^hXg^b^cVX^cVa\jcVedgbdi^kdhYZgVoV!Xdadg!
el Perú. ¿Cómo lograr un país más educado, saludable
hZmd!^Y^dbV!gZa^\^c!de^c^cedai^XVdYZdigVcYdaZ!
y solidario?! Za 7VcXd XdcXajnZ Zcg\^XVbZciZ ad
dg^\ZccVX^dcVadhdX^Va!edh^X^cZXdcb^XV!cVX^b^Zcid
h^\j^ZciZ/ÆYVYdfjZZaEZgVYjgVheZcVhZcXdc"
dXjVafj^ZgdigVXdcY^X^chdX^Va#Ç)&9ZVXjZgYdXdcaV
igVg{V]dggdhVY^X^dcVaZhXdcjcbVndggZXdgiZYZ
8dchi^ijX^cEdai^XVYZaEZg/ÆCVY^ZYZWZhZgY^hXg^b^"
adhYZhZbWdahdheWa^Xdh!cdi^ZcZc^c\jcVdeX^c
cVYdedgbdi^kdYZdg^\Zc!gVoV!hZmd!^Y^dbV!gZa^\^c!
[jZgVYZ^cXgZbZciVghj\VhidhdX^Vapari passuXdc
de^c^c! XdcY^X^c ZXdcb^XV d YZ XjVafj^Zg digV
\VcVcX^VhVY^X^dcVaZhZcaVgZXVjYVX^cnaVgZV"
cYdaZ#Ç)'HZ\caV8dchi^ijX^c!Za:hiVYdYZWZ\VgVc"
h^\cVX^cegZhjejZhiVg^V#Ç
i^oVgZaVXXZhdVaVhVajYh^cY^hXg^b^cVX^cVa\jcV#7V_d
´AV[dgbVZcfjZhZ^beaZbZciVZaH>H\ZcZgVY^hXg^b^cVX^c4
E=GhZZciZgYZaVY^hXg^b^cVX^cfjZhj[gZcaVh aaZkVWVVa]dhe^iVa!naVeaVXZciVcdhZ]VWVYZhegZc"
eVX^ZciZh XjW^ZgiVh edg Za H>H Zc odcVh jgWVcVh n Y^YdidYVkV#
jgWVcd"bVg\^cVaZh! YdcYZ cd idYVh aVh eVX^ZciZh Adh^cXZci^kdhZhigjXijgVaZh^cÓjnZcZcaVY^hXg^b^"
i^ZcZcZhiZhZ\jgd#:cZ[ZXid!aVhbj_ZgZhYZjc\gjed cVX^cYZaVheVX^ZciZhYZaH>H#:agZZbWdahdaZcid
[dXVaYZ8VgVWVnaadhZVaVgdcVE=GfjZ]VWVjcYdWaZ Z^cVYZXjVYdZfj^kVaZVegY^YVYZY^cZgdeVgVadh
h^hiZbVYZViZcX^cYZaVhVajY!edgbZY^dYZaXjVa ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYXdcaVheVX^ZciZhYZaH>H#
aVhbj_ZgZhfjZiZcVcbZY^dheVgVeV\VgZgVcViZc" AVhegdbdidgVhYZhVajYYZa\gjed[dXVa^cY^XVgdc
Y^YVhVciZhnbZ_dgfjZaVhbj_ZgZhfjZhadXdciVWVc fjZVadhXZcigdhYZhVajYjW^XVYdhZcodcVhjgWVcd"
XdcZaH>H#BjX]VhYZZaaVhY^_ZgdcVE=GfjZiZcVc bVg\^cVaZhXdbd:aEgd\gZhd!VacdgiZYZA^bV!aZh
fjZZheZgVg]dgVhZchjhX^iVhYZXdcigdaegZcViVa Zhi{cegZh^dcVcYdeVgVfjZgZYjoXVcVabc^bdZa
edgfjZZaeZghdcVaYZhVajY]VXVeVhVgbjX]dVciZh cbZgdYZeVX^ZciZhXdcH>HedgfjZZaB>CH6YZiZg"
fjZZaaVhVbj_ZgZhXdchZ\jgdeVgi^XjaVgdfjZ^WVc b^cVXj{ciVheaVoVh]VneVgVaVheVX^ZciZhYZaEA6C
VeV\VgZcZ[ZXi^kd!VYZb{hYZ]VXZgaZhZm{bZcZhb{h 8YZaH>HZcjcVadXVa^YVYXdcbZcdhYZa+*YZaV
XdbeaZidh# edWaVX^cXaVh^ÒXVYVXdbd^cY^\ZciZ#H^cZbWVg\d!aVh
:hZigVidY^hXg^b^cVidg^dhZZmiZcY^^cXajhd]VhiV Vh^\cVX^dcZhbjnedXVhkZXZh\jVgYVcgZaVX^cXdc
aVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh#EdgZ_Zbead!jcVeVgi^X^" aVhcZXZh^YVYZhgZVaZhYZaVedWaVX^c#
eVciZYZa\gjed[dXVaXdcifjZaZ]^X^ZgdcZheZgVg DigVeVgi^X^eVciZYZa\gjed[dXVahdhijkdfjZÆ:cZa
edgadbZcdhkZ^ciZb^cjidhZcaVejZgiVYZaVhVaVYZ EZg!aVViZcX^cYZaVhVajYhZgZYjXZVadfjZejZYZh
ZbZg\ZcX^VYZa=dhe^iVaYZ8daa^fjZXjVcYdVXVWVWV eV\VgnVfj^cXdcdXZh#IZcZgZaH>Hh^\c^ÒXVfjZcd
YZ YVg V ajo Vjcc^degZbVijgdZcZaiVm^fjZaV ejZYZheV\VgncdXdcdXZhVcVY^Z#Ç
(%% &%%
eVgidhViZcY^Ydhedg
egd[Zhh^dcVaXVeVX^iVYd
.%
'*%
IVhVYZBdgiVa^YVYBViZgcV
edg&%%#%%%cVX^Ydhk^kdh -%
eVgidhViZcY^Ydhedgegd[Zh^dcVaXVeVX^iVYd
,%
'%%
BdgiVa^YVYBViZgcV
+%
&*% *%
)%
&%%
(%
'%
*%
&%
% %
i^
Z
W
?YW
We
ei
k[
hW
dd
Wb_
kW
iYe
e
d
Ye
WY
YW
de
i
dW
kY
X[
k_f
WhY
h[j
Y^
hjW
Whj
F_k
[b_
_c
:_
YW
Wbb
Y
[]
Fk
[g
Wo
@k
9k
FW
|d
JW
WYk
Wpe
c
Be
X[
Wg
`Wc
7d
KY
YWl
kh
dC
Z[
gk
Wo
W#9
Jk
>k
B_
7h
7c
7o
7f
cX
Ce
Zh[
Wd
9W
IW
B_c
BW
BW
>k
CW
KZg/:C6=D'%%(">Kig^bZhigZZaVWdgVYdedg8>JEZcK{hfjZo!:#¿Los niños… primero? Volumen III. Niveles de vida y gasto público social orientado
a la infancia 2004-2005.HVkZi]Z8]^aYgZcHjZX^V/*&#
9^X]V^cZfj^YVYZcZa\VhidYVaj\VgVjcVY^hedc^W^" YZaVedWaVX^c^cY\ZcV#H^W^ZcaVYZhXZcigVa^oVX^c
a^YVYnVXXZh^W^a^YVYeZgXZei^WaZbZciZbZcdgYZaVViZc" YZaHZXidgHVajY]VYVYdbVndgedYZgVadh\dW^Zgcdh
X^cbY^XVcZXZhVg^VeVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV! gZ\^dcVaZh!bjX]VhYZaVhedWaVX^dcZhgjgVaZhedWgZh!
^cXaj^YV aV Vh^hiZcX^V XVa^[^XVYV YjgVciZ Za eVgid! Zc fjZhdcegZYdb^cVciZbZciZ^cY\ZcVh!cdZhi{cgZegZ"
gZ\^dcZhXdbdEjcd!=jVcXVkZa^XV!8V_VbVgXVn=j{cjXd hZciVYVhZcaVhYZX^h^dcZhgZ\^dcVaZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdc
fjZgZ\^higVcVaidhedgXZciV_ZhYZedWaVX^c^cY\ZcV# aV hVajY# Edg Z_Zbead! E=G dWhZgk fjZ Za =dhe^iVa
:hiVY^XdidbVZcXjVcidVadhgZXjghdhÅnaVh^bea^" GZ\^dcVaYZ=jVcXVkZa^XV!jW^XVYdZcaVXVe^iVa!i^ZcZ
XVcX^VhbY^XVheVgVaVY^hedc^W^a^YVY!VXXZh^W^a^YVYn XVeVX^YVYeVgVegVXi^XVgaVeVgdhXde^VhXdcZfj^edYZ
XVa^YVYYZadhXj^YVYdhÅhZgZe^iZZcadhb^hbdhYZeVg" VaiViZXcdad\V!nVaVhbj_ZgZhhZaZhgZVa^oVgji^cVg^V"
iVbZcidhYdcYZhZYZhi^cVbjX]dhb{hgZXjghdhVadh bZciZigZhjaigVhdc^YdhZcXVYVZbWVgVod!b^ZcigVh
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYjW^XVYdhZcaVhodcVhb{h fjZaVhXVbeZh^cVh^cY\ZcVhYZaVhodcVhgjgVaZhZc
jgWVc^oVYVhYZZhdhYZeVgiVbZcidhnbZcdhgZXjghdh bjX]dhXVhdhc^h^fj^ZgVi^ZcZcVXXZhdVadh8D:bb{h
V aVh odcVh gjgVaZh! YdcYZ k^kZ aV ^cbZchV bVndgV ZaZbZciVaZh#+(:hidZheVgi^XjaVgbZciZhdgegZcYZciZ
: A : C ;D F J : 7 6 H 6 9 D : C 9 : G : 8 = D H E6 G 6 6 7 D G 9 6 G A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 : C : A E : G å & ( (
JcZhijY^dgZX^ZciZhdWgZaVZm^\^W^a^YVYYZadhYZgZ" YZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcaVaZn^ciZgcVX^dcVaYZYZgZX]dh
X]dhYZhVajYZcZaEZgXdcXajnfjZÆZa:hiVYdcd ]jbVcdh#H^cZbWVg\d!fjZYVXaVgdfjZadh:hiVYdh
[VX^a^iVadhXVcVaZhYZ^c[dgbVX^ceVgVY^[jcY^ghjh eVgiZZ^cXajhdÅXdbdZcZaXVhdYZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhÅ
dWa^\VX^dcZh Xdc gZheZXid Va YZgZX]d V aV hVajY# 6a adhh^\cViVg^dhYZaE>9:H8!VhjbZcdWa^\VX^dcZhYZ
b^hbdi^Zbed!aVX^jYVYVcVcdZhi{[Vb^a^Vg^oVYVXdc VXjZgYdXdcaV8dckZcX^cYZK^ZcVhdWgZaVAZnYZadh
adhbZXVc^hbdhfjZZm^hiZceVgVVhZ\jgVgaVVea^XVX^c IgViVYdhÆeVgVVWhiZcZghZYZVXidhfjZedYgVcXdcigV"
YZZhiVhdWa^\VX^dcZh#Ç&(+ kZc^gZadW_Zidnegdeh^idÇYZaigViVYd!jcVdWa^\VX^c
fjZeZgbVcZXZk^\ZciZ]VhiVZabdbZcidZcfjZZa
6h^hiZcX^VnXddeZgVX^c :hiVYdedc\VZcXaVgdhj^ciZcX^cYZcd[dgbVgeVgiZ
YZaE>9:H8#&)&
^ciZgcVX^dcVa
9ZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcZa6giXjad'YZE>9:H8!XVYV:hiVYd J[cWiZ[iWbkZi[nkWboh[fheZkYj_lW
eVgiZhZXdbegdbZiZVidbVgeVhdh!Æ^cY^k^YjVabZciZnV :aGZaVidg:heZX^VaYZaVDCJgZXdcdXZZmeaX^iVbZciZ
igVkhYZaVVh^hiZcX^VnXddeZgVX^c^ciZgcVX^dcVaÇeVgV fjZadheVhZhYdcVciZhÆegdedgX^dcVcÒcVcX^Vb^Zcid
ad\gVgaVgZVa^oVX^cXdbeaZiVYZadhYZgZX]dhgZXdcd" ^bedgiVciZeVgVaVViZcX^cYZaVhVajYhZmjVan\Zch^XV
X^YdhZcZaigViVYd!^cXajnZcYdaVhVajY#&(,9ZVXjZgYd ZcbjX]dheVhZhXdcWV_dh^c\gZhdhÇ!Z^bejahVVY^X]dh
XdcZaGZaVidg:heZX^VaYZaVDCJ! eVhZhVegdedgX^dcVgVh^hiZcX^VeVgVVYdeiVgjcZc[dfjZ
6YZb{h YZ aVh dWa^\VX^dcZh V c^kZa adXVa! adh WVhVYdZcYZgZX]dheVgVhjhedai^XVhnegd\gVbVh#Edg
:hiVYdhYZhVggdaaVYdhi^ZcZcaVgZhedchVW^a^YVY Z_Zbead!hjÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidYZWZegdbdX^dcVgZaVXXZhd
YZegdedgX^dcVgVh^hiZcX^VnXddeZgVX^c^ciZg" ÆVjcVbea^dgVc\dYZhZgk^X^dhcZXZhVg^dheVgVY^h[gjiVg
cVX^dcVaeVgVVhZ\jgVgZaXjbea^b^ZcidYZYZgZ" YZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYhZmjVan\Zch^XV!^cXajnZcYdadh
X]dhZXdcb^Xdh!hdX^VaZhnXjaijgVaZhZceVhZh hZgk^X^dhnaV^c[dgbVX^cfjZgZYjXZcaV^cX^YZcX^VYZ
Xdc^c\gZhdhWV_dh#:hiVgZhedchVW^a^YVYhjg\ZYZ VWdgidh^chZ\jgdh#Ç&)'
gZX^ZciZhXdc[ZgZcX^VhbjcY^VaZh!^cXajnZcYdaV AV6\ZcX^VYZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdheVgVZa9ZhVggdaad
8jbWgZYZaB^aZc^d!VhXdbdYZaVhY^hedh^X^dcZh >ciZgcVX^dcVaJ#H#6\ZcXn[dg>ciZgcVi^dcVa9ZkZadebZci!
YZaVaZn^ciZgcVX^dcVaYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh#&(- JH6>9]^hig^XVbZciZ]VegdedgX^dcVYdjcedgXZciV_Z
h^\c^ÒXVi^kdYZÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidVegd\gVbVhYZhVajY
AdheVhZhYdcVciZhVhjbZcdWa^\VX^dcZh[gZciZVadh hZmjVangZegdYjXi^kV!VhXdbdYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!
YZgZX]dh]jbVcdhY^gZXiVbZciZnZciVcidb^ZbWgdhYZ VigVkhYZa\dW^ZgcdVhXdbdYZY^kZghVhDC<h#H^c
dg\Vc^oVX^dcZh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh!XdbdZa7VcXdBjcY^Va! ZbWVg\d!Za''YZZcZgdYZ'%%&!ZaegZh^YZciZ7jh]
Za;B>nZa7>9#GZheZXidVZhidai^bd!Za89:H8]V Zb^i^jcBZbdgVcYd:_ZXji^kd^beVgi^ZcYd^chigjX"
VÒgbVYdfjZ X^dcZhVJH6>9ÆeVgVgZhiVWaZXZgedgXdbeaZididYdhadh
Adh:hiVYdheVgiZi^ZcZcaVdWa^\VX^cYZVhZ\jgVg gZfj^h^idhYZaVEdai^XVYZaV8^jYVYYZBm^Xdk^\ZciZ
fjZhjhVXX^dcZhZciVcidb^ZbWgdhYZdg\Vc^oV" Za&.YZZcZgdYZ&..(ÇZcZaegd\gVbVYZedWaVX^cYZ
X^dcZh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhidbZcZcXjZciVZaYZgZX]d JH6>9#:hiVedai^XVÅ\ZcZgVabZciZYZcdb^cVYVaVAZn
VaVhVajY#EdgXdch^\j^ZciZ!adh:hiVYdheVgiZfjZ YZaVBdgYVoV<adWVaÅegd]WZfjZaVhDC<hZmigVc_ZgVh
hdcb^ZbWgdhYZ^chi^ijX^dcZhÒcVcX^ZgVh^ciZg" fjZgZX^WZcÒcVcX^Vb^ZcideVgVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgYZ
cVX^dcVaZh! Zc eVgi^XjaVg YZa ;dcYd BdcZiVg^d JH6>9jhZchjhegde^dh[dcYdhÅfjZc^h^fj^ZgVegdk^Z"
>ciZgcVX^dcVa!YZa7VcXdBjcY^VanYZWVcXdhYZ cZcYZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhÅeVgVegdedgX^dcVghZgk^X^dh
YZhVggdaadgZ\^dcVaZh!YZWZcegZhiVgbVndgViZc" YZVWdgidaZ\Va!]VXZglobbyVciZhjhegde^dh\dW^Zgcdh
X^cVaVegdiZXX^cYZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajYZcaV eVgVaVgZ[dgbVYZaVaZnYZaVWdgid!d^cXajhdegdedg"
^cÓjZcX^VfjZedYgVciZcZgedai^XVhYZeghiVbdh! X^dcVg ^c[dgbVX^c! VhZhdgV! d gZb^h^dcZh bY^XVh
XdckZc^dhYZXgY^idnbZY^YVh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhYZ gZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZaVWdgid#:hiVedai^XV^ciZgÒZgZYZX^"
ZhiVh^chi^ijX^dcZh#&(. Y^YVbZciZZcaVXVeVX^YVYYZaVhDC<hYZegdedgX^dcVg
^c[dgbVX^cfjZedYgVgZYjX^gaV^cX^YZcX^VYZVWdgidh
:aGZaVidg:heZX^VaYZaVDCJiVbW^c]VVÒgbVYd
^chZ\jgdhnYZbjZgiZhbViZgcVhZcZaEZg#
fjZ adh :hiVYdh YdcVciZh YZWZc ÆVhZ\jgVg fjZ hjh
6YZb{h! JH6>9 ]V ^ciZciVYd gZXdgiVg ^cXajhd aV
VXX^dcZhXdbdb^ZbWgdhYZdg\Vc^oVX^dcZh^ciZgcV"
egZhiVX^cYZhZgk^X^dhfjZZhi{ceZgb^i^Ydh!^cXajnZcYd
X^dcVaZhidbZcZcXjZciVZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY#Ç&)% aVZcigZ\VYZbidYdhYZVci^XdcXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^V#
Adh eZg[^aZh YZ aVh dWa^\VX^dcZh YZ ÆVh^hiZcX^V n
AVVci^XdcXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^VVXiVeVgVZk^iVgZa
XddeZgVX^c^ciZgcVX^dcVaÇVccdZhi{cW^ZcYZÒc^Ydh
& ( ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
ZbWVgVod!ncdZhjcVWdgi^kd#H^cZbWVg\d!Za8Zcigd gZhjaiVVWhdajiVbZciZXgi^XdfjZadheVhZhg^Xdh
eVgVaVHVajYZ>\jVaYVYYZ<cZgd8ZciZg[dg=ZVai] ZcigZ\jZcVaigb^cdYZagZ\ViZdjcVVnjYVZ[ZX"
VcY<ZcYZg:fj^in!8=6C<:naVDC<eZgjVcVEgdbHZm! i^kVXVYVkZobVndg!jchZgk^X^dYZaVYZjYVb{h
Za8ZcigdeVgVaVEgdbdX^cn9Z[ZchVYZadh9ZgZX]dh hdhiZc^WaZngZ\aVhYZXdbZgX^db{h_jhiVh!bjX]d
HZmjVaZhnGZegdYjXi^kdh!YdXjbZciVgdcjceVigcYZ VciZhYZa'%&*#Ç&)+
VXX^cegZdXjeVciZYZJH6>9ZcZaEZgYZhejhYZaV
AVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZadheVhZhYdcVciZh!YZXdc[dg"
aZ\Va^oVX^cYZaVVci^XdcXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^V#:c
b^YVYXdcZaD9B-!^cXajnZc/ÆbZ_dgVYZaVa^k^dYZaV
cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*!aVdÒX^cVYZJH6>9Zb^i^VYkZgiZc"
YZjYVeVgVadheVhZhedWgZhZcYZjYVYdh0XVcXZaVX^c
X^VhkZgWVaZhVYdhYdcViVg^dhadXVaZh!aV9Z[ZchdgVYZa
dÒX^VaYZaVYZjYVW^aViZgVa0nVh^hiZcX^VdÒX^VaeVgVZa
EjZWadnZaBdk^b^ZcidBVcjZaVGVbdh!edgjhVghjejZh"
YZhVggdaadb{h\ZcZgdhVeVgVadheVhZhXdbegdbZi^Ydh
iVbZciZadh[dcYdhYZJH6>9ZcVXi^k^YVYZhZYjXVX^d"
XdcaVgZYjXX^cYZaVedWgZoV#Ç&),
cVaZhfjZ^cXajnZgdcaVVci^XdcXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^V!
:aEZgZhjceVhVaiVbZciZZcYZjYVYd#6ÒcZhYZa
h^cVjidg^oVX^c#:a(%YZcdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%*!JH6>9
Vd'%%(!hjYZjYVZmiZgcVgZegZhZciZa(-YZhjE7>
EZgZck^jcVXVgiVVhjhYdcViVg^dhadXVaZhhZVaVcYd
nhjYZjYV^ciZgcV&%YZaE7>#&)-AVYZjYVeWa^XVidiVa
fjZaVXdcigVXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^VZhÆjciZbVXdcigd"
YZb{hYZ'-!.b^aZhYZb^aadcZhZhXZgXVcVVadfjZ
kZgh^VaÇZcZaEZg!negd]^W^ZcYdZajhdYZhjh[dcYdh
aVh^chi^ijX^dcZhÒcVcX^ZgVhXdch^YZgVcÆg^Zh\dhd#Ç&).
eVgV^c[dgbVgVXZgXVYZZhiV[dgbVYZXdcigVXZeX^c
6YZb{h!]VhiVZa)%YZaVYZjYVZmiZgcVYZaEZghZ
XdbdjcbidYdYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgY^hedc^WaZ
ZcXjZcigVZc^chigjbZcidhYZiVhVYZ^ciZghkVg^VWaZ
VigVkhYZaB>CH6#EdXdYZhejh!JH6>9WjhXfjZ
n+(adZhi{ZcYaVgZhVbZg^XVcdh!adXjVakjZakZVa
iVcidBVcjZaVGVbdhXdbdaV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad
\dW^ZgcdZmigZbVbZciZkjacZgVWaZVadhg^Zh\dhYZaV
aZgZZbWdahVgVcadh[dcYdhjhVYdheVgVegdbdkZgaV
iVhVYZXVbW^dnaViVhVYZ^ciZgh#&*%:a\dW^Zgcd\VhiV
XdcigVXZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^V#&)(E=GhjedfjZVabZcdh
VcjVabZciZZcZahZgk^X^dYZaVYZjYVb{hYZXjVigd
BVcjZaVGVbdhijkdfjZYZkdakZgZaY^cZgdZbeaZVYd!n
kZXZhadfjZYZhi^cVVaXVbedYZaVhVajY#&*&
fjZaVedhijgVYZJH6>9]ViZc^YdjcZ[ZXidZhXVad[g^VciZ
:abdcidYZaVYZjYVfjZZaEZgZhi{dWa^\VYdVeV\Vg
hdWgZaVhVXi^k^YVYZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcaVVci^XdcXZeX^c
a^b^iVaVbV\c^ijYYZadhgZXjghdhY^hedc^WaZhfjZejZYZ
YZZbZg\ZcX^VgZVa^oVYVhedgadhYdcViVg^dh#&))AV^ciZg"
\VhiVgZchVajY#:aEZgcdZhi{hdadVZhiZgZheZXid0jcV
[ZgZcX^VYZJH6>9ZcZaYZgZX]dYZaVhbj_ZgZhVgZX^W^g
ZcXjZhiVYZaVJC>8:;ZcXdcigfjZZcigZ^ciVeVhZhZc
bidYdhYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!^cXajnZcYdaVXdcigV"
YZhVggdaad!adh\dW^ZgcdhYZbVcZgVXdch^hiZciZhjW^c"
XZeX^cYZZbZg\ZcX^V!hdXVkVadhYZgZX]dhVaVhVajYn
k^ZgiZcZchZgk^X^dhhdX^VaZh!ZceVgiZYZW^YdVaVXVg\V
aVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgVYZaVhbj_ZgZheZgjVcVh#
ÒhXVa^bejZhiVedgZahZgk^X^dYZaVYZjYV#&*'AVa^iZgVijgV
:a7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7>9cd]Vc^bejZhidbZY^YVh
YZaVDBHVejciVVaVb^hbVXdcXajh^c#EdgZ_Zbead!Zc
fjZ^ciZgÒZgVcY^gZXiVbZciZXdcZaVXXZhdYZaVhbj_ZgZh
Za'%%&jcVXdb^h^cYZaVDBHgZfj^g^YZadh\dW^Zg"
VaV^c[dgbVX^cdadhhZgk^X^dhYZViZcX^cbY^XV#H^c
cdhVjbZciVgZa\VhidZcZaHZXidgHVajYXdbdjcV
ZbWVg\d!aVbZciVWaZbZciZE6GHVajY>cd^cXajnZcigZ
ZhigViZ\^VYZYZhVggdaadVaVg\deaVod#CddWhiVciZZa9g#
hjhacZVhYZVXX^cVaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg#:cjcV
HZg\^dHe^cVX^!hZXgZiVg^dZ_ZXji^kdYZaV8ddgY^cVX^c
ZcigZk^hiVhdhiZc^YVedgE=GZcVWg^a!>VcBVXVgi]jg
YZaVJc^YVYYZBVXgdZXdcdbVn6edndYZHVajYYZaV
ÅYZa7>9ÅXVa^ÒXVaVhjcidXdbdXdcigdkZgh^Va!hZV"
DBH!gZXdcdX^adhgZidh^bejZhidhedgaVhXVg\VhYZ
aVcYd fjZ! edg ad iVcid! hj ^cXajh^c Zc E6GHVajY >>
aVYZjYV/ÆCdZh[{X^aYZcigdYZadhegZhZciZhab^iZh
ÆVeVgZXZgVXdbd[dgoVYV#Ç&)*
egZhjejZhiVg^dh^ckZgi^gb{hZchVajY!ZcZheZX^Vah^jcd
:[kZW i^ZcZjcV\gVcegdedgX^cYZaegZhjejZhid^ckZgi^YdZc
gZZbWdahdYZaVYZjYVnjcVedai^XVbVXgdZXdcb^XV
AdhdX]dD9B!fjZ]Vch^YdVXZeiVYdhnZcYdhVYdhedg
XZcigVYVZcXdciZcZgaVbZcdg^cÓVX^cnYZiZgb^cVg
Za\dW^ZgcdYZadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydh!gZfj^ZgZcjcVVhdX^V"
iZX]dhYZ\VhidedgadhhZXidgZhhdX^VaZh#Ç&*(
X^c\adWVaeVgVZaYZhVggdaadfjZ
:caVgZ\^c!aVh^chi^ijX^dcZhYZeghiVbdh^ciZgcV"
½ZhXaVgZoXVfjZZhgZhedchVW^a^YVYeg^bVg^VYZadh X^dcVaZh]VcZhiVYdZmeZg^bZciVcYdXdcaVXdcYdcVX^c
eVhZhedWgZhigVWV_VgeVgVad\gVgadhh^ZiZeg^bZ" YZaVYZjYVXdbdjci^edYZÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidY^g^\^YdV
gdhdW_Zi^kdh#9ZWZc]VXZghjeVgiZeVgVVhZ\jgVg hZXidgZheVgi^XjaVgZh!^cXajnZcYdZaYZaVhVajY#Edg
bVndggZhedchVW^a^YVYeVgVadhX^jYVYVcdhnZa Z_Zbead!ZcbVgodYZa'%%,!Za7>9VXdgYXVcXZaVg
jhdZÒX^ZciZYZadhgZXjghdh#EZgdeVgVfjZadh JH)!)b^aZhYZb^aadcZhYZaVYZjYVnadh^ciZgZhZh
eVhZhedWgZhad\gZcadhh^ZiZeg^bZgdhdW_Zi^kdh! VYZjYVYdhedgX^cXdYZadheVhZhb{hedWgZhYZ6bg^XV
: A : C ;D F J : 7 6 H 6 9 D : C 9 : G : 8 = D H E6 G 6 6 7 D G 9 6 G A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 : C : A E : G å & ( *
AVi^cVnZa8Vg^WZ/7da^k^V!<jnVcV!=V^i!=dcYjgVhn Y^cZgdVY^X^dcVaeVgVZah^hiZbVYZhVajYn!edgZ_Zbead!
C^XVgV\jV#&*):aY^cZgda^WZgVYdYZWZhZgXVcVa^oVYd edYgVjhVghZeVgVegdbdkZgaVgVX^dcVa^oVX^cnhVaVg^dh
]VX^VaVViZcX^cbY^XV!aVZYjXVX^cnZaYZhVggdaad Zfj^iVi^kdhZcigZadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZhVajY#
YZaV^c[gVZhigjXijgVZcY^X]dheVhZh# AVbVndgeVgiZYZaVYZjYVYZaEZgXdggZhedcYZV
:a;dcYd<adWVaYZAjX]VXdcigVZaH>96!aVIjWZgXjadh^h ^chi^ijX^dcZhÒcVcX^ZgVh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh!naVhZ\jcYV
naVBVaVg^VVXijVabZciZZhi{egdbdk^ZcYdjcV8dckZgh^c Vadhb^ZbWgdhYZa8ajWYZEVgh!&*+^cXajnZcYdVadh
YZ9ZjYVYZ;dcYd<adWVad^c^X^Vi^kVYZYZjYVedg :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh# :a \dW^Zgcd YZ adh :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh!
hVajY!YdcYZVaEZgnVdigdhigZheVhZhe^adidhZaZh bZY^VciZhjeVgi^X^eVX^cZcdg\Vc^oVX^dcZh^ciZgcV"
eZgYdcVg{X^ZgiVXVci^YVYYZYZjYVW^aViZgVa!eVgVfjZZa X^dcVaZhiVaZhXdbdZa;B>nZa8ajWYZaEVgh!VhXdbdV
Y^cZgdV]dggVYdhZVYZhi^cVYdVaVhVajY#&**6aZbVc^VZh igVkhYZaIZhdgd!edYgVXdcig^Wj^gXdcaVXdckZgh^cYZ
Zaeg^bZgeVhfjZVXdgYeZgYdcVgaVYZjYVbZY^VciZ aVYZjYVYZa;dcYd<adWVan!VhjkZo!egZhiVgVh^hiZcX^V
ZhiV^c^X^Vi^kV#:hiVXdckZgh^cejZYZ\ZcZgVgVa\dYZ VaEZgeVgVad\gVgZaD9B*ndigdhD9B#
women and children. B^aaZc^jb Egd_ZXi0 '%%*# 9^hedc^WaZ Zc/ Desarrollo del Milenio en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar
]iie/$$lll#jcb^aaZcc^jbegd_ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY" con la pobreza, la desigualdad y la exclusión.>c[dgbZYZa'%%)/+)#
XdbeaZiZ#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa.YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# 9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#XZe^h#deh"dbh#dg\$WkhV^g$Z$gZe^cYZm$
gZe^-($b^aZc^d$^c[dgbZh$eZgj"dYb#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa(YZ_ja^d
'
KZg! edg Z_Zbead/ Egd\gVbV YZ aVh CVX^dcZh Jc^YVh eVgV Za
YZa'%%,#
9ZhVggdaad! Poverty Reduction and Human Rights. CjZkV Ndg`!
_jc^dYZa'%%(!e#*#9^hedc^WaZZclll#jcYe#dg\$\dkZgcVcXZ$
&&
8dbZciVg^dh8dcXajnZciZhYZa8db^ieVgVaV:a^b^cVX^cYZaV
YdXh$=GECTedkZginZc#eY[#EVgVXdcdXZgXbdhZgZaVX^dcVc 9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVBj_Zg/EZg!8:96L!HZh^c(,!CJ9dX#
ZhidhXg^iZg^dhXdcaVbZY^X^cYZadhegd\gVbVh!kZgCJ8dchZ_d 8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+'%%,#
:Xdcb^XdnHdX^Va#Informe del relator especial sobre el derecho &'
6hVbWaZV<ZcZgVaYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh#ÆCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d
))CJ<6DG!Hje#C°#).!CJ9dX#6$))$,(+&.-.#:cZah^hiZbV >c[Vci^aE:"%&)+!9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#^VYW#dg\$Zmg$YdX.-$
^ciZgVbZg^XVcdiVbW^chZZcXjZcigVZaEgdidXdad6Y^X^dcVaV Veg$eZ&'%-Z#eY[#
aV8dckZcX^c6bZg^XVcVhdWgZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhZcbViZg^V &)
E6GHVajY! Principales indicadores de resultados y desempeño con los
YZ9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZhn8jaijgVaZh!ÆEgdidXdadYZ
que trabaja el PARSalud: Indicadores de la Demanda#9^hedc^WaZZc/
HVcHVakVYdg!ÇHZg^ZYZIgViVYdhD:6C°#+.&.--!fjZZcigZc
]iie/$$lll#eVghVajY#\dW#eZ$IgVcheVgZcX^V$VgX]^kdh$>cY^XVYdgZhT
k^\ZcX^VZc&..-!Vgi#&%#
9ZbVcYV#eY[#
)
KZgCJ89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#(Ç*iV#HZh^c!&..%!CJ
&*
Ibíd.
9dX#:$&..&$'(!6cZmd>>>!Zce{ggV[d('#PDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#
(YZa89:H8R#KZgiVbW^c/ÆAVh9^gZXig^XZhYZBVVhig^X]ihdWgZ
&+
Ibíd.
K^daVX^dcZhYZadh9ZgZX]dh:Xdcb^Xdh!HdX^VaZhn8jaijgVaZhÇ &,
:cigZk^hiVVjcZm[jcX^dcVg^deWa^XdZcA^bV!EZg!Za&(YZVWg^a
,
9ZXgZidHjegZbdC°#%&,"'%%*"?JH#EaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh
Za&%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
=jbVcdhYZaEZg#A^bV0'%%*/.)"+!(#'#(G&!6&# '%
ÆCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVafjZigVchb^iZZa>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg
-
Ibíd.!6.# :heZX^VahdWgZZa9ZgZX]dYZIdYVEZghdcVaVa9^h[gjiZYZaB{h
6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVa#Ç6$+&$((-!cdiV&'/
.
:cigZk^hiVVjcZm[jcX^dcVg^deWa^XdZcA^bV!EZg!Za&(YZ
e{ggV[d'.#
VWg^aYZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVV6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!XddgY^cVYdgcVX^dcVa
YZaEgd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dVaVHVajY!86G:EZg!A^bV!Za&&YZ
'&
Hie]Vc^ZGdjhhZVj^c[dgbVfjZ8VgWdcZÆigViYZbdY^ÒXVg
VWg^aYZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVV8ZX^a^VDaZVBVjaZc!XddgY^cVYdgVYZa aVa^hiVYZbidYdhVci^XdcXZei^kdhVXZeiVYdhedgZaB>CH6nZa
Egd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhVaVHVajYHZmjVa!nVE^aVg6gXZ=Zgc{cYZo! egd\gVbVYZeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!Vg\jnZcYd!ZcigZdigVhXdhVh!
Egd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhVaVHVajYHZmjVa!;adgVIg^hi{c!A^bV!&(YZ fjZ Za 9>J ZgV VWdgi^kd#Ç GdjhhZVj! Hie]Vc^Z# ÆI]Z Eda^i^Xh
YZaV9^gZXX^cGZ\^dcVaYZHVajYYZEjcd!ZcEjcd!EZg!Za&)
'.
7Vggc!B#!7Vo{c!B#!n8Vhi^aad!G#Barreras económicas en el
YZbVndYZa'%%,#
acceso a servicios de salud de calidad: diagnóstico y políticas para su
superación.8>:H!86G:#A^bV/?ja^dYZa'%%+/'+#
)-
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')#Ç&...0Vgi#&'&e{ggV[d
''#
(%
8db^i YZ aVh CVX^dcZh Jc^YVh hdWgZ 9ZgZX]dh :Xdcb^Xdh!
HdX^VaZhn8jaijgVaZh!AVcYdaZYZaVhdWa^\VX^dcZhYZadh:hiVYdh
).
CJ89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
eVgiZ6gi#'!e{ggV[d&#&)$&'$.%#89:H8ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVa e{ggV[d&'W#
C°#(#Ç*id#EZgdYdYZHZh^dcZh&..%!e{ggV[d&%# *%
6hVbWaZV<ZcZgVaYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh#ÆCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d
(&
B>CH6#Biblioteca Virtual Salud Perú – Indicadores Nacionales!Æ<Vhid
<ZcZgVafjZigVchb^iZZa>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZZa
per capita ZcHVajYÇ#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiV" 9ZgZX]dYZIdYVEZghdcVVa9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZ
Y^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$\Vhid#Vhe#8dchjaiVYdZa'% YZHVajY;h^XVnBZciVa#Ç6$+&$((-#HZi^ZbWgZYZa'%%+/e{ggV[d
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# &,X#
('
Ibíd.
*&
:cigZk^hiV V GdXd <ji^ggZo! gZhedchVWaZ YZa Egd\gVbV YZ
9ZgZX]dhHZmjVaZhnGZegdYjXi^kdh!BVcjZaVGVbdh!ZcA^bV!
((
8:E6A#Panorama Social de América Latina 2005.BVgodYZa'%%*#
EZg!Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#ZXaVX#Xa$X\^"W^c$\ZiEgdY#Vhe4mba2$
ejWa^XVX^dcZh$mba$)$')%*)$E')%*)#mbamha2$YYh$iea"^$e.[#
*'
:cigZk^hiVV?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!k^XZb^c^higdYZHVajYZcA^bV!
mhaWVhZ2$YYh$iea$ide"Wdiidb#mha#8dchjaiVYdZa&.YZ_ja^dYZa EZg!Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,#
'%%,# *(
CJ89:H8#ÆDWhZgkVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
()
KZg/>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VaYZa8dchZ_d:Xdcb^XdnHdX^Va
e{ggV[d))Z#
YZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVh!hdWgZZa9ZgZX]dYZIdYVEZghdcVaVa *)
B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY!EZg#Norma técnica para la atención del parto
7j^aY^c\d[VÈG^\]ih"7VhZYÉ6eegdVX]idBViZgcVaBdgiVa^in#Ç
)&
CJ89:H8#E>9:H8#&.++/Vgi#&''#
Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association (JAMWA).Kda#
)'
6gi#''YZaVConstitución Política del Perú. *,(#KZgVcdYZa'%%'/&**#
)(
ÆAVhY^gZXig^XZhYZBVVhig^X]ihdWgZk^daVX^dcZhYZadhYZgZX]dh
+(
:cigZk^hiVVjcZm[jcX^dcVg^deWa^XdZcA^bV!EZg!Za&'YZZcZgd
ZXdcb^Xdh!hdX^VaZhnXjaijgVaZh#Çe{ggV[d#&&# YZa'%%,#
: A : C ;D F J : 7 6 H 6 9 D : C 9 : G : 8 = D H E6 G 6 6 7 D G 9 6 G A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 : C : A E : G å & ( ,
+)
>C:>#Encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar 2000 :C9:H>K$
-&
8dbZciVg^d<ZcZgVaYZ8:H8GYZaVDCJgZheZXidYZa9ZgZX]dVa
9ZeVgiVbZcidYZEjcd#A^bV0'%%&/&',# 9^h[gjiZYZaB{h6aidC^kZaEdh^WaZYZHVajY!'%¯HZh^c#BVndYZa
+*
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d&'*# '%%%8dbZciVg^d<ZcZgVaYZa8db^i:H8C°#&)!e{ggV[d&,#
++
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d&'.#
-'
8dbjc^XVX^cXdc=Zcgn6gbVh!?9!Jc^kZgh^YVYEZgjVcV8VnZiVcd
=ZgZY^V!ZcdXijWgZYZa'%%+#
+,
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
+-
8:96L#Comentarios generales del Comité sobre la Eliminación de la
edh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVaÇ#GZaVidg:heZX^VaYZaV8db^h^c
Discriminación contra las Mujeres: Perú#8:96$8$E:G$8D$+#[ZWgZgd YZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhhdWgZZaYZgZX]dVaY^h[gjiZYZidYVeZghdcV
'%%,0e{ggV[d(+# Vab{hVaidc^kZaedh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVa#EgZhZciVYdYZ
VXjZgYd Xdc aV gZhdajX^c YZa 8db^i YZ 9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh
+.
JcZhijY^dgZX^ZciZYZ<G69:XdcÒgbVadhh^\j^ZciZh]VaaVo\dh/
'%%)$',!CJ9dX#6$*.$',/HZi^ZbWgZYZa'%%)kZgh^cZY^iVYV
ÆaVZk^YZcX^VZbeg^XVbjZhigVfjZaVhbj_ZgZhXdcZhXVhdedYZg XdcVci^X^eVX^c0e{ggV[d#*-W#
ZcaVhYZX^h^dcZhYZaV[Vb^a^VYZbVcYVcbZcdhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY#
:hidhZYZWZVfjZZa]dbWgZi^ZcZjcVedh^X^cYdb^cVciZZcZa
-*
HjWXdb^h^cYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVheVgVaVEgZkZcX^cYZaV
digVeVgiZ!Za'(YZadh\^cZXad\dhXdch^YZgfjZZaVWdgidYZWV balance 2004-2006 desde la sociedad civil, a dos años de la visita del
aZ\Va^oVghZn,*Xdch^YZgfjZYZWVaZ\Va^oVghZZcVa\jcdh Sr. Paul Hunt, Relator Especial de Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho
XVhdh!^cXajnZcYdaVVcZcXZ[Va^V# de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física
y mentaa#*('%%+#
,,
?dhHVcYdkVaEVgZYZh# El aborto: análisis de la situación legal.
HdX^ZYVYEZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\V#'%%*#9^hedc^WaZ .,
:cigZk^hiVXdc?dhEVWad<bZo"BZoV!ZXdcdb^hiVsenioreVgV
Zc/]iie/$$lll#hed\#dg\#eZ$Vgi^Xjadh#e]e4Vgi^Xjad2)-#8dchjaiVYd HVajY!7VcXdBjcY^Va!nA^k^V7ZcVk^YZh!ZheZX^Va^hiVseniorZcZa
Za'YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# HZXidgHdX^Va!7VcXdBjcY^VaeVgi^X^eZcjcVZcigZk^hiVVigVkh
YZk^YZdXdc[ZgZcX^VYZhYZA^bVZcLVh]^c\idc!98#!Za',YZ
,-
8:96L#ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')#Ç&...#6gi#&'&e{ggV[d
[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,#
&)#
.-
ÆCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVafjZigVchb^iZZa^c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg
,.
8db^iYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh=G8YZaVDCJ#@VgZcCdZa^V
:heZX^VahdWgZYZaYZgZX]dVaY^h[gjiZYZidYVeZghdcVVab{hVaid
AaVcidn=jVb{cversus EZg!8dbjc^XVX^cC°#&&*($'%%(!JC
c^kZaedh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVa#Ç6$+&$((-!cdiV&'/e{ggV[d
9dX#88EG$8$-*$9$&&*($'%%(#'%%*#
'-X#
-%
KZg]iie/$$YZ[Zchdg^V#\dk#Vg$VgZVhiZbVi^XVh$YdX$hVajY%'#YdXeVgV
..
JC8:H8G#Æ8dbZciVg^d<ZcZgVaC°#&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0
XdcdXZgjc^c[dgbZhdWgZaVaZ\^haVX^ceZgi^cZciZZc6g\Zci^cVn
e{ggV[d)([#
aVX^jYVYYZ7jZcdh6^gZh#
HZmjVaZhnGZegdYjXi^kdh!BVcjZaVGVbdhZcA^bV!EZg!Za&' <ZcZgVa C°# ')#Ç ÆAVh Bj_ZgZh n aV HVajYÇ ' YZ [ZWgZgd YZ
YZVWg^aYZa'%%,0ZcigZk^hiVXdc8ZX^a^VDaZVBVjaZc!XddgY^cV" &...#'%V hZh^cYZa8db^ihdWgZaV:a^b^cVX^cYZidYVhaVh
YdgVYZaEgd\gVbVeVgV9ZgZX]dhYZHVajYHZmjVa!nE^aVg6gXZ ;dgbVhYZ9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVBj_Zg#e{ggV[d&,P8:96L
=Zgc{cYZo!Egd\gVbVYZ9ZgZX]dhYZHVajYHZmjVa!;adgVIg^hi{c! ÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')Ç#Re{ggV[d!&*#
A^bV!&(YZVWg^aYZa'%%, &'(
8db^i:H8Æ8dbZciVg^d<ZcZgVaC°#&)#Çe{ggV[d*.#
&%&
7VcXdBjcY^Va#Un nuevo contrato social: una agenda para mejorar
&')
8:96LÆGZXdbZcYVX^c<ZcZgVaC°#')#Çe{ggV[d!&*#
'%%,# &',
:cigZk^hiVXdc6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ!Zc6]jVnX]V!EZg!Za&%
&%)
:cigZk^hiVXdcHjhVcI]daaVj\!_Z[VYZaVdÒX^cV!DÒX^cVCVX^dcVa
YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
YZJH6>9EZgZcA^bV!EZg!Za&'YZZcZgdYZa'%%,# &'-
9Z[ZchdgV YZa EjZWad! Supervisión a los servicios de planifi-
&%*
:cigZk^hiVXdcK^XidgOVbdgV!gZegZhZciVciZVY_jcideVgVZaEZg!
cación familiar IV: casos investigados por la Defensoría del Pueblo
JC;E6ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,# '%%*Y^hedc^WaZZc]iie/$$lll#dbWjYhbVc#\dW#eZ$bdYjaZh$
&%+
:cigZk^hiVXdcEZYgd;gVcX`Z!egd[ZhdgYZaVEdci^ÒX^VJc^kZgh^YVY
9dlcadVYh$^c[dgbZh$YZ[Zchdg^VaZh$^c[dgbZT.%#eY[#9ZVXjZgYd
8Via^XVYZaEZg!ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa'%%,# XdcY^X]VgZhdajX^cejWa^XVYVZcVWg^aYZa'%%)!ÆaVZmeZY^X^c
&%,
:cigZk^hiVXdc9dc^h`VIVgXd!Zm"XdchjaidgVYZE6GHVajY!ZcA^bV!
YZaXZgi^ÒXVYdYZacVX^Ydk^kdZh\gVij^iVZcidYdhadhZhiVWaZX^"
EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa'%%,# b^ZcidhYZhVajYYZaeVh!eWa^Xdhneg^kVYdh!VhXdbdadhfjZ
hZVcZmeZY^Ydhedgadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhdeZghdcVaYZhVajYfjZ]VnVc
&%-
:cigZk^hiVXdcAj^h8dgYZgd!Zm"XdchjaidgYZE6GHVajY!ZcA^bV!
Wg^cYVYdaVViZcX^c#ÇGZhdajX^cB^c^hiZg^VaC°#(-."'%%)$B>CH6!
EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa'%%,# '(YZVWg^aYZa'%%)#
&%.
:cigZk^hiV Xdc >Vc BVX6gi]jg! ZheZX^Va^hiV hZXidg^Va! 7VcXd
&'.
6bc^hiV>ciZgcVX^dcVa#Perú: mujeres pobres y excluidas – Negativa
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad!ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa del derecho a la salud materna e infantil.6BG)+$%%)$'%%+#?ja^dYZa
'%%,# '%%+#CdiV)+#
&&%
:cigZk^hiVXdc?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!k^XZb^c^higdYZHVajY!Zc
&(%
:cigZk^hiVXdcZa9g#>hVVh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd!ZcEVbeVh!
A^bV!EZg!Za&'YZVWg^aYZa'%%,# EZg!Za&%YZZcZgdYZa'%%,#
&&&
KZg!edgZ_Zbead!A#E#;gZZYbVc!Æ8ZchjgVnbVc^ejaVX^cYZaV
&(&
Edg Z_Zbead! aV VXX^c YZ Xjbea^b^Zcid edYgV dWa^\Vg V adh
^c[dgbVX^cYZhVajYgZegdYjXi^kV/jcVhjcidYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYVegdedgX^dcVgbidYdhVci^XdcXZe"
nhVajYYZaVhbj_ZgZh!ÇZcEl derecho de conocer: censura, derechos i^kdhfjZZaB>CH6Zhi{aZ\VabZciZdWa^\VYdVegdedgX^dcVg#:a
a la salud de las mujeres y derechos humanos. AdcYgZh/6giXjad&. ^cXjbea^b^ZcidYZadhigb^cdhYZaEaVcCVX^dcVaYZ6XX^chdWgZ
&..,# adh9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!fjZ[jZVegdWVYdedgYZXgZidhjegZbd
&&'
Un nuevo contrato social: una agenda para mejorar la educación,
ZcY^X^ZbWgZYZa'%%*Z^cXajnZkVg^VhVXi^k^YVYZhgZaVX^dcVYVh
salud y red de seguridad social en el Perú.BVgodYZa'%%+0cdiV XdcadhYZgZX]dhVaVhVajYfjZhdcgZaZkVciZheVgVaVgZYjXX^c
&%&!e{ggV[d.%# YZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!edYgVhZgYZcjcX^VYdedgjcVVXX^c
&&(
Ibíd. YZXjbea^b^Zcid#9ZbVcZgVh^b^aVg!aVAZnYZEgZhjejZhidYZa
HZXidgEWa^Xd!VegdWVYVZc'%%+eVgVZa'%%,!hZVaVYdXZeg^dg^"
&&)
9ZVXjZgYdXdcIJE6h!XjVafj^ZgX^jYVYVcdejZYZhda^X^iVg^c[dg"
YVYZhYZ\VhidfjZZa:hiVYdZhi{dWa^\VYdVhZ\j^g!nYZVXjZgYd
bVX^ceWa^XVgZaZkVciZVaB>CH6dVXjVafj^ZgdigVZci^YVY
XdcZaVgiXjad&&#'W!aVViZcX^cVaVbj_Zg\ZhiVciZZhjcV
eWa^XV# :c XVhd YZ gZX^W^g jcV cZ\Vi^kV V Y^X]V hda^X^ijY! aV
eg^dg^YVYZhigVi\^XV#AV[VaiVYZeg^dg^oVX^cYZadh8D:bnYZ
eZghdcVejZYZ^gVaV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWaddVah^hiZbV_jY^X^Va
XjVafj^ZgdigVViZcX^cbY^XVbViZgcVejZYZhZgYZcjcX^VYVYZ
egZhZciVcYdjcZhXg^idYZHabeas Data. KVhZ/9ZXgZidHjegZbd
Xdc[dgb^YVYXdcjcVVXX^cYZXjbea^b^Zcid#>\jVabZciZ!h^jc
C°#%&-"'%%&"E8B!PI#'.,!'+%R',YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%&#
EaVcYZ6XX^cCVX^dcVaeVgV6WdgYVgVaBdgiVa^YVYBViZgcV[jZgV
&&*
AZn YZ IgVcheVgZcX^V n 6XXZhd V aV >c[dgbVX^c EWa^XV# AZn
Zb^i^Ydedg9ZXgZidHjegZbd!Za^cXjbea^b^ZcidYZZhidhigb^cdh
C°#',-%+0Vgi#,#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#igVcheVgZcX^V#dg\# edYgVhZgYZcjcX^VYdXdcjcVVXX^cYZXjbea^b^Zcid#:cigZk^hiV
eZ$YdXjbZcidh$aZnT',%-+#TaZnTYZTigVche#VXXZhdT^c[dgbVX^dcT Xdc?Zcc^Z9VYdg!XddgY^cVYdgVYZEgdnZXideVgVBVcjZaVGVbdh
ejWa^XV#eY[#8dchjaiVYdZa&,YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&(YZVWg^aYZ'%%,#
&&+
9ZXgZidHjegZbdC#%&,"'%%*"?JH#Plan nacional de derechos
&('
8dggZhedcYZcX^VZaZXigc^XVYZa(&YZ_ja^dYZ'%%,XdcBVg^dGdh
&&-
ÆCdiVYZaHZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVafjZigVchb^iZZa^c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg
la salud: acceso a atención, tratamiento e insumos en salud sexual
:heZX^VahdWgZYZaYZgZX]dVaY^h[gjiZYZidYVeZghdcVVab{hVaid y reproductiva y VIH-sida.8dchdgX^dYZ>ckZhi^\VX^c:Xdcb^XVn
c^kZaedh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVa#Ç6$+&$((-!cdiV&'/e{ggV[d HdX^Va!DWhZgkVidg^dYZa9ZgZX]dVaVHVajY#A^bV!'%%+/&)#
'-Y# &()
:cigZk^hiVXdcAjo:hi]Zg=Zgfj^c^d6aVgXc!9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad
&&.
8dbjc^XVX^cedgXdggZdZaZXigc^Xd!YZ[ZchdgYZaVEdai^XVYZ
ZcEjcd!EZg!Za&'YZbVndYZa'%%,#
HVajYCVX^dcVa!'(YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# &(*
8dgX]ZgV!G#!=^YVa\d!8#nFj^ciVcV!A. Exigibilidad del derecho a
&'%
CVX^dcZhJc^YVh#Declaración universal de los derechos humanos.
la salud: acceso a atención, tratamiento e insumos en salud sexual
<6gZh#'&,6>>>#9^X^ZbWgZ&.)-/Vgi#-# y reproductiva y VIH-sida.8dchdgX^dYZ>ckZhi^\VX^c:Xdcb^XVn
HdX^Va!DWhZgkVidg^dYZa9ZgZX]dVaVHVajY#A^bV!'%%+/',#
&'&
CJ89:H8#Æ8dbZciVg^d<ZcZgVaC°#.Ç#:$8#&'$&..-$')#&..-/
e{ggV[d(# &(+
Ibíd.
: A : C ;D F J : 7 6 H 6 9 D : C 9 : G : 8 = D H E6 G 6 6 7 D G 9 6 G A 6 B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 : C : A E : G å & ( .
&(,
CJ89:H8#E>9:H8#&.++!Vgi#'&# &).
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d&)#
&(-
>c[dgbZYZaGZaVidg:heZX^VahdWgZYZaYZgZX]dVaY^h[gjiZYZidYV
&*%
Ibíd.
eZghdcVVab{hVaidc^kZaedh^WaZYZhVajY[h^XVnbZciVa!EVja &*&
K{hfjZo!:#'%%)/')Presupuesto público y gasto social: la urgencia
&)%
Ibíd.!e{ggV[d)+# las tasas de los usuarios, del Banco Mundial. 9ZeVgiVbZcideVgV
&)&
8dckZcX^cYZK^ZcVhdWgZaVAZnYZIgViVYdh!'(YZbVndYZ
Za 8Zcigd YZ GZXjghdh YZ H^hiZbVh YZ HVajY YZ 9ZhVggdaad
&.+.!Vgi#&-!&&**J#C#I#H#((&!()%!->#A#B#+,.!+.'PZcVYZaVciZ >ciZgcVX^dcVa#'%%)/)+#9^hedc^WaZZc/]iie/$$lll#ZaY^h#dg\$Yh$
8dckZcX^cYZK^ZcVR# YdXY^heaVn#X[b4YdX29D8&.***gZhdjgXZ2]ZVai]hnhiZbh#
&)'
:cigZk^hiVXdcHjhVcI]daaVj\!_Z[VYZaVdÒX^cV!DÒX^cVCVX^dcVa
&*(
ÆAdh=VaaVo\dhYZaV8db^h^cYZBVXgdZXdcdbVnHVajYhZ
&))
8dbjc^XVX^cXdcHZggVH^eeZa!Y^gZXidg^ciZg^cdYZa8ZcigdeVgV
Xdc9Vk^Y7gnYZc!Y^gZXidgYZ8dbjc^XVX^dcZheVgVaV6a^VcoV
HVajYZ>\jVaYVYYZ<cZgd8=6C<:Za'(YZ_ja^dYZa'%%,# <adWVaeVgVZaH>96#
&)*
:cigZk^hiV Xdc >Vc BVX6gi]jg! ZheZX^Va^hiV hZXidg^Va! 7VcXd
&*+
Adh&.b^ZbWgdhYZa8ajWYZEVg^hhdc\dW^ZgcdhfjZi^ZcZc
>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ9ZhVggdaad!ZcA^bV!EZg!Za&&YZVWg^aYZa gZXaVbdhhjhiVcX^VaZh]VX^VkVg^dhdigdheVhZhZcidYdZabjcYd#
'%%,# =VcVea^XVYdadhigb^cdhYZaVhVXiVhVXdgYVYVhedgZa8ajWYZ
EVghVhjhgZXaVbdhZcZaeVhVYd#AdheVhZhYZa8ajWYZEVgh
&)+
KVhZ8VbeVV!Æ6XZgXVYZadhDW_Zi^kdh!Ç9^hedc^WaZZclll#
^cXajnZc/6jhig^V!6jhigVa^V!7a\^XV!8VcVY{!9^cVbVgXV!;^caVcY^V!
b^aaZcc^jbXVbeV^\c#dg\$h^iZ$ee#Vhe4X2\g@KA'CA:W2&-+(-.# ;gVcX^V!6aZbVc^V!>gaVcYV!>iVa^V!?Vec!EVhZh7V_dh!CdgjZ\V!
&),
Ibíd. ;ZYZgVX^cGjhV!:heVV!HjZX^V!Hj^oV!GZ^cdJc^Ydnadh:hiVYdh
&)-
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
Jc^Ydh#
en el Perú: un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
desigualdad y la exclusión.>c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiV&%!eVgV&(#
B
VXVgZcX^VYZjcVViZcX^cYZaVhVajY!fjZhZVV egdYjX^giVbW^cYZbdgVhZcaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVg
aVkZoY^hedc^WaZ!VXXZh^WaZ!VXZeiVWaZnYZXVa^YVY! 8D:bZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY#
^cXajnZcYdadh8D:b!ZhjcVYZaVheg^cX^eVaZh 8dbdadhZVaVZaCJTask ForcehdWgZHVajY>c[Vci^a
[dgbVhZcfjZaVhbj_ZgZheZgjVcVhÅnZheZX^VabZciZ nBViZgcVYZaEgdnZXidYZaB^aZc^d!ÆaVhZm^\ZcX^VhV
aVh bj_ZgZh gjgVaZh Z ^cY\ZcVhÅ ZmeZg^bZciVc aV aVhVajYÅZm^\ZcX^VhYZaYZgZX]dVjcVViZcX^cYZaV
edWgZoVnaVZmXajh^c#HZigViViVbW^cYZaV^bedh^W^" hVajYnYZXdciVgXdcXdcY^X^dcZh[VkdgVWaZheVgVZaadÅ
a^YVYYZedYZgZ_ZgXZghjYZgZX]dVaY^h[gjiZYZab{hVaid Xdchi^ijnZcadhW^ZcZhYZaVX^jYVYVcV#Ç'AV^bedh^W^"
c^kZaedh^WaZYZhVajY!fjZhZYZhegZcYZYZadhigViVYdh a^YVYYZWg^cYVgVXXZhdV8D:bVYZXjVYdhÅVhXdbd
VadhfjZZa\dW^ZgcdeZgjVcdhZ]VVY]Zg^YdkdajciVg^V" VadhhZgk^X^dhgZegdYjXi^kdhnYZhVajYhZmjVagZaVX^d"
bZciZ#&AVVjhZcX^VYZ8D:bY^hedc^WaZh!VXXZh^WaZh! cVYdhXdchidhÅZhjc^cY^XVYdgeVabVg^dYZaVbVcZgV
VXZeiVWaZhnYZXVa^YVYdXVh^dcVYZbdgVhZcaVhYZX^" ZcfjZaVhXVbeZh^cVhgjgVaZhcdhdcigViVYVhXdbd
h^dcZhYZWjhXVgViZcX^c!YZbdgVhZcaaZ\VgVaaj\Vg X^jYVYVcVhciZ\gVhZcaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcV#AVgZXdc"
YZaVViZcX^cnYZbdgVhZcgZX^W^gZaigViVb^ZcidVegd" X^a^VX^ccVX^dcVaYZjcVhdX^ZYVYiVc[gV\bZciVYVedg
e^VYdjcVkZofjZhZZhi{ZcZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY! bdi^kdhYZXaVhZ!\gjedic^Xdd\cZgdÅVaVfjZaV
adfjZi^ZcZXdbdXdchZXjZcX^VfjZX^ZgidcbZgdYZ 8db^h^cYZaVKZgYVYnGZXdcX^a^VX^cXdckdXajZ\dYZa
bj_ZgZhbjZgVc# WgjiVaXdcÓ^Xid^ciZgcdfjZdXVh^dcaVbjZgiZYZXVh^
E=G YZhXjWg^ Zc Ejcd n =jVcXVkZa^XV fjZ aVh ,%#%%%eZghdcVh!fjZZchjVeVWjaaVciZbVndgVZgVc
bj_ZgZh^cY\ZcVhgjgVaZhfjZbjZgZcnaVh[Vb^a^Vh XVbeZh^cdhÅcd]VdXjgg^YdZcZaEZg#AdheVigdcZh
fjZYZ_VcVig{hhdc!ZcZ[ZXid!VbZcjYdXjaeVYVhedg YZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVegdedgX^dcVcjcVXgjYV^ajh"
hjhegde^VhbjZgiZhedgfjZhZYVjcVYZbdgVZcaV igVX^cYZaVheVidad\VhYZaedYZgfjZVceaV\VcaV
YZX^h^cYZWjhXVgaVViZcX^c!h^ZcYdZhVYZbdgVVig^" hdX^ZYVYeZgjVcVnYZaV^bedh^W^a^YVYYZa\dW^Zgcd!V
Wj^YVVhjhÆegZ[ZgZcX^VhXjaijgVaZhÇdÆ^Y^dh^cXgVh^VhÇ# igVkhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajY!YZedcZgaZhgZbZY^d#(
AjZ\dYZjcZmVbZcb{hZm]Vjhi^kd!h^cZbWVg\d! :cÒcYZXjZciVh!adhgZXjghdhhdX^VaZh\ZcZgVaZhcd
idYVhZhiVhYZbdgVh[ViVaZhÅ^cXajnZcYdaVYZbdgVZc hZY^g^\ZcVYZXjVYVbZciZVaVhVajYZcZaEZg!c^VaV
aVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgaVViZcX^cbY^XVÅ!Zhi{cgZaV" hVajYbViZgcVZceVgi^XjaVg#6YZb{h!ZhidhgZXjghdh
X^dcVYVhXdcaVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhh^hib^XVhfjZi^ZcZc fjZhZ\VhiVcZchVajYhZY^hig^WjnZcYZbVcZgVedXd
aj\VgZcaVhdX^ZYVYeZgjVcVnZcZah^hiZbVYZhVajY Zfj^iVi^kVXdcgZheZXidiVcidVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhW{h^XVh
eZgjVcd#EdgZ_Zbead!aVhYZbdgVhZcaVYZX^h^cYZ ^chVi^h[ZX]VhXdbdVaVhedWaVX^dcZhgjgVaZhversusaVh
WjhXVgViZcX^cejZYZcVig^Wj^ghZVjcVY^hig^WjX^c jgWVcVh!adfjZi^ZcZjc^beVXidYZhegdedgX^dcVYdZc
^cZfj^iVi^kVYZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!VhXdbd aVhedWaVX^dcZh^cY\ZcVh#AdhZh[jZgodhedghjeZgVg
YZadhW^ZcZhnhZgk^X^dhfjZ]VXZcfjZadh8D:bcd aVZmXajh^cYZaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVhZcWVhZVadh
hZVcY^hedc^WaZhc^[h^XVbZciZVXXZh^WaZh#:hiV^ckZh" ^c\gZhdh!iVaZhXdbdadhgZVa^oVYdhVigVkhYZaH>H!cd
i^\VX^cYZhXjWg^fjZiVbW^cejZYZVig^Wj^ghZVaVh ]VcVWdgYVYdVYZXjVYVbZciZaVhWVggZgVhXjaijgVaZhYZ
WVggZgVhZXdcb^XVhfjZi^ZcZcfjZZc[gZciVgZhVh aVViZcX^c#AVhedai^XVhXdcigVegdYjXZciZhnejc^i^kVh
[Vb^a^VhZbedWgZX^YVheVgViZcZgVXXZhdVadhhZgk^X^dh! VYdeiVYVhedgZaHZXidgHVajYZcadfjZgZheZXiViVcid
fjZeZgh^hiZcVeZhVgYZaH>H!^cXajnZcYdZaXdhidYZa VaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVhnVhjh[Vb^a^Vh!XdbdVa
igVchedgiZ#E=G!VYZb{h!YdXjbZciXbdaV[VaiVYZ eZghdcVaYZhVajYYZeg^bZgVacZV!]VcegdYjX^Yd^cXZc"
hZch^W^a^YVYXjaijgVanYZVXZeiVX^cYZaXj^YVYdZcadh i^kdheZgkZghdhn]Vcb^cVYdaVedh^W^a^YVYYZVaXVcoVg
ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!^cXajnZcYdiVcidZaaZc\jV_Z bZ_dgVhhdhiZc^YVhZcadh8D:b!VaVkZofjZ]Vck^daVYd
XdbdZagZheZidedgaVhXdhijbWgZheVgVaaZkVgVXVWd adhYZgZX]dhiVcidYZadheVX^ZciZhXdbdYZadhigVWV"
adheVgidhigVY^X^dcVaZhegdkdXVc!Vh^b^hbd!YZbdgVh _VYdgZhYZhVajY#
ZcaVYZX^h^cYZWjhXVgaVViZcX^c#AVheZgXZeX^dcZh AjZ\dYZVdhYZ^cZÒXVX^V!E6GHVajY>]VZc[Vi^oVYd
gZaVi^kVh V aV ZhXVhV XVa^YVY YZ aV ViZcX^c ejZYZc Vegde^VYVbZciZaVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZhYZ8D:bnYZaVh
&)&
gZYZh YZ gZ[ZgZcX^Vh WVhVYVh Zc aVh Zk^YZcX^Vh! aVh YZgZ[ZgZcX^V!aVhWVggZgVhXjaijgVaZhnZXdcb^XVh!
b^hbVhfjZYZWZgVceZgbVcZXZgXdbdZaZc[dfjZeVgV nadhgZ\bZcZhYZgZXjghdh]jbVcdh^ggVX^dcVaZhn
E6GHVajY>>#H^cZbWVg\d!adhdWhi{XjadhZhigjXijgVaZh YZh^\jVaZhÅ]VgVbjX]dedg[dgiVaZXZgZah^hiZbVYZ
eVgVgZYjX^gnZk^iVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!cdhdaV" hVajYZc\ZcZgVa#IVbW^ceZgb^i^gVfjZZah^hiZbVYZ
bZciZZciVcidjcVhjcidYZhVajYeWa^XVh^cdXdbd hVajY[jcX^dcZZcidYVhjXVeVX^YVYXdbdjch^hiZbV
jc^beZgVi^kdYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdh!idYVkVYZWZchZg hdX^VaXZcigVaXVeVoYZegdbdkZgjcVbVndgYZbdXgVX^V
VWdgYVYdh#6[gdciVgadhegdWaZbVhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajY Z^\jVaYVYZcaVhdX^ZYVYZc\ZcZgVa!nYZ[VX^a^iVgaViVc
fjZhZgZaVX^dcVcXdcaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVÅ^cXaj" Vch^VYVgZXdcX^a^VX^ccVX^dcVaeZgjVcV#
nZcYdZaVXXZhdedXdZfj^iVi^kdVadh8D:bnh^hiZbVh
7 6a\dW^ZgcdeZgjVcd!^cXajnZcYdadh
WdgYVgaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVgZfj^ZgZedcZgZc
e^ZVXX^dcZhXdcXZgiVYVhY^g^\^YVhV[dgiVaZXZgZa
h^hiZbVYZhVajYeZgjVcd0aVhVXi^k^YVYZh^cXd"
edYZgZh:_ZXji^kdnAZ\^haVi^kd!hZ\c
cZmVh d adh Zc[dfjZh kZgi^XVaZh ]Vc YZbdhigVYd cd XdggZhedcYV/
]VWZgh^YdZm^idhdhZcZaeVhVYdZcZaEZg!c^Zcc^c\c
:[Z_YWh[bc|n_ceZ[h[YkhieiZ_ifed_Xb[i
digdaj\Vg#AVhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZh]ZX]VhVa\dW^ZgcdYZa
&# B
dY^ÒXVgaVaZ\^haVX^c!aVhgZ\jaVX^dcZhngZhdakZg
EZg!VhXdbdVdigdhVXidgZh!YZhZbWdXVcZcX^Zgidh
VjbZciVgadh^c\gZhdhegdkZc^ZciZhYZadh^bejZhidh
iZbVhfjZadZc\adWVcidYdnfjZXdggZhedcYZcVadh
edgadbZcdh]VhiVZa&*YZaE7>!ZcXjbea^b^Zcid
eg^cX^e^dhYZadhYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhfjZ]ZbdhZhiV"
YZaVhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZhYZa;B>#6h^b^hbd!ji^a^oVg
WaZX^YdZcadhXVeijadhK>nK>>>#:cgZhjbZc!hZcZXZh^iV
aVbVndgXVci^YVYedh^WaZYZ^c\gZhdheVgVhdakZciVg
YZY^XVgbVndgXVci^YVYYZ[dcYdhVah^hiZbVYZhVajY!
ZaVjbZcidYZa\VhidhdX^Va^cXajnZcYdZa\VhidZc
nadhgZXjghdhji^a^oVYdhYZWZcVh^\cVghZYZbVcZgV
hVajY#
Zfj^iVi^kVXdch^YZgVcYdaVYZhkZciV_V]^hig^XViVcid
XdbdaVhcZXZh^YVYZh^chVi^h[ZX]Vh#8dbdeVgiZYZ '# 6
jbZciVgZaedgXZciV_ZYZaegZhjejZhidcVX^dcVa
ZhiVgZVh^\cVX^c!hZYZWZedcZgaVeg^dg^YVYYZa\Vhid YZY^XVYd Va \Vhid eVgV aV ViZcX^c YZ aV hVajY
YZ[dcYdhZc]VXZgfjZadh8D:bZhicY^hedc^WaZhn Å^cXajnZcYdZa\VhideVgVaVViZcX^cYZaVhVajY
hZVcVXXZh^WaZh[h^XVnZXdcb^XVbZciZhdWgZaVWVhZ bViZgcVÅ!XdcZaÒcYZedcZgVaEZgZcacZVXdcadh
YZaVcdY^hXg^b^cVX^c#AVkZgYVYZgVY^hedc^W^a^YVY! YZb{heVhZhYZaVgZ\^cfjZXjZciVcXdc^c\gZhdh
VXXZh^W^a^YVYnXVa^YVYgZfj^ZgZcb{hfjZZhigjXijgVh ^ciZgbZY^dh!n]VXZgfjZaV^c[dgbVX^chdWgZaV
n Zfj^ed0 egZX^hVc jc eZghdcVa XVeVX^iVYd ÅaVh ') Vh^\cVX^cYZadh\VhidhhZZcXjZcigZa^WgZbZciZV
]dgVhYZaYVÅVhXdbdXdbjc^XVX^dcZhnigVchedgiZ Y^hedh^X^cYZaeWa^Xd#
VYZXjVYdh!VYZb{hYZaVZa^b^cVX^cYZaVhaZnZhn
(# E
gdedgX^dcVgjcV\jV^ciZgegZiVi^kVZmeaX^iVXdc
edai^XVhfjZY^hXg^b^cVcZcXdcigVYZaVhbj_ZgZh#AV
gZheZXid Va jhd YZ adh ^c\gZhdh egdkZc^ZciZh YZ
ViZcX^c!Vh^b^hbd!YZWZhZgVXZeiVWaZ!adfjZ^bea^XV
aVh ^cYjhig^Vh ZmigVXi^kVh XVcdc b^cZgd n XVcdc
aVcZXZh^YVYYZeg^dg^oVgadhegd\gVbVhnbdY^ÒXVgadh
eZigdaZgd!eVgVVhZ\jgVgfjZaV^ciZgegZiVX^cYZa
eaVcZhYZZhijY^dXdcZaÒcYZegdbdkZgaVXdbegZch^c
igb^cdÆ^ckZgh^chdX^VaÇ^cXajnVegdnZXidhYZhi^"
^ciZgXjaijgVa!nXVjiZaVgadhYZgZX]dhYZadheVX^ZciZh#
cVYdhVbZ_dgVgZah^hiZbVYZhVajYgZ\^dcVa!Vh
;^cVabZciZ!aVgZhedchVW^a^YVYÅÒcVcX^ZgV!edai^XVn
XdbdZah^hiZbVYZgZ[ZgZcX^VeVgVaVhZbZg\Zc"
aZ\VaÅgZfj^ZgZhZgbZ_dgVYVeVgVfjZZaYZgZX]dV
X^VhdWhiig^XVhnYZdigdi^ed#6YZb{h!VhZ\jgVgZa
jcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgVhZXdck^ZgiVZcjcVgZVa^YVY
bdc^idgZdnaVgZcY^X^cYZXjZciVhVYZXjVYdhYZ
ZcZaEZg#
Y^X]dhegdnZXidh!fjZedgaZnYZWZgVciZcZgÆ^beVXid
AVhh^\j^ZciZhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZh!VeZhVgYZcdhZg
YZeVgiVbZciVangZ\^dcVa#Ç
Zm]Vjhi^kVh!^ciZciVcVWdgYVgbjX]dhYZadh[VXidgZh
fjZhjWnVXZcVaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcZaEZg#E=G :[ceijhWhkdfhe]h[ieWZ[YkWZe0WZefjWh[
ZheZgVfjZaVVbea^ijYnaVZheZX^ÒX^YVYYZaVhgZXd" _cfb[c[djWhfbWd[iZ[WYY_d
bZcYVX^dcZh]V\Vcedh^WaZfjZadhVXidgZhgZaZkVciZh )# 6
YdeiVg edg YZXgZid hjegZbd Z ^beaZbZciVg jc
ZbegZcYVcaVhVXX^dcZhVegde^VYVh!ZcXjbea^b^Zcid eaVcYZVXX^ccVX^dcVaXdcXZgiVYdeVgVgZYjX^gaV
YZjcZc[dfjZWVhVYdZcadhYZgZX]dheVgVVWdgYVg bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!ZcWVhZVaVbZ_dgZk^YZcX^V
aV bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV# 6a\jcVh gZXdbZcYVX^dcZh Ze^YZb^da\^XVY^hedc^WaZgZaVX^dcVYVXdcaVh^ciZg"
hZY^g^\ZcVbai^eaZhVXidgZh!nVfjZXdbeVgiZcaV kZcX^dcZhXaVkZheVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!
gZhedchVW^a^YVYYZhj^beaZbZciVX^c# nfjZZhiZeaVchZVigVoVYdngZk^hVYdeZg^Y^XVbZciZ
XdcWVhZZcjcegdXZhdeVgi^X^eVi^kdnigVcheVgZciZ!
&)(
fjZ^cXajnV^cY^XVYdgZhnbVgXVhY^[ZgZcX^VaZhedg ;b_c_dWhbWic[Z_ZWih[]h[i_lWi
bZY^dYZaVhXjVaZhZaegd\gZhdejZYVhZgZhigZX]V" ,# 9
VYdfjZaVXdcÒYZcX^Va^YVYZhXgi^XVeVgVegdbdkZg
bZciZbdc^idgZVYd!egZhiVcYdeVgi^XjaVgViZcX^c ZaVXXZhdVaigViVb^ZcidYZXdbea^XVX^dcZhedhiZ"
VaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZadh\gjedhbVg\^cVYdh!^cXaj" g^dgZhVaVWdgid!nZck^hiVYZhj^bedgiVcX^VeVgV
nZcYdaVhedWaVX^dcZh^cY\ZcVh# gZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!Za^b^cVgaVdWa^\VX^c
*# >beaZbZciVgZaEaVcCVX^dcVaYZ6XX^cZc9ZgZX]dh eVgVadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYYZYZcjcX^VgfjZ
=jbVcdh!VegdWVYdedg9ZXgZidHjegZbdC°#%&," hdheZX]VcaV^cYjXX^cYZjcVWdgidWV_dZaVgiXjad
'%%*"?JH!nZceVgi^XjaVgZaejcid(#'#(gZaVX^dcVYd (%YZaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajY#
XdcZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY!fjZ^cXajnZZa[dgiVaZX^"
Fhecel[hbWfWhj_Y_fWY_di_]d_ÓYWj_lW
b^ZcidYZadhgZXjghdh]jbVcdh#&
-# H
Z\j^g aV gZXdbZcYVX^c YZa 8db^i eVgV aV
+# :
cgZaVX^cXdcZaEaVcCVX^dcVaYZ6XX^cZc9ZgZX]dh :a^b^cVX^cYZaV9^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVaVhBj_ZgZh
=jbVcdh!VYdeiVgedg9ZXgZidHjegZbdZ^beaZbZciVg ZchjhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZh\ZcZgVaZhYZ[ZWgZgdYZa
jceaVcYZVXX^ccVX^dcVaXdcXZgiVYdeVgVVWdgYVg '%%,!YZÆVXZaZgVgaVZmeZY^X^cn[VX^a^iVgZaegdXZhd
adhgZXjghdh]jbVcdhZchVajY!adfjZgZfj^ZgZbdY^" YZgZ\^higdYZaVhbj_ZgZhh^cYdXjbZciVX^cnZb^i^g
ÒXVgaVaZ\^haVX^cnaVhedai^XVhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdcZa eVgi^YVhYZcVX^b^ZcidnYdXjbZcidhYZ^YZci^YVYÇ!'
Zfj^edYZigVWV_deVgVaVViZcX^cYZaVhVajY!XdcZa YZ bVcZgV fjZ! inter alia, b{h bj_ZgZh gjgVaZh
ÒcYZVhZ\jgVgZagZheZidiVcidYZadhYZgZX]dhYZ ejZYVceVgi^X^eVgZcZaegdXZhdeda^i^XdniZc\Vc
adheVX^ZciZhXdbdYZadhigVWV_VYdgZh!negdbdkZgaV VXXZhdVadhegd\gVbVhYZWZcZÒX^dhYZa\dW^Zgcd#
Vh^\cVX^cZfj^iVi^kVYZadhhZgk^X^dh!^cXajnZcYd/
;b_c_dWhbWZ_iYh_c_dWY_dYedXWi[[d[b]d[he
V# B
dY^ÒXVgaVAZnYZCdbWgVb^ZcidBY^Xd0aVAZn obW[jd_W"ofhecel[hbW_]kWbZWZobeiZ[h[Y^ei
YZIgVWV_dYZaVDWhiZig^o0naVAZnYZaIgVWV_d Z[bWick`[h[i
YZaV:c[ZgbZgVdEZgjVcVd!naVYZb{haZ\^h"
.# 9
ZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcZaEaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh
aVX^cgZaVX^dcVYV!eVgVVhZ\jgVgiVcidaVXVa^YVY
=jbVcdh'%%+"'%&%!(^chi^ij^gZc[dfjZhigVchkZg"
YZaVViZcX^cYZadheVX^ZciZhXdbdXdcY^X^dcZh
hVaZhYZYZgZX]dh]jbVcdhnXVeVX^iVX^cZcidYdh
aVWdgVaZhY^\cVheVgVZaeZghdcVaYZhVajY#
adh{bW^idhYZadhb^c^hiZg^dhYZa\dW^Zgcd0Zhidh
W# :
a^b^cVgadhXdcigVidhedghZgk^X^dhcdeZghdcV" Zc[dfjZhnXVeVX^iVX^dcZhYZWZcVYdeiVgZmeaX^iV"
aZh!fjZcdWg^cYVcWZcZÒX^dhneZgb^iZcedcZgaZ bZciZjcVeZgheZXi^kVYZ\cZgdfjZgZXdcdoXVaV
igb^cdVY^hXgZX^c!eVgVidYdZaeZghdcVaYZhVajY ^ciZgVXX^cfjZhZYVYZ]ZX]dZcigZaVh^cZfj^YVYZh
YdXidgZh!Zc[ZgbZgVh!dWhiZig^XZhniXc^Xdh# YZ\cZgd!aVY^hXg^b^cVX^cic^XVnaVedWgZoVgjgVa
ZcZaEZg#
X# >cXaj^gXg^iZg^dhYZYZhZbeZdeVgVidYdZaeZghdcVa
YZhVajYfjZVWdgYZaVhcZXZh^YVYZh!ZmeZXiVi^kVh &%#9VYdfjZaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhfjZhZYZg^kVcYZadh
negZ[ZgZcX^VhYZadhjhjVg^dh!egdbdk^ZcYdaV VWdgidh^aZ\VaZhhdcjcVYZaVheg^cX^eVaZhXVjhVh
ZaZXX^cnaVVjidcdbVYZadhb^hbdh# YZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!gZk^hVgZaVgiXjad&&.YZa
8Y^\dEZcVaeVgVZhiVWaZXZgZmXZeX^dcZhVaVXg^b^"
Y# 7
g^cYVg ^cXZci^kdh [^cVcX^Zgdh n ZYjXVi^kdh
cVa^oVX^cYZaVWdgidZcXVhdhZcadhfjZZaZbWVgVod
hjhiVcX^VaZheVgVZaeZghdcVafjZh^gkVZc{gZVh
hZVZaegdYjXidYZaVk^daZcX^VhZmjVa!YZXdc[dgb^YVY
gjgVaZh!ZhiVWaZX^ZcYdXdbeZchVX^dcZhnejcidh
XdcaVhgZXdbZcYVX^dcZhXdcXajnZciZhYZ8:96Ln
YZgZh^YZcX^VXdcXZW^YdhZc[jcX^cYZa\gVYdYZ
adh]VaaVo\dhYZa8db^iYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhYZ
V^haVb^Zcid#
aVDCJ#)
Z# G
ZfjZg^gfjZadhbY^XdhaaZkZcVXVWdYZ'V(
&&#IgVch[dgbVgV?JCIDH!YZjcegd\gVbVYZYdcVX^c
VdhYZhZgk^X^dgjgVaVciZhYZhZgZaZ\^WaZheVgV
kZgi^XVaZcjcegd\gVbV\Zcj^cVbZciZ^ciZghZXid"
aVZheZX^Va^oVX^c#
g^VaB>CH6!B^c^hiZg^dYZ:YjXVX^cnB>B9:H!
[# :
meadgVgZajhdYZijgcdhVaiZgcdhedgZ_Zbead! fjZXdaVWdgZXdcaVhDC<heVgVZbedYZgVgVaVh
YdhbY^XdhfjZVaiZgcZcYdhhZbVcVhZcadh bj_ZgZhZcaVZh[ZgVZXdcb^XVnZYjXVgaVhZcad
]dhe^iVaZhgjgVaZhn'hZbVcVhZcdigdaj\Vg gZaVi^kdVhjhVajYhZmjVangZegdYjXi^kV!^cXajnZcYd
eVgV Va\jcdh ZheZX^Va^hiVh! iVaZh Xdbd adh aVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!aVk^daZcX^VYdbhi^XV!njcV
VcZhiZh^ad\dh# bViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV!VhXdbdaVhVajY^c[Vci^a#
Y# B
dc^idgZVgadhXVhdh_jY^X^VaZhhZaZXX^dcVYdh W# E{\^cVhlZW#
gZaVX^dcVYdhXdcZaXjbea^b^ZcidYZadhYZgZX]dh X# BZY^dh^begZhdh#
YZaVhbj_ZgZhVjcVbViZgc^YVYhZ\jgV#
&*#:hiVWaZXZgjcVXdb^h^cZheZX^VaeVgVZmVb^cVgaVh
Z# E
gdbdkZg aV ZYjXVX^c Xdc gZheZXid V adh edh^W^a^YVYZhYZbZ_dgVgaVVh^\cVX^cYZgZhedc"
bZXVc^hbdh_jY^X^VaZhcZXZhVg^dheVgVZhiVWaZ" hVW^a^YVYZcZaXVhdYZk^daVX^dcZhYZadhYZgZX]dhYZ
XZgjcVgZhedchVW^a^YVYh^hib^XV!^cXajnZcYdaV aVhbj_ZgZhVaVhVajY!^cXajnZcYdZaVWdgYV_ZYZ/
VXX^cYZXjbea^b^Zcid#
V# 7
VggZgVhZXdcb^XVh![h^XVhnYZXjVafj^Zgdigd
&(#8gZVgegd\gVbVheVgVZYjXVgh^hiZb{i^XVbZciZVadh i^edeVgVVXXZYZgVah^hiZbVYZ_jhi^X^V!^cXaj"
_jZXZhnVWd\VYdhhdWgZaVVea^XVW^a^YVYnXVeVX^YVY nZcYdaVY^hiVcX^V!adhXdhidhnaV^ggZ\jaVg^YVY
YZXjbea^b^ZcidYZX^ZgiVhYZbVcYVhgZaVX^dcVYVh YZaigVchedgiZ!Y^[ZgZcX^VhYZaaZc\jV_Z!iZbdgV
XdcadhYZgZX]dhYZaVhbj_ZgZhVaVhVajYnaVk^YV! aVY^hXg^b^cVX^cn[VaiVYZgZXjghdhÒcVcX^Zgdh
^cXajnZcYd/ eVgVXdcigViVgVWd\VYdh#
V# ?
j^X^dhX^k^aZhedgYVdhneZg_j^X^dhXdcigVZa W# A
Zci^ijYn[VaiVYZXVeVX^YVYYZah^hiZbV_jY^"
Y^gZXidggZ\^dcVaYZHVajYdZaB^c^higdYZHVajY! X^VaeVgVWg^cYVgjcVVnjYVdedgijcV!^cXajnZcYd
ZcXVhdYZfjZdXjggVc[VaaVh^chi^ijX^dcVaZh! YZbdgVhZmXZh^kVbZciZaVg\VhnXdhidhegd]^W^"
iVaZhXdbdaV[VaiVYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZVbWj" i^kdhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcadhgZXjghdhYZ habeas
aVcX^VheVgVigVchedgiVgVaVhbj_ZgZh# corpus.
W# 6
XX^dcZhYZVbeVgdZcZaXVhdYZaVcZ\VX^cYZ X# ;
VaiVYZXdcdX^b^ZcidhYZaeWa^XdZc\ZcZgVa
aVViZcX^cXdcWVhZZcaVY^hXg^b^cVX^cdaV[VaiV hdWgZ adh bZXVc^hbdh YZ Vh^\cVX^c YZ
YZ[dcYdh# gZhedchVW^a^YVY#
X# 6
XX^cedejaVg!ZcZaXVhdYZYVdhXdaZXi^kdh Y# ;
^\jgVhaZ\VaZh^cVYZXjVYVheVgVVhZ\jgVgaV
^cb^cZciZh dXVh^dcVYdh edg jcV edai^XV d gZeVgVX^cZcaVhXjZhi^dcZhgZaVX^dcVYVhXdc
Y^gZXi^kV# adhYZgZX]dhZXdcb^XdhnhdX^VaZh!^cXajnZcYd
ZaYZgZX]dVaVhVajY#
G:8DB:C968>DC:H&)*
6aB^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY/ oVYVhÅfjZhZaZhWg^cYZjcVViZcX^cVXZeiVWaZ
YZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiVX^ZciÒXdnXjaijgVa#
Fhecel[hbWWj[dY_dZ_ifed_Xb["WYY[i_Xb["
)# 8
gZVgnÒcVcX^VgVk^hdhgVY^VaZhZc^Y^dbVh^cY\ZcVh
WY[fjWXb[oZ[YWb_ZWZ"_dYbko[dZejhWdifehj[o
Yeckd_YWY_ed[iWZ[YkWZei adXVaZhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVhhZVaZhYZVaVgbVfjZ
egZhZciVcaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVhnadheVhdh
&# 8dbegdbZiZghZVÒcVcX^VgZ^chi^ij^g^ciZgkZcX^dcZh
VhZ\j^geVgVegZkZc^gaVbjZgiZZcZaXVhdYZjcV
nedai^XVhWVhVYVhZcaVZk^YZcX^V!^cXajnZcYdaV
ZbZg\ZcX^V#
XZcigVa^YVYYZadh8D:b!aVVh^hiZcX^VXVa^ÒXVYVYZ
adheVgidhngZYZhYZgZ[ZgZcX^V# *# :
miZcYZg Za jhd YZ aVh <jVh YZ Eg{Xi^XV 8ac^XV
eVgVaV6iZcX^cYZaVh:bZg\ZcX^VhDWhiig^XVhn
'# 6
hZ\jgVgaVXdWZgijgVgVX^dcVaYZadh8D:bbZ"
CZdcViVaZhYZaB>CH6YZa'%%,#
Y^VciZaVY^hig^WjX^cZfj^iVi^kVYZ;D:hn;D7h#
+# 8
dci^cjVgnZmiZcYZgZajhdYZah^hiZbVYZXY^\dhYZ
(# G
ZXdcdXZg fjZ Zm^hiZc Zc Za EZg! ^cYZeZcY^"
kits YZZbZg\ZcX^Vh!fjZ]Vh^YdYZhVggdaaVYdeVgV
ZciZbZciZ YZ adh [VXidgZh ZXdcb^Xdh! WVggZgVh
gZhedcYZgVaVh]ZbdggV\^Vh!hZeh^hnZXaVbeh^V#
XjaijgVaZhh^\c^ÒXVi^kVheVgVZajhdYZaVViZcX^cYZ
aVhVajYÅnZheZX^VabZciZYZaXj^YVYddWhiig^XdÅ! ,# E
gdbdkZg aV bdY^[^XVX^c YZ aV aZ\^haVX^c eVgV
nVYdeiVgbZY^YVhXdcXZgiVYVheVgVVWdgYVgZhiVh eZgb^i^gaVYZaZ\VX^cYZaVVYb^c^higVX^cYZaV
WVggZgVh!^cXajnZcYd/ VcZhiZh^VVadhbY^Xdh\ZcZgVaZhnZc[ZgbZgVhVcZh"
iZh^hiVh!nVhZ\jgVgjcVXVeVX^iVX^cVegde^VYVeVgV
V# :
meVcY^gnigVch[dgbVgadhegd\gVbVhYZXVeV"
bY^Xdh\ZcZgVaZhnZc[ZgbZgVhVcZhiZh^hiVh#
X^iVX^chdWgZ^ciZgXjaijgVa^YVYZcegd\gVbVh
Xdci^cjdh!fjZ^cXajnVcngZhedcYVcYZbVcZgV -# I
Zgb^cVgXdcaVeg{Xi^XVYZgZiZcZgVaVhbj_ZgZhfjZ
ZÒX^ZciZVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZh ]VcgZX^W^YdigVch[jh^dcZhYZhVc\gZZcadh]dhe^"
V[ZXiVYVh!nZheZX^VabZciZYZaVhbj_ZgZh# iVaZh]VhiVfjZhjh[Vb^a^VgZhgZedc\VcaVhVc\gZ
ji^a^oVYV#
W# 6
hZ\jgVg fjZ aVh XVhVh YZ ZheZgV bViZgcVh
hZVcY^hZVYVheVgVbVciZcZgaVhigVY^X^dcZh .# 9
ZhVggdaaVgjcVXVbeVVcVX^dcVaeVgVdWiZcZgn
XjaijgVaZh! n fjZ hZ ZhiVWaZoXVc n ji^a^XZc Zc VabVXZcVghjÒX^ZciZhVc\gZZcadh;D:h#
XdchjaiVXdcaVhXdbjc^YVYZhadXVaZh#
&%#8gZVgjc\gjedZheZX^Va^oVYdeVgVfjZZhijY^ZaV
X# 6
hZ\jgVgfjZb{higVWV_VYdgZhYZhVajYYdb^cZc [VXi^W^a^YVYnZ[ZXi^k^YVYYZXVeVX^iVgVadhegdkZZ"
adh ^Y^dbVh cVi^kdh YZ aV edWaVX^c adXVa bZ" YdgZhYZXVeVX^iVX^c!XdcZadW_ZidYZfjZgZVa^XZc
Y^VciZ^cXZci^kdhZYjXVi^kdhnYZdigdi^ed!VhXdbd nd[gZoXVceVgidhkV\^cVaZhVh^hi^YdhZcadh;D7h#
ZbeaZVgVigVWV_VYdgZhYZhVajYegdkZc^ZciZhYZ
&&#GZfjZg^gaVXdbegVYZkZ]XjadheVgVXjbea^gXdc
aVhXdbjc^YVYZhadXVaZh#
X^Zgidh Xg^iZg^dh! fjZ hZVc VYZXjVYdh eVgV adh
Y# B
dY^ÒXVgaVCdgbVIXc^XVYZ6iZcX^cYZaEVgid iZggZcdhadXVaZh!iVaZhXdbdaVhXVb^dcZiVhYZYdWaZ
KZgi^XVaYZa'%%*eVgVgZfjZg^gfjZaVhedh^X^dcZh igVXX^cnXdchjheZch^ceVgVigVWV_dheZhVYdheVgV
YZeVgidhkZgi^XVaZhhZd[gZoXVcZ[ZXi^kVbZciZZc aVh^ZggV!Z^cXaj^gY^cZgdZcZaegZhjejZhideVgVZa
adhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYncdiZc\VcfjZhZg bVciZc^b^ZcidgZ\jaVgVhXdbdZaXdbWjhi^WaZYZ
hda^X^iVYVhedgaVhbj_ZgZh# adhb^hbdh#
Z# :
miZcYZgZajhdYZhVaVhYZeVgidigVY^X^dcVaZhn &'#9VYVaV[VaiVYZY^hedc^W^a^YVYYZVbWjaVcX^Vh!igVoVg
digdhbdYdhXjaijgVabZciZVegde^VYdhYZViZc" eaVcZhZcXdc_jcidXdcaVhVjidg^YVYZhnadhb^ZbWgdh
X^cYZaVhVajY!XdcaVidiVa^YVYYZ^chjbdheVgV YZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhgjgVaZheVgVWjhXVgVaiZgcVi^kVh
ZaY^hZdnaVZkVajVX^cYZ^c^X^Vi^kVhYZZhiZi^ed YZigVchedgiZZcZaXVhdYZZbZg\ZcX^Vh!^cXajnZcYd
edgeVgiZYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhadXVaZh!nZheZX^Va" aVedh^W^a^YVYYZZhiVWaZXZg[dcYdhgdiVi^kdh0^YZci^"
bZciZYZaVhbj_ZgZh# ÒXVX^cYZadhegde^ZiVg^dhYZigVchedgiZeg^kVYdn
bZXVc^hbdhYZgZZbWdahdYZaHZXidgHVajY#
[# 6
hZ\jgVgfjZidYdhadh;D:hnaVbVndgVYZadh
;D7hedh^WaZhiZc\VcjcÆYZ[ZchdgYZadhYZgZ" &(#Eg^dg^oVgaVXdbegVYZgVY^dhn$diZa[dcdhXZaj"
X]dhYZadheVX^ZciZhÇ!fjZYdb^cZadh^Y^dbVhn aVgZh!XjVcYdhZVZaXVhdeVgVadhejZhidhYZhVajY
XdcdoXVaVhigVY^X^dcZhadXVaZh!XjndgdahZVZaYZ nYZcigdYZaVhb^hbVhXdbjc^YVYZh!nXdch^YZgVg
VhZ\jgVgÅZccdbWgZYZaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgV" ZhfjZbVhYZXgY^idfjZeZgb^iVcVaVhbj_ZgZhZc
& ) + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
aVhXdbjc^YVYZhXdcigdaVgadhiZa[dcdhXZajaVgZhn \ZcX^V!ZheZX^VabZciZeVgVaVhbj_ZgZhnVYdaZh"
XdWgVgiVg^[VhZXdcb^XVhedghjjhd# XZciZh^cY\ZcVhgjgVaZh#
;b_c_dWhbWZ_iYh_c_dWY_dYedXWi[[d[b &.#:meVcY^gaVXdWZgijgVWV_dZaZhfjZbVYZahZ\jgd
]d[he"bWYbWi[obW[jd_W$Fhecel[hbW_]kWbZWZ YZhVajYgZk^hVYd!eVgVfjZ^cXajnVaVXdchZ_ZgVV
obeiZ[h[Y^eiZ[bWick`[h[i adhVYdaZhXZciZhhdWgZhZmjVa^YVYnhVajYhZmjVa!Vh
&)#6hZ\jgVgfjZZa\VhidYZY^XVYdVaVViZcX^cYZaV XdbdhdWgZhVajYgZegdYjXi^kV#
hVajYhZVY^hig^Wj^YdZfj^iVi^kVbZciZ!XdcZaÒcYZ '%#GZk^\dg^oVg adh hZgk^X^dh YZ hVajY gZegdYjXi^kV n
gZeVgVgZaVWVcYdcd]^hig^XdYZX^ZgiVh{gZVhnedWaV" eaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^Vg!^cXajnZcYdbVndgÒcVcX^V"
X^dcZh!ZceVgi^XjaVgYZaVhbj_ZgZh^cY\ZcVh# b^Zcid!ZhigViZ\^VhXdcXZgiVYVh!XVeVX^iVX^ceVgV
&*#6hZ\jgVghZYZfjZWV_dZaZhfjZbVgZY^hZVYdYZa adhegdkZZYdgZhnYdiVX^cYZeZghdcVa#
hZ\jgdYZhVajYadhWZcZÒX^dhhZXdggZaVX^dcZcXdc '	VYd fjZ aVh Xdbea^XVX^dcZh fjZ hZ YZg^kVc YZ
aVcZXZh^YVY!YZbVcZgVfjZaVhbj_ZgZhYZadhfj^c" adhVWdgidhhdcaVeg^cX^eVaXVjhVYZaVbdgiVa^YVY
i^aZhb{hedWgZhnaVhedWaVX^dcZh]^hig^XVbZciZ bViZgcV!XgZVgjcegdidXdadeVgVZaVWdgidiZgV"
bVg\^cVYVhhZVcXjW^ZgiVhVYZXjVYVbZciZ#:hid eji^XdfjZgZXdcdoXVaVcZXZh^YVYYZegdiZ\ZgaV
^bea^XV/ hVajYeh^Xda\^XVYZaVhbj_ZgZh!VhXdbdhjhVajY
V# G
ZY^hZVgZaZhfjZbVYZgZZbWdahd!YZbVcZgV [h^XV!YZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcZa]VaaVo\dYZa8db^iYZ
fjZaVhigVch[ZgZcX^VhZcZaXVhdYZZbZg\Zc" 9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVhZcZa
X^VhhZV_jhiZcVadhXdhidhgZVaZhZcaVh{gZVh XVhdYZ@VgZcAaVcidn versus EZg#*
gjgVaZh#
:[ceijhWhkdfhe]h[ieWZ[YkWZe0fbWd[iZ[
W# G
ZZhigjXijgVgaVXdWZgijgVZcWVhZVaVbVndg WYY_d"_dZ_YWZeh[i
Zk^YZcX^VegdkZc^ZciZYZaVhVajYeWa^XV#Edg ''#IgVoVgnegdedcZgXdc_jciVbZciZXdcaVh9>G:H6h
Z_Zbead! Za^b^cVg aV XdWZgijgV YZ bai^eaZh ZhigViZ\^VhneaVcZhYZVXX^cgZ\^dcVaZhgZaVX^d"
ZXd\gV[Vh!eZgdVhZ\jgVgfjZidYdhadhXdbed" cVYdh Xdc aV bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV n Za \gjed YZ
cZciZhYZaXj^YVYddWhiig^XdW{h^XdnZhZcX^Va igVWV_VYdgZhYZhVajY!hdWgZaVWVhZYZjcegdXZhd
hZji^a^XZceVgVidYVhaVhbj_ZgZh!^cXajnZcYdaVh eVgi^X^eVi^kdfjZ^cXajnV^chjbdheVgVadhegd[Zh^dcV"
fjZk^kZcZc{gZVhgZbdiVh# aZhYZaVhVajYfjZgZhedcYVcVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZ
aVhedWaVX^dcZhadXVaZh!ZheZX^VabZciZVaVhYZaVh
X# 7
g^cYVg hja[Vid YZ bV\cZh^d n jcV Xdci^cjV
edWaVX^dcZhbVg\^cVYVhngjgVaZheVgV! inter alia:
XVeVX^iVX^chdWgZhjjhdVegde^VYd!XdbdeVgiZ
YZaVXdWZgijgVZcZaXVhdYZegZ"ZXaVbeh^Vn$d V# :
hiVcYVg^oVg jc cbZgd n c^kZa YZ eZghdcVa
ZXaVbeh^V# bc^bdZcadhY^hi^cidhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!
nVhZ\jgVgaVYdiVX^cYZeZghdcVaaVh')]dgVhVa
&+#8dch^YZgVgaVZa^b^cVX^cYZidYdhadhXdeV\dheVgV
YV$(+*YVhVaVdeVgVadh;D:hn;D7h#
aVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVhWV_dZaZhfjZbVgZY^hZ"
VYdYZhZ\jgdYZhVajYn!Xdbdbc^bd!VhZ\jgVg W# 6
hZ\jgVgaVXVeVX^iVX^cVYZXjVYVYZaeZghdcVa
fjZhZWg^cYZcidYVhaVhZmdcZgVX^dcZhhZ\cXg^iZ" YZhVajY^ckdajXgVYdZcaVgZhejZhiVVaVhZbZg"
g^dhZhiVcYVg^oVYdhfjZgZegZhZciZcXVg\VhZmXZ" \ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh#
h^kVheVgVaVh[Vb^a^VhfjZYZbjZhigZc^cY^\ZcX^V!
X# G
ZYjX^gaVgdiVX^cYZaeZghdcVa!adfjZVhjkZo
adfjZedYgVYZhVaZciVgZajhdYZah^hiZbVYZhVajY
hdXVkVaVXVeVX^iVX^cnaVhgZaVX^dcZhfjZhZ
edgaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVh#
ZhiVWaZXZcXdcaVhXdbjc^YVYZh#
&,#6 XaVgVg Zc aVh gZ\jaVX^dcZh YZa ZhfjZbV YZa
Y# E
gdbdkZg aV Zfj^YVY Zc aVh gZbjcZgVX^dcZh!
H>H gZk^hVYd fjZ aVh ÆZbZg\ZcX^Vh dWhiig^XVhÇ
WZcZ[^X^dh n ]dgVh YZ igVWV_d ZcigZ adh igVWV"
^cXajnZcaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhegdkZc^ZciZhYZVWdgidh
_VYdgZhYZhVajY#
^cXdbeaZidh#
Z# E
gdbdkZg h^hiZb{i^XVbZciZ aV bZ_dgV YZ
&-#6 hZ\jgVg aV XdchiVciZ Y^hedc^W^a^YVY bZY^VciZ
aVh gZaVX^dcZh Xdc adh egdbdidgZh YZ hVajY
ZaZhfjZbVYZaH>HdedgdigdbZY^dYZjcgVc\d
Xdbjc^iVg^dh#
XdbeaZidYZdeX^dcZhVci^XdcXZei^kVh!^cXajnZcYd
adh^cnZXiVWaZh!VhXdbdaVVci^XdcXZeX^cYZZbZg"
G:8DB:C968>DC:H&),
'(#:hiVcYVg^oVgnVea^XVgadh^cY^XVYdgZhYZegdXZhdh ZmegZhVhYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhÅ!nVhZ\jgVgfjZadh
fjZ]Vch^YdgZheVaYVYdh^ciZgcVX^dcVabZciZeVgV 8dchZ_dhYZadh8A6Hh^ZbegZ^cXajnVcVbj_ZgZh
bdc^idgZVg YZ bVcZgV eZgbVcZciZ Za egd\gZhd ZcigZhjhb^ZbWgdh#
VaXVcoVYdZcZaVWdgYV_ZYZaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!
',#EgdbdkZgfjZaVhbjc^X^eVa^YVYZhhZ^ckdajXgZcZc
^cXajnZcYdVfjZaadhZhiVWaZX^YdhZcaVh<jVhYZaV
Zah^hiZbVYZhVajY0edgZ_Zbead!ZmeVcY^ZcYdaV
DCJeVgVBdc^idgZVgaV9^hedc^W^a^YVYnaVJi^a^oVX^c
^c^X^Vi^kVYZBjc^X^e^dhHVajYVWaZhYZhYZaVegZkZc"
YZadhHZgk^X^dhDWhiig^Xdh:hZcX^VaZh#+
X^c]VhiVZaXj^YVYd!XdcaVXdcY^X^cYZfjZaVh
')#:cZaZhfjZbVgZk^hVYdYZahZ\jgdYZhVajY!ji^a^oVg bj_ZgZhhZkZVcgZegZhZciVYVhVYZXjVYVbZciZZc
adh[dgbVidhYZaH>HfjZnVZm^hiZceVgVgZXdaZXiVg adhb^hbdh#
eZgbVcZciZbZciZYVidhVc^kZaYZaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid
'-#G ZfjZg^g aV eVgi^X^eVX^c YZ aVh bj_ZgZh n YZ
XdcgZheZXidVajhdVYZXjVYdYZadhdm^iX^Xdh!YZa
adh \gjedh YZ bj_ZgZh Zc Za YZhVggdaad YZ eg^d"
hja[VidYZbV\cZh^dnYZadhVci^W^i^Xdh!nji^a^oVg
g^YVYZhZ^cY^XVYdgZhhZaZXX^dcVYdhYZadhEaVcZh
Y^X]dhYVidheVgVbZ_dgVgadhegd\gVbVh#
8dcXZgiVYdh#
Fhecel[hbWfWhj_Y_fWY_di_]d_ÓYWj_lWo
Fhecel[hbWh[dZ_Y_dZ[Yk[djWi
Z[ceYhWj_pWh[bI[YjehIWbkZ
'.#BZ_dgVgadhh^hiZbVhYZbdc^idgZdnaVgZcY^X^c
'*#6YdeiVgbZY^YVheVgVVXVWVgXdcaVXjaijgVVjidg^"
YZXjZciVhedgaVXdbegVYZadhbZY^XVbZcidh!Z
iVg^Vnejc^i^kVZcZaHZXidgHVajY!fjZb^cViVcidadh
^beaZbZciVgjch^hiZbVVjidbVi^oVYdYZgZcY^X^c
YZgZX]dhYZadhegdkZZYdgZhXdbdadhYZadheVX^Zc"
YZXjZciVhedgaVXdbegVYZZfj^edbY^Xd!gZfj^"
iZh!nXgZV^cXZci^kdheZgkZghdh!^cXajnZcYd/
g^ZcYdZajhdYZaH><6H^hiZbVYZ>c[dgbVX^cYZ
V# G
Zi^gVgaV^bedh^X^cYZhVcX^dcZhedgXjVafj^Zg <Zhi^c 6Yb^c^higVi^kV n hj ^ciZ\gVX^c Va H>6;
bjZgiZ bViZgcV Zc aV ^chi^ijX^c! fjZ cd hZV H^hiZbV>ciZ\gVaYZ6Yb^c^higVX^c;^cVcX^ZgV#
Y^gZXiVbZciZVig^Wj^WaZVjcVcZ\a^\ZcX^VdbVaV
(%#>chi^ij^gnbVciZcZgjcegdXZhdYZa^X^iVX^cigVcheV"
eg{Xi^XV#
gZciZeVgVidYdhadhZfj^edhnXdbegVhYZhjb^c^higdh!
W# 9
Zha^\VgaVXdbeZchVX^cZXdcb^XVYZacbZgd ^cXajnZcYdVbWjaVcX^Vh!n]VXZgfjZaV^c[dgbVX^c
YZ cVX^b^Zcidh ViZcY^Ydh! ad fjZ igVZ Xdbd hdWgZadhXg^iZg^dhVhXdbdaVha^X^iVX^dcZhb^hbVh
XdchZXjZcX^VfjZZaeZghdcVaYZhVajYcdgZÒZgV ZhicVW^ZgiVhVaeWa^XdZc\ZcZgVa#
Vegde^VYVbZciZadhXVhdhXdbea^XVYdh#
(jbZciVgZaXjbea^b^ZcidYZaVhhVcX^dcZhVYb^c^h"
X# :
a^b^cVgaVhXjdiVhYZcVX^b^Zcidh^chi^ijX^dcVaZh! igVi^kVhVadhegdkZZYdgZh!ZcadhXVhdhYZcZ\a^\ZcX^V
adfjZigVZXdbdXdchZXjZcX^VZajhdYZi{Xi^XVh XdbegdWVYV!VWjhdnbVaVeg{Xi^XV!^cXajnZcYdVadh
XdZgX^i^kVhXdcaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVh# egdkZZYdgZhfjZhZVccdbWgVYdh#
Y# G
Zi^gVgZagZfjZg^b^ZcidYZcVX^b^Zcidh^chi^ij" ('#6jbZciVgZaVXXZhdeWa^XdVaV^c[dgbVX^c!Vc^kZa
X^dcVaZheVgVgZX^W^gigVch[ZgZcX^VhZcZ[ZXi^kd YZah^hiZbVZ^chi^ijX^dcVa!^cXajnZcYdaV^c[dgbVX^c
YZa egd\gVbV ?JCIDH! ad fjZ ejZYZ gZhjaiVg gZaVX^dcVYVXdcaVegZeVgVX^cYZegd\gVbVhnegZhj"
XdcigVegdYjXZciZneZa^\gdhdVciZaVVjhZcX^VYZ ejZhidhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVhVajYhZmjVangZegdYjX"
jch^hiZbVYZgZ[ZgZcX^VfjZ[jcX^dcZZÒX^Zc" i^kV!nZaYZhZbeZdYZaeZghdcVaYZhVajY#
iZbZciZ n iZc\V aV XVeVX^YVY YZ gZhdakZg adh
egdWaZbVh#
Z# 8
gZVg YZ[ZchdgVh ^ciZgcVh Zc XVYV 9>G:H6
eVgVgZX^W^gZ^ckZhi^\VgaVhfjZ_VhYZaeZghdcVa
gZaVX^dcVYVhXdcYZhe^Ydh^c_jhidh!hVcX^dcZh!
Y^hXg^b^cVX^cndigVh[dgbVhYZbVaigVid#
'+#G Zk^iVa^oVg Za h^hiZbV YZ 8A6H! bZY^VciZ jc
VjbZcidYZÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidnaVbdY^ÒXVX^cYZadh
XdcigVidhhVaVg^VaZhYZadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajY
fjZigVWV_VcZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZ8A6HÅYZ
bVcZgVfjZZaeZghdcVagZhedcYVVaVhcZXZh^YVYZh
G:8DB:C968>DC:H&).
X# 6
hZ\jgVgfjZhZd[gZoXVcZ[ZXi^kVbZciZaVhedh^" Y^hedc^WaZ!hdWgZaVWVhZYZjcegdXZhdeVgi^X^eVi^kd
X^dcZhkZgi^XVaZhYZeVgidZcadhZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh nigVcheVgZciZ!fjZ^cXajnVadh^cY^XVYdgZhZ]^idh
YZhVajY!nfjZcdiZc\VcfjZhZghda^X^iVYVhedg Y^[ZgZcX^VaZhbZY^VciZadhXjVaZhhZejZYVbdc^"
aVhbj_ZgZh# idgZVg YZ XZgXV Za egd\gZhd gZVa^oVYd! egZhiVcYd
eVgi^XjaVgViZcX^cVaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZadh\gjedh
Y# :
miZcYZgZajhdYZhVaVhYZeVgidigVY^X^dcVaZhn
bVg\^cVYdh!^cXajnZcYdaVhedWaVX^dcZh^cY\ZcVh#
digdhbdYdhXjaijgVabZciZVYZXjVYdhYZViZc"
X^cYZaVhVajY!XdcaVidiVa^YVYYZ^chjbdheVgV &%#IgVoVgZ^beaZbZciVgZhigViZ\^VhneaVcZhYZVXX^c
ZaY^hZdnZkVajVX^cYZ^c^X^Vi^kVhYZZhiZi^ed gZ\^dcVaZhgZaVX^dcVYdhXdcZaeZghdcVaYZhVajY!
edgeVgiZYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhadXVaZh!nZheZX^Va" hdWgZaVWVhZYZjcegdXZhdeVgi^X^eVi^kdfjZ^cXajnV
bZciZYZaVhbj_ZgZh# adh^chjbdhYZadhegd[Zh^dcVaZhYZaVhVajYnfjZ
gZhedcYV V aVh cZXZh^YVYZh YZ aVh edWaVX^dcZh
Z# 6
hZ\jgVgfjZidYdhadh;D:hnaVbVndgVYZadh
adXVaZh!ZheZX^VabZciZaVhYZaVhedWaVX^dcZhbVg\^"
;D7hiZc\VcjcÆYZ[ZchdgYZadhYZgZX]dhYZ
cVYVhngjgVaZh!eVgV! inter alia:
adheVX^ZciZhÇfjZYdb^cZadh^Y^dbVhadXVaZh
nXdcdoXVaVhigVY^X^dcZhadXVaZh!nXjndgdahZV V# 6
hZ\jgVgaVXdWZgijgVgVX^dcVaYZadh8D:bbZ"
VhZ\jgVgÅZccdbWgZYZaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoV" Y^VciZaVY^hig^WjX^cZfj^iVi^kVYZ;D:hn;D7h#
YVhÅfjZhZaZhWg^cYZjcVViZcX^cVXZeiVWaZ
W# :
hiVcYVg^oVgZacbZgdnc^kZaYZaeZghdcVaZcadh
YZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiVX^ZciÒXdnXjaijgVa#
Y^hi^cidhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajY!nVhZ\jgVg
)# Eg^dg^oVgaVXdbegVYZgVY^dhn$diZa[dcdhXZajaVgZh! fjZ hZ YdiZ YZ eZghdcVa eVgV aVh ') ]dgVh Va
XjVcYdhZVVegde^VYd!eVgVadhejZhidhYZhVajYnaVh YV$(+*YVhVaVdVaVh;D:hn;D7h#
Xdbjc^YVYZh!nXdch^YZgVgZhfjZbVhYZXgY^idfjZ
X# E
gdbdkZg aV Zfj^YVY Zc aVh gZbjcZgVX^dcZh!
eZgb^iVcVaVhbj_ZgZhYZaVhXdbjc^YVYZhXdcigdaVg
WZcZ[^X^dh n ]dgVh YZ igVWV_d ZcigZ adh igVWV"
adhiZa[dcdhXZajaVgZhnXdWgVgjcVeZfjZViVg^[V
_VYdgZhYZhVajY#
edghjjhd#
Y# 7
g^cYVg^cXZci^kdhÒcVcX^Zgdh!gZXdcdX^b^Zcid
*# E
gZhjejZhiVg Y^cZgd eVgV aVh VbWjaVcX^Vh V hZg
YZaigVWV_dnVhXZchdheVgVadhigVWV_VYdgZhYZ
YZY^XVYdZhig^XiVbZciZVabVciZc^b^ZcidgZ\jaVg
hVajYfjZh^gkVcZcaVh{gZVhgjgVaZhnV^haVYVh#
nVaXdbWjhi^WaZ!ngZfjZg^gfjZhZaaZkZjcgZ\^higd
YZgZXdgg^Ydh^cXajnZcYdZa`^adbZigV_Z!fjZeZgb^iV &&#Ji^a^oVgadh[dgbVidhYZaH>HfjZnVZm^hiZceVgV
XVaXjaVgnZkVajVgXj{cYdnXbdhZVi^ZcYZcaVh gZXdaZXiVg eZgbVcZciZbZciZ ^c[dgbVX^c Zc adh
ZbZg\ZcX^Vh# ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYgZheZXidVajhdVegde^VYd
YZdm^iX^Xdh!hja[VidYZbV\cZh^dnVci^W^i^Xdh!n
+# :
miZcYZgZajhdYZaVhcjZkVh<jVhYZEg{Xi^XV8ac^XV
ji^a^oVgZhidhYVidheVgVbZ_dgVgadhegd\gVbVh#
eVgVaV6iZcX^cYZaVh:bZg\ZcX^VhDWhiig^XVhn
CZdcViVaZhYZaB>CH6# Fhecel[hbWfWhj_Y_fWY_di_]d_ÓYWj_lW
,# H
Z\j^gZmiZcY^ZcYdZajhdYZaH^hiZbVYZ8Y^\deVgV &'#6hZ\jgVgaVeVgi^X^eVX^cYZaVhbj_ZgZhnYZadh
adhWdi^fj^cZhYZZbZg\ZcX^Vh!fjZhZ]VcYZhV" \gjedhYZbj_ZgZhZcBZhVhYZ8dcXZgiVX^ceVgV
ggdaaVYdeVgVgZhedcYZgVaVh]ZbdggV\^Vh!hZeh^h egdbdkZg aV ^cXajh^c YZ adh iZbVh Z ^ciZgZhZh
nZXaVbeh^V# YZ hVajY YZ aVh bj_ZgZh ZcigZ aVh eg^dg^YVYZh Z
^cY^XVYdgZh hZaZXX^dcVYdh eVgV idYdh adh eaVcZh
-# 8
gZVg n [^cVcX^Vg ZheVX^dh gVY^VaZh Zc ^Y^dbVh
XdcXZgiVYdh#
adXVaZh!gZaVX^dcVYdhXdcaVhhZVaVhYZVaVgbVfjZ
egZhZciVcaVhZbZg\ZcX^VhdWhiig^XVh!nadheVhdh &(#GZVa^oVgjcVXVbeVVYZZYjXVX^cngZ\^higdeVgV
VhZ\j^geVgVegZkZc^gaVbjZgiZZcXVhdYZjcV VhZ\jgVgfjZadhXVbeZh^cdh!nZheZX^VabZciZaVh
ZbZg\ZcX^V# bj_ZgZhXVbeZh^cVh!XjZciZcXdc9C>nhZaZhVa^ZciZ
VkdiVgZcaVhZaZXX^dcZhadXVaZhnVeVgi^X^eVgZcadh
:[ceijhWh[bWlWdY[WZ[YkWZe0fbWd[iZ[ egdXZhdhedai^XdhgZ\^dcVaZh#
WYY_d"_dZ_YWZeh[i
&)#7g^cYVgVedndVaVhdg\Vc^oVX^dcZhnDC<hadXVaZh
.# I
gVoVgZ^beaZbZciVgZhigViZ\^VhgZ\^dcVaZhneaVcZh
eVgVfjZgZVa^XZciVaaZgZhXdbjc^iVg^dhYZWVhZn
YZVXX^cXdcXZgiVYdheVgVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVY
VaXVcXZhXdbjc^iVg^dheVgVaVhbj_ZgZhn]dbWgZh
bViZgcVZcWVhZVaVbZ_dgZk^YZcX^VZe^YZb^da\^XV
hdWgZ\cZgdnhVajY#
& * % 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
&*#> cXaj^g Za [dgiVaZX^b^Zcid YZ adh 8dcXZ_dh 6Y^X^dcVabZciZ!Va<dW^ZgcdGZ\^dcVa
6Yb^c^higVYdgZhYZadh8A6HnaVVh^hiZcX^ViXc^XV
eVgVadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVhVhdX^VX^dcZhYZ8A6HhdWgZ
YZEjcdnaV9>G:H6Ejcd/
iZbVhXaVkZhYZhVajYbViZgcVngZegdYjXi^kVZcZa &# 8
dbegVgjciVcfjZnjcVWdbWVYZV\jVeVgVZa
eaVcYZhVajYadXVa# =dhe^iVaGZ\^dcVaYZEjcd!XdcZaÒcYZeZgb^i^g
fjZZa8ZcigdDWhiig^XdYZaiZgXZge^hd[jcX^dcZ
&+#EgdbdkZgaVeVgi^X^eVX^cYZaVhbjc^X^eVa^YVYZh VYZXjVYVbZciZ#
ZcZah^hiZbVYZhVajY!edgZ_Zbead!ZmiZcY^ZcYdaV
^c^X^Vi^kVYZBjc^X^e^dhHVajYVWaZhYZhYZaVegZkZc" '# 8
dbegVgZaZfj^edcZXZhVg^deVgVeZgb^i^gfjZaV
X^c]VhiVaVViZcX^c!XdcaVXdcY^X^cYZfjZaVh Jc^YVYYZ8j^YVYdh>ciZgbZY^dh!J8>!YZa=dhe^iVa
bj_ZgZhhZVcgZegZhZciVYVhVYZXjVYVbZciZZcadh 8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcdYZ?ja^VXVhZVXZgi^ÒXVYVedg
b^hbdh# ZaH>HXdbdjcVJ8>dÒX^Va!YZbVcZgVfjZZaXdhid
YZaVViZcX^cfjZWg^cYZejZYVhZggZZbWdahVYd#
Fhecel[hbWh[dZ_Y_dZ[Yk[djWio[bWYY[ieW
beih[c[Z_ei[\[Yj_lei (# G
ZVa^oVg^ckZhi^\VX^dcZhXdbeaZiVhhdWgZaVedh^WaZ
cZ\a^\ZcX^VnVWVcYdcd!gZheZXi^kVbZciZ!YZ/
&,#BZ_dgVgadhh^hiZbVhYZbdc^idgZdngZcY^X^cYZ
XjZciVh eVgV aV XdbegV YZ bZY^X^cVh Z ^beaZ" )# A
VdWhiZig^oBVg^VBV\YVaZcV8dcYdg^6eVoV!ZcZa
bZciVgjch^hiZbVVjidbVi^oVYdeVgVaVXdbegVYZ XVhdYZBZaVc^VNjXgV<dcoVaZh#
Zfj^edbY^Xd!ZcigZdigdhbZY^dh!bdc^idgZVcYd
*# :
a 9g# :b^a^d BVX]^XVd! Zc Za XVhd YZ GdWZgiV
ZajhdYZaH><6H^hiZbVYZ>c[dgbVX^cYZ<Zhi^c
6g^oVcXV7Vgg^Zcidh!n]VXZgeWa^XdhnY^hedc^WaZh
6Yb^c^higVi^kVnhj^ciZ\gVX^cXdcZaH>6;H^hiZbV
Zhdh]VaaVo\dhVciZadhb^ZbWgdhYZaVh[Vb^a^Vh
>ciZ\gVaYZ6Yb^c^higVX^c;^cVcX^ZgV#
V[ZXiVYVh#
&-#:kVajVgZaYZhZbeZdYZadh8dchZ_dhGZ\^dcVaZh
+# :
b^i^gjcegdidXdadeVgVaV^beaZbZciVX^cYZaV
YZHVajY!^cXajnZcYdaVgZVa^oVX^cYZjcVc{a^h^hYZa
cdgbVYZaB>CH6gZaVX^dcVYVXdcadhcVX^b^Zcidh
cbZgdnXdciZc^YdYZaVhegdejZhiVhegZhZciVYVh!n
kZgi^XVaZh#
fjhZ\j^b^Zcid]VciZc^Yd!VhXdbdYZaVbV\c^ijY
YZaVgZegZhZciVX^cdeVgi^X^eVX^c[ZbZc^cV#
6Y^X^dcVabZciZ!Va<dW^ZgcdGZ\^dcVa
&.#>ckZhi^\VgnhVcX^dcVgadh^\j^ZciZ!YZbVcZgVVYb^" YZ=jVcXVkZa^XVnaV9>G:H6YZ
c^higVi^kVd_jY^X^Va!hZ\cadZhi^ejaVaVaZn0
=jVcXVkZa^XV/
V# :
ajhdYZaVeda^XVeVgVXdVXX^dcVgVaVhbj_ZgZh
&# G
ZVa^oVgjcV^ckZhi^\VX^cXdbeaZiVhdWgZaVedh^WaZ
VYVgVajoZcaVh^chi^ijX^dcZhYZaHZXidgHVajY#
cZ\a^\ZcX^V n VWVcYdcd dXjgg^Ydh Zc Za XVhd YZ
W# A
V^bedh^X^cYZbjaiVh de facto edgaVheVgi^YVh ;gVcX^hXV 8XZciZ Fj^heZ Zc Za 8Zcigd YZ HVajY
YZcVX^b^ZcidXjVcYdadhc^dhcdcVXZcZcjcV YZEVbeVh!n]VXZgeWa^XdhnY^hedc^WaZhY^X]dh
^chi^ijX^cYZaHZXidgHVajY# ]VaaVo\dheVgVadhb^ZbWgdhYZhj[Vb^a^V#
X# C
Z\VX^cYZaVViZcX^c^cXajnZcYdaVgZ[ZgZcX^V '# :
b^i^gjcegdidXdadeVgVaV^beaZbZciVX^cYZaV
nZaigVchedgiZYZW^YdVciZaV^bedh^W^a^YVYYZ cdgbVYZaB>CH6gZaVX^dcVYVXdcadhcVX^b^Zcidh
eV\Vg# kZgi^XVaZh#
Y# A
VYZiZcX^cYZaVhbj_ZgZhedg^bedh^W^a^YVYYZ
eV\VgdgZedcZgaVhigVch[jh^dcZhnVc{a^h^hYZ 7b8WdYeCkdZ_WboWb8WdYe
hVc\gZ# ?dj[hWc[h_YWdeZ[:[iWhhebbe0
Z# 8
jVafj^ZgVXidYZY^hXg^b^cVX^cXdcigVadheV" &# >ch^hi^gZcaVji^a^oVX^cYZXg^iZg^dhiXc^Xdhncdeda^"
X^ZciZhXdcWVhZZcZa\cZgddaVZic^V# i^XdhZcZaY^hZdYZE6GHVajY>>!nZcaV^cXajh^cYZ
^ciZgkZcX^dcZhhdaVbZciZWVhVYVhZcaVZk^YZcX^V#
'# > cXaj^g [dcYdh Zc E6GHVajY >> eVgV Za GZ\^higd
CVX^dcVaYZ>YZci^ÒXVX^cn:hiVYd8^k^aG:C>:8!
XdcZaÒcYZegdedgX^dcVgnVhZ\jgVgfjZidYdhadh
]VW^iVciZhYZaVh{gZVhgjgVaZhXjZciZcXdc9C>
XdbdbZY^YVYZegdbdX^cYZaVhVajY#
G:8DB:C968>DC:H&*&
(# J
hVgbZY^YVhYZgZhjaiVYdedgZ_Zbead!ZajhdYZa X# J
i^a^oVgadhegde^dhh^hiZbVhYZaB>CH6Åedg
hja[Vid YZ bV\cZh^d! aVh iVhVh YZ XZh{gZVh! jhd Z_Zbead!adhbZY^XVbZcidh!aV^c[dgbVX^c!aV
YZ dm^idX^cV! Zm^hiZcX^V YZ ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh Xdc XddgY^cVX^cad\hi^XV!ZiX#
eZghdcVaVegde^VYdXdbd^cY^XVYdgZhYZVkVcXZ!
&hZ\jgVgjcVbVndggZhedchVW^a^YVYÒcVcX^ZgVeVgV
ZckZoYZ]VXZgadbZY^VciZ^cY^XVYdgZhYZ\Vhid#
Vh^\cVgadh[dcYdhbZY^VciZE6GHVajY>>!]VX^ZcYd
)# :
hiVWaZXZg egdXZY^b^Zcidh YZ a^X^iVX^c igVcheV" jhd!ZcigZdigVhXdhVh!YZaZckdYZgZegZhZciVciZh
gZciZheVgVaVXdbegVYZZfj^edh!^cXajnZcYdaVh YZa7VcXdBjcY^VanZa7VcXd>ciZgVbZg^XVcdYZ
VbWjaVcX^Vh!ZcadhXjVaZhhZ]V\VeWa^XVidYVaV 9ZhVggdaadeVgV/
^c[dgbVX^cbViZg^VaY^hedc^WaZ#
V# K
^h^iVg adh aj\VgZh YdcYZ hZ \VhiV Za Y^cZgd n
*# G
ZfjZg^gaVXdbegVYZkZ]XjadhXVeVXZhYZXjbea^g gZk^hVgadheaVcZhZcYZiVaaZ#
XdcX^ZgidhXg^iZg^dh!eVgV]VXZgadhVYZXjVYdheVgV
W# K
^h^iVg eZg^Y^XVbZciZ n dWhZgkVg Za egd\gZhd
adhiZggZcdhadXVaZh!iVaZhXdbdaVhXVb^dcZiVhYZ
YZa\Vhid!^cXajnZcYdaVXVa^YVYYZadhbViZg^VaZh
YdWaZigVXX^cnhjheZch^ceVgVZaigVWV_deZhVYd
XdbegVYdh! Za egd\gZhd YZ adh egd\gVbVh YZ
ZcaVh^ZggV!ngZfjZg^gaVZk^YZcX^VYZaVgZVa^oVX^c
XVeVX^iVX^cnZabVciZc^b^ZcidYZadhkZ]Xjadh#
YZabVciZc^b^ZcideZg^Y^Xd!YZXdc[dgb^YVYXdcadh
igb^cdhegZk^VbZciZVXdgYVYdh# X# E
jWa^XVg Za ZhiVYd YZ XjZciV YZ adh \Vhidh
gZVa^oVYdh! dgYZcVYdh edg YZeVgiVbZcid Z
+# > ckZgi^gZcjcVgZXdaZXX^cYZYVidhbZ_dgVYVeVgV
^chi^ijX^c#
aaZkVg V XVWd Za hZ\j^b^Zcid YZ adh gZ\^higdh YZ
bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!XdcaVÒcVa^YVYYZbZY^gZa &'#9VYdfjZadhXdcig^WjnZciZheZgjVcdhZhi{ceV\VcYd
VkVcXZYZaD9B*# edgE6GHVajY>>Xdbdad]^X^ZgdcedgE6GHVajY>!
]VXZgeWa^XVaVhYZhk^VX^dcZhYZadheaVcZhYZ\Vhid
,# J
i^a^oVg^cY^XVYdgZhYZegdXZhdheVgVXdbeaZbZciVg
daVhk^daVX^dcZhYZadhigb^cdhVXdgYVYdh!^cXaj"
aVh iVhVh YZ bdgiVa^YVY bViZgcV! ^cXajnZcYd adh
nZcYdadheV\dhZ^ciZgZhZhZcfjZhZ]V^cXjgg^Yd
^cY^XVYdgZhZhiVWaZX^YdhZclas Guías de las NU para
edgadh[dcYdhcdYZhZbWdahVYdh#6YZb{h!aVhYZhk^"
Monitorear la Disponibilidad y la Utilización de los
VX^dcZhh^\c^ÒXVi^kVhYZWZgVchZg^ckZhi^\VYVhedg
Servicios Obstétricos Esenciales, fjZejZYVcVnjYVg
Za8dc\gZhd#
VZkVajVgaVY^hedc^W^a^YVY!aVY^hig^WjX^cZfj^iVi^kVn
ZajhdYZaVh^ciZgkZcX^dcZhcZXZhVg^VheVgVVWdgYVg &(#6hZ\jgVgfjZE6GHVajY>>hZVb{higVcheVgZciZn
aVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV# eVgi^X^eVi^kdfjZE6GHVajY>!^cXajnZcYdaVdWa^\VX^c
YZ/
-# 9
VYdfjZadhZbWVgVodhcdYZhZVYdhXdchi^ijnZc
Za [VXidg YZ g^Zh\d b{h Vaid YZ aVh Xdbea^XV" V# E
jWa^XVg hjh ZhijY^dh n ZkVajVX^dcZh YZ
X^dcZhdWhiig^XVh!XdciZbeaVgaVhcZXZh^YVYZhYZ egd\gZhd#
egdbdkZgaVeaVc^ÒXVX^c[Vb^a^VgXdbdeVgiZYZaV W# E
jWa^XVgjcVgZaVX^cYZhjh\VhidhnadhgjWgdh
ZhigViZ\^VY^g^\^YVVgZYjX^gaVbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV ZcadhXjVaZhhZ\VhiVcadh[dcYdh#
ZcE6GHVajY>>#
X# =
VXZgY^hedc^WaZhYZbVcZgVeWa^XVhjh^cY^XV"
.# > cXaj^g jc eaVc Zc E6GHVajY >> eVgV VhZ\jgVg aV YdgZh!YZhV\gZ\VYdhedgZhiVijhhdX^dZXdcb^Xd
Y^hedc^W^a^YVYYZaVXVeVX^YVYYZVc{a^h^hnigVch[j" ngZ\^c\Zd\g{ÒXV#
h^dcZhYZhVc\gZ\gVij^idh!ZcZaXVhdYZX^gj\Vh!
^cXajnZcYdaVhXZh{gZVh# Y# E
gZhZciVggZ\jaVgbZciZadh]VaaVo\dhnaV^c[dg"
bVX^cVadh\gjedhYZaVhdX^ZYVYX^k^anVaVh
&%#8 dch^YZgVg Xj^YVYdhVbZciZ fj hZ bVciZcYg{ V\ZcX^VhYZaVDCJ#
^chi^ijX^dcVa^oVYdajZ\dYZfjZXjab^cZE6GHVajY
>>!^cXajnZcYd/ Z# G
Zjc^ghZgZ\jaVgbZciZnVXde^Vg^c[dgbVX^cn
de^c^dcZhYZadhjhjVg^dhYZah^hiZbVYZhVajY
V# C
dgZVa^oVgc^V\gZ\Vgc^c\jcV^ciZgkZcX^ccjZkV ZcaVh{gZVhYZ^ciZgkZcX^cYZE6GHVajY>>#
fjZcdhZWVhZZcaVhZk^YZcX^Vh#
&)#>cXdgedgVgVE6GHVajY>>egdejZhiVhZheZXÒXVhXdc
W# C
dXdcigViVgeZghdcVaeVgVaZaddXgZVgjcVVYb^" ZaÒcYZdeZgVi^k^oVgdW_Zi^kdhYZÆXdgidnYZaVg\d
c^higVX^ceVgVaZaVVaB>CH6# eaVodÇ!gZheZXidVaVeVgi^X^eVX^cX^jYVYVcVZchj
Y^hZdZ^beaZbZciVX^c#
& * ' 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
6a\dW^ZgcdYZadh::#JJ#nVJH6>9! (# 9
ZiZcZgaV^ciZg[ZgZcX^VZcaVegdk^h^cYZ^c[dg"
bVX^ceWa^XVhdWgZaVVci^XdcXZeX^cdgVaYZZbZg"
hZ\cXdggZhedcYV/ \ZcX^VedgeVgiZYZadhYdcViVg^dhZcZaEZg#
&# E
Vgi^X^eVgZcZaegd\gVbVYZXdckZgh^cYZYZjYVedg
hVajY!ZcVa^VcoVXdcZa;dcYd<adWVaeVgV8dbWVi^g )# 7
g^cYVg bVndg XVci^YVY YZ [^cVcX^Vb^Zcid eVgV
ZaH>96!aVI7naVBVaVg^V!XdcZaÒcYZZmeVcY^gadh aV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad!XdcZaÒcYZZmeVcY^gn
gZXjghdhYZfjZhZY^hedcZeVgVZah^hiZbVYZhVajY! hdhiZcZghjigVWV_dZcZa{gZVYZadhYZgZX]dhVaV
neVgVaVhVajYbViZgcVZceVgi^XjaVg# hVajY!adhYZgZX]dhgZegdYjXi^kdhnhZmjVaZh!naV
bViZgc^YVYhZ\jgVZceVgi^XjaVg#
'# G
ZkdXVgaVAZnYZDWhigjXX^c<adWVadaZnbdgYVoV!
YZbVcZgVfjZadhgZXZeidgZhejZYVcWg^cYVg^c[dg" *# G
ZXdch^YZgVghjgdaZcgZaVX^cVVednVgZah^hiZbV
bVX^cnZYjXVX^cgZheZXidVaVhhZVaZhnZaigV" YZhVajYeZgjVcdWV_dadhcjZkdheVg{bZigdhYZ
iVb^ZcidYZaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhfjZhjg_VcYZadh ÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidYZJH6>9!XdcZaÒcYZ^YZci^ÒXVg
VWdgidh!fjZhZXdchi^ijnZcZcaVeg^cX^eVaXVjhVYZ bZXVc^hbdhfjZdidg\jZcjcbVndgVednd!ZckZoYZ
aVhbjZgiZhbViZgcVhZcZaEZg# gZi^gVgZaÒcVcX^Vb^ZcidVaHZXidgHVajYeZgjVcd#
DejWi )
KZg 8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+! e{ggV[dh ')"'*#0 88EG$8D$,%$E:G!
DWhZgkVX^dcZh8dcXajh^kVhYZa8db^iYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh/
&
EaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh'%%+"'%&%ZaVWdgVYdedgZa
EZg#Cdk^ZbWgZYZa'%%%/e{ggV[d'%#
8dchZ_dCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh#9ZXgZidHjegZbdC°#
%&,"'%%*"?JH#:aEaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdhXdci^ZcZ!
*
:aXVhdYZ@VgZcAaVcidn versus EZg^ckdajXgVWVVjcVbj_Zg
ZcidiVa!fj^cXZgZXdbZcYVX^dcZhY^g^\^YVhVegdiZ\ZgZaYZgZX]d fjZ[jZdWa^\VYVVaaZkVgVigb^cdVjc[ZidVcZcXZ[{a^Xdnhj[g^
VaVhVajY# jcV\gVkZV[ZXX^ceh^Xda\^XVXdbdgZhjaiVYdYZZaad#8db^iYZ
9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh!8dbjc^XVX^cC°#&&*($'%%(!DCJ9dX#88EG$
'
8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+#8dbZciVg^dh8dcXajh^kdhYZa8db^ieVgVaV
8$-*$9$&&*($'%%('%%*#KZg8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+#8dbZciVg^dh
:a^b^cVX^cYZaV9^hXg^b^cVX^c8dcigVaVBj_Zg/EZg#;ZWgZgd
8dcXajh^kdhYZa8db^ieVgVaV:a^b^cVX^cYZaV9^hXg^b^cVX^c
YZa'%%,/e{ggV[d((#
8dcigVaVBj_Zg/EZg#'YZ[ZWgZgdYZa'%%,!e{ggV[dh')"'*#
(
EaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh'%%+"'%&%!ZaVWdgVYdedg
+
JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6. Guías de las UN para monitorear la disponibi-
Za8dchZ_dCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh#9ZXgZidHjegZbdC°#
lidad y la utilización de los servicios obstétricos esenciales. 6\dhidYZ
%&,"'%%*"?JH#
&..,#
G:8DB:C968>DC:H&*(
& * ) 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
M>#<ADH6G>D9:IwGB>CDHNH><A6H
7bj_fbWde0AVgZ\^cYZaaVcjgVhVaiVhh^ijVYVVahjYZhiZ 9B7I08db^ihAdXVaZhYZ6Yb^c^higVX^cZcHVajY!fjZ
YZa EZg n Va dZhiZ YZ 7da^k^V! fjZ VWVgXV V Ejcd# :a hdcVYb^c^higVYdhYZbVcZgVXdc_jciVedgb^ZbWgdh
6ai^eaVcdhZZcXjZcigVVjcVVaijgVegdbZY^dYZ(#(%% ZaZ\^Ydh YZ aV Xdbjc^YVY n Za eZghdcVa bZY^Xd YZa
bZigdh!VeZhVgYZfjZVa\jcVh{gZVhhdcWVhiVciZb{h ZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidYZhVajY#
VaiVh0ZaXa^bVZh[gdnYZhZb^{g^YdV{g^Yd#
9E;c0 ;jcX^dcZh YZ adh Xj^YVYdh dWhiig^Xdh YZ
7dj_Yedlkbi_le0 Jc bZY^XVbZcid ji^a^oVYd eVgV ZbZg\ZcX^V YZÒc^Ydh edg aV DBH! JC>8:; n Za ;dcYd
YZiZcZg d Zk^iVg adh YZggVbZh XZgZWgVaZh# AVh <jVh YZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVheVgVaVEdWaVX^cZchjhGuías
eVgV Bdc^idgZVg aV 9^hedc^W^a^YVY n aV Ji^a^oVX^c YZ para Monitorear la Disponibilidad y Utilización de los
adh HZgk^X^dh DWhiig^Xdh YZ aV DBH $JC;E6$JC>8:; Cuidados Obstétricos Esenciales Zb^i^YVh YZ bVcZgV
gZfj^ZgZcfjZadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhW{h^XdhfjZWg^cYVc Xdc_jciV &..,#& Adh hZgk^X^dh YZ hVajY gZegdYjXi^kV
Xj^YVYdh dWhiig^Xdh ZhZcX^VaZh ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh Zhi{c V\gjeVYdh Zc 8D:b W{h^Xdh n 8D:b Vbea^dh#
8D:b iZc\Vc XVeVX^YVY eVgV VYb^c^higVg Adh 8D:b W{h^Xdh hZ gZÒZgZc V aV XVeVX^YVY YZ
Vci^Xdckjah^kdhedgkV^cigVkZcdhVdedg^cnZXX^c# adh ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh YZ hVajY YZ VYb^c^higVg
Vci^W^i^Xdh eVgZciZgVaZh! bZY^XVbZcidh dm^iX^Xdh n
7i_ij[dY_W YWb_ÓYWZW Z[b fWhje0 HZ gZÒZgZ V jc eVgid
Vci^Xdckjah^kdh! n gZVa^oVg aV gZbdX^c bVcjVa YZ aV
ViZcY^Ydedgjcegd[Zh^dcVabY^XdYdXidg!Zc[ZgbZgV
eaVXZciV! aV gZbdX^c YZ adh egdYjXidh gZiZc^Ydh n Za
jdWhiZig^ofjZ]Vh^YdXVeVX^iVYdXdcaVh]VW^a^YVYZh
eVgidkV\^cVaVh^hi^Yd#Adh8D:bVbea^dhXdch^hiZcZc
cZXZhVg^VheVgVbVcZ_VgeVgidhcdgbVaZh!VhXdbdeVgV
adh hZgk^X^dh VciZg^dgbZciZ bZcX^dcVYdh! VYZb{h YZ
Y^V\cdhi^XVgngZ[Zg^gaVhXdbea^XVX^dcZhdWhiig^XVh#
aV XVeVX^YVY YZ gZVa^oVg XZh{gZVh n igVch[jh^dcZh YZ
7jedW kj[h_dW0 >bedh^W^a^YVY YZa iZgd YZ XdcigVZghZ hVc\gZ# AVh [jcX^dcZh Vh^\cVYVh hdc h^b^aVgZh eZgd
Xdc[jZgoVYZhejhYZaeVgidYZaWZWdYZaVeaVXZciV! cd^Yci^XVhVaVhYZ;D7n;D:!nVfjZ!edgZ_Zbead!
ad fjZ XdcYjXZ V jcV ]ZbdggV\^V edheVgid YZa iZgd# ;D7cd^cXajnZaVXVeVX^YVYYZgZVa^oVgZaeVgidbVcjVa
9jgVciZ jc eVgid cdgbVa! aVh XdcigVXX^dcZh jiZg^cVh Vh^hi^YdXdc[gXZehdVhe^gVYdg#
Xdbeg^bZcadhkVhdhhVc\jcZdhnYZi^ZcZcZahVc\gVYd
9khWdZ[he0JcXjgVYdgigVY^X^dcVadX]Vb{c!fjZji^a^oV
YZaiZgd#
]^ZgWVhdgZbZY^dhcVijgVaZheVgVXjgVgZc[ZgbZYVYZh#
7ocWhW0Jc\gjedic^XdcVi^kdYZaVhodcVh^cY\ZcVh :c bjX]dh XVhdh! hZ e^ZchV fjZ Za edYZg YZ XjgVg
YZadh6cYZhnZaVai^eaVcdZcHjYVbg^XV#AVbVndgV YZ adh XjgVcYZgdh Zh hdWgZcVijgVa! nV fjZ bjX]Vh
YZ adh VnbVgV k^kZc Zc Za EZg n 7da^k^V! XZgXV YZ aV edWaVX^dcZh^cY\ZcVhXgZZcfjZaVhZc[ZgbZYVYZhhdc
XjZcXVYZaaV\dI^i^XVXV# dXVh^dcVYVh edg Zheg^ijh bVa^\cdh d bVaY^X^dcZh# 6
kZXZh!adhXjgVcYZgdhhdciVbW^ceVgiZgdh#
9Wcf[i_de%W0HZgZÒZgZVaVeZghdcVfjZ]VW^iVZcjcV
gZ\^cgjgVa!VbZcjYdVa\j^ZcfjZk^kZYZaVV\g^XjaijgV 9^WYhW0JcVeZfjZV\gVc_V!VbZcjYdji^a^oVYVedgZa
YZhjWh^hiZcX^V# XVbeZh^cdnhj[Vb^a^VeVgVZaVjidXdchjbd#
9;:7M" H[Yec[dZWY_d =[d[hWb D±$ (*0 JcV :[fWhjWc[dje/JcVY^k^h^cVYb^c^higVi^kVYZaEZg#:a
gZXdbZcYVX^c ZaVWdgVYV edg aV 8dckZcX^c hdWgZ EZgZhi{Y^k^Y^YdZc')YZeVgiVbZcidh#
aV :a^b^cVX^c YZ idYVh aVh [dgbVh YZ 9^hXg^b^cVX^c
:?H;I70 AV 9^gZXX^c GZ\^dcVa YZ HVajY! fjZ Zhi{
XdcigVaVBj_Zg!fjZhZZc[dXVZcaVhbj_ZgZhnaVhVajY!
ZcXVg\VYVYZZhiVWaZXZgVa\jcVhedai^XVhYZhVajYnYZ
ndWa^\VVadh:hiVYdheVgiZVgZi^gVgaVhWVggZgVhfjZ
YZhZbWdahVg adh [dcYdh YZcigd YZ aV gZ\^c YZ hVajY
WadfjZVc Za VXXZhd YZ aVh bj_ZgZh V jcV VYZXjVYV
YZÒc^YVVYb^c^higVi^kVbZciZdYZaYZeVgiVbZcid#
ViZcX^cYZaVhVajY#
;D:;I0:cXjZhiV9Zbd\g{ÒXVnYZHVajY;Vb^a^Vg#
&**
<E80;jcX^dcZhDWhiig^XVh7{h^XVh#JcZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid de los Cuidados Obstétricos Esenciales YZ aV DBH$
fjZXjbeaZaVh[jcX^dcZhdWhig^XVhW{h^XVh!YZÒc^YVh JC;E6$JC>8:; gZfj^ZgZc fjZ adh ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh
Xdbd aV XVeVX^YVY YZa ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid YZ hVajY YZ fjZ Wg^cYVc Xj^YVYdh dWhiig^Xdh YZ ZbZg\ZcX^V
VYb^c^higVg Vci^W^i^Xdh eVgZciZgVaZh! dm^idX^cV n W{h^Xdh ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh 8D:b iZc\Vc aV XVeVX^YVY
Vci^Xdckjah^kdh! gZi^gVg bVcjVabZciZ aV eaVXZciV n YZ VYb^c^higVg bZY^XVbZcidh dm^iX^Xdh edg kV
adh egdYjXidh gZiZc^Ydh! Vh Xdbd YZ ViZcYZg eVgidh ^cigVkZcdhVd^cnZXX^c#
cdgbVaZh#'
C;<0B^c^hiZg^dYZ:XdcdbVn;^cVcoVh#
<E;0 ;jcX^dcZh DWhiig^XVh :hZcX^VaZh# Jc
C?C:;I/B^c^hiZg^dYZaVBj_ZgnZa9ZhVggdaadHdX^Va#
ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid fjZ XjbeaZ aVh [jcX^dcZh dWhiig^XVh
ZhZcX^VaZh! YZÒc^YVh Xdbd aV XVeVX^YVY YZa C?DI70B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY#
ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid YZ hVajY YZ gZVa^oVg XZh{gZVh n C_iefheijeb0 Jc bZY^XVbZcid fjZ [jZ VegdWVYd edg
igVch[jh^dcZhYZhVc\gZ!VYZb{hYZadhegdXZY^b^Zcidh aV 6Yb^c^higVX^c YZ 6a^bZcidh n BZY^XVbZcidh Zc
bZcX^dcVYdhZcaVViZcX^cdWhiig^XVW{h^XV!;D7# ::#JJ#;96eVgVaVegZkZcX^cYZaXZgVh\{hig^XVh!
<EF0 ;jcX^dcZh DWhiig^XVh Eg^bVg^Vh# Jc eZgdfjZhZji^a^oV\ZcZgVabZciZZcdigdheVhZheVgV
ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid fjZ XjbeaZ aVh [jcX^dcZh dWhiig^XVh ^cYjX^gZaeVgidneVgVVWdgidhbY^Xdh#
eg^bVg^Vh# HZ gZÒZgZ V aVh VXi^k^YVYZh bViZgcVh n E:C0 DW_Zi^kd YZ 9ZhVggdaad YZa B^aZc^d d B9</
eZg^cViVaZhbc^bVhfjZYZWZchZgXVeVXZhYZgZVa^oVg B^aaZcc^jb9ZkZadebZci<dVa#:m^hiZcdX]dD9BhfjZ
adh ZhiVWaZX^b^Zcidh YZ hVajY# :hiVh VXi^k^YVYZh hZYZWZcVaXVcoVgeVgVZa'%&*!fjZgZhedcYZcVVa\jcdh
^cXajnZcWg^cYVgXdchjaiVhegZcViVaZh!Vh^hi^gZcZaeVgid YZ adh eg^cX^eVaZh dW_Zi^kdh YZ YZhVggdaad YZa bjcYd#
hdaVbZciZXjVcYdZacVX^b^ZcidYZaWZWZh^cb^cZciZ! AdhD9BhZWVhVcZcaVhVXX^dcZhnbZiVhXdciZc^YVh
Wg^cYVg ViZcX^c bY^XV W{h^XV V adh WZWh! gZ[Zg^g V ZcaV9ZXaVgVX^cYZaB^aZc^d!fjZ[jZVYdeiVYVedg&-.
aVh bj_ZgZh Zc XVhd YZ Xdbea^XVX^dcZh dWhiig^XVh n cVX^dcZh!nÒgbVYVedg&),_Z[ZhYZ:hiVYdn\dW^Zgcd!
Wg^cYVgVci^XdcXZeX^cYZhejhYZaeVgid# ZcZaXjghdYZaV8jbWgZYZaB^aZc^dYZaVhCVX^dcZh
>[cehhW]_WfeifWhje0HVc\gVYdZmXZh^kdedhiZg^dgVa Jc^YVh fjZ hZ aaZk V XVWd Zc hZi^ZbWgZ YZa '%%%# :a
VajbWgVb^Zcid#H^cdZhigViVYV!aVegY^YVYZhVc\gZ D9B*ZhbZ_dgVgaVhVajYbViZgcVnaVbZiVZhgZYjX^g
ejZYZ dXVh^dcVg jc hZkZgd YZhXZchd Zc aV egZh^c adhc^kZaZhYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZcjc,*!YZhYZadh
hVc\jcZV!aaZkVcYdVjcZhiVYdYZh]dX`nVaVbjZgiZ# c^kZaZhYZ&..%]VhiVZaVd'%&*#
AVh]ZbdggV\^VhedheVgidejZYZcdXjgg^gZcZaaVehd EDK0Dg\Vc^oVX^cYZCVX^dcZhJc^YVh#
YZ ]VhiV + hZbVcVh edhiZg^dgZh Va eVgid! n V bZcjYd
i^ZcZcaj\Vgh^ZaiZgdcdhZXdcigVZXdcaVhjÒX^ZciZ ECI0Dg\Vc^oVX^cBjcY^VaYZaVHVajY#
[jZgoV ajZ\d YZ fjZ aV eaVXZciV Zh ZmejahVYV d h^ aV FWh[dj[hWb0 6Yb^c^higVYd edg kV ^cigVkZcdhV d edg
eaVXZciVZhi{gZiZc^YV# ^cnZXX^c#
@KDJEI0Jcegd\gVbVYZW^ZcZhiVgeWa^XdYZa\dW^Zgcd! FWhj[hei%Wi0 HZ igViV YZ Vh^hiZciZh igVY^X^dcVaZh YZ
^c^X^VYd Zc Za '%%*! fjZ Wg^cYV iZbedgVabZciZ &%% eVgid I76! edg hjh h^\aVh Zc ^c\ah# Jc egdkZZYdg
CjZkdhHdaZhVabZhVaVhbj_ZgZhZbWVgVoVYVh!eVYgZh Xdbjc^iVg^d fjZ VnjYV Zc Za eVgid# Adh eVgiZgdh cd
k^jYdhnVadhZcXVg\VYdhYZXj^YVgYZc^dhbZcdgZh i^ZcZc a^XZcX^Vh Zc Za EZg n aV bVndgV YZ Zaadh ]Vc
YZXVidgXZVdhVXVbW^dYZX^ZgidXdbedgiVb^Zcid!iVa VYfj^g^Yd hjh ]VW^a^YVYZh bZY^VciZ aV eg{Xi^XV d edg
XdbdaaZkVgVadhc^dhVkVXjcVghZnVhZgeZhVYdhn XjZciV egde^V# 6a\jcdh ]Vc gZX^W^Yd XVeVX^iVX^c
iVaaVYdh# YZa HZXidg HVajY adXVa d YZ jcV dg\Vc^oVX^c cd
CWj[0Id^c[jh^cYZ]^ZgWVh# \jWZgcVbZciVanXjZciVcXdcjcÆXZgi^ÒXVYdÇ#:a\gVYd
ZcfjZaVh$adheVgiZgVh$dhhZXdbjc^XVcXdcZaHZXidg
C[Z_YWc[djei en_jY_Yei0 BZY^XVbZcidh ji^a^oVYdh HVajYadXVakVgVVbea^VbZciZ#HZ\caVDg\Vc^oVX^c
eVgV ^cYjX^g aVh XdcigVXX^dcZh jiZg^cVh! fjZ hZ BjcY^Va YZ aV HVajY! aVhdh eVgiZgVhdh! ^cXajhd
VYb^c^higVceVgVZmejahVgaVeaVXZciVh^Zhi{gZiZc^YV XjVcYd ]Vc h^Yd XVeVX^iVYVhdh! hdc ZmXaj^Ydh YZ aV
d eVgV Xdbeg^b^g adh kVhdh hVc\jcZdh Zc Za {gZV XViZ\dgVYZVh^hiZciZhXVa^ÒXVYdhYZaeVgid#
YdcYZ hZ ^beaVci aV eaVXZciV# :hiVh bZY^X^cVh hdc
i^aZh eVgV egZkZc^g n igViVg aV ]ZbdggV\^V edheVgid# F7HIWbkZ ?0 Egd\gVbV YZ 6ednd V aV GZ[dgbV YZa
AVhGuías para Monitorear la Disponibilidad y Utilización HZXidg HVajY# AV eg^bZgV [VhZ YZ jc egd\gVbV YZ
eghiVbd Xdc_jcid YZa 7VcXd BjcY^Va n YZa 7VcXd
& * + 9 : B D G 6 H ;6I6 A : H / B D G I6 A > 9 6 9 B 6I : G C 6 : C : A E : G å
>ciZgVbZg^XVcd YZ 9ZhVggdaad fjZ WjhXV bZ_dgVg I[blW0 HZ gZÒZgZ V aV gZ\^c YZ aV _jc\aV! jW^XVYV
Za HZXidg HVajY eZgjVcd# AVh gZ\^dcZh dW_Zi^kd YZ eg^cX^eVabZciZ Va cdgZhiZ YZa EZg# AV hZakV VWVgXV
E6GHVajY>ZgVc/6bVodcVh>>!=j{cjXd!=jVcXVkZa^XV! YdhiZgX^dhYZaiZgg^idg^deZgjVcdnZhi{Y^k^Y^YVZcYdh
6nVXjX]d! 6ejgbVX >! 6ejgbVX >>! 8jhXd n Ejcd! n odcVh/aVhZakVVaiVÅfjZXdci^ZcZbdciVVhnkVaaZhÅ
[jZgdchZaZXX^dcVYVhZcgVocYZhjhVaidhc^kZaZhYZ n aV hZakV WV_V ÅfjZ Zh YdcYZ hZ YVc adh WdhfjZh
bdgiVa^YVYbViZgcVZ^c[Vci^a# igde^XVaZhYZaV6bVodcV#
F7HIWbkZ??0:ahZ\jcYdigVbdYZaeghiVbdYZa7VcXd I_[hhW0 HZ gZÒZgZ V aVh VaijgVh bdciVdhVh YZa EZg#
BjcY^Va n YZa 7VcXd >ciZgVbZg^XVcd YZ 9ZhVggdaad! =jVcXVkZa^XVZhi{jW^XVYVZcaVgZ\^cYZaVh^ZggV#AV
7>9! Va EZg eVgV gZ[dgbVg hj HZXidg HVajY! fjZ Zhi{ gZ\^c h^ZggV YZa EZg ^cXajnZ idYVh aVh {gZVh YZ adh
egd\gVbVYdeVgVZbeZoVgZcVa\cbdbZcidYZaVd 6cYZhedgZcX^bVYZadh'!%%%bZigdh!nZa+%YZhj
'%%-#HZZheZgVfjZZhiVhZ\jcYV[VhZhZZc[dfjZZcaVh edWaVX^cÅbjX]VYZaVXjVaZh^cY\ZcVnhZYZY^XVVaV
gZ\^dcZh YZ 6bVodcVh! 8V_VbVgXV! =j{cjXd! JXVnVa^! V\g^XjaijgVYZhjWh^hiZcX^VÅgZh^YZZc{gZVhgjgVaZh#
=jVcXVkZa^XV!6nVXjX]d!6ejgbVX!8jhXdnEjcd#
I?I0 HZ\jgd >ciZ\gVa YZ HVajY# :a HZ\jgd >ciZ\gVa YZ
F>H0E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ihdBY^Xdhedgadh HVajY Zh jcV [dgbV YZ hZ\jgd eWa^Xd fjZ ]V h^Yd
9ZgZX]dh =jbVcdh# AVh gZ[ZgZcX^Vh Va Æ:fj^ed YZ d[gZX^Yd edg Za \dW^Zgcd cVX^dcVa YZhYZ ^c^X^dh YZa
E=GÇ^cXajnZcVb^ZbWgdhYZcjZhigdhdX^dadXVa!86G: '%%&# :a EaVc 8 YZa ZhfjZbV YZa HZ\jgd >ciZ\gVa YZ
EZg!fjZeVgi^X^eVgdcZcZaigVWV_dYZXVbed# HVajY hZ Zc[dXV Zc aV hVajY bViZgcV n Wg^cYV jcV
XdWZgijgV edg ViZcX^c egZcViVa! eVgidh cdgbVaZh n
FbWY[djW WYYh[jW0 JcV XdcY^X^c edg aV XjVa aV
YZ Vaid g^Zh\d! igVch[ZgZcX^Vh YjgVciZ ZbZg\ZcX^Vh
eaVXZciV hZ VY]^ZgZ YZ bVcZgV YZbVh^VYd egd[jcYV
dWhiig^XVh! XdWZgijgV YZ adh Xdhidh gZaVX^dcVYdh Xdc
V aV eVgZY jiZg^cV! eZgd cd eZcZigV Za bhXjad
adh Zci^Zggdh! ViZcX^c YjgVciZ )' YVh edhiZg^dgZh Va
jiZg^cd#:hiVXdcY^X^cVbZcjYdigVZXdbdgZhjaiVYd
eVgidnViZcX^cedgdigdhY^kZghdhegdWaZbVhYZhVajY
eVgidh egZbVijgdh# IVbW^c ejZYZ YVg aj\Vg V jcV
gZaVX^dcVYdh Xdc Za ZbWVgVod#( :c VWg^a YZa '%%,! Za
]ZbdggV\^VhZkZgV!nVfjZaVeaVXZciVi^ZcZY^ÒXjaiVYZh
H>H [jZ gZZhigjXijgVYd eVgV XgZVg Ydh egd\gVbVh/
eVgVhZeVgVghZYZaVeVgZYjiZg^cVnYZWZYZheZ\VghZ
jcd hjWh^Y^VYd eVgV aVh eZghdcVh fjZ cd XjZciVc
bVcjVabZciZ#
Xdc c^c\jcV [dgbV YZ ^c\gZhdh n jcd eVgX^VabZciZ
Fh[#[YbWcfi_W%[YbWcfi_W0 EgZ"ZXaVbeh^V Zh jcV hjWh^Y^VYd eVgV aVh eZghdcVh fjZ \VcVc bZcdh YZ
XdcY^X^c fjZ dXjggZ ajZ\d YZ aV hZbVcV '% YZa &#%%%CjZkdhHdaZhVabZh#EVgVZhiZai^bd!fj^ZcZh
ZbWVgVodZcaVfjZaVhbj_ZgZhYZhVggdaaVcjcVZaZkVYV \VcVcbZcdhYZ,%%CjZkdhHdaZhVabZheV\Vg{c&%
egZh^c VgiZg^Va n egdiZcV Zc aV dg^cV# :hiV XdcY^X^c CjZkdhHdaZhVabZh!nfj^ZcZh\VcVcYZ,%%V&!%%%
iVbW^c Zh XdcdX^YV Xdbd idmZb^V d ]^eZgiZch^c eV\Vg{c'%CjZkdhHdaZhedgbZheVgVhjXdWZgijgV#)
^cYjX^YVedgZaZbWVgVod#
Ikb\WjeZ[cW]d[i_e0JcbZY^XVbZcidVci^Xdckjah^kd
FkjkYe0 JcV ZhigjXijgV gZYdcYZVYV YZ VYdWZ! fjZ hZ fjZ hZ ji^a^oV Zc dWhiZig^X^V eVgV Zk^iVg fjZ aV egZ"
ZcXjZcigV jhjVabZciZ Zc X^ZgiVh eVgiZh YZa Vai^eaVcd ZXaVbeh^VhZXdck^ZgiVZcZXaVbeh^VdeVgVYZiZcZgaVh
eZgjVcd! edg ad \ZcZgVa aV eVgiZ b{h XVa^ZciZ YZ aV Xdckjah^dcZhYZaVZXaVbeh^V#
XVhV#AVhbj_ZgZhfjZYVcVajoVhjhWZWhZcXVhV!
JCC0 IVhV YZ BdgiVa^YVY BViZgcV! bZY^YV Xdbd
Zc X^ZgiVh {gZVh YZa \ZcZgVabZciZ [gd Vai^eaVcd!
bjZgiZhedgXVYV&%%#%%%cVX^b^Zcidhk^kdh#
igVY^X^dcVabZciZhjZaZc]VXZgadZcZaejijXd#
KD<F70 ;dcYd YZ aVh CVX^dcZh Jc^YVh eVgV aV
Gk[Y^kW0Jc\gjed^cY\ZcVYZHjYVbg^XV#AVbVndg
EdWaVX^c#
eVgiZYZaVedWaVX^cfjZX]jVk^kZZcaVgZ\^cVcY^cV#
KD?9;<0;dcYdYZaVhCVX^dcZhJc^YVheVgVaV>c[VcX^V#
H;D?;90 GZ\^higd CVX^dcVa YZ >YZci^ÒXVX^c n :hiVYd
8^k^a# :hiV Zci^YVY YZa \dW^Zgcd Zhi{ V XVg\d YZ aV
YdXjbZciVX^cYZ^YZci^ÒXVX^ccVX^dcVanYZagZ\^higd
YZcVX^b^Zcidh!bVig^bdc^dh!bjZgiZh!ZiX#
<ADH6G>D9:IwGB>CDHNH><A6H&*,
DejWi (
7Vggc!B#!7Vo{c!B#!n8Vhi^aad!G#Barreras económicas en el
Xj^YVYdhdWhiig^XdhYZZbZg\ZcX^V8D:bZcidYdbdbZcid# '%%,#
'
AdhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhhdcXaVh^ÒXVYdhh^bjai{cZVbZciZYZVXjZgYd
Vhjh[jcX^dcZhcZdcViVaZh!YZcdb^cVYVhXdcjcVÈC#É9ZZhiV
bVcZgV!ZaZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhZg{XViZ\dg^oVYdXdbdjc;DC7!
;DC:d;DCE!XjVcYdhZgZÒZgVVidYVhjh[jcX^dcZh#
6GZedgiWnE]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ih
'%%,E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ih
6aag^\]ihgZhZgkZY#
Eg^ciZY^ci]ZJc^iZYHiViZhd[6bZg^XV
>H7C/&"-,.,%,"*)"(
A^WgVgnd[8dc\gZhh8dcigdaCjbWZg/'%%,.(.,(&
8dkZgE]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
9Zh^\c/<aZccGj\V$K^hjVa8dbbjc^XVi^dch!lll#k^oXdb#dg\
E=NH>8>6CH;DG=JB6CG><=IH
F
]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ihE=GbdW^a^oZh]ZVai] 6hdcZd[i]Zdg^\^cVahiZZg^c\Xdbb^iiZZbZbWZgh
egd[Zhh^dcVahidVYkVcXZi]Z]ZVai]VcYY^\c^ind[ d[i]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa8VbeV^\cid7VcAVcYb^cZh!E=G
VaaeZdeaZi]gdj\]VXi^dci]ViegdbdiZhgZheZXi h]VgZYi]Z&..,CdWZaEZVXZEg^oZ#
[dg!egdiZXi^dcd[!VcYi]Z[jaÒaabZcid[]jbVcg^\]ih#
H^cXZ&.-+!E=GbZbWZgh]VkZldg`ZYidhideidgijgZ! E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ih
Y^hVeeZVgVcXZh!VcYeda^i^XVa`^aa^c\hWn\dkZgcbZcih '6ggdlHigZZi!Hj^iZ(%&
VcYdeedh^i^dc\gdjehVcYid^ckZhi^\ViZVcYZmedhZ 8VbWg^Y\Z!B6%'&(-
k^daVi^dch!^cXajY^c\YZVi]h!^c_jg^Zh!VcYigVjbV^cÓ^XiZY IZa#+&,(%&#)'%%
dcX^k^a^VchYjg^c\XdcÓ^Xih0hj[[Zg^c\VcYYZeg^kVi^dc! ;Vm#+&,(%&#)'*%
^cXajY^c\YZc^Vad[VXXZhhid]ZVai]XVgZXVjhZYWnZi]c^X lll#e]nh^X^Vch[dg]jbVcg^\]ih#dg\
VcYgVX^VaY^hXg^b^cVi^dc0bZciVaVcYe]nh^XVaVc\j^h]
^cÓ^XiZYdcldbZcWnVWjhZ0Zmead^iVi^dcd[X]^aYgZc E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ih
^caVWdgegVXi^XZh0adhhd[a^[Zdga^bW[gdbaVcYb^cZh &&*+&*i]HigZZi!CL!Hj^iZ&%%&
VcYdi]Zg^cY^hXg^b^cViZlZVedch0]Vgh]bZi]dYhd[ LVh]^c\idc!98'%%%*
^cXVgXZgVi^dc^ceg^hdchVcYYZiZci^dcXZciZgh!VcYeddg IZa#'%','-#*((*
]ZVai]hiZbb^c\[gdbkVhi^cZfjVa^i^Zh^chdX^Zi^Zh#E=G ;Vm#'%','-#(%*(
]VhjcYZgiV`Zch^\c^ÒXVcildg`dc]ZVai]hnhiZbhVcY lll#e]nh^X^Vch[dg]jbVcg^\]ih#dg\
dc]ZVai]XVgZldg`[dgXZ^hhjZh^ceVgi^XjaVg#
^^^
8DCI:CIH
k
>#68@CDLA:9<:B:CIH
J
]^hgZedgilVheg^cX^eVaanlg^iiZcVcYZY^iZYWn VXXZhhid]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh#>cdXZcX^dIjgedFj^heZVcY
6a^X^V:anNVb^c!?9!BE=!XdchjaiVci!VcY[dgbZg :YbjcYdIVe^VVhh^hiZYl^i]i]Zad\^hi^Xh^cEjcd#
9^gZXidgd[GZhZVgX]VcY>ckZhi^\Vi^dch!E]nh^X^Vch :aZcV :hfj^X]Z! CVi^dcVa 6hhdX^ViZ dc BViZgcVa
[dg =jbVc G^\]ih E=G# ?Zhh^XV 8daZ! GZhZVgX] =ZVai]!VcY;ZgcVcYVAdVnoV!=jVcXVkZa^XVGZ\^dcVa
6hh^hiVci!E=G!Xdcig^WjiZYgZhZVgX]idbjai^eaZX]Ve" GZegZhZciVi^kZ [dg 86G: EZgjÉh G^\]i id =ZVai]
iZghd[i]ZgZedgiVcYeVgi^X^eViZY^ci]ZÒZaYldg`^c Egd\gVb]ZaeZYid^YZci^[nXVhZh[dgi]ZÒZaYldg`^c
A^bVVcY8VgVWVnaad#Bh#8daZVahdeaVnZYVc^ciZ\gVa =jVcXVkZa^XVVcYBh#:hfj^X]ZeVgi^X^eViZY^ci]ZÒZaY"
gdaZ^ci]ZXddgY^cVi^dcd[i]Z^ckZhi^\Vi^dc# ldg`i]ZgZ#?dg\Z<dcoVaZh8XVcid!d[86G:EZgj!VcY
I^[[VcnBddgZ!B9!Vhh^hiVciegd[Zhhdgd[DWhiZig^Xh LVaiZgBZcYdoV=jVbVcVhh^hiZYl^i]i]Zad\^hi^Xh^c
VcY <ncZXdad\n Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ BVhhVX]jhZiih" =jVcXVkZa^XVVcYBg#8XVcidVahdigVchaViZYWZilZZc
LdgXZhiZg VcY E=G XdchjaiVci! VcY BVg^dc 7gdlc! FjZX]jVVcYHeVc^h]#
B9!E=GXdchjaiVci!eVgi^X^eViZY^ci]ZÒZaYldg`^c 9g#6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!B9!CVi^dcVa8ddgY^cVidg[dgi]Z
=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd!gZheZXi^kZan!VcYXdcig^WjiZY Egd\gVbdci]ZG^\]iid=ZVai]Vi86G:"EZgj!eaVnZYV
Xa^c^XVaVcVanh^hidi]ZgZedgi# e^kdiVagdaZ^ci]^h^ckZhi^\Vi^dc[gdbWZ\^cc^c\idZcY#
6a^X^VNVb^chjeZgk^hZYhZkZgVa=VgkVgYAVlHX]dda 9g#;g^hVcX]deVgi^X^eViZY^ceVgid[i]ZÒZaYldg`^cWdi]
hijYZcih l]d eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc VcY =jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcdVcYlVhZhhZci^VaidZchjg^c\i]Vi
Xdcig^WjiZYidi]ZgZedgiVheVgid[Xa^c^XValdg`YdcZ Wdi]ig^ehlZgZXVgg^ZYdjihjXXZhh[jaan#9g#;g^hVcX]d
^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] i]Z =VgkVgY AVl HX]dda =jbVc Vahdegdk^YZYZcdgbdjhVhh^hiVcXZ^cdWiV^c^c\lg^iiZc
G^\]ihEgd\gVb/HiZe]Vc^ZHlVchdcXdcig^WjiZYaZ\Va ^c[dgbVi^dcVcYbV`^c\XdciVXil^i]`Zn^c[dgbVcih
VcYdi]ZggZhZVgX]VcYYgV[iZYedgi^dchd[i]ZgZedgi0 ^cA^bV#>cVYY^i^dc!9g#;g^hVcX]dÉh`cdlaZY\Zd[i]Z
8]g^hide]Zg9gV`ZXdcig^WjiZYWVX`\gdjcYgZhZVgX]VcY EZgjk^Vc]ZVai]hZXidglVhXg^i^XVaidi]Z^ckZhi^\Vi^dc#
Wdi]]ZVcYBh#HlVchdceVgi^X^eViZY^ci]ZÒZaYldg` LZVgZYZZean\gViZ[jaid9g#;g^hVcX]d!VhlZaaVhid?Vn
^c=jVcXVkZa^XV0VcYBVg\Vjm=VaaXdcig^WjiZYgZhZVgX] <djaYZc!9^gZXidgd[Egd\gVbhVi86G:EZgj![dgi]Z^g
gZaVi^c\idjhZg[ZZhVcYYZWigZa^Z[idi]ZgZedgi# hjeedgi[dgi]Zegd_ZXi[gdbi]ZdjihZi#
E=G^hYZZean^cYZWiZYid86G:"EZgj!l^i]djil]^X] 6YY^i^dcVaÒZaYgZhZVgX]lVhXdcYjXiZYWn9g#:adn
i]^h^ckZhi^\Vi^dch^beanldjaYcdi]VkZWZZcedhh^WaZ# CZ^gVVcYA^X#:a^VcV:aVhd[B>C<6EZgj^cAdgZid#
Ajo:higVYV!VXdchjaiVciid86G:"EZgjVcYVbZbWZgd[ 6cVXXdbeVcn^c\k^YZdlVhÒabZYVcYegdYjXZYWn
;dgdHVajY"Ejcd!^YZci^ÒZYXVhZh!XdcYjXiZYegZa^b^cVgn 8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg!9^gZXidgd[i]Z^cYZeZcYZciYdXj"
^ciZgk^ZlhVcYXddgY^cViZYVaad[i]Zad\^hi^XVaegZeVgV" bZciVgnÒabegdYjXi^dcXdbeVcn!IK8jaijgV!id\Zi]Zg
i^dc[dgi]ZÒZaYldg`^cEjcd#Bh#:higVYVVahdegdk^YZY l^i]=Xidg<{akZo8Vbedh#Bg#8{gYZcVhVcYBg#<{akZo
^bedgiVci^ch^\]ihgZ\VgY^c\i]ZdWhiVXaZhidgZYjX^c\ VXXdbeVc^ZYi]ZE=GiZVbid=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd#
bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEjcd#:a^oVWZi]BV\cV<jZggV9^Vo A^X#:bbVA#GjWcYZ8Za^hI#!9^gZXidgd[Egd_ZXih
Vhh^hiZYBh#:higVYV^ci]Z^YZci^ÒXVi^dcd[XVhZhVcY d[HdX^dhZcHVajYHjXjghVaEZg!VggVc\ZY[dgE=GÉh
^ciZgk^Zlhd[^c[dgbVcih^ci]ZFjZX]jVodcZd[Ejcd0 [dXjh\gdje^c8VgVWVnaad!EZgj#I]Zc^cZldbZcl]d
6a^X^V9^VoI^XdcVVhh^hiZYBh#:higVYV^ci]Z^YZci^Ò" eVgi^X^eViZY^ci]Z[dXjh\gdje\ZcZgdjhanh]VgZYi]Z^g
XVi^dcd[XVhZhVcYi]Z^ciZgk^Zlhd[^c[dgbVcih^ci]Z ZmeZg^ZcXZhVcYi]Z^gk^Zlhl^i]E=G#
6nbVgVodcZd[Ejcd#Bh#:higVYVVcYWdi]Bh#<jZggV I]ZgZedgilVhgZk^ZlZY^cl]daZdgeVgiWn9g#9ZWdgV]
VcYBh#I^XdcVeVgi^X^eViZY^ci]ZÒZaYldg`Yjg^c\E=GÉh BV^cZ!Egd[Zhhdgd[>ciZgcVi^dcVa=ZVai]Vii]Z7dhidc
k^h^iidEjcd#Bh#:higVYV!Bh#<jZggVVcYBh#I^XdcV Jc^kZgh^inHX]ddad[EjWa^X=ZVai]09g#6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!
igVchaViZYWZilZZcFjZX]jVVcYHeVc^h]VcYBh#I^XdcV CVi^dcVa8ddgY^cVidg[dgi]ZEgd\gVbdci]ZG^\]iid
igVchaViZYWZilZZc6nbVgVVcYHeVc^h]#LddYgd6cY^V =ZVai]Vi86G:"EZgj0;gVc`9Vk^Yd[[!B9!:Y^idg:bZg^ijh
8VhiZad!9^gZXidgd[86G:ÉhgZ\^dcVad[ÒXZ^cEjcd!\gZVian d[Annals of Internal MedicineVcY7dVgYbZbWZg!E=G0
[VX^a^iViZYi]ZiZVbÉh^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]]ZVai]d[ÒX^VahVcY ?jhi^XZG^X]VgY<daYhidcZ![dgbZg_jhi^XZd[i]ZHdji]
&
6[g^XVc8dchi^iji^dcVa8djgiVcY7dVgYbZbWZg!E=G09g# I]Z('`Zn^c[dgbVcihegdk^YZY^ckVajVWaZ^ch^\]ih
8aVjY^VAZbV!9^gZXidg!HVajYh^cAb^iZh"EZg0?V^bZ VcY^c[dgbVi^dci]Vi\gZVianZcg^X]ZYi]^hgZedgi!VhY^Y
B^gVcYV!B9![djcY^c\bZbWZgd[:9=J86HVajY0Ajo i]Z]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahl]dV\gZZYidWZ^ciZgk^ZlZY#
:higVYV!XdchjaiVciid86G:"EZgjVcYbZbWZgd[;dgd BVcnd[i]ZhZ]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahhed`ZdjiWgVkZan
HVajY"Ejcd0;gVc`9dcV\]jZ!8]^Z[:mZXji^kZD[ÒXZgd[ V\V^chi^c_jhi^XZhl^i]^ci]ZEZgjk^Vc]ZVai]XVgZhnhiZb!
E=G0AZdcVgYGjWZchiZ^c!?9!EgZh^YZcid[E=G!7VgWVgV Vi\gZVig^h`idi]Z^gdlc_dWhVcYXVgZZgh#E=Gl^aaWZ
6ndiiZ!9^gZXidgd[8dbbjc^XVi^dchd[E=G0HjhVccV] `ZZcan[daadl^c\i]ZhZ]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahidZchjgZ
H^g`^c!9Zejin9^gZXidg[dg>ciZgcVi^dcVaEda^XnViE=G0 i]VicdgZeg^hVahVgZiV`ZcV\V^chii]Zb[dgVYkdXVi^c\
:g^X;g^ZYbVc!?9!HZc^dg<adWVa=ZVai]Eda^Xn6Yk^hdg dcWZ]Va[d[]ZVai]g^\]ih#
d[E=G0VcY?d]c7gVYh]Vl!9^gZXidgd[EjWa^XEda^XnVi 7ji^i^hidi]ZldbZcl]d]VkZZmeZg^ZcXZYdWhiZig^X
E=G#I]ZÒcVagZedgilVhegZeVgZY[dgejWa^XVi^dcWn ZbZg\ZcX^ZhVcYi]Z[Vb^anbZbWZghd[ldbZcl]d
?Zcc^[Zg7VaY!7VgWVgV6ndiiZVcY?jY^i]7gVX`aZn#I]Z Y^ZY[gdbdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zhi]VilZVgZbdhiYZZean
gZedgilVhigVchaViZYidHeVc^h]Wn?Zhh^XV8]^edXdVcY \gViZ[ja![dgh]Vg^c\i]Z^gigV\^XVcYeV^c[jaZmeZg^ZcXZh
XdenZY^iZY^cHeVc^h]Wn6cc^ZDgYdZo#Bh#7gVX`aZn hdi]Vidi]ZghbVncdi]VkZidZcYjgZi]ZhVbZ[ViZh#
XddgY^cViZYi]ZegdYjXi^dcd[i]ZW^a^c\jVagZedgi#
(
) 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
>>>#:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN
F
ViiZgchd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEZgjYgVbVi^" b^hhÇ!i]ZgZ^hVldbVcl^i]Vhidgn#>ci]^hgZedgi!E=G
XVaan^aajhigViZhnhiZb^X^cZfj^i^Zhi]VigVkV\Z ejih[VXZhidi]ZcjbWZgh#>cXdaaVWdgVi^dcl^i]86G:"
i]ZdkZgVaahdX^Zin!VcY^cijgcgZÓZXihnhiZbVi^X EZgj!E=G^YZci^ÒZYhZkZcZbWaZbVi^XXVhZhd[ldbZc
k^daVi^dchd[]jbVcg^\]ih#&>ci]ZgZ\^dcd[i]ZldgaY l]dY^ZYYjZidegZ\cVcXn"gZaViZYXdbea^XVi^dchVcY
l^i]i]Z\gZViZhi^cXdbZ^cZfjVa^i^Zh!EZgjhiVcYhdji dcZldbVcl]dhjgk^kZYVcdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcXn![dg
[dg^ihhdX^Va^cZfj^i^ZhVcYi]ZXdcXdb^iVciY^heVg^i^Zh ejgedhZhd[_jmiVedh^i^dc^cEjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV!
^c]ZVai]VcYhdX^Va^cY^XVidghVbdc\edejaVi^dc\gdjeh! ildd[i]ZgZ\^dchl^i]i]Z]^\]ZhibViZgcVabdgiVa^in
VhlZaaVh[dgi]ZeVaigngZhdjgXZhYZkdiZYidi]Z]ZVai] gVi^dh^cEZgj(+&VcY(%'eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h^c
hZXidg#EZgjÉheZgh^hiZcian]^\]bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^d! '%%%!gZheZXi^kZan#)I]^hgZedgiiZaahi]Z^ghidg^ZhVcY
l]^X]^hi]ZhZXdcY]^\]Zhi^cHdji]6bZg^XV!egdk^YZh \^kZhkd^XZidi]Z^g[Vb^a^Zh#
ViZaa^c\^cY^XVidgcdidcand[i]ZhdX^VaZmXajh^dc[VXZY >cEjcd!lZZcXdjciZg6cidc^V!l]dlZci^cidaVWdg
WngjgVa!VcYZheZX^Vaan^cY^\Zcdjh!ldbZc^cEZgjWji ZVgandcVgV^c"YgZcX]ZY<ddY;g^YVn!VcYhZZb^c\an
VahdÅVcYXgjX^VaanÅd[higjXijgVaYZÒX^ZcX^ZhVcY^cZf" ZkZgnedhh^WaZ[VXidgi]ViXdjaY]VkZYZaVnZYXVgZY^Y0
j^i^Zh^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb#' BZaVc^V!l]dlVhcZgkdjhVWdji]Vk^c\]ZgÒghiX]^aY
E]nh^X^Vch[dg=jbVcG^\]ihE=GXdcYjXiZYVc^ckZh" WjiigjhiZYi]Zb^Yl^[ZVcYlV^iZY^ckV^c[dg]Zgidh]dl
i^\Vi^dcWZilZZc?VcjVgnVcY?jcZ'%%,idVcVanoZi]Z jeVi]Zg]djhZVhegdb^hZY0EVWaV!l]dY^YZkZgni]^c\
hnhiZb^XVcYhdX^Va[VXidghi]VieZgeZijViZi]Z^c_jhi^XZ h]ZXdjaYid[daadli]Z]ZVai]edhiÉhgZXdbbZcYVi^dcid
d[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEZgj#I]Z^ciZgkZci^dchcZZYZY YZa^kZgVii]Z]dhe^iVa!WjilVhhZci]dbZVcYY^ZY^ci]Z
idigZVidWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhÅVcYi]ZgZ[dgZidegZkZci gddbl]ZgZ]Zgdlcbdi]Zg]VYVahdY^ZY\^k^c\W^gi]!
i]Z\gZVibV_dg^ind[YZVi]hÅVgZlZaa"`cdlcVcYgZVY^an VcY8Vgda^cV!l]d!YZheZgViZcdiid]VkZVcdi]ZgX]^aY
VkV^aVWaZidldbZcl^i]ZXdcdb^XbZVchVcYidbdhid[ l^i]]ZgVWjh^kZ]jhWVcY!X]dhZid^cYjXZVcVWdgi^dc
i]dhZa^k^c\^cjgWVcVgZVhd[EZgj#NZiaVX`d[VkV^aVWaZ! V[iZg]Zg]jhWVcY[dgWVYZ]Zg[gdbjh^c\W^gi]Xdcigda#
VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYfjVa^indWhiZig^XhZgk^XZh >c=jVcXVkZa^XV!lZZcXdjciZg:kVg^hiV!i]ZeaVn[jandjc\
aZVYhidYZaVnh^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZ!^cVgg^k^c\ ldbVcl]dadkZYidlViX]k^YZdh^cFjZX]jV!l]d]VY
ViXVgZVcY^cgZXZ^k^c\Veegdeg^ViZXVgZ!l]^X]!^cijgc! bVgg^ZY6aZ_VcYgdidgV^hZi]ZX]^aYgZcaZ[ibdi]ZgaZhh
aZVY[VgiddbVcnldbZcidY^ZYjg^c\egZ\cVcXnVcY l]Zc]^hÒghil^[ZY^ZYYjZidegZ\cVcXn"gZaViZYXdbea^"
X]^aYW^gi]^cgjgVaEZgj#BViZgcVabdgiVa^ini]jhegdk^YZh XVi^dch0IdbVhV!l]dlViX]ZY]ZgX]^aYgZcÉh[VXZh^c
V`^cYd[hdX^VaM"gVnd[EZgjk^VchdX^Zin!^aajb^cVi^c\ iZggdgVcYi]dj\]iVWdji]Zg]deZh[dgi]Z^g[jijgZVh
i]Z^ciZgVXi^dchd[gjgVaedkZginVcY\ZcYZg^cZfjVa^in! h]Z[Zaii]ZWaddYhZZe^c\djid[]Zg!VcY;gVcX^hXV!l]d
l]^X]Y^hegdedgi^dcViZanV[[ZXi^cY^\ZcdjhldbZcVcY YgZVbZYd[gZijgc^c\id6nVXjX]d![gdbl]ZgZi]Z[Vb^an
i]dhZl]dVgZ^aa^iZgViZVcYdi]Zgl^hZbVg\^cVa^oZY!Vh ]VYÓZYYjg^c\i]ZX^k^aXdcÓ^Xi!dcanidY^Zd[cZ\aZXi
lZaaVhi]ZlVn^cl]^X]i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbZmVXZgWViZh VcYeddgXVgZVii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg#LZVahd\ZiV\a^behZ
i]dhZeViiZgchd[ZmXajh^dc# d[i]Z^g[Vb^a^ZhVcYi]Z]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahl]dlZgZ
^ckdakZY^cZVX]XVhZÅWdi]i]ZYZY^XViZYdcZh![gdb
6eegdVX]id>ckZhi^\Vi^dc0 9g#IVnhVXd^c=jVcXVkZa^XVidi]Zb^Yl^[Z!=ZgbZa^cYV
6WVYdHjXVejXV!^cEjcdÅVcYi]ZXVaadjhan^cY^[[ZgZci
JhZd[8VhZHijY^Zh
VcYcZ\a^\ZcidcZh#
6XXdgY^c\idi]ZLdgaY=ZVai]Dg\Vc^oVi^dcL=D!Vi I]ZgZedgiVahdigVXZhWVX`i]ZeVi]hi]ViaZYid
aZVhiÒ[iZZceZgXZcid[egZ\cVcX^Zhl^aagZhjai^chZg^djh i]ZhZldbZcÉhYZVi]hVcY^cdcZXVhZ!i]ZhVk^c\d[V
dWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch#(CdiVaad[i]dhZldbZcY^Z!Wji ldbZcÉha^[ZVcYVcVanoZhi]ZhigjXijgVadWhiVXaZhid
^cEZgjZVX]nZVgdkZg&!'%%Yd#I]djhVcYhd[di]Zgh gZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^inVii]ZaZkZad[i]Z]djhZ"
XdbZXadhZidYn^c\VcYVgZaZ[il^i]a^[Z"adc\YZW^a^" ]daYVcYXdbbjc^in!i]Z]ZVai]XZciZg!i]ZgZ\^dcVa
iVi^c\ Xdbea^XVi^dch# 7Z]^cY ZVX] YZVi] VcY ÆcZVg \dkZgcbZci!i]ZcVi^dcVa\dkZgcbZci!VcYjai^bViZan
*
^ciZgcVi^dcVaVXidgh!hjX]Vhi]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>ciZg" 8dciZmi/EZgjVcYi]Z
6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`!l]^X]VgZeaVn^c\V[jcYV"
bZciVagdaZ^ci]ZgZhigjXijg^c\d[EZgjÉh]ZVai]hZXidg
EZgjk^Vc=ZVai]8VgZHnhiZb
i]gdj\]E6GHVajY(Proyecto de Apoyo a la Reforma del EZgjÉh edejaVi^dc lVh XadhZ id '- b^aa^dc ^c '%%*#+
Sector Salud).I]jh!^i^hedhh^WaZidjcYZghiVcYi]Vi 6eegdm^bViZan),d[EZgjÉhedejaVi^dc^h^cY^\Zcdjh#,
i]ZhZYZVi]hVgZcdigVcYdbW^dad\^XVaZkZcihWjii]Z I]ZgZVgZ*b^aa^dcFjZX]jVheZV`Zgh^cEZgj!bVcnd[
[dgZhZZVWaZgZhjaid[hnhiZbVi^Xeda^Xn!egd\gVbb^c\ l]dbVgZXdcXZcigViZY^ci]ZSierragZ\^dc!Vadc\l^i]
VcYWjY\Zi^c\YZX^h^dch!VhlZaaVhhdX^VaVcYXjaijgVa 6nbVgVheZV`Zgh!l]dVgZXdcXZcigViZY^ci]ZAltiplano
[VXidgh# gZ\^dc!^ceVgi^XjaVg#-6cjbWZgd[di]ZgcVi^kZXdbbj"
>cZVX]XVhZ!i]Z[VXidghaZVY^c\idi]ZYZVYanYZaVnh c^i^Zh!gZegZhZci^c\**Zi]cd"a^c\j^hi^X\gdjeh!a^kZ^c
i]ViXVjhZi]ZldbVcÉhYZVi]VhlZaaVhi]Z[VXidgh i]ZHZakVgZ\^dcd[EZgj#.>cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dchVgZ
i]Vib^i^\ViZYi]ZYZaVnh^ci]ZXVhZd[i]ZldbVcl]d Y^hegdedgi^dcViZangZegZhZciZY^cgjgVaVgZVhVcYZheZ"
hjgk^kZYVgZVcVanoZYZmea^X^ian^ciZgbhd[EZgjÉh]jbVc X^VaanVbdc\i]ZgjgVaeddg#&%
g^\]ihdWa^\Vi^dchgZaVi^c\idi]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]jcYZg I]ZIgji]VcYGZXdcX^a^Vi^dc8dbb^hh^dcIG8!l]^X]
^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVl!^cXajY^c\i]ZdWa^\Vi^dcidegdk^YZ ZmVb^cZYi]ZWgjiVaVgbZYXdcÓ^Xil^i]H]^c\^c\EVi]
VkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYfjVa^inZbZg\ZcXn (Sendero Luminoso)WZilZZc&.-%VcY'%%%!jcYZghXdgZY
dWhiZig^XXVgZ:bD8# ^c^ih'%%(gZedgii]Vi^ilVhi]ZhZgjgVa^cY^\Zcdjh
6ai]dj\]i]ZhZkZcXVhZhVgZYgVlc[gdbEjcdVcY XVbeZh^cdhl]d]VYWdgcZi]ZWgjcid[i]Zk^daZcXZ#
=jVcXVkZa^XV!bVcnd[i]Z^hhjZhÅi]dhZgZaVi^c\idi]Z HZkZcin"ÒkZeZgXZcid[i]ZcZVgan,%!%%%k^Xi^bh^ci]Z
Zbdi^dcVaVcYe]nh^XVaY^hiVcXZWZilZZci]ZedejaVi^dc VgbZYXdcÓ^XilZgZ^cY^\Zcdjh!aVg\ZangjgVacampesinos
VcYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!^ciZgVXi^dchWZilZZc\ZcYZgVcY [gdb i]Z FjZX]jV"heZV`^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh d[ EZgjÉh
Zi]c^XY^hXg^b^cVi^dc^ci]ZZmXajh^dcd[gjgValdbZc! eddgZhiVcYbdhibVg\^cVa^oZY6cYZVcYZeVgibZcih!
VcYhigjXijgVaYZÒX^ZcX^Zh^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbÅXdcÒgb VcY6h]{c^c`Vh[gdb^ih_jc\aZgZ\^dch#&&I]ZIG8gZedgi
ÒcY^c\hd[di]ZghijY^ZhVcY^aajhigViZX]VaaZc\Zh[VXZY XVaaZY[dgVcVi^dcVagZXdcX^a^Vi^dcWVhZYdcÆ[jaaX^i^oZc"
VXgdhhEZgj^cgZVa^o^c\ldbZcÉhg^\]ihidhV[Zbdi]Zg" h]^e[dgVaaEZgjk^VchÇl]^X]^hdg^ZciZYidlVgYdkZg"
]ddY#*I]ZXVhZhijY^ZhVahdeZgb^iV\a^behZ^cidi]Z Xdb^c\i]Z]^hidg^XVa[gV\bZciVi^dcVcYY^hXg^b^cVi^dc
a^kZhd[^cY^k^YjValdbZc!i]ZgdaZhi]ZneaVnZY^ci]Z^g ^cEZgjk^VchdX^Zin#&'EViiZgchd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!
[Vb^a^ZhVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh!VcYi]Z^beVXid[i]Z^gYZVi]h l]^X]Y^hegdedgi^dcViZanV[[ZXii]ZhVbZedejaVi^dch
dci]Z^geVgicZghVcYX]^aYgZc# d[campesinos, gZÓZXii]Vi]^hidg^XVa[gV\bZciVi^dcVcY
I]ZgZXdchigjXi^dcd[ZVX]XVhZ^cXajYZY&bjai^eaZ Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc#
^c"YZei]^ciZgk^Zlhl^i][Vb^anVcYXdbbjc^inbZbWZgh 6ai]dj\]EZgj^hVb^YYaZ"^cXdbZXdjcign!dkZg]Va[
d[ldbZcl]dY^ZYYjZidegZ\cVcXn"gZaViZYXdbea^" i]ZedejaVi^dca^kZh^cedkZginVcYVabdhiVfjVgiZgÅ
XVi^dch!VhlZaaVhl^i]ldbZcl]dhjgk^kZYdWhiZig^X ')Åa^kZh^cZmigZbZedkZgin#&(7nbZVhjg^c\edkZgin
ZbZg\ZcX^Zh0'hZb^"higjXijgZY^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]]ZVai]" VXXdgY^c\idi]ZeZgXZciV\Zd[i]ZedejaVi^dca^k^c\dc
XVgZeZghdccZaVi]ZVai]edhih!]ZVai]XZciZghVcYY^hig^Xi aZhhi]VcJH9&eZgYVn!EZgjÉhhdX^dZXdcdb^Xh^ijV"
]dhe^iVahVcYk^h^ihidi]ZgZaZkVcil^c\hVcYVgZVhd[ i^dceVgVaaZahi]Vid[Xdjcig^ZhhjX]Vh@ZcnV!>cY^VVcY
i]dhZ[VX^a^i^ZhidZkVajViZi]Z^ggZhdaji^dcXVeVX^in^c HZcZ\VagVi]Zgi]Vc^ihAVi^c6bZg^XVccZ^\]Wdgh#&)
i]ZZkZcid[dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh0(gZk^Zld[gZaZkVci 9^heVg^i^Zh^ci]ZY^hig^Wji^dcd[edkZginVgZcdiZ"
bZY^XVagZXdgYh!VcY^chdbZXVhZh!VjidehnVcYdi]Zg ldgi]n/dkZg]Va[d[i]ZgjgVaedejaVi^dc*%#(a^kZh^c
[dgZch^XbZY^XVagZedgihVcYig^VaYdXjbZcih0)e]nh^XVa ZmigZbZedkZgin!l]^aZdcan.#,d[i]ZjgWVcedejaV"
gZ"igVX^c\d[i]ZeVi]d[ZkZcih^cZVX]ZbZg\ZcXn!VcY i^dcYdZh#&*EZgjÉh^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dc^hY^hegdedg"
*^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]eda^XnbV`ZghVcY`ZnadXVa^c[dgbVcih i^dcViZangZegZhZciZYVbdc\i]ZeddgVcYZheZX^Vaan
^cZVX]YZeVgibZci# i]ZZmigZbZaneddg#I]ZXdjcignÉh<>C>XdZ[ÒX^ZciÅV
I]Vi^c[dgbVi^dclVhhjeeaZbZciZYl^i]('`Zn^c[dg" bZVhjgZd[^cXdbZ^cZfjVa^inÅlVh*)#+l]Zc^ilVh
bVci^ciZgk^Zlh^cA^bVVcYLVh]^c\idc!98!VcYV[dXjh aVhiXVaXjaViZY^c'%%'!gVc`^c\EZgjVhi]Z&*i]cYbdhi
\gdje]ZaY^ci]ZeZg^"jgWVcVgZVd[8VgVWVnaad!djih^YZ ^cZfj^iVWaZd[i]Z&,,Xdjcig^ZhhjgkZnZY#&+
d[A^bV#6cVanh^hd[EZgjk^VcaVlh!WjY\ZiVgnVaadXV" <ZcYZg ^cZfjVa^in eZgkVYZh EZgjk^Vc hdX^Zin VcY
i^dch!i]ZhdX^Va^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZ!VcYadVcYdXjbZcih ^ciZgVXihl^i]edkZginVcYZi]c^XY^hXg^b^cVi^dc#;dg
gZaVi^c\id]ZVai]hZXidggZhigjXijg^c\XdbeaZbZciZY ZmVbeaZ!^c'%%'!\^gaha^k^c\^cZmigZbZedkZginViiZcYZY
^c[dgbVi^dcdWiV^cZY^ci]ZÒZaY# hZXdcYVgnhX]ddaViVgViZd[-%i]Vid[Wdnha^k^c\^c
+ 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
ZmigZbZedkZgin# &,
>ci]ZSierra, i]ZhZY^[[ZgZcXZhVgZ DWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch!^cXajY^c\i]dhZhiZbb^c\
ZkZcbdgZhiVg`#6XXdgY^c\idYViV[gdb'%%)!^ci]Z [gdb^cXdbeaZiZVWdgi^dch!gZfj^gZVXXZhhid:bD8#'*
Sierra, &,#)d[\^gahVcYldbZcdkZgi]ZV\Zd[+]VkZ >cEZgj!i]ZgZVgZYZZe^cZfj^i^Zh^cgZaVi^dcid]Vk^c\
cdZYjXVi^dcl]VihdZkZg!l]^aZVabdhi)%]VYcdi VXXZhhidi]Zegd\gVbbVi^X^ciZgkZci^dchcZXZhhVgnid
Òc^h]ZYeg^bVgnhX]dda#&-I]ZbZY^VccjbWZgd[nZVghd[ egZkZcii]ZbV_dg^ind[bViZgcVaYZVi]h!l]^X]^cXajYZ
ZYjXVi^dc[dgldbZc^ci]ZSierralVh)#'!l]^aZVbdc\ VXXZhhid:bD8!h`^aaZYW^gi]ViiZcYVcXZVcYgZ[ZggVa
ldbZc^ci]ZeddgZhifj^ci^aZ^ilVh'#(#&. cZildg`h#'+;dgZmVbeaZ!YZhe^iZdkZgVaaXdkZgV\Zi]Vi
EZgjÉhhdX^VaheZcY^c\^hZmigZbZanadlXdbeVgZYl^i] ^hXdbeVgVWaZidhdbZd[^ihAVi^c6bZg^XVccZ^\]Wdgh!
^ihHdji]6bZg^XVccZ^\]Wdgh#>ci]ZnZVg'%%%!EZgj i]ZY^heVg^i^ZhWZilZZcg^X]VcYeddg^cVXXZhhidh`^aaZY
VaadXViZYdcan'#.d[^ih<9EidZYjXVi^dcVcY&#)id W^gi] ViiZcYVcXZ VgZ \gZViZg ^c EZgj i]Vc Vcn di]Zg
i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!l]^aZ7da^k^V!Hdji]6bZg^XVÉheddgZhi Xdjcign^cHdji]6bZg^XV#',
cVi^dc!heZci+#(d[^ih<9EdcZYjXVi^dcVcY(#,dc L]Zcadd`^c\Vii]ZYViVWnYZeVgibZci!^iWZXdbZh
]ZVai]#'%>c[VXi!]ZVai]heZcY^c\^cEZgj]VhYZXgZVhZY XaZVg i]Vi ^cXdbZ ^h XdbW^cZY l^i] di]Zg [VXidgh id
egdedgi^dcVaan^cgZXZcinZVgh!VcYdcan%#.d[^ih<9E XgZViZVXjbjaVi^kZY^hVYkVciV\Zl^i]gZheZXiidi]ZhZ
lVhVaadXViZYidlVgY]ZVai]egd\gVbh^c'%%*!Ydlc ^ciZgkZci^dch#I]jh!i]ZZmigZbZanadleZgXZciV\Zhd[
[gdb&#)^c'%%&#'& ldbZcViiZcYZYWnh`^aaZYegd[Zhh^dcVah^c=jVcXVkZa^XV
;jgi]ZgbdgZ!heZcY^c\eViiZgch^c]ZVai]gZ^c[dgXZ '&VcYEjcd'-gZaViZcdi_jhiidi]Z]^\]aZkZahd[
gVi]Zgi]VcVbZa^dgViZjcYZgan^c\^cZfjVa^i^Zh#>ci]Z edkZgind[i]ZedejaVi^dcWjiVahdidi]Z]^\]eZgXZciV\Z
L=DÉhWorld Health Report [gdb'%%%!EZgjgVc`ZY&&.d[ d[^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dchi]Via^kZY^hegdedgi^dcViZan^c
&.&Xdjcig^Zh^ciZgbhd[i]ZZfj^ind[^ih]ZVai]hnhiZbÉh gjgVaVgZVh#CVi^dcl^YZ!^cgjgVaVgZVh!,)d[ldbZc
eZg[dgbVcXZ!gVc`ZY[gdbbdhi[V^gidaZVhi!VcY&-) \^kZW^gi]^ci]Z^g]dbZh!l]^aZ.%d[ldbZc^c^cY^\"
djid[&.&^ciZgbhd[[V^gcZhhd[ÒcVcX^VaXdcig^Wj" ZcdjhXdbbjc^i^ZhYdhd#'-
i^dchÅeaVX^c\^iXadhZg^cgVc`^c\idXdjcig^ZhhjX]Vh I]ZadlaZkZad[\dkZgcbZci[jcY^c\[dg]ZVai]aZY
HdbVa^V!BnVcbVgVcYH^ZggVAZdcZi]Vcid^ihgZ\^dcVa id[dgbVaVcY^c[dgbVajhZg[ZZhWZ^c\^bedhZY!l]^X]
cZ^\]Wdgh#'' XgZViZY h^\c^[^XVci WVgg^Zgh id XVgZ# >c gZXZci nZVgh!
I]ZhZY^heVg^i^ZhVgZgZÓZXiZY^ceViiZgchd[bViZgcVa i]ZXZciZge^ZXZd[i]Z\dkZgcbZciÉhZ[[dgihidgZYjXZ
bdgiVa^inVcYi]Zegd\gVbbVi^X^ciZgkZci^dchcZXZhhVgn ZXdcdb^X WVgg^Zgh id XVgZÄ^cXajY^c\ id :bD8Å]Vh
idgZYjXZEZgjÉh]^\]bViZgcVabdgiVa^in#I]Z\dkZgc" WZZci]ZXdbegZ]Zch^kZhdX^Va^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZ!i]Z
bZciXaV^bhi]Vii]ZbViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^dBBGlVh Seguro Integral de Salud,dgH>H#6ai]dj\]i]ZH>H]Vh
&+-eZg&%%!%%%a^kZhW^gi]h^c'%%*!Ydlc[gdbi]Z&-* WZZchjXXZhh[ja^cZmeVcY^c\]ZVai]XVgZXdkZgV\Z[dg
i]Z\dkZgcbZciXaV^bZY^c'%%%#=dlZkZg!i]ZL=D! i]Zeddg!i]Zegd\gVbhj[[Zgh[gdbVcjbWZgd[egdW"
JC;E6!VcYJC>8:;Vgg^kZYViVcZhi^bViZd[)&%#I]Z aZbh!^cXajY^c\[V^ajgZidXdkZgi]ZXdhihd[egdYjXi^dc
\dkZgcbZciÉhdlc'%%)egd\gZhhgZedgidcVX]^Zk^c\i]Z dkZg]ZVY! ^cZ[[^X^Zci bVcV\ZbZci! [V^ajgZ id ZchjgZ
B^aaZcc^jb9ZkZadebZci<dVahB9<hVX`cdlaZY\Zh i]ViWZcZÒih\didi]ZigjancZZYn!VcYaVX`d[dkZgVaa
i]Vii]ZZhi^bViZhVgZjcgZa^VWaZVcYegdWVWangZÓZXiV [jcY^c\#'.
hZg^djhjcYZg"Xdjci^c\d[bViZgcVaYZVi]h#'( >c6eg^ad['%%,!i]Z\dkZgcbZci^hhjZYVhjegZbZ
CdcZi]ZaZhh!Y^heVg^i^Zh^cBBGhXVc^aajhigViZWgdVY YZXgZZXgZVi^c\VcZlejWa^X^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZbZVci
igji]hVWdji^cZfj^in#L]^aZi]ZBBG[dgA^bVlVh*' idigVch[dgbi]ZH>H[gdbVgZ^bWjghZbZcieaVc^cidV
eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h^c'%%%!i]ZBBG[dg=jVcXVkZa^XV igjZ^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZl^i]Xd"eVnbZcihVcYegZb^jbh#
VcY Ejcd lZgZ (%' VcY (+& eZg &%%!%%% a^kZ W^gi]h! I]ZcZlhX]ZbZ^cXajYZhZmdcZgVi^dch[dgZmigZbZan
gZheZXi^kZan#') ^cY^\ZcieZdeaZ!Wji^i^hjcXaZVgl]Zi]Zg^cegVXi^XZi]^h
I]ZaZVY^c\XVjhZhd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEZgj hX]ZbZl^aagZYjXZZXdcdb^XWVgg^ZghidXVgZbdgZdg
VgZ i]Z hVbZ dWhiZig^X Xdbea^XVi^dch gZhedch^WaZ aZhhZ[[ZXi^kZani]Vci]ZH>H]VhidYViZ#
[dgi]Z\gZVibV_dg^ind[bViZgcVaYZVi]hVgdjcYi]Z >cVYY^i^dcidVaVX`d[XdbegZ]Zch^kZeaVchd[VXi^dc!
ldgaY#I]ZnVgZ]Zbdgg]V\Z!)*#,VcY^ceVgi^XjaVg! Veg^bVgngZÓZXi^dcd[[jcY^c\h]dgiV\ZhÅaZ[iaVg\Zan
edhieVgijb ]Zbdgg]V\Z0 idmZb^V egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ jcVYYgZhhZYWni]ZH>HÅ^hi]ZXdbeaZmVcY^ggVi^dcVa
ZXaVbeh^V! '+#*0 VWdgi^dc"gZaViZY Xdbea^XVi^dch! aVWdggZ\^bZ[dg]ZVai]XVgZldg`Zgh^cEZgj#6cn\^kZc
,#(! VcY ^c[ZXi^dc! +#+# >cY^gZXi XVjhZh d[ YZVi] ]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcibVn]VkZVcjbWZgd[ldg`Zgh
Xdchi^ijiZ&(#+d[bViZgcVaYZVi]hVcY^cXajYZbVaVg^V hjW_ZXiidZci^gZanY^[[ZgZciaVWdggZ\^bZhl^i]Y^[[ZgZci
VcYijWZgXjadh^h# gZbjcZgVi^dc!egdiZXi^dchVcYWZcZÒih#DkZgi]ZnZVgh!
:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN,
i]Z\dkZgcbZciViiZbeiZYid^cXgZVhZXdkZgV\ZViadl idgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^inWn,*[gdb&..%aZkZah
XdhiWnegdk^Y^c\h]dgi"iZgbXdcigVXihl^i]cdWZcZÒih# Wni]ZnZVg'%&*B9<*#I]ZB^aaZcc^jbEgd_ZXiIVh`
I]^hh^ijVi^dc]VhegdYjXZYWdi]^cZfj^inVcY]^\]ijgc" ;dgXZGZedgidc8]^aYVcYLdbZcÉh=ZVai]Zmea^X^ian
dkZggViZh!ZheZX^Vaan^cgjgVaVgZVh!l]^X]jcYZgb^cZh gZXd\c^oZhi]ZXgjX^Va^bedgiVcXZd[]jbVcg^\]ih^c
i]ZXVeVX^ind[i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbidbV^ciV^ci]ZVkV^a" Wdi]jcYZghiVcY^c\i]ZjcYZgan^c\ZaZbZcihd[B9<*
VW^a^ind[igV^cZYegd[Zhh^dcVahVcY!^cijgc!fjVa^inXVgZ# VcY^cVX]^Zk^c\^i#(+
>c &...! i]Z LdgaY 7Vc` VcY i]Z >ciZg"6bZg^XVc GZXd\c^o^c\i]Vicdg^\]iXVcWZgZVa^oZY^c^hdaVi^dc
9ZkZadebZci7Vc`>97_d^cianYZkZadeZYadVceVX`" [gdbdi]Zgh!^ci]^hgZedgiE=G[dXjhZheg^bVg^andc
V\ZhYZh^\cZYid[VX^a^iViZ]ZVai]hZXidggZ[dgb^cEZgj#(% i]ZdWa^\Vi^dchd[i]ZEZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZciidgZheZXi!
I]ZidiVaVbdjcid[i]Zdg^\^cVaadVclVhVeegdm^bViZan egdiZXiVcY[jaÒaai]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]!hdVhidWZVWaZid
JH9-,!%%%!%%%!l^i]i]ZEZgjk^VcigZVhjgnXdcig^Wji^c\ XaVg^[ni]Zbl^i]\gZViZgegZX^h^dc#(,
ha^\]iandkZgdcZ"i]^gYd[i]Z[jcYh#;dgi]ZÒghii]gZZ I]Z gZYjXi^dc d[ bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in ^h Zmea^X^ian
nZVghd[i]Zegd\gVb!i]ZdkZgan"WgdVYdW_ZXi^kZhaV^Ydji bZci^dcZY^cWdi]i]Z&...<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc
Wni]Z\dkZgcbZci^cXdc_jcXi^dcl^i]i]Z7Vc`h[V^aZY Wni]Z8dbb^iiZZdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dcd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc
idegdYjXZVcniVc\^WaZdjiXdbZh#(& V\V^chiLdbZc8:96LdcÆLdbZcVcY=ZVai]!ÇVcY^c
>c'%%)!i]Z\dVad[i]ZEgd\gVbidHjeedgi=ZVai] i]Z'%%%<ZcZgVa8dbbZciWni]Z:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ
HZXidg GZ[dgb (Programa de Apoyo a la Reforma del dc Æi]Z G^\]i id i]Z =^\]Zhi 6iiV^cVWaZ HiVcYVgY d[
Sector Salud, PARSalud) lVhcVggdlZYid[dXjh^caVg\Z =ZVai]!Çl]^X]VgZXdch^YZgZYVji]dg^iVi^kZ^ciZgegZiV"
bZVhjgZdcbViZgcVaVcYX]^aY]ZVai]VcYi]ZgZYjX" i^dchd[HiViZeVgi^ZhÉdWa^\Vi^dch#(->c[VXi!i]Z:H8G^\]ih
i^dcd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^inVhVbZVchd[^begdk^c\i]Z 8dbb^iiZZVcY8:96LWdi]Zmea^X^ianVX`cdlaZY\Zi]Vi
dkZgVaa]ZVai]hZXidg!VcY[dXjhZYdcZ^\]igZ\^dchl^i] dWhiZig^XhZgk^XZhbjhiWZegdk^YZYVcYbVYZVXXZhh^WaZ
hdbZd[i]ZldghZbViZgcVaVcYX]^aY]ZVai]^cY^XVidgh#(' idldbZc^c[jaÒaa^c\VHiViZÉhdWa^\Vi^dchjcYZgi]dhZ
>bedgiVcian! E6GHVajY > [dXjhZY dc Zk^YZcXZ"WVhZY gZheZXi^kZigZVi^Zh#(.D[XdjghZ!dWhiZig^XhZgk^XZhXVccdi
^ciZgkZci^dch!^cXajY^c\ZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZVcY WZegdk^YZY^c^hdaVi^dc[gdbldbZcÉhdi]ZggZegdYjXi^kZ
gZ[ZggVacZildg`h# VcYhZmjVa]ZVai]cZZYh!^cXajY^c\XdcigVXZei^dc#
8jggZcian!cZ\di^Vi^dchVgZ^cegdXZhhidYgV[ii]Z I]ZhZVji]dg^iVi^kZ^ciZgegZiVi^dchd[aVlgZÓZXii]Z
hZXdcYe]VhZd[E6GHVajY#I]ZV\gZZbZci[dgE6GHVajY [VXii]VicdgbVi^kZdWa^\Vi^dchgZaVi^c\idl]ViXdchi^"
>>!l]^X]h]djaYWZÒcVa^oZY^c'%%-!^hhaViZYid^cXajYZ ijiZÆVeegdeg^ViZhZgk^XZhÇdgÆVeegdeg^ViZbZVchÇid
bdgZgZ\^dchd[i]ZXdjcigni]VcE6GHVajY>!VcYXdjaY [jaÒaaldbZcÉhg^\]ihid]ZVai]!h]djaYWZXdchigjZY
VbdjciidbdgZi]VcJH9&%%!%%%!%%%#(( ^ca^\]id[i]ZWZhiZe^YZb^dad\^XVaZk^YZcXZgZaVi^c\
idi]Z`Zn^ciZgkZci^dchidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!
DkZgk^Zld[BViZgcVaBdgiVa^inVhV ^cXajY^c\:bD8#>ci]ZXdciZmid[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!
ZkZc\gZViZg\j^YVcXZdci]ZXdcXgZiZ^bea^XVi^dchd[
=jbVcG^\]ih>hhjZ
cdgbVi^kZegZhXg^ei^dc^hedhh^WaZ#<j^YZa^cZh!_d^cian
I]Z\dkZgcbZcid[EZgj]VhVhhjbZYdWa^\Vi^dchjcYZg ^hhjZYWni]ZL=D!JC>8:;VcYJC;E6!Zm^hiVhidl]Vi
Wdi]YdbZhi^XVcY^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVlidVYYgZhhY^[[ZgZci h^\cVa[jcXi^dchXdchi^ijiZ:bD8#)%
[VXidghi]ViaZVYideZgh^hiZcian]^\]aZkZahd[bViZgcVa >[Zbe^g^XVaZk^YZcXZ[gdbejWa^X]ZVai]^cY^XViZhi]Vi
bdgiVa^in#DWa^\Vi^dchidVYYgZhhbViZgcVabdgiVa^inYZg^kZ :bD8!h`^aaZYViiZcYVcXZVcYgZ[ZggVacZildg`hVgZ
[gdbi]Zg^\]ihZcjbZgViZY^c^ciZgcVi^dcVaigZVi^Zhid i]Z`ZnhidegZkZci^c\VcYgZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!
l]^X]EZgj^hVeVgin!hdbZd[l]^X]]VkZVahdWZZc ]jbVcg^\]ihaVlgZfj^gZhi]Vii]ZhZVheZXihd[XVgZ
^beaZbZciZYi]gdj\]EZgjÉhXdchi^iji^dcVcYYdbZhi^X VgZidWZbVYZVkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYd[
aZ\^haVi^dc#()JcYZgEZgjk^VcaVl!cdgbhgZXd\c^oZY^ci]Z VYZfjViZfjVa^in[dgi]ZZci^gZedejaVi^dcdci]ZWVh^h
8dchi^iji^dc!hjX]Vh]ZVai]!VgZidWZ^ciZgegZiZY^cVXXdg" d[cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc#)&
YVcXZl^i]i]ZJc^kZghVa9ZXaVgVi^dcd[=jbVcG^\]ihVcY BViZgcVaYZVi]hdkZgl]Zab^c\andXXjgYjZidi]gZZ
i]Z]jbVcg^\]ihigZVi^ZhgVi^ÒZYWnEZgj#(* YZaVnhgZaVi^c\id:bD8/i]ZYZaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcid
6YY^i^dcVaan! Vi i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch B^aaZcc^jb hZZ`XVgZ0i]ZYZaVn^cVgg^k^c\ViXVgZ0VcYi]ZYZaVn
Hjbb^i^c'%%%!HiViZhÅ^cXajY^c\EZgjÅVYdeiZYi]Z ^cgZXZ^k^c\Veegdeg^ViZXVgZ#)'I]ZhZYZaVnhVgZXadhZan
B^aaZcc^jb9ZXaVgVi^dc#I]ZB^aaZcc^jb9ZXaVgVi^dc a^c`ZYidaVX`d[VkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZZXdcdb^XVaanVcY
VcYi]ZB^aaZcc^jb9ZkZadebZci<dVahB9<h!l]^X] e]nh^XVaan!l^i]gZheZXiid^c[dgbVi^dc!VcYdcVWVh^hd[
VgZYgVlc[gdbi]Z9ZXaVgVi^dc!^cXajYZVXdbb^ibZci cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc!VXXZeiVWaZXjaijgVaanVcYZi]^XVaan!
- 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
VcYfjVa^in]ZVai]XVgZ#E=G[djcYVaai]gZZ[dgbhd[ idl]^X]i]Zn]VkZhjWhXg^WZY!^cXajY^c\i]Zg^\]iid
YZVYanYZaVnhidWZegZhZci^cEZgj# ]ZVai]#));jgi]ZgbdgZ!i]ZgZ^hVhigdc\egZhjbei^dc
;jgi]Zg!^cEjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV!E=G[djcYi]Vii]Z i]VigZigd\gZhh^kZbZVhjgZhVgZ^beZgb^hh^WaZjcYZg
gjgVa^cY^\ZcdjhldbZcl]dY^ZVcYi]Z[Vb^a^Zhi]Zn ^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVl#)*;jgi]ZgbdgZ!jcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVa
aZVkZWZ]^cYVgZ^cZ[[ZXid[iZcWaVbZY[dgi]Z^gdlcYZVi]h aVl!i]ZEZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZciYdZhcdi]VkZjca^b^iZY
WZXVjhZi]ZgZ^hVYZaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZ!VcY Y^hXgZi^dc^cXdchigj^c\l]ViXdchi^ijiZhi]ZZmiZcid[
i]ViYZaVn^hVhXg^WZYidÆXjaijgVaegZ[ZgZcXZhÇdgÆ^Ydhnc" ^ihÆbVm^bjbVkV^aVWaZgZhdjgXZhÇi]ViXVcWZYZkdiZY
XgVh^Zh#ÇJedcXadhZgZmVb^cVi^dc!]dlZkZg!Vaad[i]ZhZ idi]Z^beaZbZciVi^dcd[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]#)+
YZVYanYZaVnh!^cXajY^c\i]ZYZaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ` CZkZgi]ZaZhh!YZhe^iZWZ^c\Xdch^hiZcianidjiZYVh
XVgZ!VgZgZaViZYidhnhiZb^X^cZfj^i^Zh^cEZgjk^VchdX^Zin Veda^i^XVaeg^dg^in!i]ZgZ^hcdcVi^dcVaXdcXZgiZYeaVc
VcY^ci]ZEZgjk^Vc]ZVai]XVgZhnhiZb#;dgZmVbeaZ! d[VXi^dcidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^indgidVYYgZhh
YZaVnh^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZVgZV[[ZXiZYWni]Z hnhiZbVi^XegdWaZbhgZaVi^c\id]ZVai]XVgZldg`[dgXZ#
^cZfj^iVWaZY^hig^Wji^dcd[]ZVai]XVgZ[VX^a^i^Zh!\ddYhVcY 6ahd!Vai]dj\]E6GHVajY>ZbeadnZYhdbZ`Zn^cY^XVidgh
hZgk^XZhi]VibV`Zh:bD8Wdi]jcVkV^aVWaZVcYe]nh^XVaan idXaVhh^[n[VX^a^i^ZhVXXdgY^c\id:bD8XVeVX^in!Vaad[
^cVXXZhh^WaZ#E=G[djcYi]Vi^iXVcVahdWZViig^WjiVWaZid i]ZVeegdeg^ViZegdXZhh^cY^XVidgh]VkZcdiWZZc^beaZ"
ZXdcdb^XWVgg^ZghidVXXZhh[dgi]ZhZ^bedkZg^h]ZY[Vb^" bZciZYidbZVhjgZegd\gZhh#BdgZdkZg!i]ZgZ]VhWZZc
a^Zhl]^X]eZgh^hi^che^iZd[i]ZH>H!^cXajY^c\i]ZXdhih gZigd\gZhh^dcl^i]gZheZXiidi]Z[Vb^aneaVcc^c\egd\gVb
d[igVchedgiVi^dc#E=GVahdYdXjbZciZY]dli]ZaVX`d[ VcYi]ZVkV^aVW^a^ind[XdcigVXZei^dc!i]ZXdkZgV\ZWni]Z
XjaijgVahZch^i^k^inVcYVXXZeiVW^a^ind[XVgZVi]ZVai][VX^a^" H>HVcYX]Vc\ZhgZaVi^c\idVWdgi^dc#
i^Zh!^cXajY^c\Wdi]aVc\jV\ZVcYgZheZXi[dgigVY^i^dcVa ;^ghi!VhVgZhjaid[gZdg\Vc^o^c\i]ZCVi^dcVa;Vb^an
W^gi]^c\Xjhidbh!egdkd`ZhYZaVnh^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ` EaVcc^c\Egd\gVb^c'%%&![Vb^aneaVcc^c\VcYgZegdYjX"
XVgZ#;^cVaan!l]Zci]ZedejaVi^dceZgXZ^kZhi]Vii]ZgZ i^kZ]ZVai]adhieg^dg^inVcY[jcY^c\#I]ZVkV^aVW^a^ind[
^heddgfjVa^ind[XVgZVi[VX^a^i^Zh!E=G[djcYi]Vi^iVahd bdYZgcbZi]dYhd[W^gi]Xdcigdal^i]^ci]ZejWa^XhZXi^dc
YZaVnhYZX^h^dchidhZZ`XVgZ# YZXgZVhZYWnVcVkZgV\Zd[&%WZilZZc'%%%"'%%*#),>c
ijgc!h]dgiV\ZhigVchaViZ^cidgZYjXZYVXXZhhVcYjhV\Z#
6eean^c\V=jbVcG^\]ih"7VhZY E=GÉhÒcY^c\hgZaVi^c\idhnhiZbVi^Xh]dgiV\Zhd[[Vb^an
eaVcc^c\bZi]dYh^c]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcih^cEjcdVcY
6eegdVX]id6YYgZhhBViZgcVa
=jVcXVkZa^XVXdcÒgbi]dhZd[cVi^dcVahijY^Zh#
BdgiVa^in^cEZgj 6hZXdcY[dgbd[gZigd\gZhh^dclVhZk^YZcXZY^c6gi^XaZ
>cVYY^i^dcid]^\]a^\]i^c\i]ZXZcigVa^ind[VkV^aVWaZ!VXXZh" (%d[i]Z<ZcZgVa=ZVai]AVld[&..,!l]^X]^cXajYZY
h^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYfjVa^in:bD8!]jbVcg^\]ihaVlhZih VgZfj^gZbZcii]ViYdXidghVgZdWa^\ViZYidYZcdjcXZ
djieg^cX^eaZhi]ViXVcWZjhZYidZkVajViZEZgjÉhXjggZci ^cY^XVi^dch d[ V Xg^b^cVa VWdgi^dc id i]Z ÆXdbeZiZci
Z[[dgihidVYYgZhhbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!VhlZaaVh\j^YZ Vji]dg^in#Ç)-I]^haZ\^haVi^kZegdk^h^dcXgZViZYVcVYY^"
[jijgZeda^Xn"bV`^c\VcYegd\gVbb^c\#I]ZhZeg^cX^eaZh! i^dcVaWVgg^ZgidVXXZhh^WaZ:bD8^cEZgjl]^X]]VYcdi
iV`Zcid\Zi]Zg!XVc]^\]a^\]iXdcXZgchVcY^c[dgbVXi^dch Zm^hiZYegZk^djhan#
iV`ZcWngZ\^dcVa\dkZgcbZcih!i]ZcVi^dcVa\dkZgcbZci! 6i]^gY[dgbd[gZigd\gZhh^dcXVcWZdWhZgkZY^ci]Z
VcYi]^gY"eVginVXidghhjX]Vhi]ZJc^iZYHiViZh!i]Z XdkZgV\Zd[i]ZeddgZhiedejaVi^dchjcYZgi]ZH>H#GVi]Zg
LdgaY7Vc`VcY>97!l]^X]eaVnVaVg\ZgdaZ^ci]ZVW^a^in i]VcZmiZcY^c\XdkZgV\Zd[i]ZH>H!i]ZgZlVhVgZYjXi^dc
d[ldbZc^cEZgjidgZVa^oZi]Z^gg^\]ihidhV[Zbdi]Zg" ^cXdkZgV\Z[dgi]dhZ^ci]ZadlZhi^cXdbZfjVgi^aZh(*
]ddY#>i^hcdll^YZanV\gZZYi]Vi]jbVcg^\]ih"WVhZY id'-[dgi]dhZ^cZmigZbZedkZgin!VcY'-id'%[dg
VeegdVX]Zh^cXajYZViaZVhii]Z[daadl^c\eg^cX^eaZh/cdc" i]dhZ^cedkZginWZilZZc'%%(VcY'%%*!).
gZigd\gZhh^dcVcYVYZfjViZegd\gZhh0cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! Wn dW_ZXi^kZ bZVhjgZh! EZgj ^h cdi
VcYZfjVa^in0eVgi^X^eVi^dc0VXXdjciVW^a^in!VcY^ciZgcV" XjggZcian YZkdi^c\ i]Z bVm^bjb ZmiZci d[ VkV^aVWaZ
i^dcVaVhh^hiVcXZVcYXddeZgVi^dc#)( gZhdjgXZhidgZVa^oZi]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]!dgidVYYgZhh
bViZgcVa]ZVai]XdcXZgch^ceVgi^XjaVg#6hXdbeVgZY
Ded#h[jhe]h[ii_ed07Z[gkWj[Fhe]h[iijej^[ l^i]di]ZgXdjcig^Zhl^i]XdbeVgVWaZ<9EeZgXVe^iV!
CWn_ckc7lW_bWXb[;nj[dje\H[iekhY[i
EZgjÉh ]ZVai] hnhiZb [VXZh V YgVbVi^X h]dgiV\Z d[
6ai]dj\]i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]XVccdiWZ^beaZbZciZY [jcY^c\#EZgjheZciJH9&%'#-%eZgXVe^iVdc]ZVai]
dkZgc^\]i!\dkZgcbZcih]VkZVcdWa^\Vi^dcidYZbdc" XVgZ ^c i]Z eZg^dY &..* Ä '%%%! *% Xdch^YZgVWan aZhh
higViZVYZfjViZegd\gZhh^c[jaÒaa^c\VaaigZVing^\]ih i]Vc ^ih Hdji] 6bZg^XVc cZ^\]Wdgh d[ 7gVo^a '+,!
:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN.
KZcZojZaV'((!VcY8dadbW^V&-+#*&6XXdgY^c\id iVg\ZiZYVi^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dchid\^kZW^gi]^c]ZVai]
i]Z:Xdcdb^X8dbb^hh^dc[dgAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZcih!hjX]Vhi]ZjhZd[eda^XZVcYi]gZVihd[
8Vg^WWZVc:8A68!EZgjheZcYhVbdjcihd[cdbdgZ ^cXVgXZgVi^dc^ci]ZEVbeVh]ZVai]XZciZg^c=jVcXVkZa^XV#
i]VcJH9&-%dchdX^VaheZcY^c\Å^cXajY^c\]ZVai]ÅeZg Di]ZgegVXi^XZh!hjX]Vhi]Z^bedh^i^dcd[de factoÒcZh[dg
nZVgl]ZgZVhi]ZgZ\^dcVaVkZgV\ZhiVcYhViJH9+&% dWiV^c^c\W^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZhl]ZcYZa^kZg^ZhdXXjgVi]dbZ!
eZgXVe^iVeZgnZVg#*' ]VkZVY^hegdedgi^dcViZ^beVXidc^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dch
;jgi]ZgbdgZ!EZgjÉheZgXVe^iV]ZVai]XVgZ^ckZhibZci ^cegVXi^XZ#
YZXa^cZY[gdb.*nuevos soles ^c'%%&id,-nuevos soles ^c 8jggZciZ[[dgihidegdbdiZXjaijgVahZch^i^k^inVgZ
'%%(!dg[gdbVeegdm^bViZan'-id'(JHYdaaVgh#*(=dlZkZg! ^cVYZfjViZ#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZWg^Z[igV^c^c\bdYjaZh[dg
i]^hYZXgZVhZ^c]ZVai]XVgZheZcY^c\lVhVXXdbeVc^ZY ]ZVai]egdk^YZgh[jcYZYi]gdj\]E6GHVajY>^cÆ^ciZgXja"
Wnedh^i^kZ<9E\gdli]!*)^cY^XVi^c\i]Vii]ZVkV^aVW^a^in ijgVa^inÇVgZgVY^XVaan^chj[ÒX^Zci^cWdi]i]Z^gXdkZgV\Z
d[gZhdjgXZhlVhcdii]ZhdjgXZd[hjX]YZXgZVhZh#L]Zc VcY i]Z^g XdciZci# 6bdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h! Xjgg^XjaV ^c
Xdch^YZg^c\i]ZeZg^dYWZilZZc'%%%VcY'%%)!Vai]dj\] bZY^XVa VcY di]Zg ]ZVai] egd[Zhh^dcVa hX]ddah cZZY
i]Z]ZVai]hZXidgÉhVccjVaWjY\Zi^cXgZVhZY^cVWhdajiZ id^cXdgedgViZXdcXZeihd[^ciZgXjaijgVa^inVcYXjaijgVa
iZgbh!^ihi^aaYZXgZVhZY^cgZaVi^kZiZgbh!YZhe^iZ\dkZgc" XdbeZiZcXZ#
bZciXdbb^ibZcihid^cXgZVhZhdX^VaheZcY^c\VheVgi 6i i]Z ^chi^iji^dcVa aZkZa! E=G [djcY bVcn ]ZVai]
d[i]ZCVi^dcVa6\gZZbZci(Acuerdo Nacional) h^\cZYWn ZhiVWa^h]bZcihi]ViY^YcdieZgb^iigVY^i^dcVakZgi^XVa
[dgbZgEgZh^YZciIdaZYd^c'%%'# W^gi]^c\edh^i^dch^cXdcigVkZci^dcd[EZgjk^VcaVldg
9jZidVaZ\VXnd[iVmVbcZhi^ZhVcY^cVYZfjViZiVm di]ZgigVY^i^dcVaegVXi^XZh#*+:kZcl]Zc[VX^a^i^Zh]VY
Zc[dgXZbZci!EZgjÉhiVmgZkZcjZhXjggZcianXdchi^ijiZ WZZcgZXZciangZbdYZaZY!hjX]Vhi]ZDWhiZig^X8ZciZg
dcan&(d[<9E!l]^aZi]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVaBdcZiVgn;jcY ^c i]Z GZ\^dcVa =dhe^iVa ^c Ejcd! i]Zn ]VY cdi WZZc
>B;gZXdbbZcYhi]Vii]ZnXdchi^ijiZViaZVhi&*#I]jh! Zfj^eeZYideZgb^ikZgi^XVaYZa^kZgn#6YY^i^dcVaan!^ci]Z
i]ZEZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZciÉh[V^ajgZid^cXgZVhZi]ZZmiZci VWhZcXZd[hnhiZb^Xegdk^h^dcd[^ciZgegZiZgh!i]ZaVX`
d[gZhdjgXZhi]Vi^iYZkdiZhid]ZVai]!VcYbViZgcVa]ZVai] d[]ZVai]eZghdccZal]dheZV`i]ZadXVaaVc\jV\Z^ci]Z
^ceVgi^XjaVg!gZÓZXiheda^i^XVaX]d^XZhVcYVaVX`d[eda^i" ^chi^iji^dc^hV[dgbd[Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcYXdchi^ijiZhV
^XVal^aa!gVi]Zgi]VcVWhdajiZgZhdjgXZXdchigV^cih# WVgg^ZgidVXXZhh^WaZVcYfjVa^inXVgZ#
6ii]ZgZ\^dcVaaZkZa!gZ\jaVi^dchgZ\VgY^c\iVmgZkZ" >cEZgj!higjXijgVa^cZfjVa^i^Zh^cgZhdjgXZVaadXVi^dc
cjZh[gdbb^c^c\VcYdi]ZghdjgXZhd[gZkZcjZl]^X] gZhjai^c de facto Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcV\V^chiZi]c^Xb^cdg^"
XdjaYWZX]VccZaZYid]ZVai]XVgZVgZcdihdX]VccZaZY i^Zh#I]ZgZVgZ\gZViZg]ZVai]"gZaViZYgZhdjgXZhVkV^a"
WZXVjhZd[VaVX`d[XaVg^in^cgZ\jaVi^dch#;dgZmVbeaZ! VWaZdcVeZgXVe^iVWVh^hidEZgjk^Vch^cVgZVhl^i]adl
iVmegdXZZYhdcb^c^c\VcYeZigdaZjbcanon minero ^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dch!VhXdbeVgZYl^i]VgZVhhjX]Vh
VcYcanon petrolero, gZheZXi^kZanVgZcdiXjggZcian^ciZg" =jVcXVkZa^XV!6nVXjX]dVcYEjcd!l^i]]^\]^cY^\Zcdjh
egZiZYidZmea^X^ian^cXajYZheZcY^c\dc^c[gVhigjXijgZ edejaVi^dch#*,I]^higVchaViZh^cid[ZlZg]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh!
i]VildjaY^begdkZ]ZVai]XVgZgZ[ZggVahnhiZbh# YdXidgh!VcYheZX^Va^hiheZgXVe^iV!l]^X]]Vhi]ZÆZ[[ZXi
d[cjaa^[n^c\dg^beV^g^c\i]ZZfjVaZc_dnbZcidgZmZg"
Ded#Z_iYh_c_dWj_edWdZ;gkWb_jo X^hZÇd[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]idbVcngjgValdbZc#*-I]^h
Cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcYZfjVa^inVgZXgdhh"Xjii^c\eg^c" heZcY^c\^cZfj^ingZhjaih^cbZVhjgVWanaZhhVkV^aVW^a^in
X^eaZh^c]jbVcg^\]ihaVl#EZgh^hiZcian]^\]bViZgcVa VcYVXXZhh^W^a^ind[XVgZcZXZhhVgnidgZYjXZbViZgcVa
bdgiVa^inaZkZah^cEZgjgZÓZXibjai^eaZaZkZahd[XdbW^cZY bdgiVa^in!^cXajY^c\h`^aaZYW^gi]ViiZcYVcXZ#*.
Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcWVhZYdc\ZcYZgVcYgVXZ$Zi]c^X^in# I]^h gZhdjgXZ Y^X]didbn ^h gZea^XViZY l^i]^c i]Z
YZeVgibZcih i]ZbhZakZh! l^i] h^\c^[^XVcian bdgZ
:i]c^X9^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcY>cZfjVa^in/>cY^k^YjVa!
>chi^iji^dcVaVcYHigjXijgVa gZhdjgXZhYZkdiZYid]ZVai]XVgZ[VX^a^i^Zh^ci]ZbdgZ
jgWVc^oZYVgZVhd[i]ZhZYZeVgibZcihVcY[ZlZgidgjgVa
E=G [djcY Zk^YZcXZ d[ l^YZhegZVY Y^hXg^b^cV"
VgZVh!l]ZgZi]Z^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dchdkZgl]Zab^c\an
idgnVii^ijYZhVbdc\^cY^k^YjVa]ZVai]XVgZegdk^YZgh^c
gZh^YZ#+%
=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd!l]^X]b^ggdgi]ZÒcY^c\hd[di]Zg
hijY^Zh#** =ZVai]XVgZ egdk^YZgh YZhXg^WZY ^cY^\Zcdjh <ZcYZg>cZfjVa^i^ZhVcY9^hXg^b^cVi^dc
XjhidbhVhÆWVX`lVgYh!ÇdgÆ^\cdgVci#Ç8dZgX^kZegVX" <ZcYZg^cZfjVa^in^cEZgj^h^cZmig^XVWana^c`ZYl^i]
i^XZhiVg\ZiZYVi^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dch!YdXjbZciZYWn Zi]c^XY^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcYgjgVaedkZgin#E=GdWhZgkZY^c
E=G!VeeZVgidWZgddiZY^ci]ZhZY^hXg^b^cVidgnVii^ijYZh# EjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XVi]VildbZcXdci^cjZidgZbV^c
;dgZmVbeaZ!E=G[djcYZmVbeaZhd[djig^\]iXdZgX^dc
& % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
Y^hZbedlZgZYVhYZX^h^dc"bV`Zgh^ci]Z^gdlcg^\]iid Vii]ZadXVaaZkZa!ZheZX^VaanVbdc\^cY^\ZcdjhXdbbjc^"
hZZ`]ZVai]XVgZ#:kZc^cXVhZhd[ZbZg\ZcXn!E=G[djcY i^Zh#=dlZkZg!^ci]ZaVhiZ^\]inZVgh!i]Z8A6H]VkZWZZc
i]Vii]ZbZc^ci]Z[Vb^anbV`Za^[Z"X]Vc\^c\]ZVai]YZX^" hnhiZbVi^XVaanjcYZg"[jcYZY!aZVk^c\[ZlgZhdjgXZh[dg
h^dch[dgi]Z^gl^kZhdgdi]Zg[ZbVaZgZaVi^kZh#6aad[i]Z Xdbbjc^inbZbWZghideg^dg^i^oZdgVaadXViZ#;jgi]Zg!
XVhZhijY^Zh^cXajYZY^ci]^hgZedgigZÓZXii]Z^cZajXiVWaZ Vh8A6HYdXidghcdlldg`dcXdcigVXihl^i]i]ZB^c^hign
XdccZXi^dchWZilZZci]ZaVX`d[V\ZcXnldbZc]VkZ^c d[=ZVai]B>CH6!i]ZnVgZ^cXgZVh^c\anaZhhVXXdjciVWaZ
i]Z^geg^kViZa^kZhÅgZaVi^c\idWdY^an^ciZ\g^in!X]d^XZd[ idi]ZXdbbjc^inbZbWZghl]dh^idci]ZXdjcX^a!VcY
hZmjVagZaVi^dchVcYW^gi]heVX^c\!ZiXÅVcYi]ZaVX`d[ gVi]Zg!WZ]VkZVhVcndi]ZgB>CH6ZbeadnZZldjaY!Vh
V\ZcXni]Zn]VkZ^ci]ZejWa^Xhe]ZgZ# Zk^YZcXZY^ci]ZXVhZd[BZaVc^V[gdbEjcd#
<dkZgcbZci]ZVai]VcYdi]ZghdX^Vaegd\gVbhV^bZY
Viegdk^Y^c\Vhh^hiVcXZidldbZcVcYX]^aYgZc^cedkZgin! Eda^i^XVaEVgi^X^eVi^dc!:heZX^VaanWnGjgVaLdbZc
hjX]Vhi]Z?JCIDHegd\gVb!iZcYidgZ^c[dgXZhiZgZd" Kdi^c\bjhiWZVXXdbeVc^ZYWndi]ZgbZVhjgZhid
ineZYgdaZhd[ldbZcVhXVgZ\^kZghgVi]Zgi]Vc[dhiZg^c\ ^cXgZVhZi]ZeVgi^X^eVi^dcd[gjgValdbZc^ceda^i^XVa
\ZcYZgZfj^inVcYigZVi^c\ldbZcVhg^\]ih"]daYZgh# YZX^h^dchV[[ZXi^c\i]Z^glZaa"WZ^c\#=dlZkZg!l^i]dji
<ZcYZgY^hXg^b^cVi^dc^hVahdgZÓZXiZY^caVlhVcY i]ZVW^a^inidkdiZ!i]ZhZgjgVagZh^YZcihÅVcY^ceVgi^XjaVg
eda^X^Zhi]Vi]VkZVYZig^bZciVa^beVXijedcldbZcÉh ldbZcÅVgZaZ[i^ck^h^WaZVcYjcXdjciZYl]Zc]ZVai]
]ZVai]!^cXajY^c\EZgjÉhgZhig^Xi^kZVWdgi^dcaVl#+&JcYZg eda^X^ZhVcYWjY\ZiVaadXVi^dchVgZbVYZ#CjbZgdjh
EZgjk^VcaVl!VWdgi^dc^h^aaZ\VaZmXZeil]ZccZXZhhVgn hijY^Zh]VkZ[djcYi]VibVcngjgVaEZgjk^Vch!VcY^c
idegZhZgkZi]Za^[Zdg]ZVai]d[i]Zbdi]Zg#7di]i]Z eVgi^XjaVgcampesinaldbZc!YdcdiedhhZhhi]Z^YZc"
ldbVcl]djcYZg\dZhi]ZegdXZYjgZVcYi]Z]ZVai] i^inYdXjbZcihgZfj^gZYidkdiZ# +*I]Z=jbVcG^\]ih
egd[Zhh^dcVahl]deZg[dgb^iVgZhjW_ZXiidhVcXi^dch^c DbWjYhD[ÒXZ (Defensoría del Pueblo) Zhi^bViZhi]Vi
VaaXVhZhdi]Zgi]Vci]ZgVeZji^XVWdgi^dch#+'I]ZcVggdl bdgZi]Vci]gZZb^aa^dceZdeaZYdcdi]VkZi]Z^YZci^in
^ciZgegZiVi^dcd[hjX]Æi]ZgVeZji^XVWdgi^dchÇidZmXajYZ YdXjbZcihi]ViVgZcZXZhhVgnidkdiZ++!cdgYdi]Zn]VkZ
h^ijVi^dchl]ZgZi]ZldbVcÉhbZciVa]ZVai]^hVig^h`! VXXZhhidXZgiV^chdX^VaWZcZÒihVcYhZgk^XZh!^cXajY^c\
lVh[djcYidk^daViZldbZcÉhg^\]ih^cVW^cY^c\]daY^c\ i]gdj\]i]ZhdX^Va^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZ#+,
Wni]ZJc^iZYCVi^dch=jbVcG^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ^cKaren DWhiVXaZhid]Vk^c\Veegdeg^ViZ^YZci^inYdXjbZcih
Llantoy v Peru,VXVhZ^ckdak^c\ViZZcV\Zgl]dlVh[dgXZY ^cXajYZY^hXg^b^cVi^dcV\V^chiX]^aYgZcd[jclZYeVgZcih
idXVggnVcVcZcXZe]Va^X[ZijhidiZgb# (convivencias)ÅXdbbdc^ci]ZSierraVcYdi]ZgeVgihd[
gjgVaEZgjÅVcYi]Z^bedh^i^dcd[ de facto ÒcZh[dghZZ`^c\
C[Wd_d]\kbFWhj_Y_fWj_ed W^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZh[dgX]^aYgZcWdgcVi]dbZ!VegVXi^XZE=G
6 g^\]ih"WVhZY VeegdVX] id VYYgZhh^c\ bViZgcVa YdXjbZciZY^cWdi]=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd#
bdgiVa^in^cEZgjXVaah[dgi]ZYZbdXgVi^oVi^dcd[i]Z
EVgi^X^eVi^dcWnC<DhVcY8^k^aHdX^Zin<gdjeh
Zci^gZ]ZVai]hZXidg!l^i]VigVch[Zgd[eaVcc^c\VcYYZX^"
H^cXZi]ZZcYd[i]Z;j_^bdg^gZ\^bZ!EZgj]VhhZZc
h^dc"bV`^c\edlZgidi]Z^cY^k^YjVahVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh
VWgdVYVggVnd[egdXZhhZhVcY^chi^iji^dchV^bZYVi
i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^hhjeedhZYidhZgkZ!VhlZaaVhi]Z
[dhiZg^c\eVgi^X^eVi^dc#HdbZX^k^ahdX^Zindg\Vc^oVi^dch
]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahl]dldg`l^i]^ci]ZhnhiZb#+(
]VkZ\gdlcideaVn^bedgiVcigdaZh^cbdc^idg^c\eda^Xn"
8dbbjc^inEVgi^X^eVi^dc!ZheZX^Vaan^c>cY^\Zcdjh bV`^c\#=dlZkZg!X^k^ahdX^Zin^chi^iji^dchXdci^cjZid
8dbbjc^i^Zh ]VkZa^iiaZVXijVaedlZgdkZgeda^XndgWjY\ZiVgnYZX^"
I]ZJCHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgXVaahheZX^ÒXVaan[dgÆi]Z h^dch#+-I]ZLdgaY7Vc`\dZh[jgi]Zg!Vg\j^c\i]Vii]Z
VXi^kZVcY^c[dgbZYeVgi^X^eVi^dcd[^cY^\ZcdjheZdeaZ aVX`d[XaVg^in^cgdaZhVcYi]Z\gZViZcZg\n^ckZhiZY^c
^ci]Z[dgbjaVi^dc!^beaZbZciVi^dcVcYbdc^idg^c\d[ i]ZhZVXi^k^i^ZhXdjaYWZegdYjX^c\ÆeVgi^X^eVi^dc[Vi^\jZÇ
]ZVai]eda^X^ZhVcYegd\gVbh#Ç+)>cEZgj!E=G[djcY_jhi dgldghZ!i]ViVaaZ[[dgihVgZ[dXjhZYdci]ZYZh^\cd[
i]Zdeedh^iZidWZigjZ#I]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^heZgXZ^kZY WjY\ZihVcYeaVchl^i]cdViiZci^dceV^Yidbdc^idg^c\
VXgdhhbVcn^cY^\ZcdjhXdbbjc^i^ZhVhVXdadc^o^c\ d[^beaZbZciVi^dc#+.
[dgXZi]ViYdZhcdigZheZXi^cY^\ZcdjhXjaijgVaigVY^i^dch I]ZLdgaY7Vc`^ihZa[!id\Zi]Zgl^i]i]Z>97!lVh
VcYegZ[ZgZcXZh# ]ZVk^anXg^i^X^oZYWncjbZgdjh`Zn^c[dgbVcih[dgi]Z
6ai]dj\]cdieVgi^XjaVganiVg\ZiZYVi^cY^\ZcdjhedejaV" aVX`d[igVcheVgZcXnVcYeVgi^X^eVi^dc^cE6GHVajY>#
i^dch!i]Z8A6H(Centros Locales de Administración de Salud) HjhVcI]daaVj\!D[ÒXZ8]^Z[[dgi]ZJH6>9EZgj8djcign
ediZci^Vaanegdk^YZVbZX]Vc^hbid[VX^a^iViZXdbbjc^in D[ÒXZ!hiViZYi]ViE6GHVajY]VYldg`ZYkZgna^iiaZl^i]
eVgi^X^eVi^dc^cXajY^c\XdcigdadkZg]ZVai]XVgZeg^dg^i^Zh di]ZgV\ZcX^Zh!hjX]Vh6>9VcYJC;E6#,%I]ZgZlVhcd
:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN&&
X^k^ahdX^ZineVgi^X^eVi^dc^ci]ZZkVajVi^dcd[E6GHVajY I]Z Zm^hi^c\ bZX]Vc^hbh [dg gZYgZhh VgZ aVg\Zan
>#6hd[6eg^a!'%%,!cdXdchjaiVi^dch]VYWZZc]ZaYl^i] [dXjhZYdc^cY^k^YjVaZggdgh!gVi]Zgi]Vc^chi^iji^dcVa
JCV\ZcX^Zh!jhZg\gdjeh!dgC<Dhdci]ZYZh^\cd[ VcYhnhiZb^X[VXidgh!VcYVgZi]ZgZ[dgZ^cVYZfjViZid
E6GHVajY>>#,& egdk^YZigjZVXXdjciVW^a^in^ci]ZXdciZmid[bViZgcVa
bdgiVa^in!l]ZgZjcYZgan^c\XVjhZhiZcYidWZhnhiZb^X
EVgi^X^eVi^dcl^i]^ci]Z=ZVai]HZXidg ^ccVijgZ#6bVaegVXi^XZdgcZ\a^\ZcXZXVhZdcang^hZhid
EZgjÉh]ZVai]hZXidg^h]^\]anVjidXgVi^XVcYkZgi^XVa#,' i]ZaZkZad[V]jbVcg^\]ihk^daVi^dcl]Zci]ZgZ^hhdbZ
E=G[djcYi]Vii]^hVjidXgVXn^hgZegdYjXZYl^i]^ci]Z ^chi^iji^dcVadghnhiZb^X[V^ajgZidegdk^YZVXXdjciVW^a^in#
GZ\^dcVa9^gZXidgViZhd[=ZVai]9>G:H6hVhlZaa# HdbZi^bZh!VcdkZgZbe]Vh^hdc^cY^k^YjVa[VjaiXVc^c
=ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahl]dldg`^cZhiVWa^h]bZcih]VkZ [VXi YZigVXi ViiZci^dc [gdb egdWaZbVi^X eda^X^Zh VcY
a^iiaZXdcigdaVhid]dl[jcYhVgZidWZheZcidgl]Vi egd\gVbh#6YY^i^dcVaan!Vai]dj\]hdbZZm^hi^c\bZX]V"
eda^X^Zhi]Z^gZhiVWa^h]bZcih[daadl#E=GZcXdjciZgZY c^hbhXdjaYegdkZ^bedgiVciidegdiZXi^c\hV[Zbdi]Zg"
cjbZgdjh]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah^cEjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV ]ddYg^\]ih!i]Z^gjhZhj[[Zgh[gdbbVcnd[i]ZhVbZ
l]dlZgZYZZean[gjhigViZYWnYZX^h^dchi]Vi]VYWZZc dWhiVXaZhidVXXZhhVh]ZVai]XVgZYdZh#6YY^i^dcVaan!
bVYZgZ\VgY^c\i]ZVaadXVi^dcd[VbWjaVcXZhdg[jcYh i]ZgZ^hVaVX`d[[Vb^a^Vg^ind[i]ZhZbZX]Vc^hbhdci]Z
id]dhe^iVah!l^i]djigZ\VgYidi]Z^gcZZYh# eVgid[aVlnZghVcY_jY\Zh#
I]ZgZVgZhnhiZb^Xeda^X^Zhi]Vi^cÓjZcXZi]ZVW^a^in JcYZgEZgjk^VcaVl!i]ZgZVgZZhhZci^Vaani]gZZVkZcjZh
d[[gdci"a^cZ]ZVai]ldg`Zghid]VkZVkd^XZ^c]dlYZX^" dgbZX]Vc^hbh[dgi]ZZc[dgXZVW^a^ind[]ZVai]g^\]ih!
h^dchVgZbVYZVhlZaa#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZB>CH6hi^aa ^cXajY^c\i]dhZgZaVi^c\idbViZgcVa]ZVai]/VYb^c^higV"
^bedhZhfjdiVhVjidXgVi^XVaan[dg^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]hVcY i^kZ!_jY^X^Va!VcYi]gdj\]i]Z9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad#
egZcViVak^h^ihdc[gdci"a^cZ]ZVai]ldg`Zgh^ci]ZcVbZd[ 6hddc"id"WZejWa^h]ZYhijYndcgZ\^dcVahnhiZbh[dg
egdbdi^c\ÆegdYjXi^k^in#Ç>cVYY^i^dcidi]ZldbZc^ci]Z i]ZegdiZXi^dchd[i]Zg^\]ihd[]ZVai]hnhiZbjhZgh[djcY
edejaVi^dcl]dWZVgi]ZXdchZfjZcXZhd[i]ZeZgkZghZ i]ViVYb^c^higVi^kZegdXZYjgZhVgZcdiVcZ[[ZXi^kZbZVch
^cXZci^kZhXgZViZYWnhjX]eda^X^Zh!^i^hi]Z]ZVai]egd[Zh" d[gZhdak^c\]ZVai]g^\]ihk^daVi^dch#,+I]^hYZÒX^ZcXn
h^dcVahl]dVgZdch]dgi"iZgbXdcigVXihl^i]djiWZcZÒih lVh^aajhigViZY^ci]ZXVhZhd[;gVcX^hXV^cEVbeVh!
l]dhj[[Zgbdhi[gdbhjX]fjdiVh#=ZVai]ldg`ZghhjX] =jVcXVkZa^XV VcY EVWaV ^c GVb^h! Ejcd# ;gVcX^hXV
Vhi]dhZE=GbZiVii]Z=VcV_fj^V]ZVai]edhi^cEjcd gZXZ^kZYa^iiaZ!^[Vcn!ViiZci^dc[gdbi]ZYdXidgdcYjinVi
VgZaZ[il^i]jca^kVWaZhVaVg^Zh^[i]Zn[V^aidbZZiVgW^" i]Zi^bZd[]ZgZbZg\ZcXn#I]ZhjWhZfjZci^ckZhi^\Vi^dc!
igVg^an"hZiegdYjXi^k^infjdiVh!^cidl]^X]i]Zn]VkZ]VY ]dlZkZg!XaZVgZYi]ZYdXidgd[VcngZhedch^W^a^inWZXVjhZ
cdhVndg^cejil]VihdZkZg# dhiZch^Wan6bVcX^d!;gVcX^hXVÉh]jhWVcY!]VYcdiV\gZZY
id]VkZ]^hl^[ZigVch[ZggZYid=jVcXVnd!Vai]dj\]]Z]VY
>c[dgbVi^dc YZheZgViZanig^ZYidÒcYhdbZdcZidiV`Z]ZgWji]VYcd
>c dgYZg [dg eZdeaZ id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c VcY ZkVajViZ bdcZnVcYh]ZlVhVagZVYnWgV^cYZVYVii]Zi^bZ#,,>c
egd\gVbhVcYeda^X^ZhidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!^i EVWaVÉhXVhZ!E=GlVhcdi^c[dgbZYd[VcnVYb^c^higV"
l^aaWZcZXZhhVgn[dgi]Zbid]VkZVXXZhhidVYZfjViZ i^kZ^ckZhi^\Vi^dci]Vi]VYZkZcWZZcaVjcX]ZY^cidi]Z
^c[dgbVi^dc! ^cXajY^c\ WjY\Zi cjbWZgh VcY ]ZVai] edhh^WaZXjaeVW^a^ind[i]ZYdXidgl]dhZci]Zg]dbZ[gdb
hiVi^hi^XhÅbV`^c\^iVeeVgZcii]Vii]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]^h i]Z]dhe^iVal]Zch]ZVgg^kZY]de^c\id]VkZV8ZhVgZVc
^ciZgYZeZcYZcidci]Zg^\]iid^c[dgbVi^dc#,(>c[dgbVi^dc hZXi^dcl^i]VY^V\cdh^hd[egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V#
gZ\VgY^c\]ZVai]Vii]Z^cY^k^YjVa!^chi^iji^dcVadghnhiZb^X 6ii]ZhVbZi^bZVhi]ZgZVeeZVghidWZa^iiaZgZVa
aZkZa^hcdil^YZanVXXZhh^WaZ^cEZgj!ZheZX^Vaanidi]dhZ VXXdjciVW^a^inl^i]^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^ihZa[!i]ZgZ^h
[dgl]dbHeVc^h]^hcdii]Z^gÒghiaVc\jV\Z# b^hY^gZXiZYejc^h]bZcid[[gdci"a^cZ]ZVai]ldg`Zgh
l^i]^ci]ZB>CH6l]ZcbViZgcVaYZVi]hdXXjg#E=G
6XXdjciVW^a^in aZVgcZYi]Vi]ZVai]ldg`Zghl]dYdcdiZc_dn_dWhZXj"
g^inWZXVjhZi]Znldg`dcXdcigVXiVgZd[iZchVcXi^dcZY
6XXZhh^WaZVcYZ[[ZXi^kZVXXdjciVW^a^inbZX]Vc^hbhVgZ
dgZkZchjbbVg^anY^hb^hhZYl]ZcVbViZgcVaYZVi]^h
XgjX^VaidVg^\]ih"WVhZYVeegdVX]id]ZVai]!^cXajY^c\
gZXdgYZYVh]Vk^c\dXXjggZY^ci]Z^gZhiVWa^h]bZci!ZkZc
ldbZcÉhg^\]ihidhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddY#,)6XXdjciVW^a^in
^[i]ZnVgZcdigZhedch^WaZ[dgi]ViYZVi]#I]^hjcYZg"
^cXajYZh^bedgiVciY^bZch^dchd[ÒcVcX^VaVcYeda^i" b^cZhigjZVXXdjciVW^a^inVcYXgZViZheZgkZghZ^cXZc"
^XVaVXXdjciVW^a^in#>i^hVahdXadhZana^c`ZYidZ[[ZXi^kZ i^kZh^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb[dgldg`ZghidVkd^YigZVi^c\
gZbZY^Zh#,* ldbZc]Vk^c\dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh#
:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN&*
VcYZheZX^VaandWhiZig^XXVgZ!Zm^hi^cEZgj!VcYiV`Z &(#<^kZci]ViXdbea^XVi^dch[gdb^aaZ\VaVWdgi^dchVgZV
XdcXZgiZYVXi^dchidVYYgZhhi]ZhZWVgg^Zgh# aZVY^c\XVjhZd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!XgZViZVegdidXda
[dgi]ZgVeZji^XVWdgi^dci]VigZXd\c^oZhi]ZcZZYid
)# 8
gZViZ VcY [jcY gVY^d hedih ^c adXVa ^cY^\Zcdjh
egdiZXildbZcÉhehnX]dad\^XVa]ZVai]VhlZaaVhi]Z^g
aVc\jV\ZhgZaVi^c\idVaVgbh^\cVah[dgdWhiZig^X
e]nh^XVa]ZVai]!^c`ZZe^c\l^i]8:96LÉh<ZcZgVa
ZbZg\ZcX^ZhVcYhiZehidiV`ZidVkZgiYZVi]^ci]Z
GZXdbbZcYVi^dc')dcLdbZcVcY=ZVai]VcYi]Z
ZkZcid[VcZbZg\ZcXn#
ÒcY^c\d[i]ZJC=jbVcG^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ^ci]Z
*# E
gdbdiZbdY^ÒZYaZ\^haVi^dcidVaadli]ZYZaZ\V" XVhZd[Karen Ll. v Peru..
i^dcd[VcZhi]Zh^Vid\ZcZgVaegVXi^XZe]nh^X^VchVcY
cjghZVcZhi]Zi^hih!VcYZchjgZVeegdeg^ViZigV^c^c\ :[cedijhWj[7Z[gkWj[Fhe]h[ii0
[dg\ZcZgVae]nh^X^VchVcYcjghZVcZhi]Zi^hih# FbWdie\7Yj_ed1?dZ_YWjehi
&)#9Zk^hZVcYegdedhZcVi^dcVaVcY^cXdc_jcXi^dcl^i]
+# :
cYi]ZegVXi^XZd[gZiV^c^c\^c]dhe^iVahldbZcl]d 9>GH:H6h!gZ\^dcVahigViZ\^ZhVcYeaVchd[VXi^dc
]VkZgZXZ^kZYWaddYigVch[jh^dchjci^ai]Z^ggZaVi^kZh gZaVi^c\idbViZgcVabdgiVa^inVcY]ZVai]XVgZldg`"
YdcViZWaddY# [dgXZ!dci]ZWVh^hd[VeVgi^X^eVidgnegdXZhhi]Vi
,# 9
ZkZadeVcVi^dcVaXVbeV^\ciddWiV^cVcYhidgZhj[Ò" ^cXajYZh^ceji[gdb]ZVai]hniZbjhZghVcY]ZVai]
X^ZciWaddYVi;D:h# egd[Zhh^dcVah!i]ViVgZgZhedch^kZidi]ZcZZYhd[
adXVaedejaVi^dch!ZheZX^VaanbVg\^cVa^oZYVcYgjgVa
-# G
Zfj^gZkZ]^XaZejgX]VhZhidXdbeanl^i]XZgiV^c
edejaVi^dch#
Xg^iZg^VidbV`Zi]Zbhj^iVWaZ[dgadXVaiZggV^c!hjX]
Vh[djg"l]ZZaYg^kZVcY]ZVkn"YjinhjheZch^dc^c &*#HiVcYVgY^oZVcYVeeani]dhZegdXZhh^cY^XVidghi]Vi
i]Z Sierra, VcY^cXajYZWjY\ZiZYbdc^Zh[dggZ\jaVg ]VkZWZZc^ciZgcVi^dcVaanZcYdghZYVhVeegdeg^ViZ^c
bV^ciZcVcXZVhlZaaVh[jZa# dgYZgidXdci^cjdjhanbdc^idgegd\gZhh^cVYYgZhh^c\
bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!^cXajY^c\i]dhZhZidji^ci]Z
.# <
^kZci]ZaVX`d[VkV^aVW^a^ind[VbWjaVcXZh!YZk^hZ
UN Guidelines on Monitoring the Use and Availability
eaVch ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] Vji]dg^i^Zh [gdb VcY
of Essential Obstetric Care.
bZbWZghd[gjgVaXdbbjc^i^Zh[dgVaiZgcViZigVch"
edgiVi^dc^ci]ZZkZcid[ZbZg\ZcX^Zh!^cXajY^c\edhh^" Fhecej[C[Wd_d]\kbFWhj_Y_fWj_edWdZ
W^a^i^Zh[dggdiVi^c\[jcYh!^YZci^ÒXVi^dcd[dlcZghd[ :[ceYhWj_p[>[Wbj^I[Yjeh
eg^kViZigVchedgi!VcYgZ^bWjghZbZcibZX]Vc^hbh &+#IV`Z hiZeh id ZcY i]Z Vji]dg^iVg^Vc VcY ejc^i^kZ
[gdbi]Z]ZVai]hZXidg# XjaijgZ^ci]Z]ZVai]hZXidg!l]^X]jcYZgb^cZhWdi]
&%# Eg^dg^i^oZejgX]VhZhd[gVY^dhVcY$dgXZaae]dcZh! egdk^YZghÉVcYeVi^ZcihÉg^\]ihVcYXgZViZheZgkZghZ
l]ZgZ Veegdeg^ViZ [dg ]ZVai] edhih VcY l^i]^c ^cXZci^kZh#
Xdbbjc^i^Zh!VcYXdch^YZgXgZY^ihX]ZbZhi]ViZcVWaZ &,#G Zk^iVa^oZ i]Z 8A6H hnhiZb i]gdj\] ^cXgZVhZY
ldbZc^cXdbbjc^i^ZhidXdcigdaXZaae]dcZhVcY [jcY^c\VcYbdY^ÒZYXdcigVXih[dghVaVg^Zhd[]ZVai]
X]Vg\ZhbVaa[ZZh[dgi]Z^gjhV\Z# egd[Zhh^dcVahldg`^c\Vi8A6H[VX^a^i^Zh!hdi]VihiV[[
gZhedcYidi]ZZmegZhhZYcZZYhd[i]ZXdbbjc^in!
;b_c_dWj[:_iYh_c_dWj_ed8Wi[Zed=[dZ[h"
9bWiiWdZ;j^d_Y_jo1Fhecej[;gkWb_joWdZ VcYZchjgZi]Vi8A6HXdjcX^ahValVnh^cXajYZldbZc
Mec[dÊiH_]^ji Vbdc\i]Z^gbZbWZgh#
&&#:chjgZi]VijcYZgi]ZgZ"YZh^\cZYhdX^Va^chjgVcXZ Fhecej[7YYekdjWX_b_jo
hX]ZbZWZcZÒihVgZXdggZaViZYl^i]cZZY!hdi]Vi &-#>begdkZbdc^idg^c\VcYVXXdjciVW^a^inhnhiZbh[dg
ldbZc[gdbi]ZeddgZhifj^ci^aZhVcY]^hidg^XVaan i]ZejgX]VhZd[bZY^X^cZhVcY^beaZbZciVcVjid"
bVg\^cVa^oZYedejaVi^dchVgZVYZfjViZanXdkZgZY# bViZYhnhiZb[dgejgX]VhZhd[bZY^XVaZfj^ebZci
&'#GZ^ck^\dgViZgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]VcY[Vb^aneaVc" WngZfj^g^c\jhZd[H><6(Sistema de Información de
c^c\hZgk^XZh!^cXajY^c\bdgZ[jcY^c\!XdcXZgiZY Gestión Administrativa) VcY ^ciZ\gVi^dc l^i] H>6;
higViZ\^Zh!igV^c^c\[dgegdk^YZgh!VcYhiV[Òc\!VcY (Sistema Integral de Administración Financiera).
ZchjgZi]ZVkV^aVW^a^ind[V[jaagVc\Zd[XdcigVXZei^kZ &.#>chi^ijiZVcYbV^ciV^cVigVcheVgZciW^YY^c\egdXZhh
dei^dch!^cXajY^c\^c_ZXiVWaZhVcYZbZg\ZcXnXdcigV" [dgVaaZfj^ebZciVcYhjeeanejgX]VhZh!^cXajY^c\
XZei^dc!ZheZX^VaanidgjgVa!^cY^\ZcdjhldbZcVcY VbWjaVcXZh! VcY bV`Z bViZg^Va ^c[dgbVi^dc dc
VYdaZhXZcih# Xg^iZg^V!VhlZaaVhW^Yh!deZcidi]ZejWa^X#
& + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
'%#>begdkZejWa^XVXXZhhid^c[dgbVi^dcVii]ZhnhiZb ^cXajYZ^cY^XVidghVcYWZcX]bVg`hWnl]^X]egd\"
VcY^chi^iji^dcVaaZkZah!^cXajY^c\^c[dgbVi^dcgZaVi^c\ gZhhXVcWZXadhZanbdc^idgZYVcYi]VieVneVgi^X"
idegd\gVbb^c\VcYWjY\Zi^c\gZ\VgY^c\gZegdYjX" jaVgViiZci^dcidi]ZcZZYhd[bVg\^cVa^oZY\gdjeh!
i^kZVcYhZmjVa]ZVai]VcYeZg[dgbVcXZd[]ZVai] ^cXajY^c\^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dch#
eZghdccZa#
,# 9
Zk^hZ VcY ^beaZbZci gZ\^dcVa higViZ\^Zh VcY
XdcXZgiZY eaVch d[ VXi^dc (planes concertados)
Idi]ZGZ\^dcVa<dkZgcbZcihd[ gZaVi^c\id]ZVai]XVgZldg`[dgXZ!dci]ZWVh^hd[V
=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd!VcYi]Z eVgi^X^eVidgnegdXZhhi]Vi^cXajYZh^ceji[gdb]ZVai]
9>G:H6h=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd!Vh egd[Zhh^dcVahVcYi]ViVgZgZhedch^kZidi]ZcZZYhd[
adXVaedejaVi^dch!ZheZX^VaanbVg\^cVa^oZYVcYgjgVa
6eegdeg^ViZ/
edejaVi^dch#
Fhecej[7lW_bWXb["7YY[ii_Xb["7YY[fjWXb[" -# J
hZi]ZH>H[dgbhi]ViVagZVYnZm^hiidXdci^cjdjhan
GkWb_jo9Wh["_dYbkZ_d]JhWdifehjWj_edWdZ
XdaaZXiYViVVii]Z[VX^a^inaZkZagZ\VgY^c\Veegdeg^ViZ
9ecckd_YWj_edi1;b_c_dWj[:_iYh_c_dWj_ed
8Wi[Zed;j^d_Y_joWdZ=[dZ[hWdZFhecej[ jhZd[dmnidX^Xh!BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZVcYVci^W^di^Xh
;gkWb_jo VcYji^a^oZhjX]YViVid^begdkZegd\gVbb^c\#
&# :
chjgZ i]Vi ]ZVai] XVgZ heZcY^c\ VcY eg^dg^i^Zh Fhecej[C[Wd_d]\kbFWhj_Y_fWj_ed
VYZfjViZangZÓZXii]ZcZZYhVcYg^\]ihd[gjgVaedej"
.# :
chjgZeVgi^X^eVi^dcd[ldbZcVcYldbZcÉh\gdjeh
aVi^dch!^ceVgi^XjaVg^cY^\ZcdjhldbZc!VcYi]Vi ^c8dcXZgiZYLdg`^c\<gdjeh (Mesas Concertadas) ^c
ZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZi]gdj\];D7hVcY;D:h dgYZgidegdbdiZldbZcÉh]ZVai]^hhjZhVcY^ciZg"
^hVkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYd[VYZfjViZ Zhih^ci]Zeg^dg^i^ZhVcY^cY^XVidghhZaZXiZY[dgVaad[
fjVa^in# i]Z8dcXZgiZYEaVchd[6Xi^dc (Planes Concertados).
'# G
ZXd\c^oZi]Vi^cYZeZcYZcid[ZXdcdb^X[VXidgh! &%#8dcYjXiVcZYjXVi^dcVcYgZ\^higVi^dcXVbeV^\cid
h^\c^ÒXVciXjaijgVaWVgg^Zghidi]ZjhZd[]ZVai]" ZchjgZi]ViXVbeZh^cdh!VcYZheZX^VaanXVbeZh^cV
XVgZ!VcYZheZX^VaandWhiZig^XXVgZ!Zm^hi!VcYiV`Z ldbZc!]VkZ9C>hVcYVgZZcXdjgV\ZYidkdiZ^c
XdcXZgiZYVXi^dchidVYYgZhhi]ZhZWVgg^Zgh# adXVaZaZXi^dchVcYeVgi^X^eViZ^cgZ\^dcVaeda^i^XVa
(# E
g^dg^i^oZejgX]VhZhd[gVY^dhVcY$dgXZaae]dcZh egdXZhhZh#
l]ZgZVeegdeg^ViZ[dg]ZVai]edhihVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh &&#>cXajYZi]ZhigZc\i]Zc^c\d[8A6HbVcV\^c\Xdjc"
VcYXdch^YZgXgZY^ihX]ZbZhi]ViZcVWaZldbZc^c X^ahVcYiZX]c^XVaVhh^hiVcXZ[dg8A6HVhhdX^Vi^dc
Xdbbjc^i^ZhidXdcigdaXZaae]dcZhVcYX]Vg\ZhbVaa bZbWZghdc`ZnbViZgcVaVcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]
[ZZh[dgi]Z^gjhV\Z ^hhjZh^cadXVa]ZVai]eaVch#
)# 7
jY\Zibdc^Zhl]^X]VgZhig^XianYZY^XViZY[dggZ\jaVg &'#EgdbdiZi]Z^ckdakZbZcid[bjc^X^eVa^i^Zh^c]ZVai]
bV^ciZcVcXZVcY[jZa[dgVbWjaVcXZh!VcYgZfj^gZ hnhiZb! e.g., ZmeVcY^c\i]Z]ZVai]nbjc^X^eVa^i^Zh
ad\hidWZ`Zei[dgb^aZV\Z!id[VX^a^iViZXVaXjaVi^dch ^c^i^Vi^kZ (Muncipios Saludables) [gdbegZkZci^dcid
d[l]ZcVcY]dlbVcnZbZg\ZcX^ZhVgZViiZcYZY# XVgZ!l^i]i]ZXdcY^i^dci]VildbZcVgZVYZfjViZan
*# 8
gZViZ VcY [jcY gVY^d hedih ^c adXVa aVc\jV\Zh gZegZhZciZY#
gZaVi^c\idVaVgbh^\cVah[dgdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh
VcYhiZehidiV`ZidVkZgiYZVi]^ci]ZZkZcid[Vc Fhecej[7YYekdjWX_b_joWdZ7YY[iije
;\\[Yj_l[H[c[Z_[i
ZbZg\ZcXn#
&(# >begdkZbdc^idg^c\VcYVXXdjciVW^a^inhnhiZbh[dg
:[cedijhWj[7Z[gkWj[Fhe]h[ii0FbWdie\7Yj_ed" i]ZejgX]VhZd[bZY^X^cZhVcY^beaZbZciVcVjid"
?dZ_YWjehi bViZYhnhiZb[dgejgX]VhZhd[bZY^XVaZfj^ebZci!
+# 9
Zk^hZ VcY ^beaZbZci gZ\^dcVa higViZ\^Zh VcY inter alia, Wnbdc^idg^c\i]ZjhZd[H><6 (Sistema de
XdcXZgiZY eaVch d[ VXi^dc (planes concertados) id Información de Gestión Administrativa) VcY^ih^ciZ"
gZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^inWVhZYdci]ZWZhiVkV^a" \gVi^dcl^i]H>6;(Sistema Integral de Administración
VWaZZe^YZb^dad\^XVaZk^YZcXZgZaVi^c\idi]Z`ZnhidcZ Financiera).
^ciZgkZci^dchidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!dci]Z &)#6hhZhh i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ i]Z GZ\^dcVa =ZVai]
WVh^hd[VeVgi^X^eVidgnVcYigVcheVgZciegdXZhh!i]Vi 8djcX^ah!^cXajY^c\VcVcVanh^hd[i]ZcjbWZgVcY
:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN&,
XdciZcid[egdedhVahbVYZVcYl]Vi[daadl"jei]ZgZ -# :
chjgZ\gZViZgÒcVcX^VaVXXdjciVW^a^in^cE6GHVajY>>!
]VhWZZc!VhlZaaVhi]ZZmiZcid[[ZbVaZgZegZhZciV" Wn! inter alia, hZcY^c\gZegZhZciVi^kZh[gdbi]ZLdgaY
i^dcVcYeVgi^X^eVi^dc# 7Vc`VcY>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`id/
&*#>ckZhi^\ViZVcYhVcXi^dc!VYb^c^higVi^kZandg_jY^" V# k ^h^iadXVi^dchl]ZgZbdc^ZhVgZidWZheZciVcY
X^Vaan!VhXVaaZY[dgWnaVl/ gZk^ZleaVch^cYZiV^a
V# i ]ZjhZd[eda^XZidXdZgXZldbZcidYZa^kZgVi W# e
Zg^dY^XVaank^h^iVcYdWhZgkZegd\gZhh^cheZcY^c\!
^chi^iji^dch ^cXajY^c\fjVa^ind[bViZg^VahejgX]VhZY!egd\"
gZhh^cigV^c^c\egd\gVbhVcYbV^ciZcVcXZd[
W# i ]Z^bedh^i^dcd[de facto ÒcZh[dgW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZh
kZ]^XaZh
l]ZcX]^aYgZcVgZcdiWdgc^cVc^chi^iji^dc
X# e
jWa^h]heZcY^c\Wgd`ZcYdlcWnYZeVgibZciVcY
X# Y
Zc^Vahd[XVgZ^cXajY^c\gZ[ZggVaVcYigVchedgiV" ^chi^iji^dc
i^dcYjZidVaVX`d[VW^a^inideVn
.# B
V`ZejWa^XVaaYZk^Vi^dch[gdbheZcY^c\eaVchdg
Y# i ]ZYZiZci^dcd[ldbZc[dg[V^ajgZideVn[dgWaddY k^daVi^dchd[V\gZZbZciiZgbh!^cXajY^c\[ZZhVcY
igVch[jh^dchVcYhXgZZc^c\h ^ciZgZhi^cXjggZY[dgcdc"Y^hWjghZY[jcYh#
Z# V
cnVXid[Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcV\V^chieVi^ZcihWVhZY &%#:chjgZi]ViE6GHVajY>>^hbdgZigVcheVgZciVcY
dc\ZcYZgdgZi]c^X^in eVgi^X^eVidgni]VcE6GHVajY>!^cXajY^c\/
V# e
jWa^h]^c\ ^ih hijY^Zh VcY ZkVajVi^dch d[
Idi]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY egd\gZhh
>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`/ W# e
jWa^h]^c\^ihZmeZcY^ijgZhVcYi]ZgjWg^XhjcYZg
&# > ch^hi jedc iZX]c^XVa VcY cdi eda^i^XVa Xg^iZg^V ^c l]^X][jcYhVgZheZci
i]ZYZh^\cd[E6GHVajY>>!VcYi]Z^cXajh^dcd[dcan X# b
V`^c\ejWa^XanVkV^aVWaZ^ih^cY^XVidgh!Y^hV\\gZ"
Zk^YZcXZ"WVhZY^ciZgkZci^dch# \ViZYWnhdX^d"ZXdcdb^XhiVijhVcY\Zd\gVe]^X
'# >cXajYZ[jcYh^cE6GHVajY>>[dgi]Z Registro Nacional gZ\^dc
de Identificación y Estado Civil G:C>:8idY^hig^WjiZ! Y# g Z\jaVganegZhZci^c\ÒcY^c\hVcY^c[dgbVi^dcid
VcYZchjgZi]ViZkZgndcZ^cgjgVaVgZVh]VhcVi^dcVa \gdjeh[gdbX^k^ahdX^ZinVcYJCV\ZcX^Zh!
^YZci^inXVgYh!VhV]ZVai]"egdbdi^c\bZVhjgZ#
Z# g Z\jaVganbZZi^c\l^i]VcY\Vi]Zg^c\^c[dgbVi^dc
(# J
hZdjiXdbZbZVhjgZhe.g.,BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZ VcYde^c^dch[gdbjhZghd[i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^c
jhV\Z!8"HZXi^dcgViZh!dmnidX^cjhV\Z!Zm^hiZcXZ VgZVhd[E6GHVajY^ciZgkZci^dch
d[[VX^a^i^Zhl^i]Veegdeg^ViZhiV[Òc\gVi]Zgi]Vc
heZcY^c\^cY^XVidghVh^cY^XVidghd[egd\gZhh#
Idi]ZJH<dkZgcbZciVcYJH6>9!
)# :
hiVWa^h]igVcheVgZciW^YY^c\egdXZYjgZh[dgZfj^e" Vh6eegdeg^ViZ/
bZciejgX]VhZh!^cXajY^c\VbWjaVcXZh!l]ZgZWnVaa
bViZg^Va^c[dgbVi^dc^hbVYZejWa^X# &# E
Vgi^X^eViZ^cVYZWi"[dg"]ZVai]XdckZgh^dcegd\gVb
^cVaa^VcXZl^i]i]Z<adWVa;jcYid;^\]i6>9H!I7
*# H
ZaZXi Veegdeg^ViZ Y^hV\\gZ\ViZY YViV! ^cXajY^c\ VcY BVaVg^V ^c dgYZg id ZmeVcY gZhdjgXZh VkV^a"
^cY^XVidgh hZi dji ^c UN Guidelines, VcY ^ckZhi ^c VWaZ[dg]ZVai]hnhiZb!VcY[dgbViZgcVa]ZVai]^c
^begdkZYYViVXdaaZXi^dcidigVX`EZgjÉhgZXdgYdc eVgi^XjaVg#
bViZgcVabdgiVa^in[dgejgedhZhd[bZVhjg^c\egd\"
gZhhdcB9<*# '# G
ZeZVai]Z<adWVa<V\GjaZhdi]ViV^YgZX^e^Zcih
XVcegdk^YZ^c[dgbVi^dcVcYZYjXVi^dcl^i]gZ\VgYid
+# <
^kZci]VijclVciZYegZ\cVcX^ZhVgZi]Z]^\]Zhig^h` i]Zh^\chd[VcYigZVibZci[dgXdbea^XVi^dchVg^h^c\
[VXidg[dgdWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch!^cXdgedgViZ[Vb^an [gdbVWdgi^dch!l]^X]^hVaZVY^c\XVjhZd[bViZgcVa
eaVcc^c\^cidE6GHVajY>># YZVi]^cEZgj#
,# > cXajYZVeaVc^cE6GHVajY>>idZchjgZVkV^aVW^a^ind[
(# H
ide^ciZg[ZgZcXZl^i]egdk^h^dcd[ejWa^X^c[dgbVi^dc
XVeVX^in[dg[gZZWaddYhXgZZc^c\hVcYigVch[jh^dch^c
VWdjiZbZg\ZcXndgVaXdcigVXZei^dcWn\gVciZZh^c
i]ZZkZcid[hjg\Zgn!^cXajY^c\8ZhVgZVchZXi^dch#
EZgj#
Dej[i &%
,'^hZhi^bViZYida^kZ^cjgWVcVgZVh#HZZ/“Biblioteca Virtual
l]^aZegZ\cVcidgl^i]^c)'YVnhd[iZgb^cVi^dcd[egZ\cVcXn!^ggZ"
&&
;^cVaGZedgid[i]ZIgji]VcYGZXdcX^a^Vi^dc8dbb^hh^dc!\ZcZgVa
heZXi^kZd[i]ZYjgVi^dcVcYh^iZd[i]ZegZ\cVcXn![gdbVcnXVjhZ XdcXajh^dc+#VkV^aVWaZVilll#XkZgYVY#dg\#eZ$^c\aZh$^ÒcVa$XdcXaj"
gZaViZYiddgV\\gVkViZYWni]ZegZ\cVcXndg^ihbVcV\ZbZciWji h^dcZh#e]e#
cdi[gdbVXX^YZciVadg^cX^YZciVaXVjhZh#ÇA^hVB#@ddc^c!B#C#! &'
>Y#!\ZcZgVaXdcXajh^dch&,%"&,&#
B#E#=#!=Vc^@#6igVh]!B#9#!B#E#=!#Gd\ZgL#GdX]Vi!B#9!#?VX`8# &(
GZeWa^XV YZa EZg# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de
Hb^i]!B#H#BViZgcVaBdgiVa^inHjgkZ^aaVcXZ!Jc^iZYHiViZh!&.-%"
Desarrollo del Milenio en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para
&.-*BBLG&'$&$&.--0(,HH"*/&."'.#
acabar con la pobreza, la desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)/
'
7da^k^V]Vhi]Z]^\]ZhibViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^d^cHdji]6bZg^XV#
&kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#XZe^h#deh"dbh#dg\$WkhV^g$Z$gZe^cYZm$
(
L=D!&..)#>cY^XVidghidBdc^idgBViZgcVa=ZVai]<dVah/GZedgid[
gZe^-($b^aZc^d$^c[dgbZh$eZgj"dYb#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan(!'%%,#
VIZX]c^XVaLdg`^c\<gdje!<ZcZkV!-"&'CdkZbWZg&..(#<ZcZkV/ L]^aZ*)#(d[dkZgVaaedejaVi^dca^kZhWZadli]ZedkZgina^cZ!
L=D!L=D$;=:$BHB$.)#&)0JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6# UN Guidelines Veegdm^bViZan+(d[EZgjÉh^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dc^hWZadli]Z
on Monitoring the Use and Availability of Essential Obstetric Care. edkZgina^cZ#HZZ/LdgaY7Vc`# Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and
6j\jhi&..,# Human Development in Latin America: 1994-2004. '%%*#6kV^aVWaZ
Vi/]iie/$$lZW#ldgaYWVc`#dg\$L7H>I:$:MI:GC6A$8DJCIG>:H$
)
:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H>>&..&
A68:MI!XdciZciB9@/'%*%*-(.seV\ZE@/&)+,(+se^E@/&)+-(%si
VcY>>>&..+!&..-#LViVcVWZKVgVI# Tendencias, Niveles y Estructura
]ZH^iZE@/'*-**)!%%#]iba#6XXZhhZY?jan(!'%%,#
de la Mortalidad Materna en el Perú, 1992-2000.>C:>#'%%'!^cJC;E6
EZg#ÆGVocYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!hZ\cYZeVgiVbZcidh&..(!
&)
>chi^iji>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ<dkZgcVW^a^iViYZ8ViVajcnV# Perfiles nacio-
la Perspectiva de la Equidad. EjWa^XEda^XnVcY=ZVai]Egd\gVb acceso a servicios de salud de calidad: diagnóstico y políticas para su
Ä9^k^h^dcd[=ZVai]VcY=jbVc9ZkZadebZci#LVh]^c\idc9#8/ superación. 8>:H!86G:#A^bV/?jan'%%+/&'#
?jcZ'%%&# ''
L=D# World Health Report 2000: Health Systems: Improving
-
9Zhe^iZi]ZaVg\ZcjbWZgd[FjZX]jVVcY6nbVgVheZV`Zgh^c
Performance. '%%%/&--"&.kV^aVWaZVi/ ]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$
EZgj!cZ^i]ZgaVc\jV\Z^hXdch^YZgZYVcd[ÒX^VaaVc\jV\Z#HX]ddah l]g$'%%%$Zc$l]g%%TZc#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan&.!'%%,#
aVX`W^a^c\jVaegd\gVbhVcY[Zl_jY\ZhdgejWa^XViidgcZnhheZV` '(
HZZ :C9:H '%%% ^c Hacia el cumplimiento de los objetivos de
^cY^\ZcdjhaVc\jV\Zh#HZZ/Jc^iZYCVi^dch8dbb^hh^dcdc=jbVc desarrollo del milenio en el Perú. CVi^dcVaB9<GZedgih#'%%)/+*#
G^\]ih#9Zc\;#Æ=jbVcG^\]ih!BVhh:mdYjhZhVcY9^heaVXZY 6kV^aVWaZ Vi/ ]iie/$$lll#jcY\#dg\$VgX]^kZTYdXh$**%)"EZgjT
EZghdch#EgdÒaZh^c9^heaVXZbZci/EZgj#Ç:$8C#)$&..+$*'$6YY#&# B9<TGZedgiT"TB9<G#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jcZ'+!'%%,#HZZVahd/
JC:H8G#?VcjVgn&..+/&(!eVgV)-# ;ZggVcYd9#Æ:aVWdgidXaVcYZhi^cdZcZaEZg/CjZkVhZk^YZc"
.
>Y#!*!eVgV.# X^Vh#ÇEVi]ÒcYZg>ciZgcVi^dcVaVcY;adgVIg^hi{c#'%%,0>ciZgk^Zl
l^i]6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!CVi^dcVa8ddgY^cVidg[dgi]ZEgd\gVbdc
:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN&.
i]ZG^\]iid=ZVai]!86G:EZgj!A^bV!6eg^a&&!'%%,0>ciZgk^Zl (*
9^hedh^X^c;^cVanIgVch^idg^V#8jVgiVYZaV8dchi^ijX^c#Eda^i^XVYZa
l^i]B^\jZa<ji^ZggZo!EgZh^YZci!HdX^ZYVYEZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^XV EZgj#Cdk^ZbWgZ'%%)#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#iX#\dW#eZ$aZ\Xdc"
n<^cZXdad\^V!A^bV!6eg^a&'!'%%,0>ciZgk^Zll^i]8ZX^a^VDaZV eZgj$Xdchi^jiX^dc#]iba#6XXZhhZY?jan(&!'%%,08dbbjc^XVi^dcl^i]
BVjaZc!Egd\gVb8ddgY^cVidg[dgHZmjVa=ZVai]G^\]ihVcYE^aVg BVg^dGdh7Vgg^Zcidh!HZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaYZ6E9H!8dchjaidgYZa
6gXZ=Zgc{cYZo!HZmjVa=ZVai]G^\]ihEgd\gVb6hhdX^ViZ!;adgV EgdnZXidÆH^hiZbVhGZ\^dcVaZhYZEgdiZXX^cYZ9ZgZX]dhYZaVh
Ig^hi{c!A^bV!6eg^a&(!'%%,# EZghdcVhJhjVg^VhYZadhHZgk^X^dhYZHVajYÇdc?jan(&!'%%,#
')
:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H>>&..&
(+
JCB^aaZcc^jbEgd_ZXiIVh`;dgXZdc8]^aY=ZVai]VcYBViZgcVa
VcY>>>&..+!&..-#LViVcVWZKVgVI# Tendencias, Niveles y Estructura =ZVai]# Who’s Got the Power? Transforming health systems for women
de la Mortalidad Materna en el Perú, 1992-2000. >C:>#'%%'^cJC;E6 and children. B^aaZcc^jbEgd_ZXi0'%%*#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#
EZg#ÆGVocYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!hZ\cYZeVgiVbZcidh&..(! jcb^aaZcc^jbegd_ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY"XdbeaZiZ#eY[#
&..,!'%%%#Ç6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jc[eV#dg\#eZ$^c[dhY$bdgiVa" 6XXZhhZY?jan.!'%%,#
^YVYTbViZgcV$bdgTbViT%)#]ib#6XXZhhZYBVn&%!'%%,# (,
HZZJC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
'*
6XXdgY^c\idi]Z UN Guidelines on Monitoring the Use and Availability of
((#
Essential Obstetric Care, :bD8^cXajYZh/i]ZVW^a^ind[]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh (-
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%08:96L#
idVYb^c^hiZgeVgZciZgVaVci^W^di^Xh!dmnidX^XYgj\h!VcYVci^Xdc" Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci')#Ç&...#
kjahVcih!VcYideZg[dgbbVcjVagZbdkVad[i]ZeaVXZciV!gZbdkVa (.
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgVh
d[gZiV^cZYegdYjXihVcYVhh^hiZYkV\^cVaYZa^kZgn#8dbegZ]Zch^kZ
&)VcY))08:96L#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci')#Ç&...0eVgVVgi&''
:bD8 Xdch^hih d[ i]Z V[dgZbZci^dcZY hZgk^XZh Vh lZaa Vh i]Z
',#8:96LcdiZhi]ViÆ^i^hi]ZYjind[HiViZheVgi^ZhidZchjgZ
XVeVX^inideZg[dgb8VZhVgZVchZXi^dchVcYWaddYigVch[jh^dch#
ldbZcÉh g^\]i id hV[Z bdi]Zg]ddY VcY ZbZg\ZcXn dWhiZig^X
HZZ/JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6# UN Guidelines on Monitoring the Use and
hZgk^XZhVcYi]Znh]djaYVaadXViZidi]ZhZhZgk^XZhi]ZbVm^bjb
Availability of Essential Obstetric Care. 6j\jhi&..,/'+#
ZmiZcid[VkV^aVWaZgZhdjgXZh#Ç
'+
JCB^aaZcc^jbEgd_ZXiIVh`;dgXZdc8]^aY=ZVai]VcYBViZgcVa
)%
JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6# UN Guidelines on Monitoring the Use and
=ZVai]# Who’s Got the Power? Transforming health systems for
Availability of Essential Obstetric Care. 6j\jhi&..,#
women and children. '%%*/-&",#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jcb^a"
aZcc^jbegd_ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY"XdbeaZiZ#eY[# )&
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
6XXZhhZY?jcZ''!'%%,08VbeWZaaDVcY<gV]VbL#ÆHigViZ\^Zh &'#
[dggZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in/\Zii^c\dcl^i]l]Vildg`h#Ç The )'
BV^cZ9# Safe Motherhood Programs: Options and Issues. 8ZciZg[dg
JCYdX#:$&..&$'(!6ccZm>>>!VieVgV#('#P:H88dbb^iiZZÆ<ZcZgVa
(&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj#?VcjVgn
8dbbZci(ÇR#
&'!'%%,#
)+
>Y!eVgV#&%#
('
>Y#
),
;ZggVcYd9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#Ç Jornada Feminista. ;ZW#+!
((
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>VcBVX6gi]jg!HZXidgVaHeZX^Va^hi!>ciZg"6bZg^XVc
'%%,#
9ZkZadebZci7Vc`^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a&&!'%%,#
)-
Ley General de Salud P<ZcZgVa=ZVai]AVlR&,-!AZnCd#'+-)'
()
GZaZkVci^ciZgcVi^dcVaigZVi^Zhl]^X]EZgj]VhgVi^ÒZY^cXajYZ/
&..,!6gi(%#
i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa 8dkZcVci dc 8^k^a VcY Eda^i^XVa G^\]ih! i]Z
>ciZgcVi^dcVa8dkZcVcidc:Xdcdb^X!HdX^VaVcY8jaijgVaG^\]ih! ).
7VggcB!7Vo{cB!VcY8Vhi^aadG#?jan'%%+0cdiZ'&!eVgV'+#
i]Z8dckZci^dcdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dcd[6aa;dgbhd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc *%
B>CH6# “Biblioteca Virtual Salud Perú – Indicadores Nacionales, Gasto
&+.XdcXZgc^c\>cY^\ZcdjhVcYIg^WVaEZdeaZh^c>cYZeZcYZci Vi/]iie/$$lll#ZXaVX#Xa$X\^"W^c$\ZiEgdY#Vhe4mba2$ejWa^XVX^dcZh$
8djcig^Zh# mba$)$')%*)$E')%*)#mbamha2$YYh$iea"^$e.[#mhaWVhZ2$YYh$iea$
ide"Wdiidb#mha#6XXZhhZY?jan&.!'%%,#
GZedgidci]ZG^\]id[:kZgndcZidi]Z:c_dnbZcid[i]Z=^\]Zhi i^kZ=ZVai]>c[dgbVi^dc/6c>hhjZd[=jbVcG^\]ihVcYLdbZcÉh
6iiV^cVWaZHiVcYVgYd[E]nh^XVaVcYBZciVa=ZVai]/B^hh^dcidEZgj# =ZVai]!Ç^c The Right to Know: Censorship, Women’s Health and
:$8C#)$'%%*$*&$6YY#(;ZWgjVgn'%%*/&'#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll# Human Rights. AdcYdc/6gi^XaZ&.&..,#
l]d#^ci$Zci^in$bZY^X^cZhTiZX]cdad\^Zh$<%*&%+)*#eY[# ,)
Jc^iZYCVi^dch<ZcZgVa6hhZbWan#ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVa
*)
>Y# igVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[
**
6bcZhin>ciZgcVi^dcVa# Peru: Poor and Excluded Women – Denial
ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcY
of the Right to Maternal and Child Health. ?jan'%%+#6kV^aVWaZVi/ bZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-#HZeiZbWZg'%%+/eVgV'-Y#
lll#VbcZhin#dg\#gj$a^WgVgn$eY[$6BG)+%%)'%%+:C<A>H=$;^aZ$ ,*
>Y#!eVgV*.0Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#ÇÇLdbZcVcY=ZVai]Ç
6BG)+%%)%+#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan*!'%%,# '[ZW#&...#'%i]hZhh^dcd[i]Z8dbb^iiZZdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dc
*+
B>CH6# Norma técnica para la atención del parto vertical con adecu-
d[ 9^hXg^b^cVi^dc V\V^chi LdbZc# eVgV &,P8:96L Æ<ZcZgVa
ación intercultural. C#I#C%(("B>CH6$9<HE"K#%&#A^bV/B^c^hiZg^d GZXdbbZcYVi^dc')ÇR#eVgV&*#
YZHVajY0'%%*#
,+
Gdh7Vgg^ZcidhB!HZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaYZ6E9H!8dchjaidgYZa
EgdnZXidÆH^hiZbVhGZ\^dcVaZhYZEgdiZXX^cYZ9ZgZX]dhYZaVh
*,
6# EdgiVXVggZgd! La Equidad En La Asignación Regional Del
EZghdcVhJhjVg^VhYZadhHZgk^X^dhYZHVajYÇ#
Financiamiento Del Sector Público De Salud 2000 – 2005, 8>:H!
VkV^aVWaZ Vi ]iie/$$lll#XdchdgX^d#dg\$dWhZgkVidg^d$VaZgiVh$
,,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ!^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#
YdXh$6A:GI6T%&#eY[# &%!'%%,#
*-
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV&-#
,-
K^ZccV 8dckZci^dc dc i]Z AVl d[ IgZVi^Zh! BVn '(! &.+.! Vgi#
&-!&&**J#C#I#H#((&!()%!->#A#B#+,.!+.'P]ZgZ^cV[iZgK^ZccV
*.
HZZ/:C6=D'%%(">K^cK{hfjZo:# ¿Los niños…primero? Volumen
8dckZci^dcR#
III. Niveles de vida y gasto pública social orientada a la infancia 2004-
2005. HVkZi]Z8]^aYgZcHlZYZc/*&#
,.
HZZ/8=6C<:#ÆJHGZkd`ZhHjeedgi[dg:8^cEZgj#Ç6kV^aVWaZVi/
]iie/$$lll#\ZcYZg]ZVai]#dg\$ZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dc#e]e#
+%
;dgZmVbeaZ!^cEjcd!i]Z:C9:H'%%%gZkZVaZYi]VildbZca^k^c\^c
jgWVcVgZVh^cEjcdVgZdkZg[djgi^bZhVha^`Zanid]VkZ\^kZcW^gi]
-%
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>VcBVX6gi]jg!HZXidgVaHeZX^Va^hi!>ciZg"6bZg^XVc
YZEjcd#A^bV0'%%&/&',# b^aaZcc^jbXVbeV^\c#dg\$h^iZ$ee#Vhe4X2\g@KA'CA:W2&-+(-.#
+&
JC8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...#6gi&'&eVgV
-'
>Y#
&)# -(
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
+'
8Y^\dEZcVa#9ZXgZidAZ\^haVi^kdC+(*#&..&0Vgih&&)!&&*#
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ&(0eVgV&(#
+(
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV&,#
-)
K{hfjZo!:#'%%)/') Presupuesto público y gasto social: La urgencia
+)
=jciE#ÆI]ZG^\]id[:kZgndcZidi]Z:c_dnbZcid[i]Z=^\]Zhi
del monitoreo y evaluación. A^bV/8ZcigdYZ>ckZhi^\VX^cYZaV
6iiV^cVWaZ HiVcYVgY d[ E]nh^XVa VcY BZciVa =ZVai]#Ç HeZX^Va
Jc^kZgh^YVYYZaEVX^ÒXdÄHVkZI]Z8]^aYgZcHlZYZc#
GVeedgiZjgd[i]Z8dbb^hh^dcdc=jbVcG^\]ihdci]Zg^\]id[
ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[
-*
EV`^hiVc!@ZcnV!VcY>cYdcZh^VVgZi]Zdi]Zgi]gZZXdjcig^Zh#:g^X
e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#HjWb^iiZY^cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]8=G ;g^ZYbVc!E=GHZc^dg<adWVa=ZVai]Eda^Xn6Yk^hdg!XdckZghVi^dc
gZhdaji^dc'%%)$',!JC9dX#6$*.$',/HZeiZbWZg'%%)VYkVcXZ l^i]9Vk^Y7gnYZc!8dbbjc^XVi^dch9^gZXidg[dgi]Z<adWVa6>9H
ZY^iZYkZgh^dc0eVgV#*-W# 6aa^VcXZ#
+*
KZa{ofjZoI# Vivencias diferentes: La indocumentación entre las
-+
I]Z&.EVg^h8ajWbZbWZghVgZ\dkZgcbZcihl^i]hjWhiVci^Va
,'
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!K^XZB^c^hiZgd[=ZVai]^c
hVbZi^iaZ#HZZ/;VgbZgE# Pathologies of Power: Health, Human
A^bV!EZgj#6eg^a&'!'%%,# Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Jc^kZgh^ind[8Va^[dgc^VEgZhh0
6eg^a'%%(#
:M:8JI>K:HJBB6GN'&
' ' 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
>K#6EEGD68=ID>CK:HI><6I>DC
6C9B:I=D9H
F
=GdWiV^cZYi]Z^c[dgbVi^dc^cXajYZY^ci]^hgZedgi 8VhZhlZgZhZaZXiZY[gdbY^[[ZgZcigZ[ZggVacZildg`h
WZilZZc?VcjVgnVcY?jcZd['%%,Yjg^c\i]gZZ (redes) VcYY^[[ZgZci]dhe^iVaXViX]bZciVgZVh^cWdi]
ig^ehidEZgj#6YY^i^dcVaan!6a^X^V:anNVb^cbVYZ =jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd#8VhZhlZgZhZaZXiZY[gdbWdi]
VegZa^b^cVgnig^e^cDXidWZg!'%%+!idbZZil^i]adXVa i]ZFjZX]jVVcY6nbVgVodcZhd[i]ZYZeVgibZcid[
eVgicZgh!XdcYjXiegZa^b^cVgnbZZi^c\hVcYXdcigVXi Ejcd#
l^i]VYdXjbZciVgnÒabXdbeVcnidegdYjXZi]Zk^YZd >c[dgbZYXdchZcilVhdWiV^cZYi]gdj\]VhZg^Zhd[
i]Vi VXXdbeVc^Zh i]^h gZedgi# 7ZilZZc ?VcjVgn VcY XdckZghVi^dchl^i]^cY^k^YjVahVcYXdbbjc^inVji]dg^"
?jcZ!'%%,!6a^X^V:anNVb^cVcYdi]ZggZegZhZciVi^kZh i^Zh VWdji i]Z cVijgZ VcY ejgedhZ d[ i]Z ^ckZhi^\V"
d[E=GXdcYjXiZY^ckZhi^\Vi^dch^cA^bV!8VgVWVnaad! i^dc!l]Vihdgid[dg\Vc^oVi^dcE=G^h!VcYl^aa^c\cZhh
=jVcXVkZa^XV! VcY Ejcd! jh^c\ bjai^eaZ hdjgXZh d[ ideVgi^X^eViZ^ci]Z^ckZhi^\Vi^dc!VhlZaaVhediZci^Va
Zk^YZcXZ# g^h`hd[VeeZVg^c\^ce]did\gVe]hdgk^YZd#EgZa^b^cVgn
Ejcd VcY =jVcXVkZa^XV lZgZ hZaZXiZY Vh gZ\^dch ^ciZgk^ZlhdgXdckZghVi^dchlZgZXdcYjXiZYl^i][Vb^an
WZXVjhZi]Zn]VkZildd[i]Z]^\]ZhibViZgcVabdgiVa^in bZbWZghVcYXdbbjc^inbZbWZgh^cXajY^c\Xdbbj"
gVi^dh^cEZgj(+&VcY(%'eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h^c'%%%! c^inVji]dg^i^ZhVhlZaaVhdi]Zg^c[dgbVciheg^dgidE=GÉh
gZheZXi^kZan&#I]ZnVahdgZegZhZciildd[i]ZZ^\]igZ\^dch ÒZaYldg`!Vil]^X]i^bZdgVaXdchZcilVhdWiV^cZY[gdb
l]ZgZi]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci eVgi^X^eVcihVcYXdbbjc^inVji]dg^i^Zh#>chdbZXVhZh!
7Vc`"hedchdgZY]ZVai]hZXidggZhigjXijg^c\egd\gVb XdchZcilVhYZc^ZYVcYi]dhZXVhZhVgZcdi^cXajYZY^c
E6GHVajY>lVh^beaZbZciZYVcYl]ZgZi]ZhZXdcY i]^hgZedgi#
e]VhZE6GHVajY>>l^aaWZ^beaZbZciZY# >ci]ZXVhZhl]ZgZegZa^b^cVgnXdchZcilVhdWiV^cZY
L^i]^cEjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV!i]Z[Vb^anbZbWZgh [gdb[Vb^anVcYXdbbjc^inbZbWZgh!E=Gi]ZchZXjgZY
VcYldbZcl]dhZiZhi^bdc^ZhVgZXdciV^cZY^ci]^hgZedgi dgVaVcYlg^iiZcXdchZciYjg^c\^ihk^h^i#6aahjW_ZXih
lZgZ^YZci^ÒZYWnE=GÉhadXVaeVgicZgh!VcYÒcVahZaZX" lZgZVh`ZYl]Zi]Zgi]Znl^h]ZYidWZÒabZYdge]did"
i^dcd[XVhZhlVhYdcZ^cXdc_jcXi^dcl^i]E=G#GZXdgYh \gVe]ZYVcYlZgZ^c[dgbZYi]Vii]Z^geVgi^X^eVi^dc^ci]Z
[gdbadXVa]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcih!VhlZaaVhi]ZGZ\^dcVa ^ckZhi^\Vi^dclVhcdiYZeZcYZcidcWZ^c\e]did\gVe]ZY!
9^gZXidgViZd[=ZVai]^ci]ZXVhZd[=jVcXVkZa^XV!lZgZ VjY^d"iVeZY!dgk^YZdiVeZY#HdbZ^c[dgbVcih[dgi]^h
jhZYid^YZci^[nXVhZh!VhlVh^c[dgbVi^dcdWiV^cZY[gdb gZedgiX]dhZcdiidWZe]did\gVe]ZYdgÒabZY#E=G
Xdbbjc^inbZbWZghWnadXVa]ZVai]egdbdiZgh# VahdhZXjgZYdgVaXdchZcil]Zc^ciZgk^Zl^c\\dkZgc"
I]ZhZkZcXVhZhhZaZXiZY^ckdakZl]ViVgZhiVi^hi^" bZcigZegZhZciVi^kZhVcY]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah!VcYl]Zc
XVaani]ZaZVY^c\XVjhZhd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEZgj/ Òab^c\^c]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh#
edhieVgijb]Zbdgg]V\Z!egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V!VcY I]ZgZXdchigjXi^dcd[ZVX]XVhZ^cXajYZY&bjai^eaZ
Xdbea^XVi^dchhiZbb^c\[gdbVWdgi^dc#6XVhZ^cl]^X] ^c"YZei]^ciZgk^Zlhl^i][Vb^anVcYXdbbjc^inbZbWZgh
VldbVchjgk^kZYVcdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcXn^h_jmiVedhZY d[ldbZcl]dY^ZYYjZidegZ\cVcXn"gZaViZYXdbea^"
l^i]XVhZhd[YZVi]h^cdgYZgidZmVb^cZl]Vi[VXidghaZY XVi^dch!VhlZaaVhl^i]ldbZcl]dhjgk^kZYdWhiZig^X
id]Zghjgk^kVa#8VhZhd[YZVi]hVi]dbZVgZ^cXajYZYVh ZbZg\ZcX^Zh0'hZb^"higjXijgZY^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]]ZVai]
^hVYZVi]^cV]ZVai][VX^a^in# XVgZeZghdccZaVi]ZVai]edhih!]ZVai]XZciZghVcYY^hig^Xi
6aaXVhZhdXXjggZY^ci]Zi]gZZnZVgheg^dgidE=GÉh ]dhe^iVah!VcYk^h^ihidi]ZgZaZkVcil^c\hVcYVgZVhd[
^ciZgk^Zlh#;^kZXVhZhdXXjggZYWZilZZcdcZVcY[djgiZZc i]dhZ[VX^a^i^ZhidZkVajViZi]Z^ggZhdaji^dcXVeVX^in^c
bdci]heg^dgidi]Z^ciZgk^Zlh#=dlZkZg!ildZVga^ZgXVhZh i]ZZkZcid[dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh0(gZk^Zld[gZaZkVci
lZgZ^cXajYZYWZXVjhZZ[[dgihlZgZbVYZidhZZ`gZYgZhh bZY^XVagZXdgYh!VcY^chdbZXVhZh!VjidehnVcYdi]Zg
VcYi]ZVYb^c^higVi^kZVcYaZ\VaegdXZhhZhidd`Xdch^YZg" [dgZch^XbZY^XVagZedgihVcYig^VaYdXjbZcih0)e]nh^XVa
VWaZi^bZidXdcXajYZ#I]^hgVc\Zd[i^bZ[gVbZheZgb^iiZY gZ"igVX^c\d[i]ZeVi]d[ZkZcih^cZVX]ZbZg\ZcXn!VcY
VcZmeadgVi^dcd[i]Zedhh^WaZZ[[ZXihd[VldbVcÉhYZVi] *^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]eda^XnbV`ZghVcY`ZnadXVa^c[dgbVcih
dc]Zg[Vb^andkZgi^bZ# ^cZVX]YZeVgibZci#
'(
E=G^ciZgk^Zlh[dgZVX]XVhZidd`dcVkZgV\ZdcZid >cVYY^i^dcidi]ZgZXdchigjXi^dcd[XVhZh^cEjcdVcY
ild[jaaYVnh!VcY^cbVcnXVhZhegZa^b^cVgn^ciZgk^Zlh =jVcXVkZa^XV!E=GXdcYjXiZY^c"YZei]^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]
XdcYjXiZYWnadXVaeVgicZghgZfj^gZYi]ZhVbZVbdjci i]^gin"ild`Zn^c[dgbVcih^cA^bVVcYLVh]^c\idc!98#
d[i^bZ#E=G^ciZgk^ZlZYVhbVcneZghdchl]dlZgZ I]ZhZ^ciZgk^ZlhlZgZXdcYjXiZYl^i]XjggZciVcY[dgbZg
VhhdX^ViZYl^i]i]ZldbVcVcYZkZcihVhedhh^WaZ!VcY \dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^VahVcYZbeadnZZh!^cXajY^c\i]ZcK^XZ
cd[ZlZgi]VcÒkZVYjai^c[dgbVcihlZgZ^ciZgk^ZlZY^c B^c^hiZgd[=ZVai]!?dh<^abZg8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd0]jbVc
ZVX]XVhZ#>ci]ZXVhZd[VbViZgcVaYZVi]hiZbb^c\ g^\]ihVcYldbZcÉhg^\]ihVYkdXViZh0gZegZhZciVi^kZh
[gdbVWdgi^dcXdbea^XVi^dch!i]ZldbVcl]dY^ZYVcY [gdbi]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci
i]Z^c[dgbVcih]VkZVaaWZZcYZ"^YZci^ÒZY# 7Vc`!JH6>9!VcYJC;E60gZaZkVciegd[Zhh^dcVaVhhdX^V"
>cXVhZhl]ZgZ[Vb^anVcYXdbbjc^inbZbWZghlZgZ i^dch0]ZVai]ZXdcdb^hih0aZVYZghd[X^k^ahdX^ZinXdVa^"
e]did\gVe]ZYVcY$dgk^YZdiVeZY!i]dhZe]did\gVe]h i^dch!VcYgZegZhZciVi^kZhd[]ZVai]cdc"\dkZgcbZciVa
VcYk^YZdXa^ehlZgZWgdj\]iWVX`idi]Z^cY^k^YjVahWn dg\Vc^oVi^dch#I]dhZ^c[dgbVcihl]dhed`ZjcYZgi]Z
E=GÉhadXVaeVgicZgh#AVeidehlZgZjhZYidh]dli]Z XdcY^i^dcd[Vcdcnb^inVgZYZ"^YZci^ÒZY^ci]ZgZedgi#
k^YZdXa^ehidi]dhZeZghdch!VcYe]did\gVe]hlZgZaZ[i 6YY^i^dcVaan!idXdcigVhiZmeZg^ZcXZhd[gjgValdbZc
l^i]i]Zb# l^i]jgWVcVcYeZg^"jgWVcgZh^YZcih!E=GXdcYjXiZYV
I]ZhZkZcXVhZhijY^Zh^cXajYZY^ci]^hgZedgiVgZcdi [dXjh\gdjel^i]c^cZldbZcV[[ZXiZYWndWhiZig^XZbZg"
^ciZcYZYidWZhX^Zci^ÒXVaangZegZhZciVi^kZ#I]ZgZVgZ \ZcX^ZhVcYXdbbjc^in]ZVai]egdbdiZgh^c8VgVWVnaad!
a^b^iVi^dchidYgVl^c\XdcXajh^dchl^i]gZheZXiidi]Z djih^YZd[A^bV#I]Z[dXjh\gdjeeVgi^X^eVcihlZgZ^YZc"
hdX^Va!XjaijgVaVcYhnhiZb^X[VXidghjcYZgan^c\bViZgcVa i^ÒZYWnHdX^dhZcHVajY!Vh^hiZgdg\Vc^oVi^dcd[EVgicZgh
bdgiVa^inVXgdhhEZgjWZXVjhZXVhZhVgZYgVlc[gdb ^c=ZVai]!WVhZYdcegZ"Zm^hi^c\Xg^iZg^VhZidjiWnE=G
EjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XVdcan!VcYcdi[gdbdi]ZgeVgih ^cgZaVi^dcidi]Z^gZmeZg^ZcXZhl^i]dWhiZig^XZbZg\Zc"
d[i]ZSierra, cdg[gdbi]ZSelvagZ\^dchd[EZgj!l]^X] X^ZhVcYX]^aYW^gi]#
Vahd]VkZ]^\]bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^dhVcYegZhZci 6ahd![jgi]ZgÒZaYgZhZVgX]lVhXdcYjXiZY^cAdgZid
ZmigZbZanY^[[ZgZciX^gXjbhiVcXZh#=dlZkZg!bVcnd[ WnB>C<6EZgj!WVhZYjedci]Z^chigjbZcihVcYXg^iZg^V
i]Z^hhjZhZmeadgZYVgZhnhiZb^X^ccVijgZVcYcdia^b^iZY egdk^YZYWnE=G!idegdk^YZhjeeaZbZciVa^c[dgbVi^dcdc
iddcZgZ\^dc# i]ZSelvagZ\^dcd[EZgj#
I]ZfjVa^iVi^kZ^c[dgbVi^dc^ci]ZXVhZhijY^ZhVahd Id XdbeaZbZci ^c[dgbVi^dc \Vi]ZgZY ^c i]Z [^ZaY!
egdk^YZhVhZchZd[i]Za^kZhd[^cY^k^YjValdbZc!i]Z hjWhiVci^VaVYY^i^dcVagZhZVgX]lVhXdcYjXiZYgZaVi^c\
gdaZhi]ZneaVnZY^ci]Z^g[Vb^a^ZhVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh!VcY idi]ZVcVanh^hd[YdbZhi^XWjY\Zih!eda^X^Zh!VcYaZ\^h"
i]Z^beVXihi]Z^gYZVi]h]VYdci]Z^g[Vb^a^Zh#Di]Zg aVi^dc!VhlZaaVhLdgaY7Vc`VcY>ciZg"6bZg^XVc7Vc`
ldg`dcbViZgcVabdgiVa^in]Vh^cXajYZYXVhZhijY^Zhd[ adVcYdXjbZcih#
ldbZc!bdhicdiVWani]Z_d^ciB>CH6$JH6>9ejWa^XVi^dc! I]Z^ckZhi^\Vi^dclVhVeegdkZYWnVc^cYZeZcYZci
Mujeres de Negro: La Muerte Materna en Zonas Rurales del Zi]^XVagZk^ZlWdVgY!dg\Vc^oZYjcYZgi]ZVjhe^XZhd[
Peru (Women in Black: Maternal Mortality in Rural Areas of E=G#I]ZgZhZVgX]lVhXdcYjXiZY^cVXXdgYl^i]i]Z
Peru), l]^X]^cXajYZYc^cZcVggVi^kZhd[bViZgcVaYZVi]h# 9ZXaVgVi^dcd[=Zah^c`^!VhgZk^hZY^c'%%%#
I]^hhijYnY^[[Zgh^ci]Vi^ijhZhV]jbVcg^\]ih[gVbZ" I]^h gZedgi lVh egdYjXZY ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] V
ldg`idVcVanoZi]ZgZVhdchjcYZge^cc^c\i]ZYZaVnh k^YZd#
aZVY^c\idldbZcÉhYZVi]h!VcYidVcVanoZi]ZdWa^\V"
i^dchd[i]ZhiViZ#'
?
ci]ZgZ\^dcd[i]ZldgaYl^i]i]Z\gZViZhi^cZfjVa^" l^i]H]^c\^c\EVi] (Sendero Luminoso) WZilZZc&.-%VcY
i^Zh^c^cXdbZ!EZgjhiVcYhdji[dg^ihY^heVg^i^Zh# '%%%!jcYZghXdgZYi]Vi^ilVhi]ZhZgjgVa^cY^\Zcdjh
6ai]dj\]^i^hVb^YYaZ"^cXdbZXdjcign!dkZg]Va[i]Z campesinosl]d]VYWdgcZi]ZWgjcid[i]Zk^daZcXZ#
edejaVi^dca^kZh^cedkZginVcYVabdhiVfjVgiZgÅ')Å HZkZcin"ÒkZeZgXZcid[i]ZcZVgan,%!%%%k^Xi^bh^ci]Z
a^kZh^cZmigZbZedkZgin#EZgjÉh^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dc VgbZYXdcÓ^XilZgZ^cY^\Zcdjh!aVg\ZangjgVacampesinos
^hY^hegdedgi^dcViZangZegZhZciZYVbdc\i]Z^bedkZg" [gdb i]Z FjZX]jV"heZV`^c\ Xdbbjc^i^Zh d[ EZgjÉh
^h]ZYVcYZheZX^Vaani]ZZmigZbZan^bedkZg^h]ZY#I]^h eddgZhiVcYbdhibVg\^cVa^oZY6cYZVcYZeVgibZcih!
edejaVi^dchj[[ZgZYi]Z\gZVibV_dg^ind[VWjhZhYjg^c\ VcY6h]{c^c`Vh[gdb^ih_jc\aZgZ\^dch#-I]Z'%%(IG8
i]ZVgbZYXdcÓ^Xii]VilgVX`ZYEZgj[gdb&.-%"'%%%# gZedgi[jgi]ZgXdcXajYZYi]ViÆi]ZigV\ZYnhj[[ZgZYWn
<ZcYZg^cZfjVa^i^ZhVgZVahdeZgkVh^kZ!VcYi]^hXdbW^cV" i]ZedejaVi^dchd[gjgVaEZgj!i]ZeZVhVcih!eddgVcY
i^dcgZhjaih^ci]Z[jgi]ZgbVg\^cVa^oVi^dcd[gjgVa!^cY^\" eddganZYjXViZYPd[REZgj!lVhcZ^i]Zg[ZaicdgiV`Zcdc
ZcdjhldbZc#EZgjÉhhdX^VaheZcY^c\!^cXajY^c\^ih]ZVai] Vh^ihdlcWni]ZgZhid[i]ZXdjcign#I]^hYZbdchigViZh!
heZcY^c\!^hadl^cXdbeVg^hdcl^i]^ihAVi^c6bZg^XVc ^ci]ZIG8Éh_jY\bZci!i]ZkZ^aZYgVX^hbVcYhXdgc[ja
cZ^\]Wdgh#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!heZcY^c\eViiZgch^c]ZVai] Vii^ijYZhi]VieZgh^hi^cEZgjk^VchdX^ZinVabdhiild
gZ^c[dgXZgVi]Zgi]VcVbZa^dgViZjcYZgan^c\^cZfjVa^" XZcijg^ZhV[iZg^ihW^gi]VhVGZejWa^X#Ç.I]ZIG8XVaaZY
i^Zh#I]ZhZ^cZfj^i^ZhVgZgZÓZXiZY^cgZ\^dchÉbViZgcVa [dgVcVi^dcVagZXdcX^a^Vi^dcWVhZYdcÆ[jaaX^i^oZch]^e[dg
bdgiVa^ingVi^dhVhlZaaVh^cgZaViZYegdXZhh^cY^XVidgh! VaaEZgjk^VchÇdg^ZciZYidlVgYdkZgXdb^c\i]Z]^hidg^XVa
hjX]Vhh`^aaZYW^gi]ViiZcYVcXZ#6[iZg^c^i^Va^cZ[[ZXijVa" [gV\bZciVi^dcVcYY^hXg^b^cVi^dc^cEZgjk^VchdX^Zin#&%
cZhh!]ZVai]hZXidggZ[dgbjcYZgiV`Zcl^i]adVch[gdb 6h^cdi]ZgXdjcig^Zhd[i]ZgZ\^dc!EZgjÉhgViZd[
i]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`h edejaVi^dcZmeVch^dc]VhhadlZYdkZgi]ZeVhiilZcin
Veegdeg^ViZan[dXjhZYdcZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZVcY nZVgh#I]ZXdjcignÉhedejaVi^dc\gdli]gViZgZVX]ZY'#'
gZ[ZggVacZildg`h!Wjiegd\gZhhgZbV^cha^b^iZY# eZgXZci^c&.-*!&&WjiYZXa^cZYhiZVY^anid&#)eZgXZci^c
'%%*#&'I]Z\gdli]gViZ^hZmeZXiZYidYgdeZkZc[jgi]Zg!
HdX^d"9Zbd\gVe]^XDkZgk^Zl idVeegdm^bViZan&#(eZgXZciWn'%&%#&(
9ZXgZVh^c\[Zgi^a^inigVX`hi]ZXdjcignÉhYZXgZVh^c\
EZgj]VYVeegdm^bViZan'-b^aa^dc^c]VW^iVcih^c'%%*!&
edejaVi^dc \gdli]# EZgjÉh idiVa [Zgi^a^in gViZ I;G
bV`^c\^iHdji]6bZg^XVÉh[djgi]bdhiedejadjhcVi^dc#'
YZXa^cZY[gdbVcVkZgV\Zd[)#&X]^aYgZceZgldbVc^c
I]ZXdjcignÉhedejaVi^dc^hZmeZXiZYidVeegdVX](%b^aa^dc
&.-+id'#.X]^aYgZceZgldbVc^c'%%%#&)>c'%%*!ldbZc
^c'%&%#(Gdj\]an),d[EZgjÉhedejaVi^dc^h^cY^\Zcdjh!
a^k^c\^ci]ZSelva\VkZW^gi]id(#+X]^aYgZcdcVkZgV\Z!
VcYi]ViedejaVi^dcXdchi^ijiZhVeegdm^bViZan'%"'*d[
l]^aZldbZc^ci]ZSierraVcYCostaXdVhiVagZ\^dch
Vaa^cY^\ZcdjheZghdcha^k^c\^cAVi^c6bZg^XV#)I]ZgZVgZ
]VYVcVkZgV\Zd['#.VcY'#'X]^aYgZc!gZheZXi^kZan#&*
*b^aa^dcFjZX]jVheZV`Zgh^cEZgj!bVcnd[l]dbVgZ
I]ZXdjcignÉhW^gi]gViZ[dgi]ZeZg^dYd['%%%Ä'%%*lVh
XdcXZcigViZY^ci]Z Sierra, dg]^\]aVcYh!gZ\^dc!Vadc\l^i]
''#+W^gi]heZg&%%%^c]VW^iVcih!&+egd_ZXiZYidYZXgZVhZ
6nbVgVheZV`Zgh!l]dVgZXdcXZcigViZY^ci]ZAltiplano
id&+#+Yjg^c\i]ZeZg^dY'%'%Ä'%'*#&,9ZXa^cZh^cI;Gh!
gZ\^dc#*6cjbWZgd[di]ZgcVi^kZXdbbjc^i^Zh!gZegZ"
]dlZkZg!bVh`h^\c^ÒXVciY^heVg^i^ZhVbdc\gZ\^dch#&-
hZci^c\**Zi]cd"a^c\j^hi^X\gdjeh!a^kZ^ci]Z Selva, dg
EZgjÉhVkZgV\Za^[ZZmeZXiVcXn]Vh^cXgZVhZYWnh^m
_jc\aZ!gZ\^dcd[EZgj#+DkZgVaa!]dlZkZg!EZgjk^VchVgZ
nZVghdkZgi]ZaVhiilZcinnZVgh#&.EZgjk^VchWdgc^c'%%'
]ZVk^anXdcXZcigViZY^cjgWVcVgZVh#,>cY^\ZcdjhedejaV"
XVcZmeZXiida^kZVcVkZgV\Zd[,%nZVgh/,'nZVgh[dg
i^dchVgZY^hegdedgi^dcViZangZegZhZciZY^cgjgVaVgZVhVcY
ldbZc0+,nZVgh[dgbZc#'%=dlZkZg!Vhl^i]di]Zg^cY^"
ZheZX^VaanVbdc\i]ZgjgVaeddg#
XVidgh!i]^hegd\gZhhVahdbVh`hY^heVg^i^Zh/i]dhZWdgc
I]Z Igji] VcY GZXdcX^a^Vi^dc 8dbb^hh^dc IG8!
^cX^i^Zhi]VinZVgl^aa]VkZVcVkZgV\Za^[ZZmeZXiVcXn
l]^X]lVh[dgbZYjcYZgi]ZigVch^i^dc\dkZgcbZcid[
d[,'nZVgh!l]^aZi]dhZWdgc^cgjgVaVgZVhl^aa]VkZVc
KVaZcicEVc^V\jVidZmVb^cZi]ZWgjiVaVgbZYXdcÓ^Xi
VkZgV\Za^[ZZmeZXiVcXnd[+*nZVgh#'&;jgi]ZgbdgZ!l]^aZ
'*
i]dhZWdgc^cA^bV]VkZVcVkZgV\Za^[ZZmeZXiVcXnd[ kZgnadl!`ZZe^c\hdX^VaheZcY^c\[VgWZadli]ZgZ\^dcVa
,-#)nZVgh!eZdeaZWdgc^c=jVcXVkZa^XVl^aaa^kZidWZ VkZgV\Z#('>c'%%+!EZgjÉhiVmgZkZcjZhXdchi^ijiZYdcan
+&#)nZVgh!dcVkZgV\Z#'' &(#( d[ ^ih <9E# >c XdcigVhi! 7da^k^VÉh iVm gZkZcjZh
lZgZ&*d[^ih<9E!8]^aZÉhlZgZ&*#.VcYi]dhZd[
:Xdcdb^XDkZgk^Zl 6g\Zci^cVÅYZhe^iZ hi^aa gZXdkZg^c\ [gdb V bVhh^kZ
ZXdcdb^XXg^h^hÅVbdjciZYid&)#'d[^ih<9E#((I]Z
9Zhe^iZWZ^c\Vb^YYaZ"^cXdbZXdjcign!edkZgin^hl^YZ"
>ciZgcVi^dcVaBdcZiVgn;jcY>B;gZXdbbZcYhi]ViÆ;dg
hegZVY^cEZgj#'(7nbZVhjg^c\edkZginVXXdgY^c\idi]Z
Xdjcig^Zhl^i]adlgVi^dhd[\dkZgcbZcigZkZcjZid<9E!
eZgXZciV\Zd[i]ZedejaVi^dca^k^c\dcaZhhi]VcJH9&
WgdVYZc^c\i]ZiVmWVhZVcY^begdk^c\iVmVYb^c^higV"
eZgYVn!EZgjÉhhdX^dZXdcdb^Xh^ijVi^dceVgVaaZahi]Vid[
i^dcVgZa^`ZanidWZ^bedgiVcidW_ZXi^kZh#;dgadl"^cXdbZ
Xdjcig^ZhhjX]Vh@ZcnV!>cY^VVcYHZcZ\VagVi]Zgi]Vc
Xdjcig^Zh!ViVmgVi^dd[&*d[<9Eh]djaYWZhZZcVhV
^ihAVi^c6bZg^XVccZ^\]Wdgh#')DkZg]Va[d[EZgjÉhedej"
b^c^bjbdW_ZXi^kZ#Ç()EZgjÉhadlVcYjcegZY^XiVWaZiVm
aVi^dca^kZhjcYZgi]ZcVi^dcVaedkZgina^cZl]^aZcZVganV
gZkZcjZh]VkZWZZcViig^WjiZYidÆVaZ\VXnd[gZeZViZY
fjVgiZgÅ')Åa^kZh^cÆZmigZbZÇedkZgin#'*=Va[d[i]Z
iVmVbcZhi^Zhl]^X]eZgeZijViZcdcXdbea^VcXZVcY[V^a
gjgVaedejaVi^dca^kZh^cZmigZbZedkZgin!l]^aZdcan&%
idWg^c\^ci]ZgZkZcjZhcZZYZYidXdbWViedkZgin#Ç(*I]Z
d[i]ZjgWVcedejaVi^dcYdZh#'+
LdgaY7Vc`i]Z7Vc`]VhXdcXajYZYi]ViÆi]Zeg^cX^eVa
6ai]dj\]EZgj]VhZc_dnZY[VkdgVWaZZXdcdb^X\gdli]
gZVhdc[dgadlhdX^VaheZcY^c\^cEZgj^hi]ViiVmgZkZcjZh
VcYigVYZhjgeajhZh^cgZXZcinZVgh!i]Z[gj^ihd[i]Vi
VhVeZgXZciV\Zd[<9EVgZadl^cXdbeVg^hdcl^i]di]Zg
egdheZg^in]VkZcdiWZZcZc_dnZYWnbdhid[i]Zedej"
AVi^c6bZg^XVcXdjcig^Zh#Ç(+
aVi^dc!YjZ^caVg\ZbZVhjgZid^ih]^\]cVi^dcVaYZWi
I]Z7Vc`VahdÒcYhi]Vii]ZgZ^hVadleg^dg^indc
VcYadliVmgZkZcjZh#',I]ZXdjcignÉhdkZgVaa<9E\gZl
Vci^"edkZginegd\gVbhVcYhdX^VaheZcY^c\^cEZgj#(,
+#,^c'%%*!'-VcYi]ZejWa^XhZXidgYZÒX^ilVhegd_ZXiZY
>c^ih'%%+gZedgi! A New Social Contract: An Agenda for
Vi&d[<9E^c'%%+#'.BdgZdkZg!EZgjÉhXjggZciigVYZ
Improving Education, Health and the New Social Safety Net
WVaVcXZ^hVhjgeajhd[hdbZ*#'W^aa^dc!dg+#-d[
in Peru, i]Z7Vc`[dgXZ[jaanXdcXajYZhi]ViÆ\^kZci]Vi
<9E#CdcZi]ZaZhh!^ihXjggZciVXXdjcihjgeajh]dkZgh
^il^aaWZZmigZbZanY^[ÒXjai[dgEZgjidÒcYVYY^i^dcVa
Vi&#%(W^aa^dc!eg^bVg^anVhVgZhjaid[i]ZXdjcignÉh
hVk^c\hi]gdj\][jgi]ZgXjiWVX`hd[ejWa^X[jcY^c\!^i]Vh
YZWihZgk^XZ#(%;dgZmVbeaZ!^c'%%)!i]Z\dkZgcbZci
cddei^dcWjiid^cXgZVhZ^ihhdX^VaheZcY^c\pari passu
heZciVabdhi&(#'W^aa^dc nuevos soles Veegdm^bViZan
i]gdj\]\gZViZgiVmXdaaZXi^dcVcYi]ZgZVhh^\cbZcid[
JH9)#&W^aa^dcdc^ihcVi^dcVaYZWi!l]^aZdcan(#)W^aa^dc
i]ZWjY\Zi#Ç(-
nuevos soles Veegdm^bViZanJH9&W^aa^dclZgZVaadXViZY
>ci]ZnZVg'%%%!EZgjVaadXViZYdcan'#.d[^ih<9E
idlVgYh]ZVai]egd\gVbh#(&
idZYjXVi^dcVcY&#)id]ZVai]hnhiZb!l]^aZ7da^k^V!
6ai]dj\]i]ZZXdcdbn]Vh^begdkZYVcY^cÓVi^dc]Vh
Hdji]6bZg^XVÉheddgZhicVi^dc!heZci+#(d[^ih<9Edc
WZZcWgdj\]ijcYZgXdcigda!EZgjÉhiVmgZkZcjZhgZbV^c
ZYjXVi^dcVcY(#,dc]ZVai]#(.>c[VXi!]ZVai]heZcY^c\
<_]kh['0=el[hdc[djIf[dZ_d]ed:[XjI[hl_Y[ ^cEZgj]VhYZXgZVhZYegdedgi^dcVaan^cgZXZcinZVgh!
WdZ>[Wbj^Fhe]hWci"(&&* VcYdcan%#.d[^ih<9ElVhVaadXViZYidlVgY]ZVai]
egd\gVbh^c'%%*!Ydlc[gdb&#)^c'%%&#)%6ii]ZhVbZ
i^bZ!bdgZd[i]ZVccjVaWjY\Zi]VhWZZcVeedgi^dcZY
DWj_edWb:[Xj idlVgYhVaaZk^Vi^c\i]ZcVi^dcVaYZWi#)&
:migVXi^kZ hZXidgh ]VkZ \gdlc hiZVY^an ^c gZXZci
13,164
nZVgh VcY Xdchi^ijiZ cdi dcan Vc ^bedgiVci eVgi d[
EZgjÉhZXdcdbnWjiVahdVediZci^Vaan^bedgiVcihdjgXZ
>[Wbj^
d[gZkZcjZ[dghdX^VaheZcY^c\#I]Zb^c^c\VcY]nYgd"
3,403 XVgWdchZXidg\gZlWnXadhZid,VccjVaan^cgZXZci
nZVgh!Xdchi^iji^c\Vh^\c^ÒXVci[VXidg^c<9E\gdli]#)'
I]ZVaadXVi^dcd[hdX^VaheZcY^c\VcYjhZd[iVmgZkZcjZh
& ("&&& *"&&& ,"&&& ."&&& '&"&&& '("&&& '*"&&& ^hZheZX^Vaan^bedgiVci^cEZgjWZXVjhZ^cXdbZY^hig^Wji^dc
B^aa^dchd[ ^ci]ZXdjcign]VhWZZc^cZfj^iVWaZ[dgbVcnnZVgh#)(I]Z
XdjcignÉh<>C>XdZ[ÒX^ZciÅVbZVhjgZd[^cXdbZ^cZfjVa^inÅ
HZZ K{hfjZo! :# '%%)/') Presupuesto público y gasto social: La
urgencia del monitoreo y evaluación. A^bV/8ZcigdYZ>ckZhi^\VX^cYZ lVh*)#+l]Zc^ilVhaVhiXVaXjaViZY^c'%%'!gVc`^c\EZgj
aVJc^kZgh^YVYYZaEVX^ÒXdÄHVkZI]Z8]^aYgZcHlZYZc# Vhi]Z&*i]bdhi^cZfj^iVWaZd[i]Z&,,Xdjcig^ZhhjgkZnZY#))
* <ZcYZg>cZfjVa^in
<ZcYZg^cZfjVa^ineZgkVYZhEZgjk^VchdX^ZinVcY^ciZg"
) VXihl^i]edkZginVcYZi]c^XY^hXg^b^cVi^dc#;dgZmVbeaZ!
^c'%%'!\^gaha^k^c\^cZmigZbZedkZginViiZcYZYhZXdcYVgn
(
hX]ddaViVgViZd[-%i]Vid[Wdnha^k^c\^cZmigZbZ
edkZgin#*&I]Vi^h!^cegVXi^XZ!edkZginbZVchi]Vi[Vb^a^Zh
0.92 1.02 1.07 0.97 0.88 0.98 0.9 iZcYidhVXg^ÒXZi]ZZYjXVi^dcd[\^gah!l]^X]aZVYhid
'
\gZViZgegdWVW^a^i^Zhd[ZmXajh^dc^ci]Z[jijgZ#*'>ci]Z
Sierra, i]ZhZY^[[ZgZcXZhVgZZkZchiVg`Zg#>c'%%'!\^gah
&
(&&& (&&' (&&( (&&) (&&* (&&+ (&&,
]VYVXXZhhidhZXdcYVgnZYjXVi^dcVcY]^\]ZgZYjXV"
i^dcViVgViZd[+*VcY+'i]Vid[Wdnh!gZheZXi^kZan#*(
EZgXZcid[<ZcZgVa7jY\Zi EZgXZcid[<9E 6XXdgY^c\idYViV[gdb'%%)!^ci]Z Sierra, &,d[\^gah
HdjgXZ/B^c^hignd[:Xdcdb^XhVcY;^cVcXZ'%%,#
VcYldbZcdkZgi]ZV\Zd[h^m]VYcdZYjXVi^dcl]Vihd"
ZkZg!l]^aZVabdhi)%]VYcdiÒc^h]ZYeg^bVgnhX]dda#*)
>c'%%%!i]ZlZVai]^Zhi&%d[i]ZedejaVi^dcZVgcZY(+d[ I]ZbZY^VccjbWZgd[nZVghd[ZYjXVi^dc[dgldbZc^c
i]ZcVi^dcÉhVccjVa^cXdbZ!l]^aZi]ZeddgZhi&%ZVgcZY i]ZSierralVh)#'!l]^aZVbdc\ldbZc^ci]ZeddgZhi
dcan%#-#)*6ai]dj\]EZgjgVc`ZY-'d[&,,Xdjcig^Zh fj^ci^aZ^ilVh'#(#**
VXXdgY^c\idi]ZJC9E=jbVc9ZkZadebZci>cYZm=9>!)+ LdbZc^ci]ZSierraVahdgZedgiZYi]ZadlZhiVbdjci
hjW"cVi^dcVaXVaXjaVi^dchd[i]Z=9>gZkZVakVhiY^heVg^i^Zh d[XdcigdadkZgYZX^h^dchV[[ZXi^c\i]Z^g]ZVai]^ci]Z
Vbdc\EZgjÉhYZeVgibZcih#),A^bVÉh=9>lVhXVaXjaViZY '%%)CVi^dcVa9Zbd\gVe]^XVcY;Vb^an=ZVai]HjgkZn
Vi#,&%^c'%%*l]^aZ=jVcXVkZa^XVÉhbZVhjgZYVidcan#).' :C9:H!Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar#DkZg
VcYEjcdÉhVidcan#*),#)- dcZ"i]^gYd[ldbZc^ci]ZSierragZedgiZYi]Vii]ZnYdcdi
6ii]ZhVbZi^bZ!i]Zegdedgi^dcd[i]ZcVi^dcVaWjY\Zi ]VkZhdaZdg_d^ciXdcigdadkZgYZX^h^dchV[[ZXi^c\i]Z^g
i]ViYZeVgibZcihgZXZ^kZYdZhcdiXdggZhedcYl^i]i]Z^g ]ZVai](*#*+>cgjgVaVgZVh!)%d[ldbZcgZedgiZYcdi
gZheZXi^kZaZkZahd[edkZgin# ]Vk^c\hjX]Xdcigda!l]^aZ^cjgWVcVgZVh!''gZedgiZY
6hZk^YZci[gdbi]ZX]VgiVWdkZ!heZcY^c\^h\ZcZgVaan cdi]Vk^c\hjX]Xdcigda#*,
]^\]ZhiVadc\i]Z]^\]anjgWVc^oZYXdVhiÅl]ZgZaZkZahd[ AVX` d[ V\ZcXn ^h gZ[aZXiZY ^c ^YZVh VWdji hZmjVa
jcbZiWVh^XcZZYh]dkZgWZilZZc*%VcY+%Ål]^aZ VjidcdbnVbdc\ldbZc^cEZgj#;dgZmVbeaZ!Vbdc\
heZcY^c\^hV[gVXi^dcd[i]Vi^cVgZVhl^i]]^\]an^cY^\" ldbZcl]dYdcdi]VkZXdcigdadkZgYV^an]djhZ]daYYZX^"
ZcdjhedejaVi^dch!hjX]Vh=jVcXVkZa^XV!l]ZgZdkZg h^dch!hjX]VhejgX]VhZhVhlZaaVhi]dhZV[[ZXi^c\i]Z^g
.%d[i]ZedejaVi^dc]VhjcbZiWVh^XcZZYh# ]ZVai]!dcan,%WZa^ZkZYi]Vi^i^h_jhi^ÒVWaZ[dgldbZcid
JcbZiWVh^XcZZYhbZVc! inter alia, aVX`d[VXXZhhid gZ[jhZhZmjVagZaVi^dch[dgVcnd[i]Z[daadl^c\gZVhdch/V
VYZfjViZ[ddY!ediVWaZlViZgVcYWVh^XhVc^iVi^dc#;dg ldbVc^hi^gZY!h]Z]VhgZXZcian]Vh\^kZcW^gi]!h]Z`cdlh
^chiVcXZ!ild"i]^gYhd[i]ZedejaVi^dc^ci]ZadlZhifj^c" ]Zg]jhWVcY^hjc[V^i][jaVcYh]Z`cdlh]ZgeVgicZg]VhV
i^aZYdcdi]VkZVYZfjViZVXXZhhidediVWaZlViZgl]^aZ hZmjVaanigVchb^iiZYY^hZVhZ#Dcanha^\]ianbdgZi]Vc)%
hjX]XdkZgV\Z^hjc^kZghVa^ci]ZlZVai]^Zhifj^ci^aZ#). d[ldbZcl^i]cdZYjXVi^dcWZa^ZkZYVaahjX]gZVhdch[dg
EZgjÉh^cZfjVa^i^ZhgZ\VgY^c\hZkZgZX]^aY]ddYhijci^c\! gZ[jh^c\hZmjVagZaVi^dchlZgZ_jhi^ÒZY#*-
l]^X]^hXVjhZYWnbVacjig^i^dcdkZgVadc\eZg^dYd[ DkZgild"i]^gYh+-d[EZgjk^VcldbZchjgkZnZY
i^bZ!VgZVaVgb^c\#;dgZkZgnX]^aY^ci]ZlZVai]^Zhi Wn i]Z :C9:H ^c '%%) VYb^iiZY i]Vi i]Z^g ]jhWVcYh
fj^ci^aZi]Vihj[[Zgh[gdbhZkZgZhijci^c\Ål^i]^iha^[Z" ZmZgX^hZ hdbZ [dgb d[ Xdcigda dkZg i]Zb! ^cXajY^c\
adc\^bea^XVi^dch[dgaZVgc^c\!YZkZadebZciVcY]ZVai] bdhi[gZfjZcian^ch^hi^c\dc`cdl^c\ZkZgneaVXZh]Z^h
gZegdYjXi^dcÅi]ZgZVgZ*.hZkZgZanhijciZYX]^aYgZc^c \d^c\VcYWZXdb^c\_ZVadjh^[h]Zhed`Zl^i]Vcdi]Zg
i]ZeddgZhifj^ci^aZ#JcbZiWVh^XcZZYhVahdigVchaViZ bVc#*. ;dgin"ild eZgXZci d[ ldbZc gZedgiZY ]Vk^c\
hj[[ZgZYhdbZ[dgbd[e]nh^XVak^daZcXZWni]Z^geVgicZg
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ' ,
<_]kh[)0F[h9Wf_jW=el[hdc[dj<kdZ_d]_ddk[leiieb[iWdZF[hY[djW][e\FefkbWj_edm_j^
Kdc[j8Wi_YD[[Zi"(&&&Å(&&+
)&&
(+&
(&&
dk[leiieb[i
F[hY[dje\
fefkbWj_edm_j^
kdc[jXWi_Yd[[Zi '+&
'&&
.&
'&&
,&
*&
+&
(&
& &
_d
?YW
iYe
kW
i^
de
[i
W
hW
dW
W
W
d_d
iYe
Wi
e
e
Z
_e
k[
WY
ei
Wb_
kY
WhY
b_Y
k_f
bbW
h[j
hjW
Whj
kZ
F_k
YW
cX
[]
ed
Fk
Y
_c
:_
[g
Wo
9k
@k
FW
|d
JW
l[
9W
Be
Wg
`Wc
X[
WY
7d
dC
gk
Wp
kd
Z[
Wo
KY
Jk
YW
>k
7h
7o
B_
Wo
7c
Ce
cX
7f
9W
Zh[
Wd
IW
BW
B_c
>k
BW
CW
HdjgXZ/H>6;"B:;^cEdgidXVggZgd6<# La Equidad en la Asignación Regional del Financiamiento del Sector Público de Salud. 2000-2005. 8>:H/.#
dg]jhWVcYdkZgi]ZYjgVi^dcd[i]ZgZaVi^dch]^e#+%DkZg gZedgiZYhj[[Zg^c\hjX]VWjhZlZci[dg]ZaeidVhiViZ
Vi]^gYd[ldbZcÅVcY),^ci]ZSierraÅgZedgiZYi]Vi ^chi^iji^dc#+(JcZYjXViZYVcY^bedkZg^h]ZYldbZcVgZ
i]Z^geVgicZgdg]jhWVcY]VYejh]ZY!h]V`Zcdgi]gdlc i]ZaZVhia^`ZanidhZZ`]Zae!VcY^cY^\ZcdjhldbZcVgZ
hdbZi]^c\Vii]Zb0il^hiZYi]Z^gVgbdghaVeeZYi]Zb0 i]Zbdhijca^`ZanedejaVi^dcidhZZ`]Zae#+)6'%%+gZedgi
`^X`ZYdgYgV\\ZYi]Zb0i]gZViZcZYidViiVX`dgViiVX`ZY WnVXdVa^i^dcd[ldbZcÉhg^\]ih\gdjehgZedgihi]Vi^cY^\"
i]Zbl^i]V`c^[Z!e^hidadgdi]ZglZVedc!dg[dgXZYi]Zb ZcdjhVcY6bVodc^VcldbZcZmeZg^ZcXZZheZX^Vaan]^\]
id]VkZhZmjVagZaVi^dchl]Zci]ZnY^YcdilVciidYdhd aZkZahd[YdbZhi^Xk^daZcXZVcYVgZi]ZaZVhiVWaZidhZZ`
dgY^YcdiVeegdkZd[i]Z`^cYd[hZmjVagZaVi^dch#+& gZXdjghZ!cdi^c\i]Vi/Æ9dbZhi^Xk^daZcXZVcYhZmjVa
>ci]ZaVhiilZakZbdci]h!dkZg&%d[ldbZc^cEZgj k^daZcXZVgZZmegZhh^dchd[Y^hXg^b^cVi^dchj[[ZgZYWn
VcYVeegdm^bViZan'%d[ldbZc^ci]ZSierragZedgiZY ^cY^\ZcdjhVcYcVi^kZ6bVodc^VcldbZcXjggZcian!l]^X]
]Vk^c\ hj[[ZgZY hjX] [dgbh d[ k^daZcXZ#+' :^\]iZZc YdcdigZXZ^kZVhVcXi^dcZ^i]ZgjcYZgXjhidbVgnaVldg
eZgXZcid[ldbZc^ci]ZSierragZedgiZYWZ^c\[dgXZYid jcYZghiViZaVl#Ç+*
]VkZhZmjVagZaVi^dchl]Zci]ZnY^YcdilVciidYdhddg <ZcYZg"WVhZYk^daZcXZXVcejildbZcViY^gZXig^h`
Y^YcdiV\gZZidi]Z[dgbd[hZmjVagZaVi^dch# d[bViZgcVaYZVi]Wne]nh^XVaanXVjh^c\b^hXVgg^V\ZVcY
9Zhe^iZ i]ZhZ cjbWZgh! dcan &( d[ ldbZc l]d Xdbea^XVi^dch#>iXVcVahdejildbZcVig^h`Wn^hdaVi^c\
i]Zb[gdbdi]ZgXdbbjc^inbZbWZghVcY[gdbi]Z i]Vcild"i]^gYhd[]ZVai]XVgZZhiVWa^h]bZcih^cEZgjVgZ
]ZVai]hnhiZb#K^daZcibZcd[iZcZmZgX^hZ^cdgY^cViZ ]ZVai]edhih (puestos de salud), l]^X]VgZhjeedhZYid
XdcigdadkZgi]Z^gVWjhZYeVgicZgh!egZkZci^c\i]Zb[gdb d[[Zgeg^bVgnXVgZ#,(IlZcin"ÒkZeZgXZcid[i]ZZhiVW"
heZV`^c\id[g^ZcYhdg]ZVai]ldg`Zgh#>hdaVi^dcXVcijgc a^h]bZcihVgZXaVhh^ÒZYVh]ZVai]XZciZgh (centros de
YZVYan^ci]ZZkZcid[VcZbZg\ZcXn# salud), bZVciidegdk^YZbdgZheZX^Va^oZYhZgk^XZhi]Vc
puestos de salud.,)I]ZbdhiheZX^Va^oZYXVgZ^h[djcY^c
I]ZEZgjk^Vc=ZVai]8VgZHnhiZb ]dhe^iVah!l]^X]Xdchi^ijiZi]ZgZbV^c^c\+d[]ZVai]"
XVgZZhiVWa^h]bZcih#,*>cegVXi^XZ!]dlZkZg!i]ZgZ^hl^YZ
>ci]ZL=DÉh World Health Report [gdb'%%%!EZgjgVc`ZY
kVg^Vi^dcVbdc\i]ZiZX]c^XVaXVeVX^i^Zhd[ZhiVWa^h]"
&&.d[&.&Xdjcig^Zh^ciZgbhd[i]ZZfj^ind[^ih]ZVai]
bZcihi]ViVgZXaVhh^ÒZYVXXdgY^c\idi]ZhZY^[[ZgZci
hnhiZb!gVc`ZY[gdbbdhi[V^gidaZVhi!VcY&-)djid[&.&!
aZkZah#>c'%%&!i]ZejWa^X]ZVai]hZXidgVXXdjciZY[dg
^ciZgbhd[[V^gcZhhd[ÒcVcX^VaXdcig^Wji^dchÅeaVX^c\^i
*&d[EZgjÉh]dhe^iVah!+.d[]ZVai]XZciZghVcY..
XadhZg^cgVc`^c\idXdjcig^ZhhjX]VhHdbVa^V!BnVcbVg
d[]ZVai]edhih#,+
VcYH^ZggVAZdcZi]Vcid^ihgZ\^dcVacZ^\]Wdgh#+-
>ci]Z&..%h!EZgjjcYZglZci]ZVai]hZXidggZ[dgb#
A^`ZbVcnXdjcig^Zh^ci]ZgZ\^dc!EZgjÉh]ZVai]"
I]ZVgbZYXdcÓ^XihiV\ZYWni]ZH]^c^c\EVi]^ci]Z
XVgZhnhiZb^hX]VgVXiZg^oZYWnVeViX]ldg`d[^chi^"
&.-%Éh]VYYZhigdnZYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb#,,7ni]ZWZ\^c"
iji^dch!l]^X]VgZdg\Vc^oZYVXXdgY^c\id^cY^k^YjVa
c^c\d[&..%h!EZgj]VYdcanVWdji&!%%%[jcXi^dc^c\
ZbeadnbZcihiVijh#I]Z]ZVai]XVgZhnhiZb^cXajYZh
]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh#,-I]ZVWhZcXZd[]ZVai][VX^a^i^ZhlVh
i]Z B^c^hign d[ =ZVai] B>CH6! i]Z hdX^Va hZXjg^in
bdhicdiVWaZ^cVgZVhd[i]Z Selva, VhlZaaVhi]Z Sierra,
hnhiZb:HH6AJ9!]ZVai]hZgk^XZh[dgi]Zeda^XZVcY
l]ZgZ i]Z Xdc[a^Xi ]VY WZZc bdhi VXjiZ! ^cXajY^c\
VgbZY [dgXZh! eg^kViZ ^chjgVcXZ VcY egdk^YZgh! VcY
6nVXjX]d!EjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV#
cdcegdÒi^chi^iji^dch#+.ESSALUD egdk^YZhXdkZgV\Zid
>c &..)! V aVg\Z"hXVaZ ]ZVai] XVgZ gZ[dgb Z[[dgi
hiViZZbeadnZZhVcYi]dhZl^i][dgbVaZbeadnbZci!
WZ\Vc!Y^gZXiZYVi^cXgZVh^c\eg^bVgnXVgZ^c[gVhigjX"
VcY^h[jcYZYeg^bVg^anWnZbeadnZghVcYZbeadnZZh
ijgZVcYgZYjX^c\EZgjÉh]^\]aZkZahd[bViZgcVaVcY
jcYZgi]ZVji]dg^ind[i]ZB^c^hignd[AVWdg#,%;ZlZg
^c[VcibdgiVa^in!l]^X]]VYViigVXiZYi]ZViiZci^dcd[
i]Vc'd[EZgjk^Vch]VkZeg^kViZ^chjgVcXZl]^aZ&#(
YdcdghiViZhVcY^ciZgcVi^dcVa^chi^iji^dch!^cXajY^c\i]Z
]VkZXdkZgV\Zi]gdj\]b^a^iVgndgeda^XZeaVch#,&I]Z
JH6\ZcXn[dg>ciZgcVi^dcVa9ZkZadebZciJH6>9!i]Z
B>CH6^hgZhedch^WaZ[dgi]ZgZbV^cYZgÅVeegdm^bViZan
LdgaY7Vc`!VcYi]Z>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`
,*Åd[i]ZedejaVi^dc#,'
>97#,.JcYZgi]Z;j_^bdg^VYb^c^higVi^dc&..%"'%%%!
I]ZgZVgZi]gZZXaVhh^ÒXVi^dchd[]ZVai]XVgZZhiVWa^h]"
]ZVai]hZXidggZ[dgbegd_ZXih[dXjhZYdcbViZgcVa"
bZcihl^i]^ci]ZejWa^X]ZVai]XVgZhnhiZb#Ha^\]ianbdgZ
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ' .
X]^aY]ZVai]^cXajYZYi]Z=ZVai]VcY7Vh^XCjig^i^dc GZkZaVi^dch d[ i]Z hiZg^a^oVi^dc XVbeV^\c XVjhZY
Egd_ZXiEHC7!Proyecto de Salud y Nutrición Básica &..)" gZkZgWZgVi^dchi]gdj\]djii]Z\dkZgcbZciVhlZaaVh
'%%%!ÒcVcXZYeVgi^VaanWni]ZLdgaY7Vc`!VcYEgd_ZXi JH6>9!l]^X]]VYegdk^YZY[jcY^c\idi]Zegd\gVb#-+
'%%%EgdnZXid'%%%!&..*"'%%%!ÒcVcXZYeVgi^VaanWn JcYZgi]ZIdaZYdVYb^c^higVi^dc!Vcdeedh^iZigZcYÅ
JH6>9#-% EHC7 [dXjhZY dc eg^bVgn XVgZ XVeVX^i^Zh! idlVgYX]^aa^c\[Vb^aneaVcc^c\hZgk^XZhÅidd`eaVXZ#-,
^cXajY^c\ egZcViVa XVgZ! l]^aZ Egd_ZXi '%%% heZX^[^" IldhjXXZhh^kZb^c^hiZghd[]ZVai][gdb'%%&"'%%(ÅAj^h
XVaan^cXajYZY\dVahgZaVi^c\idbViZgcVabdgiVa^inWji HdaVg^!VbZbWZgd[i]Z Sodalicio de Vida Cristiana, VcY
[dXjhZYdc^chi^iji^dcVaYZa^kZg^ZhgVi]Zgi]Vc:bD8 ;ZgcVcYd8VgWdcZ!l]d]VY[dgbZganWZZcVgZegZhZciV"
heZX^ÒXVaan#-&I]Z>97VahdÒcVcXZYVe^adiegd\gVb[dg i^kZ[dg=jbVcA^[Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa!VcVci^"X]d^XZadWWn^c\
ejWa^XbViZgcVa"X]^aY]ZVai]^chjgVcXZ^c&..,#7ZilZZc \gdjeÅÆaZ[ii]Z^gbVg`dceda^Xndg^ZciVi^dch#Ç--CZl
&..)VcY'%%%!bdgZi]Vc]Va[d[B>CH6ÉhWjY\Zi[dg =ZVai]Eda^Xn<j^YZa^cZh'%%'"'%&'eg^dg^i^oZYbViZgcVa
bViZgcVa"X]^aY]ZVai]VcY^c[ZXi^djhY^hZVhZh!VcYVc X]^aY]ZVai]l^i]^cV[gVbZldg`d[ÆgZheZXi[dg]jbVc
ZkZc]^\]ZgeZgXZciV\Z[dgbViZgcVa]ZVai]!XVbZ[gdb a^[Z!hiVgi^c\ViXdcXZei^dc#Ç-.
i]ZhZi]gZZ^chi^iji^dch#-' >c'%%&!l^i]i]ZdhiZch^WaZcdi^dcd[Zchjg^c\XdbegZ"
9Zhe^iZ^cXgZVhZh^cegZcViVaXVgZXdkZgV\Z!]dlZkZg! ]Zch^kZXVgZ!i]ZCVi^dcVa;Vb^anEaVcc^c\Egd\gVblVh
bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingZbV^cZYhijWWdgcan]^\]Yjg^c\i]^h Y^hXdci^cjZYVhVc^cYZeZcYZciegd\gVbVcY[Vb^an
i^bZ!Vha^iiaZViiZci^dclVheV^YidXgZVi^c\[jcXi^dc^c\ eaVcc^c\hZgk^XZhlZgZidWZ^cXajYZY^cXVgZ\ZcZg"
gZ[ZggVahnhiZbhVcYdi]Zg`ZnXdbedcZcihd[ZbZg" Vaan#HjWhZfjZcian!ldbZcÉhg^\]ih\gdjehVhlZaaVh
\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZ#-(>c&..,!i]ZgZaZVhZd[_d^cigZedgih ]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah]VkZXdaaZXiZYZk^YZcXZd[l^YZ"
Wni]ZL=DVcYi]ZEVc6bZg^XVc=ZVai]Dg\Vc^oVi^dc hegZVYh]dgiV\Zhd[XdcigVXZei^kZbZi]dYh!aVX`d[eda^Xn
]^\]a^\]i^c\EZgjÉh]^\]bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^dhXd^c" VcYWjY\ZiVgneg^dg^indc[Vb^aneaVcc^c\!VcYaVX`d[
X^YZYl^i]VhXVcYVai]ViZgjeiZY^ci]ZB^c^hignd[=ZVai] igV^c^c\[dge]nh^X^Vch^ceaVX^c\>J9hVcYeZg[dgb^c\
dkZgi]ZCVi^dcVa;Vb^anEaVcc^c\Egd\gVb (Programa ijWVaa^\Vi^dch#.%
Nacional de Planificacion Familiar).-) >cVYY^i^dcidi]Zeda^i^X^oVi^dcd[gZegdYjXi^kZVcY
>ckZhi^\Vi^dchWni]ZAVi^c6bZg^XVcVcY8Vg^WWZVc hZmjVa]ZVai]!i]ZEZgjk^Vc]ZVai]hnhiZb]Vh[VXZYX]Va"
8dbb^iiZZ[dgi]Z9Z[ZchZd[LdbZcÉhG^\]ih8A69:B! aZc\Zhl^i]gZheZXiid!inter alia, XZcigVa^oVi^dc!ZhiVW"
di]Zgcdc"\dkZgcbZciVadg\Vc^oVi^dch!VcYi]Z=jbVc a^h]^c\gZaVi^dchl^i]i]ZXdbbjc^in!]jbVcgZhdjgXZh!
G^\]ihDbWjYhD[ÒXZ!gZkZVaZYi]Vii]Z\dkZgcbZcilVh VcYZXdcdb^XWVgg^ZghidXVgZ#
Zc\V\^c\^cVXVbeV^\cd[hnhiZbVi^XhiZg^a^oVi^dc!d[iZc >ci]Zedhi";j_^bdg^eZg^dY!i]ZgZ]VhWZZcVigZcY
l^i]dji[jaaXdchZci#CjbZg^XVa\dVah[dghjg\^XVaXdcigV" idlVgYYZXZcigVa^oVi^dcd[i]Z]ZVai]hZXidg#I]Z\dkZgc"
XZei^dceg^bVg^anijWVaa^\Vi^dceZg[dgbZYWn]ZVai] bZciidd`VbV_dghiZeidlVgY^cXgZVh^c\YZXZcigVa^oV"
egdk^YZgh!VcYhnhiZbVi^XhjeZgk^h^dcd[i]ZVX]^ZkZbZci i^dcd[]ZVai]XVgZYZa^kZgn^c'%%*!l^i]HjegZbZ9ZXgZZ
d[hjX]\dVah!lZgZhZiY^gZXianWni]ZXZcigVa\dkZgc" %*'"'%%*"E8#.&I]ZYZXgZZhZidji[jcXi^dchidWZigVch"
bZci#I]ZiVg\ZiZYcjbWZgh[dgi]Zhjg\Zg^Zh^cXgZVhZY [ZggZYidgZ\^dcVaVcYadXVa\dkZgcbZcih!^cXajY^c\i]Z
ZkZgnnZVg!VcY^cdgYZgidVX]^ZkZi]ZhZ\dVah!ÆegdYjX" [dgbjaVi^dcd[gZ\^dcVaeda^X^ZhVXXdgY^c\idcVi^dcVa
i^k^inÇfjdiVh[dgi]ZeZg[dgbVcXZd[hjg\^XVaXdcigVXZe" \j^YZa^cZh0i]Z[dgbjaVi^dcVcYZmZXji^dcd[gZ\^dcVa
i^dclZgZVhh^\cZYid]ZVai]^chi^iji^dchVcYeZghdccZa# ]ZVai]YZkZadebZcieaVch0i]ZÆigVch[Zgd[gZhdjgXZh
>chZkZgVaadXVi^dch!8A69:B[djcYZk^YZcXZd[egZh" [dggZ^bWjghZbZci[dghZgk^XZhÇ0i]ZgZhedch^W^a^inid
hjgZ!^cXZci^kZhVcYi]gZVihV\V^chi]ZVai]eZghdccZa ÆXdcigda!bdc^idgVcYZkVajViZi]Z[jaÒaabZcid[^chjg"
id^cYjXZi]ZeZg[dgbVcXZd[hjg\Zg^Zh!e.g., d[[Zg^c\ VcXZ egdXZhhZh! ViiZci^dc eaVch! Veea^XVi^dc d[ [ZZh!
bdcZn[dgZVX]jhZg!jhZd[dgi]gZVid[jhZd[egdbd" XdkZgV\Z\dVahVcY]ZVai]XVgZhZgk^XZhiVcYVgYh½id
i^dcdgYZbdi^dc^cgZaVi^dcidXdbea^VcXZl^i]fjdiVh# dg\Vc^oZVcY^beaZbZci]ZVai]XVgZhZgk^XZh!ÇVcYÆidWZ
=ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcihlZgZWZ^c\ZkVajViZYdci]ZWVh^h gZhedch^WaZ[dgi]ZY^hhZb^cVi^dcd[jhZ[ja^c[dgbVi^dc
d[egdYjXi^k^inXg^iZg^VgVi]Zgi]VcfjVa^ind[XVgZ!l]^X] idi]ZedejaVi^dcdcVYb^c^higVi^dcVcYhZgk^XZh#Ç.'
\ZcZgViZYeZgkZghZ^cXZci^kZh[dg]ZVai]XVgZegdk^YZgh# >c VYY^i^dc id YZXZcigVa^oVi^dcÅl]^X] ^c i]Zdgn
>chdbZXVhZh8A69:B[djcYhZii^c\d[XdcY^i^dch[dg egdk^YZh[dgVbdgZYZbdXgVi^X]ZVai]hZXidgÅAdXVa
igZVibZci!haVciZYVcY^cXdbeaZiZ^c[dgbVi^dc!VWhZcXZ =ZVai] 6Yb^c^higVi^dc 8dbb^iiZZh 8A6H lZgZ
d[Vcn`^cYd[\jVgVciZZh^ci]ZegdXZhhd[YZX^h^dc" dg^\^cVaan^ciZcYZYidXgZViZVkZcjZh[dgadXVaeVgi^X^eV"
bV`^c\!VcYb^higZVi^c\d[]ZVai]hnhiZbjhZgh^[i]Zn i^dc^cYZX^h^dc"bV`^c\VWdji]ZVai]#.(I]Z8A6HlZgZ
gZ[jhZY#-* VXijVaanWZ\jc^ci]Z&..%hjcYZg;j_^bdg^!Vai]dj\]
( % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
i]Z\dkZgcbZciegdkZYVbW^kVaZcil^i]gZheZXiidi]Z^g (Servico Rural en Medicina), l]dVgZYd^c\i]Z^gnZVgd[
deZgVi^dc#L]^aZi]ZgZlZgZVeegdm^bViZan+%%8A6H gjgVahZgk^XZ#>cegVXi^XZ!ViV\^kZc]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]"
deZgVi^c\^ci]ZaViZ&..%h.)!i]ZgZVgZcdllZaadkZg bZci!i]ZgZbVnVahdWZV^YZh!cjghZh!b^Yl^kZhVcY
'!%%%8A6H[VX^a^i^ZhdeZgVi^c\^cEZgj!.*VXXdjci^c\[dg ZkZce]nh^X^Vchl]dVgZldg`^c\dcÆegde^cVÇÅa^iZgVaanV
'*d[Vaaeg^bVgn]ZVai]XVgZ[VX^a^i^ZhcVi^dcl^YZ#.+ Æi^eÇdgcdb^cVahi^eZcYÅWZXVjhZd[i]ZYZVgi]d[eVn^c\
:VX]8A6HXdch^hihd[Vc6hhdX^Vi^dcVcYVBVcV\^c\ _dWh^c]ZVai]XVgZ!ZheZX^Vaan^cgjgVaVgZVh#
8djcX^a#I]Z6hhdX^Vi^dc^hbVYZjed[h^mbZbWZghd[ >c]^h^ciZgk^Zl^c6eg^a!'%%,!i]ZcK^XZB^c^hiZgd[
i]ZXdbbjc^inl]dVgZgZegZhZciVi^kZhd[\gVhh"gddih =ZVai]?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!XdcXZYZYi]Vii]ZgZlVh
dg\Vc^oVi^dch#I]ZBVcV\^c\8djcX^ahVgZZaZXiZY[dgV ÆidiVaX]VdhÇ^c]jbVcgZhdjgXZhVcYVhhZgiZYi]Vii]Z
eZg^dYd[i]gZZnZVghiddkZghZZVcYeVgi^X^eViZ^ci]Z B>CH6]VYegdedhZYVegd_ZXiidi]ZB^c^hignd[;^cVcXZ
]ZVai]XZciZghÉdeZgVi^dc#I]gZZd[i]ZhZ^cY^k^YjVah [dg-%b^aa^dc nuevos soles eZgnZVgVeegdm^bViZanJH9
VgZ VeegdkZY Wn i]Z GZ\^dcVa 9^gZXidgViZ d[ =ZVai] '*b^aa^dcidXgZViZ)-+cZl]ZVai]iZVbh[dggjgVaVgZVh#
9>G:H6#I]ZbZbWZghd[i]ZBVcV\^c\8djcX^aegZh^" :VX]iZVbldjaYWZXdbedhZYd[VYdXidg!cjghZVcY
YZci!heZV`Zg$hZXgZiVgn!VcYigZVhjgZgVgZZaZXiZY[gdb b^Yl^[Zl^i]'"id"(nZVgXdcigVXihVcYhdbZWZcZÒih!
l^i]^ci]Z6hhdX^Vi^dc#I]ZgZ]VhWZZc\ZcYZg^cZfj^in VcYhVaVg^Zhi^ZYidegdYjXi^k^in\dVah#&%%6h^YZ[gdbhjX]
^ci]ZeVhil^i]dcandcZldbVc[dgZkZgnildbZcdc ad hoc bZVhjgZh!K^XZB^c^hiZg8VaYZgcY^YcdiVYYgZhh
i]Z BVcV\^c\ 8djcX^ah d[ i]Z 8A6H#., I]ZhZ ZaZXiZY Vcnedhh^WaZB>CH6eaVcidhnhiZbVi^XVaangVi^dcVa^oZ
d[ÒXZghVgZX]Vg\ZYl^i]dkZghZZ^c\i]Z[VX^a^inÉhYV^an ]jbVcgZhdjgXZh^c]ZVai]XVgZ#
eZg[dgbVcXZ# I]ZadlaZkZad[\dkZgcbZci[jcY^c\[dg]ZVai])#-d[
>cVYY^i^dciddi]ZgY^[[ZgZcXZh!8A6Hldg`Zghdg^\^" i]ZcVi^dcVaWjY\Zi^c'%%+!VhlZaaVhXdcY^i^dchViiVX]ZY
cVaan deZgViZY jcYZg V Y^[[ZgZci aVWdg gZ\^bZ i]Vc idadVch[gdb^ciZgcVi^dcVaÒcVcX^Va^chi^iji^dch>;>hi]Vi
di]Zg]ZVai]eZghdccZa^cB>CH6ZhiVWa^h]bZcih#I]Z eVgi^VaanÒcVcXZi]Z]ZVai]XVgZhnhiZb!]VkZgZhjaiZY^c
6hhdX^Vi^dc]^gZYi]Z]ZVYYdXidgdgbVcV\Zgd[i]Z hd"XVaaZYjhZg[ZZhWZ^c\^bedhZYdceVi^Zcih#6XXdgY^c\
]ZVai]XZciZg#I]^h^cY^k^YjValVhidldg`XadhZanl^i] idÒ\jgZh[gdbB>CH6VcYi]ZCVi^dcVa=ZVai]6XXdjcih!
i]Z8djcX^a#.-I]Z8A6HlZgZgZdg\Vc^oZYjcYZgi]Z Vhd['%%)!(,d[]ZVai]hZgk^XZhVcYbZY^X^cZhlZgZ
IdaZYdVYb^c^higVi^dcVcYYdcdi[jcXi^dc^ci]ZlVn eV^Y[dgk^Vdji"d["edX`ZijhZg[ZZh#&%&L]^aZi]Z[ZZh
i]ZnlZgZdg^\^cVaanYZh^\cZY#6bdc\di]Zgi]^c\h!Vh VgZYZh^\cZYidWdahiZgi]Z]ZVai]XVgZhnhiZbi]gdj\]
bdgZVcYbdgZYdXidghldg`dcXdcigVXihl^i]B>CH6! ^cXgZVhZYgZkZcjZh!i]Zn]VkZWZZcbdgZ]Vgb[jai]Vc
i]ZVW^a^ind[i]Z8djcX^aVcY6hhdX^Vi^dcideaVnVhjeZg" ]Zae[ja#I]Z^gVeea^XVi^dc^hd[iZcVgW^igVgn!VcYbVcn
k^hdgngdaZdkZgi]ZdeZgVi^dchd[i]Z]ZVai][VX^a^in]Vh ^cY^\ZcieVi^ZcihXVccdiV[[dgYdggZ[jhZideVnZkZc
aZhhZcZY# i]Zcdb^cVa[ZZhi]ZnVgZX]Vg\ZY[dgYgj\hVcYXZgiV^c
8A6HeZghdccZa[VaajcYZgdcZd[bVcnXViZ\dg^Zh[dg hZgk^XZh#&%'6hd[9ZXZbWZg'%%)!'*d[eZdeaZhjgkZnZY
]ZVai]XVgZldg`Zgh^cEZgj#>cYZZY!EZgjÉhXdbeaZmaVWdg Wni]ZCVi^dcVa=djhZ]daYHjgkZn:C6=D! Encuesta
gZ\^bZVcYbjai^eaZXViZ\dg^Zh[dg]ZVai]XVgZldg`Zgh Nacional de HogaresX^iZYi]ZgZVhdc[dgcdik^h^i^c\V
edhZVcdi]ZgXdchiZaaVi^dcd[X]VaaZc\ZhidZfj^in^ci]Z ]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZciVhaVX`d[bdcZn#&%(
hnhiZb#I]ZgZVgZVeed^ciZY]ZVai]ldg`Zghl]dVgZdc ;dgi]ZaVhiZ^\]inZVgh!i]ZXZciZge^ZXZd[i]Z\dkZgc"
eVngdaa!]VkZ[jaaWZcZÒiheVX`V\ZhVcYVgZcdihjW_ZXi bZciÉhZ[[dgihidgZYjXZZXdcdb^XWVgg^ZghidXVgZ]VY
ideZg[dgbVcXZgZk^Zlh!VcYi]ZgZ^hVahdVcVggVnd[ WZZci]ZXgZVi^dcVcYZmeVch^dcd[ejWa^X]ZVai]^chjg"
h]dgi"iZgbXdcigVXiVggVc\ZbZcih#..I]ZhZgVc\Z[gdb VcXZhX]ZbZh!l]^X]WZ\Vcl^i]bdi]ZghVcYX]^aYgZc
cdc"eZghdcVahZgk^XZXdcigVXih (servicios no personales), (Seguro Escolar and Seguro Materno Infantil) ^ci]ZaViZ
l]^X]^cXajYZcdWZcZÒihVcYVgZhjW_ZXiidhjbbVgn &..%ÉhVcYlVhaViZgYZcdb^cViZYi]Z Seguro Publico
Y^hb^hhVa!ideg^kViZXdcigVXih[dg8A6Hldg`Zghi]ViYd de Salud EjWa^X=ZVai]>chjgVcXZYjg^c\i]ZigVch^"
^cXajYZhdbZWZcZÒih#=ZVai]XVgZldg`[dgXZZbeadnZY i^dc\dkZgcbZcid[KVaZci^cEVc^V\jV^c'%%%#>c'%%&!
i]gdj\]Vcnd[i]Z[djgXViZ\dg^Zhd[?JCIDHZbeadnZZh! i]ZIdaZYdVYb^c^higVi^dcgZeaVXZYi]ZHEHl^i]i]Z
i]ZH>H!dgHVajY7{h^XVEVgVIdYdh7Vh^X=ZVai][dg6aa! H>HSeguro Integral de Salud,dg8dbegZ]Zch^kZ=ZVai]
ldg`dcXdcigVXihl^i]cdWZcZÒih#Di]Zgi]Vci]Z8A6H! >chjgVcXZ#&%)I]ZHEH]VYegdk^YZYXdkZgV\Z[dgVaa
Vcn\^kZc]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcibVn]VkZVcjbWZgd[ jc^chjgZYldbZcWZilZZcÒ[iZZcVcY).nZVghd[V\Z#
ldg`Zgh hjW_ZXi id Zci^gZan Y^[[ZgZci aVWdg gZ\^bZh! >cXdcigVhi!i]ZH>Hegdk^YZYWZcZÒihdcanidZmeZXiVci
l^i]hjWhiVci^VaanY^[[ZgZciegdiZXi^dchVcYWZcZÒih# bdi]Zghi]gdj\]dcZd[^ihhZkZceaVch!ZVX]d[l]^X]
>cVYY^i^dcidi]ZhZgZ\^bZh!i]ZgZVgZÆH:GJB^hiVhÇ lVhY^gZXiZYViY^[[ZgZcihjW"edejaVi^dch#
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ( &
EaVc 8 d[ i]Z H>H egdk^YZY XdkZgV\Z [dg egZcViVa h]dgi[Vaa![VX^a^i^Zh[gZfjZcianVh`Xa^ZcihideVn[dgYgj\h
XVgZ!cdgbVaVcY]^\]g^h`YZa^kZg^Zh!igVch[ZghYjg^c\ VcYhjeea^ZhVhlZaaVhaVWiZhih#I]Zh^ijVi^dc^h[jgi]Zg
dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh!XdkZgV\Z[dgXdhihgZaViZYid ZmVXZgWViZYWnjeidi]gZZ"bdci]YZaVnh^cgZ^bWjghZ"
[jcZgVah!XVgZ[dg)'YVnhV[iZgYZa^kZgn!VcYXVgZ[dg bZcih!XVjh^c\hdbZ[VX^a^i^ZhidhjheZcYi]Zegdk^h^dcd[
kVg^djhdi]Zg]ZVai]egdWaZbhgZaViZYidegZ\cVcXn#&%* hZgk^XZhjcYZgH>H[dghZkZgValZZ`h#Ç&&%L]ZchZgk^XZh
I]ZH>HaVlbVcYViZYi]Vii]ZhZhZgk^XZhWZ[gZZid VgZhjheZcYZY^ci]^hbVccZg!eVi^ZcihVgZX]Vg\ZY[dg
ZkZgndcZ ^c Y^hig^Xih l]ZgZ \gZViZg i]Vc +* d[ i]Z hZgk^XZh!gZ\VgYaZhhd[i]Z^gVW^a^inideVn!hZgk^c\VhV
edejaVi^dca^kZh^cedkZgin#>cY^k^YjVah^ci]ZhZY^hig^Xih! YZiZggZciidi]ZjhZd[dWhiZig^XhZgk^XZh#&&&
]dlZkZg!eV^YdcZnuevo sol Veegdm^bViZanJH9#(%id >c6eg^a'%%,!i]Z<VgX^VVYb^c^higVi^dc^cigdYjXZYV
gZ\^hiZgVhVH>HbZbWZg# cZl`^cYd[hdX^Va^chjgVcXZ!eVhhZYWnHjegZbZ9ZXgZZ
>c aZhh ^bedkZg^h]ZY Y^hig^Xih! ^cY^k^YjVah ]VY id C°%%)"'%%,"H6!&&'idgZeaVXZi]ZhZkZcH>HeaVch[dghjW"
cVk^\ViZi]ZJhZg>YZci^ÒXVi^dcHnhiZbH>J!Sistema edejaVi^dchhjX]Vh^c[VcihVcYegZ\cVcildbZc!l^i]
de Identificación de Usuarios!jhZYidhXgZZcVeea^XVcih ildeaVchidXdkZgi]ZZci^gZedejaVi^dc/hjWh^Y^oZYVcY
WVhZYdccZZY#9ZeZcY^c\dci]ZH>JYZiZgb^cVi^dcd[ hZb^"hjWh^Y^oZY#I]Z^ciZci^dc!VXXdgY^c\idi]ZcK^XZ
VcVeea^XVciÉhejgX]Vh^c\edlZg!h]ZbVn]VkZideVn B^c^hiZgd[=ZVai]!?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!lVhidXdckZgi
hdbZdgVaad[i]ZXdhihd[bZY^XVa[ZZh#&%+ i]ZH>H[gdbVgZ^bWjghZbZcihX]ZbZidVigjZ^chjg"
6ai]dj\]H>H]VhWZZchjXXZhh[ja^cZmeVcY^c\]ZVai] VcXZhX]ZbZl^i]Xd"eVnbZcihVcY!Vh]VYdXXjggZY
XVgZXdkZgV\Z[dgi]Zeddg!i]Zegd\gVbhj[[Zgh[gdbV jcYZgi]ZHEH!id^chjgZi]Zl]daZeZghdcgVi]Zgi]Vc
cjbWZgd[egdWaZbh#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZbdcZngZXZ^kZY i]ZXdcY^i^dcd[egZ\cVcXn#&&(=dlZkZg!i]ZWgdVYZg^cigd"
[gdbi]ZB^c^hignd[:XdcdbnVcY;^cVcXZB:;[V^ah YjXi^dcd[Xd"eVnbZcihVcYegZb^jbhl^aa!^cegVXi^XZ!
idXdkZgi]ZXdhihd[egdYjXi^dcdkZg]ZVY!&%,VcY^cZ[" egZhZcii]ZhVbZX]VaaZc\ZhidZfj^inVhjhZg[ZZhVcY
ÒX^ZcibVcV\ZbZciaZYi]Zegd\gVbidadhZVWdji)- bVngZXgZViZi]ZhVbZWVgg^ZghidXVgZ#
b^aa^dcnuevos soles Veegdm^bViZanJH9&*b^aa^dc^c JcYZgi]ZcZlhdX^Va^chjgVcXZ!eZghdchl^i]^cXdbZh
'%%)!Vaadl^c\^iidXdkZgdcan(,d[i]ZX]^aYgZc^i]VY d[aZhhi]Vc,%%nuevos soleseZgbdci]Veegdm^bViZan
WZZc^ciZcYZYidXdkZg#&%-BjX]d[i]Z^cZ[ÒX^ZcXnhiZbh JH9''&l^aaeVn&%nuevos soleseZgbdci]Veegdm^"
[gdbi]Z[VXii]Vii]ZWZcZÒihd[i]Zegd\gVb[VaaidbVcn bViZanJH9(VhVegZb^jb!VcYeZghdchl^i]^cXdbZh
l]dVgZcdiXaVhh^ÒZYVheddg#&%. WZilZZc,%%VcY&!%%%nuevos solesVeegdm^bViZanJH9
6cdi]Zgh^\c^ÒXVciegdWaZb]VhWZZcVcdkZgVaaaVX` ''&"(&+JH9l^aaeVn'%soleseZgbdci]Veegdm^bViZan
d[[jcY^c\[dgi]ZH>H#=ZVai]XVgZXZciZghVgZ\ZcZgVaan JH9+#I]ZgZl^aaWZXd"eVnbZcih[dghZgk^XZhVhlZaa#
gjcc^c\VYZÒX^i#>cVcZkVajVi^dcd[^ihZ[[dgihidZa^b^" :migZbZaneddgeZghdchÅVcZhi^bViZY'*d[i]ZidiVa!
cViZWVgg^ZghidVXXZhh^c\hV[ZbViZgcVaYZa^kZgn^cEZgj! VXXdgY^c\idK^XZB^c^hiZg8VaYZgcÅl^aaWZZmZbei[gdb
JH6>9ÉhEda^XnEgd_ZXilgdiZ!Æ6hVgZhjaid[i]^h[jcY^c\ Xd"eVnbZcihVcYegZb^jbh#I]ZcZlhdX^Va^chjgVcXZ
l^aagZedgiZYaneaVXZeg^dg^indcegZkZci^kZ]ZVai]VcY
JWXb['09Wki[ie\CWj[hdWbCehjWb_jo_dF[hk" ]ZVai]egdbdi^dc!gVi]Zgi]VcXVgZ!l]^X]XdjaYh^\cVa
(&&&je(&&+ VbdkZVlVn[gdb[jcY^c\ZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZ
VcYgZ[ZggVahnhiZbh#L]ZcVh`ZYidegdk^YZZmVbeaZh!
O[Wh K^XZB^c^hiZg8VaYZgcbZci^dcZYcjig^i^dcVaXdjchZa^c\!
=[d[hWb:_W]dei_i (&&& (&&' (&&( (&&) (&&* (&&+ [Vb^aneaVcc^c\!VcYXVcXZghXgZZc^c\#&&)6ii]ZhVbZ
=Zbdgg]V\Z )*#- *%#% *%#* *,#( *(#& )*#, i^bZ!]dlZkZg!K^XZB^c^hiZg8VaYZgcZhi^bViZYi]Vii]Z
cZl^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZldjaYXdkZg)-d[i]ZWjgYZc
>c[ZXi^dc &&#* -#. &*#( ,#( +#' +#+
d[Y^hZVhZ!^cXdbeVg^hdcl^i]&.XdkZgZYjcYZgi]Z
IdmZb^V &*#* &*#% ',#- '%#% &,#& '+#* egZk^djhH>HhX]ZbZ#&&*E=GlVhidaYi]ViWn'%&&!i]Z
6Wdgi^dc"gZaViZY *#) +#& )#& +#- ,#+ ,#( VYb^c^higVi^dc^ciZcYhidbVcYViZ]ZVai]^chjgVcXZ[dg
DWhigjXiZYW^gi] *#% '#- %#% %#* %#( %#( ZkZgndcZa^k^c\^cEZgj!egZhjbVWangZfj^g^c\eZdeaZid
ejgX]VhZZ^i]Zgeg^kViZdgejWa^X^chjgVcXZ#&&+
Di]Zg &+#& &+#+ '#) -#' &*#, &(#+
8VcÉiWZYZiZgb^cZY %#+ %#+ %#% %#% %#% %#%
BViZgcVaBdgiVa^in
JejWb '&& '&& '&& '&& '&& '&&
EZgj]Vhi]ZhZXdcY]^\]ZhibViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^d
HdjgXZ/;^X]VhYZ>ckZhi^\VX^cZe^YZb^da\^XVYZaVbdgiVa" BBG^cHdji]6bZg^XV!V[iZg7da^k^V#I]Z\dkZgcbZci
^YVYbViZgcVaÄ9^gZXX^c<ZcZgVaYZ:e^YZb^dad\VÄB>CH6 XaV^bhi]Vii]ZBBGlVh&+-eZg&%%!%%%a^kZhW^gi]h^c
2000
9kiYe
352
>kWdYWl[b_YW 1990
271.1
?YW
% *% &%% &*% '%% '*% (%% (*% )%% )*%
B_cW HdjgXZ/ I]Z 6aVc <jiibVX]Zg>chi^ijiZ 6<> '%%%! '%%)! '%%+! ^c
;ZggVcYd9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista.;ZW#+!'%%,#
Fkde aZcXZhiVcYhVi'%#&'&I]ZaZVY^c\XVjhZhd[bViZgcVa
bdgiVa^in^cEZgjVgZi]ZhVbZdWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch
gZhedch^WaZ[dgi]Z\gZVibV_dg^ind[bViZgcVaYZVi]h
& '& (& )& *& +& ,& -& .& /& '&& VgdjcYi]ZldgaY#I]ZnVgZ]Zbdgg]V\Z!)*#,VcY
^ceVgi^XjaVg!edhieVgijb]Zbdgg]V\Z0idmZb^VegZ"
BdYZgcBZi]dYh 6Whi^cZcXZ Di]Zg ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V!'+#*0VWdgi^dc"gZaViZYXdbea^"
HdjgXZ/HZZ:C9:H'%%%^cJc^iZYCVi^dch9ZkZadebZci<gdje#Hacia
XVi^dch!,#(!VcY^c[ZXi^dc!+#+#I]ZXViZ\dgnÆDi]ZgÇ
el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio en el Perú. ^cIVWaZ&gZ[Zghid^cY^gZXiXVjhZhd[YZVi]!hjX]Vh
CVi^dcVaB9<GZedgih#'%%)/+*#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jcY\#dg\$ bVaVg^VVcYijWZgXjadh^h#
VgX]^kZTYdXh$**%)"EZgjTB9<TGZedgiT"TB9<G#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jcZ
'+!'%%,# 6ai]dj\]i]Z\dkZgcbZciXaV^bhi]ViXdbea^XVi^dch
hiZbb^c\[gdbXaVcYZhi^cZVWdgi^dchVXXdjci[dgdcan
,#(d[bViZgcVaYZVi]h!bVcnZmeZgih^ci]Z]ZVai]
'%%*#>c'%%%!i]Z\dkZgcbZciXaV^bZYVcBBGd[&-*
ÒZaYWZa^ZkZi]VihjX]Xdbea^XVi^dch!l]^X]XVcegdYjXZ
l]^aZ[dgi]ZhVbZnZVg!i]ZL=D!JC;E6!VcYJC>8:;
hZeh^hdg]Zbdgg]V\ZVcYbVnWZgZXdgYZYVhhjX]!
Vgg^kZYViVcZhi^bViZd[)&%eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h#&&,
bVnVXijVaanWZgZhedch^WaZ[dgVhbVcnVh&%id(%
BdhiZmeZgihdcbViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEZgjÅVcYZkZc
eZgXZci#&''
^ihdlc'%%)egd\gZhhgZedgidcVX]^Zk^c\i]ZB^aaZcc^jb
6hijYnYdcZWni]Z6aaVc<jiibVX]Zg>chi^ijiZZhi^"
9ZkZadebZci<dVahÅYdcdiWZa^ZkZi]Vii]Zd[ÒX^VaBBGh
bViZYi]Vi^c'%%+!i]ZgZlZgZVcZhi^bViZY(,&!%%%
VgZVgZa^VWaZlVnidigVX`egd\gZhhVcYi]Vii]ZgZ^hV
^cYjXZYVWdgi^dch^cEZgj#6Wdgi^dc^h^aaZ\Va^cEZgj
hZg^djhhjW"Zhi^bVi^dcd[bViZgcVaYZVi]h#&&-
ZmXZeiidegZhZgkZi]Za^[Zdg]ZVai]d[i]Zbdi]Zg#
CdcZi]ZaZhh!Y^heVg^i^Zh^cBBGhXVc^aajhigViZWgdVY
DWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch!^cXajY^c\i]dhZhiZbb^c\
igji]hVWdji^cZfj^inÅ^[cdied^ciidheZX^ÒXegd\gVb"
[gdb^cXdbeaZiZVWdgi^dch!gZfj^gZVXXZhhidZbZg\ZcXn
b^c\gZhedchZh#I]jh!l]^aZi]ZBBG[dgA^bVlVh*'
dWhiZig^XXVgZ:bD8#&'(
eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h^c'%%%!i]ZBBG[dg=jVcXVkZa^XV
>cEZgj!i]ZgZVgZYZZe^cZfj^i^Zh^cgZaVi^dcidVXXZhh
VcYEjcdlZgZ(%'VcY(+&!gZheZXi^kZan#&&.A^`Zl^hZ!jhZ
id:bD8!h`^aaZYW^gi]ViiZcYVcXZVcYgZ[ZggVacZildg`h!
d[XdcigVXZei^kZhXdggZaViZhl^i]hdX^dZXdcdb^XhiVijh!
Vaa d[ l]^X] VgZ ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan gZXd\c^oZY id WZ i]Z
VcY^cbdgZ^bedkZg^h]ZYgZ\^dchhjX]Vhi]ZSierra
`ZnhidcZ^ciZgkZci^dchidegZkZcibViZgcVabdgiVa^in#&')
VcYSelva, i]ZjhZd[bdYZgcbZi]dYhd[XdcigVXZei^kZh
;dgZmVbeaZ!YZhe^iZdkZgVaaXdkZgV\Zi]Vi^hXdbeVgVWaZ
^hdcan(*VcY)+!gZheZXi^kZan0l]^aZ^cA^bV!**
idhdbZd[^ihAVi^c6bZg^XVccZ^\]Wdgh!i]ZY^heVg^i^Zh
d[ldbZcjhZhdbZbdYZgc[dgbd[W^gi]Xdcigda#&'%
WZilZZcg^X]VcYeddg^cVXXZhhidh`^aaZYW^gi]ViiZc"
>cWdi]EjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV!XdcigVXZei^kZegZkV"
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ( (
<_]kh[,08_hj^i7jj[dZ[ZXoIa_bb[Z>[Wbj^ YVcXZVgZ\gZViZg^cEZgji]Vc^cVcndi]ZgXdjcign^c
F[hiedd[bf[h?dYec[Gk_dj_b[ Hdji]6bZg^XV#
& (& *& ,& .& '&& L]Zcadd`^c\Vii]ZYViVWnYZeVgibZci!^iWZXdbZh
XaZVgi]Vi^cXdbZXdbW^cZhl^i]di]Zg[VXidghidXgZViZ
8eb_l_W VXXjbjaViZYY^hVYkVciV\Zl^i]gZheZXiidi]ZhZ^ciZg"
kZci^dch#I]jh!i]ZZmigZbZanadleZgXZciV\Zhd[ldbZc
ViiZcYZYWnh`^aaZYegd[Zhh^dcVah^c=jVcXVkZa^XV'&
VcYEjcd',#-gZaViZcdi_jhiidi]Z]^\]aZkZahd[
8hWp_b edkZgind[i]ZedejaVi^dcWjiVahdidi]Z]^\]eZgXZciV\Z
d[^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dchi]Via^kZY^hegdedgi^dcViZan^c
gjgVaVgZVh#CVi^dcl^YZ!^cgjgVaVgZVh!,)d[ldbZc
\^kZW^gi]^ci]Z^g]dbZh!l]^aZ.%d[ldbZc^c^cY^\"
ZcdjhXdbbjc^i^ZhYdhd#&'*
9ebecX_W CdiVaaVheZXihd[:bD8VgZhnhiZbVi^XVaanbdc^idgZY
VcYY^hV\\gZ\ViZY^cEZgj#=dlZkZg!dcZ^cY^XVidgd[
i]ZY^heVg^i^Zh^cVXXZhhidXdbegZ]Zch^kZ:bD8!l]^X]
^cXajYZhVXXZhhidhjg\ZgnVcYWaddYigVch[jh^dch!^hi]Z
:ec_d_YWdH[fkXb_Y ZcdgbdjhkVg^Vi^dc^c8ZhVgZVchZXi^dcgViZhVXgdhh
YZeVgibZcih#I]ZL=D$JC>8:;$JC;E6 Guidelines on
Monitoring the Availability and Use of Essential Obstetric Care
(UN Guidelines) hiViZi]Vi8ZhVgZVchZXi^dcgViZhh]djaY
=kWj[cWbW [VaaWZilZZc*VcY&*#&'+6iaZVhi*d[egZ\cVcildbZc
XVcWZZmeZXiZYidYZkZadeXdbea^XVi^dchi]VigZfj^gZi]^h
a^[Z"hVk^c\hjg\Zgn0]dlZkZg!VWdkZ&*XVc^cY^XViZVc
dkZg"gZa^VcXZdchjg\Zgn[dgdi]ZggZVhdch!^cXajY^c\
>W_j_ ÒcVcX^Va^cXZci^kZhd[e]nh^X^VchVcY^chi^iji^dch#
>c'%%%!i]Z8ZhVgZVcgViZlVh')#)^cA^bV!l^i]
bjX]]^\]ZggViZhgZedgiZYVieg^kViZXa^c^Xh#6ii]Z
hVbZi^bZ!^cWdi]=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd!i]Z8ZhVgZVc
hZXi^dcgViZhhiddYVi(#%^cWdi]YZeVgibZcih#IjbWZh
D_YWhW]kW
]VYi]Z]^\]ZhigViZd[8ZhVgZVchZXi^dch!Vi'+#,!l]^aZ
=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd]VYi]ZadlZhigViZh#&',I]Z'%%)
:C9:HCVi^dcVaHjgkZndc9Zbd\gVe]^XhVcY;Vb^an
=ZVai]!l]^X]YdZhcdigZedgi8ZhVgZVchZXi^dcgViZh
FWhW]kWo WnYZeVgibZci!Y^Y]dlZkZghiViZi]Vii]Z8ZhVgZVcgViZ
Vbdc\i]Zg^X]Zhifj^ci^aZd[i]ZedejaVi^dclVh()!
l]^aZVbdc\i]ZeddgZhifj^ci^aZ!i]ZgViZlVhdcan)#&'-
I]ZhZÒ\jgZhhj\\Zhii]VildbZc^ci]Zg^X]Zhifj^ci^aZ
F[hk VgZ]Vk^c\jccZXZhhVgn8ZhVgZVchZXi^dchl]^aZldbZc
^ci]ZeddgZhifj^ci^aZVgZYn^c\[dgaVX`d[VXXZhhidi]^h
a^[Z"hVk^c\hjg\Zgn#
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ( *
VXfj^gZY^ci]ZeVhinZVg#6XXdgY^c\idi]^hhZa["gZedgi^c\! i]^hhVbZhjXXZhh#I]ZjhZd[BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZidigZVi
i]ZhZkVg^djhVXfj^h^i^dch!VhlZaaVhgZcdkVi^dchid]dhe^" egZ"ZXaVbeh^V]VYcdiWZZc^cXajYZY^ci]ZH>HegdidXda
iVahVcYXa^c^Xh!]VkZhZgkZYidWZcZÒi,!(+%!-*%eZdeaZ#&)% VcY^hcdinZil^YZhegZVY!YZhe^iZi]ZXaZVgWZcZÒihi]Vi
6eegdm^bViZan(%d[[jcYhVgZXjggZcianheZcidcZfj^e" ldjaYgZhjai[gdb^ihjhZ#BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZgZfj^gZh
bZci!VhgZfj^gZYWni]Z7Vc`h#&)& igV^c^c\ VcY hjhiV^cZY dWhZgkVi^dc id ^beaZbZci ^ih
6[iZg ^ih ^c^i^Va ^cZ[[ZXijVacZhh VcY dkZgan WgdVY jhV\Z#H^b^aVgan!i]ZhiVcYVgY^oVi^dcd[Vci^W^di^XjhZid
bVcYViZ!E6GHVajY>idd`i]Z^bedgiVcihiZed[Zbe]V" bVcV\Z^c[ZXi^dchgZaViZYidegZ\cVcXnVcYX]^aYW^gi]
h^o^c\gZ[ZggVahnhiZbhVcYXVeVX^i^ZhidgZhedcYid gZbV^chZajh^kZ#&))
dWhiZig^X ZbZg\ZcX^Zh i]gdj\] i]Z ^chi^iji^dc d[ i]Z ;^cVaan!Æ^chi^iji^dcVabdYZgc^oVi^dcÇ[dXjhZYeg^bVg^an
Funciones Obstericas Basicas ;D7! 7Vh^X DWhiZig^X dci]Z^begdkZbZcid[bZX]Vc^hbhidWZiiZg[VX^a^iViZ
;jcXi^dchVcYFunciones Obstetricas Esenciales ;D:! Z[ÒX^ZciYZXZcigVa^oVi^dc#I]ZhZbZX]Vc^hbh^cXajYZY
:hhZci^VaDWhiZig^X;jcXi^dch#;D7hgZ[Zgidi]ZXVeVX^in i]Z egdk^h^dc d[ iZX]c^XVa Vhh^hiVcXZ id i]Z kVg^djh
d[]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcihidVYb^c^hiZgeVgZciZgVaVci^" gZ\^dcVaY^gZXi^kZh!VhlZaaVhVcViiZbeiid]VkZXZcigVa"
W^di^Xh!dmnidX^c!VcYVci^XdckjahVcih0bVcjVaangZbdkZ ^oZY^c[dgbVi^dcdc]ZVai]hiVi^hi^XhgZaVi^c\idbViZgcVa
eaVXZciVhVcYgZiV^cZYegdYjXih!VcYViiZcYidcdgbVa bdgiVa^in#&)*=dlZkZg!^cegVXi^XZ!i]^h]VhegdkZcY^[Ò"
YZa^kZg^Zh#;D:hgZ[Zgidi]ZXVeVX^ind[]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh Xjai#;dgZmVbeaZ!JH6>9]Vhed^ciZYdjii]ZegdWaZbh
ideZg[dgb8VZhVg^VchZXi^dchVcYWaddYigVch[jh^dch^c d[ldg`^c\l^i]Wdi]i]ZXZcigVa^oZYVcYYZXZcigVa^oZY
VYY^i^dcidi]ZegdXZYjgZheZg[dgbZYVi;D7h#6i]^gY VheZXihd[i]ZEZgjk^Vc]ZVai]hnhiZbYjZid[gZfjZci
XViZ\dgnd[;DEh(Funciones Obstericas Primarias) gZ[Zg X]Vc\Zh^caZVYZgh]^e#&)+
idi]ZXVeVX^inidViiZcY^bb^cZciYZa^kZg^ZhVcYegdk^YZ E6GHVajY>VahdZbe]Vh^oZYWZiiZgÒcVcX^c\gZ\jaV"
ÒghiV^Y^cZbZg\ZcX^Zh!hjX]Vh>KÓj^YgZhjhX^iVi^dc# i^dcVcYi]ZYZkZadebZcid[VWZiiZghZXidgl^i]^ci]Z
;D:h!;D7hVcY;DEhYdcdiXdggZhedcYid]dhe^iVah! \dkZgcbZciidYZVal^i]ÒcVcXZVcYaZcY^c\#&),6iiZbeih
]ZVai]XZciZghVcY]ZVai]edhih!gZheZXi^kZan#I]ZjhZd[ id^begdkZÒcVcX^VaVYb^c^higVi^dcVcYVXXdjciVW^a^inbZi
i]^hXaVhh^ÒXVi^dchnhiZb^cZ[[ZXiVX`cdlaZY\ZYi]Vi l^i]hdbZhjXXZhhi]gdj\]i]Z^beaZbZciVi^dcd[VcZl
]ZVai]edhih!]ZVai]XZciZghVcY]dhe^iVah]VkZY^heV" hiVcYVgY^oZYVXXdjci^c\hnhiZb#H><6>c[dgbVi^dcHnhiZb
gViZXVeVX^i^ZhidgZhedcYiddWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh!VcY [dg6Yb^c^higVi^kZBVcV\ZbZci!Sistema de Información de
i]ZgZ[dgZ!h^bean^cXgZVh^c\^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]hlVhcdi Gestión Administrativa]Vh]ZaeZYidYZXgZVhZXdggjei^dc!
VcVYZfjViZhigViZ\nidVYYgZhhbViZgcVabdgiVa^in#L^i] eVgi^XjaVgan^ci]ZejgX]VhZd[bZY^X^cZh#DcXZ^chiVaaZY!
i]^hXaVhh^ÒXVi^dchnhiZb!^ih]djaYWZedhh^WaZidYZiZg" H><6h]djaYWZ^ciZ\gViZYl^i]H>6;8dbegZ]Zch^kZ
b^cZl]Zi]Zgi]ZVaadXVi^dcd[ZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZ HnhiZb[dg;^cVcX^Va6Yb^c^higVi^dc!Sistema Integral de
^hZfj^iVWaZWVhZYdcedejaVi^dccZZYh!VegZgZfj^h^iZ Administración FinancieraVcYjhZYWni]ZB:;^cdgYZg
[dgVYYgZhh^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEZgj# idVaadli]Z[ZYZgVa\dkZgcbZciidhZZ]dlbjX]bdcZn
>cdgYZgidYZiZgb^cZl]Zi]ZgdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh ^haZ[i^ci]ZWjY\ZiViVcn\^kZced^ci#&)-
VgZWZ^c\]VcYaZY^cVc^begdkZYbVccZg!E6GHVajY> I]ZidiVaVbdjcid[E6GHVajY>lVhVeegdm^bViZan
VahdVcVanoZYi]Zegdedgi^dcd[W^gi]h^cl]^X]XVZhVg^Vc JH9-,!%%%!%%%!l^i]i]ZEZgjk^VcigZVhjgnXdcig^Wji^c\
hZXi^dchlZgZeZg[dgbZY!VhlZaaVhi]ZcjbWZgd[]ZVai]" ha^\]iandkZgdcZ"i]^gYd[i]Z[jcYh#JcYZgi]Zdg^\^cVa
XVgZXZciZghl^i]i]ZXVeVX^inid]VcYaZdWhiZig^XXdbea^" ÒcVcX^VaheZX^ÒXVi^dchd[i]ZadVc!EZgjlVhgZfj^gZY
XVi^dch#6ai]dj\]i]ZdkZgVaacjbWZgd[XVZhVg^VchZXi^dch ideVnV[ZZd[&d[i]ZadVcVi^ih^c^i^Vi^dcVhlZaaVh
]Vh^cXgZVhZY!i]^h^hcdiigjZ[dgi]ZeddgZhihZXidghd[ V#,*dci]Zeg^cX^eVacdinZil^i]YgVlcYjg^c\ZVX]
hdX^Zin!^cl]^X]i]ZgZ]VhWZZca^iiaZ!^[Vcn!X]Vc\Z# nZVgd[i]ZadVc#6XXdgY^c\idi]ZVbdgi^oVi^dchX]ZYjaZ!
6cdi]Zg^cY^XVidgjhZYlVhi]Zegdedgi^dcd[W^gi]h i]ZadVclVhidWZgZeV^Y^chjbhd[&!&'*!%%%eZgnZVg
^cl]^X]dmnidX^clVhVYb^c^hiZgZYidVldbVcl^i]^c hiVgi^c\^c'%%*#>ciZgZhidci]ZVbdjcil^i]YgVlclVh
dcZb^cjiZV[iZgYZa^kZgn!VegVXi^XZ^ciZcYZYidegZkZci eVnVWaZhZb^VccjVaanWVhZYdci]ZA>7DGWVhZgViZ
edhieVgijb]Zbdgg]V\Z#I]^hcjbWZg]Vh^cXgZVhZY AdcYdc>ciZgWVc`D[[ZgZYGViZ#&).
WZilZZc'%%'VcY'%%*Å[gdbVabdhi%iddkZg*%Å 8jggZcian!cZ\di^Vi^dchVgZ^cegdXZhhidYgV[ii]Z
gZ\VgYaZhhd[^cXdbZaZkZa#&)'6iaZVhidcZ`Zn^c[dgbVci hZXdcYe]VhZd[E6GHVajY#I]Z\dkZgcbZci]VhYZaVnZY
Vg\jZYi]Vii]^h^cXgZVhZbVnZmeaV^cViaZVhihdbZd[ hjWb^ii^c\VXdcXZeicdiZidi]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>97#
i]ZYZXa^cZ^ci]ZeZgXZciV\Zd[bViZgcVaYZVi]hYjZid 7di]i]ZB^c^hignd[;^cVcXZB:;VcYB^c^hignd[=ZVai]
]Zbdgg]V\ZgZaVi^kZiddi]ZgXVjhZh&)( ]VkZWZZchadlidbdkZdci]ZcZXZhhVgncZ\di^Vi^dch#
=dlZkZg!di]ZgegdXZhh^cY^XVidgh]VkZcdibZil^i] I]ZX]Vc\Z^cVYb^c^higVi^dcl^i]i]ZgZXZciegZh^YZc"
( + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
i^VaZaZXi^dch]VhVahdhadlZYYdlci]^hegdXZhh#I]Z
XdcigVXih[dgE6GHVajY>>h]djaYWZÒcVa^oZY^c'%%- E6GHVajY^hVAdVc!Cdi6^Y
YZhe^iZi]ZhZYZaVnh#&*%E6GHVajY>>^hhaViZYid^cXajYZ
6h k^gijVaan cd [jcYh lZgZ YgVlc Ydlc [dg Vi
bdgZgZ\^dchd[i]ZXdjcigni]VcE6GHVajY>Vai]dj\]^i
aZVhi i]Z Òghi ild nZVgh d[ E6GHVajY > YjZ id i]Z
l^aaYZÒc^iZan^cXajYZEjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYXdjaY
\dkZgcbZciÉh ^cVW^a^in id YZÒcZ eg^dg^i^Zh! EZgj
VbdjciidbdgZi]VcJH9&%%!%%%!%%%#&*&
^cXjggZY]jcYgZYhd[i]djhVcYhd[YdaaVgh^cYZWi
>cE=GÉh^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]`Zn^c[dgbVcih!E6GHVajY>
h^beanWVhZYdci]ZXdbb^ibZci[ZZh#6YY^c\i]Z
lVh]ZVk^anXg^i^X^oZY[dgcdiZc\V\^c\l^i]X^k^ahdX^Zin
^c^i^Va[ZZidi]ZXdbb^ibZciX]Vg\ZhbZVchi]Vi
dg\Vc^oVi^dchdgi]Z\ZcZgVaejWa^X#6hd[6eg^a'%%,!cd
EZgj ^cXjggZY hdbZl]ZgZ ^c i]Z cZ^\]Wdg]ddY
XdchjaiVi^dchl^i]JCV\ZcX^Zh!]ZVai]hnhiZbjhZgh!
d[ JH9 dcZ b^aa^dc ^c YZWi WZ[dgZ gZXZ^k^c\ Vcn
dgX^k^ahdX^Zindg\Vc^oVi^dch]VYWZZcXVgg^ZYdjil^i]
iVc\^WaZWZcZÒil]VihdZkZg[gdbE6GHVajY>#&*(
gZheZXiidi]ZYZh^\cdgXdciZcid[E6GHVajY>>#&*'
Dej[i Y^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$[ZXjcY^YVY#Vhe#6XXZhhZY
?VcjVgn'%!'%%,#
&
B>CH6# “Biblioteca Virtual Salud Perú – Indicadores Nacionales,
ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$edWidiVa#Vhe#6XXZhhZY?VcjVgn'%! '%%,#
'%%,0ÆL=D8dgZ=ZVai]>cY^XVidgh[dgEZgj#Ç6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$ &+
B>CH6# “Biblioteca Virtual Salud Perú – Indicadores Nacionales, Tasa
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ( ,
'+
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio )*
>chi^iji>ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ<dkZgcVW^a^iViYZ8ViVajcnV# Perfiles nacio-
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la nales de gobernabilidad: República de Perú. ?jan'%%*/(%#
desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ'*!eVgV&&# )+
Jc^iZYCVi^dch9ZkZadebZciEgd\gVb# Human Development Report
',
LZ^hWgdiB#
Peru’s Election: Background on Economic Issues. Center 2004.
for Economic and Policy Research. '%%+/)#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll# ),
I]Z=9>^hVXdbedh^iZ^cYZmi]VibZVhjgZhi]ZVkZgV\ZVX]^ZkZ"
XZeg#cZi$YdXjbZcih$eZgjTWVX`\gdjcYT'%%+T%)#eY[#6XXZhhZY bZcih^cVXdjcign^ci]gZZWVh^XY^bZch^dchd[]jbVcYZkZade"
?VcjVgn'&!'%%,# bZci/Vadc\VcY]ZVai]na^[Z!VhbZVhjgZYWna^[ZZmeZXiVcXnVi
'-
>Y#!eVgV(# W^gi]0`cdlaZY\Z!VhbZVhjgZYWni]ZVYjaia^iZgVXngViZVcYi]Z
'.
>Y#!eVgV)#7nXdbeVg^hdc!i]ZejWa^XhZXidgYZÒX^ilVh%#,eZgXZci
XdbW^cZY\gdhhZcgdabZcigVi^d[dgeg^bVgn!hZXdcYVgnVcYiZgi^Vgn
d[<9E^c'%%'#HZZ^Y# hX]ddah0VcYVYZXZcihiVcYVgYd[a^k^c\!VhbZVhjgZYWn<9E
eZgXVe^iV^cejgX]Vh^c\edlZgeVg^inEEEJHYdaaVgh#<^kZci]Vi
(%
>Y# Ò\jgZhdceZgXVe^iV<9EWnYZeVgibZciVgZcdiVkV^aVWaZ!=9>Vi
(&
K{hfjZo!:#'%%)/') Presupuesto público y gasto social: La urgencia
i]ZcVi^dcVaaZkZakVg^ZhVcY^chiZVYWVhZh^ihXVaXjaVi^dchdc[Vb^an
del monitoreo y evaluación. A^bV/8ZcigdYZ>ckZhi^\VX^cYZaV hVaVg^Zh#L]^aZEZgjÉh^ciZgcVi^dcVa=9>lVh#,+'VXXdgY^c\idi]Z
Jc^kZgh^YVYYZaEVX^ÒXdÄHVkZI]Z8]^aYgZcHlZYZc# JC9E!^ihcVi^dcVa=9>lVhXVaXjaViZYVi#*.-#HZZ/Jc^iZYCVi^dch
('
LdgaY7Vc`# Peru: Country Assistance Evaluation. Report No.24898PE.
9ZkZadebZciEgd\gVb# Human Development Report 2004. ]iie/$$
HZeiZbWZg'%%'/'# ]Yg#jcYe#dg\$YdXh$hiVi^hi^Xh$^cY^XZh$hiViT[ZVijgZT'#eY[#6XXZhhZY
6j\jhi&,!'%%+#0JC9EEZgj#ÆHZXX^c:heZX^Va/IdbVcYdZa
((
2007 Index of Economic Freedom. I]Z=Zg^iV\Z;djcYVi^dc#6kV^aVWaZ
ejahdVaYZhVggdaad]jbVcdZcZaEZg#Ç Informe sobre Desarrollo
Vi/]iie/$$lll#]Zg^iV\Z#dg\$gZhZVgX]$[ZVijgZh$^cYZm$#6XXZhhZY
Humano Perú 2006:&..# 6kV^aVWaZ Vi/ ]iie/$$lll#ecjY#dg\#eZ$
?jcZ''!'%%,#
^Y]$>c[dgbZ'%%+$^cY]T'%%+T&%THZXX^dc:heZX^Va#eY[#6XXZhhZY
()
=ZaaZgE#Æ;^hXVaHeVXZ/L]Vi^h^iVcY=dlid\Zi^i4Ç Finance &
;ZWgjVgn''!'%%,#
Development: A Quarterly Magazine of the International Monetary )-
JC9EEZgj#ÆHZXX^c:heZX^Va/IdbVcYdZaejahdVaYZhVggdaad
Fund. ?jcZ'%%*0''6kV^aVWaZVi/lll#^b[#dg\$ZmiZgcVa$ejWh$[i$
]jbVcd Zc Za EZg#Ç Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano Perú
[VcYY$'%%*$%+$WVh^Xh#]ib#6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn-!'%%,#
2006:&..#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#ecjY#dg\#eZ$^Y]$>c[dgbZ'%%+$
(*
7ZgiZahbVccHi^[ijc\# Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006.
^cY]T'%%+T&%THZXX^dc:heZX^Va#eY[#6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn''!'%%,#
8djcignGZedgih/ÆEZgj#Ç/&-#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#WZgiZah" ).
JC9E#Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity: Power,
bVcc"igVch[dgbVi^dc"^cYZm#YZ$ÒaZVYb^c$eY[$Zc$'%%+$AVi^c6bZ
poverty and the global water crisis. '%%+#6kVa^VWaZVi/]iie/$$]Yg#
g^XV6cYI]Z8Vg^WWZVc$EZgj#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan'!'%%,#
jcYe#dg\$]Yg'%%+$eY[h$gZedgi$=9G%+"XdbeaZiZ#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan
(+
LdgaY7Vc`# A New Social Contract: An Agenda for Improving Education,
'(!'%%,#
Health, and the Social Safety Net in Peru. BVgX]'%%+/)."*%# *%
>Y#! eVgV (('# <lVi`^c 9! ?d]chdc @! LV\hiV[[ 6! GjihiZ^c H!
(,
>Y#!eVgV*%# VcYEVcYZG Socioeconomic Differences in Health, Nutrition and
(-
>Y#!eVgV&'%# Population in Peru. LdgaY7Vc`#'%%,#
*&
(.
HZZÆ6ccZmIVWaZ'X/EjWa^X:meZcY^ijgZdc=ZVai]VcY:YjXVi^dc
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
[dgEZgjVcY8dbeVgVidg8djcig^Zh#Ç^cLdgaY7Vc`# Peru: Country en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
Assistance Evaluation. Report No.24898PE. HZeiZbWZg'%%'/((# desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ'*!eVgV)&#
)%
7VggcB!7Vo{cB!VcY8Vhi^aadG# Barreras económicas en al acceso
*'
>Y#
a servicios de salud de calidad: diagnóstico y políticas para su super- *(
>Y#!eVgV)&"'#
ación. 8>:H!86G:#A^bV/?jan'%%+/&'# *)
(.#*#HZZ/>C:># Perú: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar
)&
K{hfjZo :# Gasto social en el Perú: un balance crítico al 2004.
:C9:H8dci^cjV'%%)#CdkZbWZg'%%*/'*#
8dchdgX^dYZ^ckZhi^\VX^cZXdcb^XVnhdX^Va8>:H#6kV^aVWaZVi/ **
>Y#
]iie/$$X^Zh#dg\#eZ$ÒaZh$76$WV*#eY[#6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn&*!'%%,#
)'
*+
>Y#!eVgV)(#
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
*,
>Y#
desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ'*# *-
>Y#!eVgV)*#
)(
JXXZaa^;6# Poverty Alleviation in Peru: The Search for Sustainable
*.
>Y#!eVgV&*-#
Social Development. &..,/-".#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$&(+#&)'#&*-#&%*$ +%
>Y#!eVgV&+&#
A6H6.,$JXZaa^#eY[#6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn&!'%%,0BVgi^cZo?#ÆEZgj
8djcign=ZVai]7g^ZÒc\EVeZg#Ç9ZeVgibZci[dg>ciZgcVi^dcVa
+&
>Y#!eVgV&+'#
9ZkZadebZci=ZVai]HnhiZbhGZhdjgXZ8ZcigZ#&...kV^aVWaZ +'
>Y#!eVgV&+(#
Vi/ ]iie/$$lll#Y[^Y]ZVai]gX#dg\$h]VgZY$ejWa^XVi^dch$8djcignT +(
>Y#!eVgV&+.#
]ZVai]$EZgj#eY[Vii]Vii^bZ!'%d[i]ZXdjcignÉhedejaVi^dc
XdcigdaaZYbdgZi]Vc*)d[^ih^cXdbZ#6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn&!
+)
>Y#!eVgV&,&#
'%%,# +*
8A69:B$;adgVIg^hi{c$BVcjZaVGVbdh$9:BJH# Informe Alternativo
))
I]Z<>C>XdZ[ÒX^Zci^hVbZVhjgZbZcid[^cZfjVa^in^c^cXdbZ
al Sexto Informe Periódico del Estado Peruano al Comité de la CEDAW.
dgZmeZcY^ijgZ!l^i]VkVajZd[%gZegZhZci^c\eZg[ZXiZfjVa^in A^bV/CdkZbWZg'%%+/&,,#
VcYVkVajZd[&%%gZegZhZci^c\eZg[ZXi^cZfjVa^in#HZZ/JC9E# ++
7VhZYdcVc^ciZgk^ZlWn:adnCZ^gVd[B>C<6EZgj!6eg^a'%%,#
Human Development Report 2006, Beyond Scarcity: Poverty, Power +,
I]^hldbVc]VhWZZcYZ"^YZci^ÒZY#
and the Global Water Crisis. JC9E#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$]Yg#jcYe# +-
L=D# World Health Report 2000: Health Systems: Improving
dg\$]Yg'%%+$eY[h$gZedgi$=9G%+"XdbeaZiZ#eY[#6XXZhhZY?VcjVgn
Performance. '%%%/&--"&.kV^aVWaZVi/ ]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$
'+!'%%,#
l]g$'%%%$Zc$l]g%%TZc#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan&.!'%%,#
( - 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
+.
EVc"6bZg^XVc =ZVai] Dg\Vc^oVi^dc E6=D# ÆEZgj/ <ZcZgVa
.%
;ZggVcYd9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#Ç Jornada Feminista. ;ZWgjVgn
&)&/.("&'*!Vi..# .(
I]ZHeVc^h]VXgdcnb[dgi]ZXdbb^iiZZh^h8A6H![dg Comités
,(
B>CH6#“Biblioteca Virtual Salud Perú – Indicadores Nacionales,
Locales de Administración de Salud.
Establecimientos de Salud.” 6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW# .)
BVgi^cZo?#!&...0cdiZ,%!eVgV)#0HYZgajcYC!BZcYdoV"6gVcVE
-%
EgZo76VcYAZcoG#ÆEgd"EddgEda^X^Zh^ci]ZEZgjk^Vc=ZVai]8VgZ
Financiamiento del Sector Público de Salud 2000-2005. 8>:H/'#
HZXidg#Ç A New Social Contract for Peru. '%%+/&%,!&'*#6kV^aVWaZVi/ &%'
6bcZhin>ciZgcVi^dcVa# Peru: Poor and Excluded Women – Denial of
-(
HZZ/NVb^c6:# Castillos de arena en el camino hacia la modernidad.
Financiamiento del Sector Público de Salud 2000-2005. 8>:H/'#
8ZcigdYZaVBj_ZgEZgjVcV;adgVIg^hi{cA^bV/'%%(# &%)
L^i]i]ZcZlIdaZYdgZ\^bZ!VbViZgcVaX]^aY]ZVai]^chjgVcXZ
-)
HiZe]Vc^ZGdjhhZVj!'%%,0cdiZ,'!&)&/.("&'*!Vi&&%#
egd\gVbWZXVbZZcXdbeVhhZYjcYZgi]ZbdgZXdbegZ]Zch^kZ
Seguro Integral de Salud H>H^chjgVcXZegd\gVb#H>H!VYZXZcigVa"
-*
8A69:B! Nada Personal: Reporte de Derechos Humanos sobre la
^oZYWdYnXgZViZY^c?VcjVgnd['%%'!]Vhi]ZdkZgVgX]^c\b^hh^dc
Aplicación de la Anticoncepción Quirúrgica en el Perú &..+"&..- d[egdk^Y^c\WVh^X]ZVai]hZgk^XZhideddgEZgjk^Vch#HZZ/B^c^hign
&...09Z[ZchdgV9ZaEjZWad# Anticoncepción Quirúrgica Voluntaria d[=ZVai]AVld[?VcjVgn'%%'AVlCd#',+*,#
I. Casos investigados por la Defensoría del Pueblo. A^bV/&..-#
&%*
7VggcB!7Vo{cB!VcY8Vhi^aadG#!?jan'%%+0cdiZ)%!6ccZm
-+
HZZB^gVcYV??VcYNVb^c6:!ÆGZegdYjXi^kZ=ZVai]l^i]djiG^\]ih
;/+%#
^cEZgj#ÇI]ZAVcXZi!'%%)0(+(/++"+.#
&%+
6bcZhin>ciZgcVi^dcVa# Peru: Poor and Excluded Women – Denial of
-,
>Y#!eV\Z(+(.)%'!eVgVh+-".#
the Right to Maternal and Child Health. ?jan'%%+!cdiZ&%'#
--
HiZe]Vc^ZGdjhhZVj!'%%,0cdiZ,'!&)&/.("&'*!Vi&&'#
&%,
7VggcB!7Vo{cB!VcY8Vhi^aadG#!?jan'%%+0cdiZ)%!eVgV'+#
-.
>Y#!Vi&&(#
&%-
K{hfjZo:=#!CdkZbWZg'%%*>>>0cdiZ,+!eVgV).#
&%.
>Y#
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ( .
&&%
EDA>8NEgd_ZXi$JH6>9# Core Package Final Report: Overcoming
&')
JCB^aaZcc^jbEgd_ZXiIVh`;dgXZdc8]^aY=ZVai]VcYBViZgcVa
Operational Policy Barriers to the Provision of Services Essential to =ZVai]# Who’s Got the Power? Transforming health systems for
Safe Motherhood in Peru. BVgX]'%%+/&&# women and children. '%%*/-&",#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jcb^a"
&&&
>Y# aZcc^jbegd_ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY"XdbeaZiZ#eY[#
6XXZhhZY?jcZ''!'%%,08VbeWZaaDVcY<gV]VbL#ÆHigViZ\^Zh
&&'
B>CH6#“Seguro Integral de Salud: Estadísticas a Abril 2007.” DÒX^cV
[dggZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in/\Zii^c\dcl^i]l]Vildg`h#ÇI]Z
YZ>c[dgb{i^XVn:hiVYhi^XV#A^bV#BVn'%%,#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$ AVcXZi#(+-.*)(#DXidWZg'%%+/&'-)"&'..#
lll#h^h#\dW#eZ$eY[$:hiVY8(69hi^XVhH>HT'%%,%)#eY[#6XXZhhZY
&'*
?jcZ''!'%%,# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
&&(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!K^XZB^c^hiZgd[=ZVai]^c
desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ'*!eVgV+)#
A^bV!EZgj#6eg^a&'!'%%,#
&'+
JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6# Guidelines for Monitoring the Availability and
&&)
>Y# Use of Obstetric Services. 6j\jhi&..,/'*#
&&*
>Y# &',
>C:># Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2000. A^bV#BVn
&&+
>Y# '%%&/&(,#
&&,
JC>8:;#Æ6iV\aVcXZ/EZgj#Ç6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jc^XZ[#dg\$
&'-
Perú: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar :C9:H8dci^cjV
^c[dWnXdjcign$eZgjThiVi^hi^Xh#]iba#6XXZhhZY6j\jhi(!'%%,# '%%)!CdkZbWZg'%%*0cdiZ*)!eVgV&&*#
&&-
HZZ/:C9:H'%%%^cGZeWa^XVYZaEZg# Hacia el cumplimiento
&'.
>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`>97# Health Sector Development
de los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio en el Perú. CVi^dcVaB9< Program Maternal and Child Health Care Coverage E:"%&)+/'#
GZedgih# '%%)/+*# 6kV^aVWaZ Vi/ ]iie/$$lll#jcY\#dg\$VgX]^kZT 6kV^aVWaZ Vi ]iie/$$lll#^VYW#dg\$Zmg$YdX.-$Veg$eZ&'%-Z#eY[#
YdXh$**%)"EZgjTB9<TGZedgiT"TB9<G#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jcZ'+! 6XXZhhZY?jan&!'%%,#6ahd!eg^dgidi]^hhZg^Zhd[adVccZ\di^Vi^dch!
'%%,#HZZVahd/;ZggVcYd9#Æ:aVWdgidXaVcYZhi^cdZcZaEZg/ i]ZLdgaY7Vc`]VYÒcVcXZYVh^m"nZVgegd_ZXiZci^iaZYÆEgdnZXid
CjZkVhZk^YZcX^Vh#ÇEVi]ÒcYZg>ciZgcVi^dcVaVcY;adgVIg^hi{c# YZHVajYnCjig^X^c7{h^XVÇEHC7[gdb&..)id'%%%#>c&..,!
'%%,0>ciZgk^Zll^i]6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!CVi^dcVa8ddgY^cVidg[dgi]Z i]Z>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`ÒcVcXZYVe^adiegd\gVb
Egd\gVbdci]ZG^\]iid=ZVai]!86G:EZgj!A^bV!6eg^a&&!'%%,0 [dgi]ZHZ\jgdBViZgcd>c[Vci^aHB>#HZZ/NVb^c6:# Castillos de
>ciZgk^Zll^i]B^\jZa<ji^ZggZo!EgZh^YZci!HdX^ZYVYEZgjVcVYZ arena en el camino hacia la modernidad. 8ZcigdYZaVBj_ZgEZgjVcV
DWhiZig^XVn<^cZXdad\^V!A^bV!6eg^a&'!'%%,0>ciZgk^Zll^i]8ZX^a^V ;adgVIg^hi{cA^bV/'%%(#
DaZVBVjaZc!Egd\gVb8ddgY^cVidg[dgHZmjVa=ZVai]G^\]ih!VcY &(%
B>CH6# Memoria de Gestión 2005: Programa de Apoyo a la Reforma
E^aVg6gXZ=Zgc{cYZo!HZmjVa=ZVai]G^\]ihEgd\gVb!;adgVIg^hi{c! del Sector Salud. 9ZXZbWZg'%%*#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#eVghVajY#
A^bV!6eg^a&(!'%%,# \dW#eZ$IgVcheVgZcX^V$VgX]^kdh$BZbdg^VT<Zhi^dcT'%%*#eY[#
&&.
HZZ/:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H
6XXZhhZY?jan&!'%%,#
>>&..&VcY>>>&..+!&..-0LViVcVWZKVgVI#Tendencias, Niveles &(&
>97# Health Sector Development Program Maternal and Child Health
y Estructura de la Mortalidad Materna en el Perú, 1992-2000. >C:># Care Coverage E:"%&)+!HZXi^dc'#kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#^VYW#
'%%'^cJC;E6EZg#ÆGVocYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!hZ\cYZeVg" dg\$egd_ZXih$Egd_ZXi#X[b4egd_ZXi2E:%&)+AVc\jV\Z2:c\a^h]#
iVbZcidh&..(!&..,!'%%%#Ç6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jc[eV#dg\# 6XXZhhZY?jan*!'%%,#
eZ$^c[dhY$bdgiVa^YVYTbViZgcV$bdgTbViT%)#]ib#6XXZhhZYBVn
&%!'%%,#
&('
>Y#
&'%
Perú: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar :C9:H8dci^cjV
&((
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj#?Vc#
'%%)!CdkZbWZg'%%*0cdiZ*)!eVgV+,# &'!'%%,#
&'&
I]^hgZ[ZghdcanidbdYZgcbZi]dYhd[XdcigVXZei^dc#HZZ:C9:H
&()
>Y#
&(.
;adgVIg^hi{c^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a&(!'%%,# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
&'(
6XXdgY^c\idi]Z UN Guidelines on Monitoring the Use and Availability
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
of Essential Obstetric Care, :bD8^cXajYZh/i]ZVW^a^ind[]ZVai] desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ'*!eVgV+)0 Core
[VX^a^i^Zh id VYb^c^hiZg eVgZciZgVa Vci^W^di^Xh! dmnidX^X Ygj\h! Package Final Report: Overcoming Operational Policy Barriers to the
VcY Vci^XdckjahVcih! VcY id eZg[dgb bVcjVa gZbdkVa d[ i]Z Provision of Services Essential to Safe Motherhood in Peru. BVgX]
eaVXZciV! gZbdkVa d[ gZiV^cZY egdYjXih VcY Vhh^hiZY kV\^cVa '%%+!cdiZ&&%#
&)%
YZa^kZgn#8dbegZ]Zch^kZ:bD8Xdch^hihd[i]ZV[dgZbZci^dcZY Memoria de Gestión 2005: Programa de Apoyo a la Reforma del Sector
hZgk^XZhVhlZaaVhi]ZXVeVX^inideZg[dgb8VZhVgZVchZXi^dchVcY Salud, 9ZXZbWZg'%%*0cdiZ&(%!eVgV'#
WaddYigVch[jh^dch#HZZ/JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6# UN Guidelines on &)&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj?Vc#&'!
Monitoring the Use and Availability of Essential Obstetric Care. 6j\jhi '%%,#
&..,/'+#
) % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
&)'
B>CH6# Seguro Integral de Salud: Estadísticas a Octubre 2006. Oficina
Decentralization of Health Services). 6eg^a(!'%%&#AdVcCjbWZg
de Informática y Estadística. A^bV#'%%+/,.#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll# )*',"E:#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lZW#ldgaYWVc`#dg\$ZmiZgcVa$egd_ZXih$
h^h#\dW#eZ$E9;$:hiVY^hi^XV$:hiVYhi^XVhH>HT'%%+T&%#eY[#6XXZhhZY bV^c4eV\ZE@2+)'-(+',e^E@2,('(%i]ZH^iZE@2)%.)&bZcjE
?jan(&!'%%,# @2''-)')Egd_ZXi^Y2E%+'.('#6XXZhhZY?jcZ'+!'%%,#
&)(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj6eg#&(!
&*%
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj#?VcjVgn
'%%,# &'!'%%,#
&))
>Y#
&*&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>VcBVX6gi]jg!HZXidgVaHeZX^Va^hi!>ciZg"6bZg^XVc
&)*
HZZ/]iie/$$lll#eVghVajY#\dW#eZ$FjZ=VXZbdh$iZbTbdYZgc^oV"
9ZkZadebZci7Vc`^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a#&&!'%%,#
X^dc#Vhe#6XXZhhZY?jan*!'%%,# &*'
>Y#
&)+
Core Package Final Report: Overcoming Operational Policy Barriers to &*(
6hhjb^c\VidiVaadVcVbdjcid[*)!%%%!%%%!V&^c^i^Va[ZZ^h/
8 D C I : M I / E : G J 6 C 9 I = : E : G J K > 6 C = : 6 AI = 8 6 G : H N H I : B ) &
) ' 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
K>#DK:GK>:LD;B6I:GC6ABDGI6A>IN
6H6=JB6CG><=IH>HHJ:
H
ZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^inaZkZah^cEZgj]Vh 6YY^i^dcVaan! Vi i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch B^aaZcc^jb
adc\WZZcidjiZYVhVejWa^X]ZVai]eg^dg^inWn Hjbb^i^c'%%%!HiViZhÅ^cXajY^c\EZgjÅVYdeiZYi]Z
i]Z\dkZgcbZci0^i^hVahdV]jbVcg^\]ih^beZgV" B^aaZcc^jb9ZXaVgVi^dc#I]ZB^aaZcc^jb9ZXaVgVi^dc
i^kZ#I]Z\dkZgcbZcid[EZgj]VhVhhjbZYdWa^\Vi^dch VcYi]ZB^aaZcc^jb9ZkZadebZci<dVahB9<h!l]^X]
jcYZgWdi]YdbZhi^XaVlVcYi]Z^ciZgcVi^dcVaigZVi^Zh^i VgZYgVlc[gdbi]Z9ZXaVgVi^dc!^cXajYZVXdbb^ibZci
]VhgVi^ÒZYidVYYgZhhY^[[ZgZci[VXidghi]VihjhiV^c]^\] idgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^inWni]gZZ"fjVgiZgh[gdb
aZkZahd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in#I]^hX]VeiZghZihdjihdbZ &..%aZkZahWni]ZnZVg'%&*B9<*#6YY^i^dcVaan!B9<
d[i]dhZdWa^\Vi^dch![dXjh^c\dci]dhZgZaVi^c\idi]Z -ZmegZhhZhVXdbb^ibZciid[dgbV\adWVaeVgicZgh]^e
g^\]iid]ZVai]#>iVahdZmeaV^chi]VicdgbVi^kZdWa^\Vi^dch [dgYZkZadebZci!l]ZgZWnYZkZadeZYHiViZhjhZ^ciZgcV"
jcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVlVgZidWZXdchigjZY^ca^\]id[i]Z i^dcVaYZkZadebZciVhh^hiVcXZid]ZaeYZkZade^c\Xdjc"
WZhiZe^YZb^dad\^XVaZk^YZcXZgZaVi^c\idi]Z`Zn^ciZg" ig^ZhVX]^ZkZi]Z^gYZkZadebZci\dVah#I]ZB^aaZcc^jb
kZci^dchidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!^cXajY^c\:bD8# Egd_ZXiIVh`;dgXZGZedgidc8]^aYVcYLdbZcÉh=ZVai]
JcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVl!V\dkZgcbZciÉhdWa^\Vi^dchl^i] [dgXZ[jaangZXd\c^oZhi]ZXgjX^Va^bedgiVcXZd[]jbVc
gZheZXiidi]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]^cXajYZegdk^Y^c\VkV^a" g^\]ih^cWdi]jcYZghiVcY^c\i]ZjcYZgan^c\ZaZbZcihd[
VWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYfjVa^in:bD8#;V^ajgZh B9<*VcY^cVX]^Zk^c\^i#.
idbZZihjX]Xg^iZg^VgZhjai^cYZaVnh^ci]ZYZX^h^dcid 6YYgZhh^c\ bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in ^bea^XViZh bVcn
hZZ`XVgZ!YZaVnh^cVgg^k^c\Vi:bD8!VcYYZaVnh^c ]jbVcg^\]ihY^gZXianVcY^cY^gZXian!^cXajY^c\i]Zg^\]i
gZXZ^k^c\Veegdeg^ViZigZVibZci!l]^X]!^cijgc!aZVYid ida^[Z0i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]0i]Zg^\]iidWdY^an^ciZ\g^in0i]Z
bViZgcVaYZVi]h# g^\]iidZYjXVi^dc0[gZZYdbhd[^c[dgbVi^dc!VhhdX^Vi^dc
VcYbdkZbZci0ZfjVaegdiZXi^dcjcYZgi]ZaVl!VcYi]Z
>ciZgcVi^dcVaAZ\Va;gVbZldg`0 g^\]iideda^i^XVaeVgi^X^eVi^dc#BdgZdkZg!i]ZZc_dnbZci
d[i]ZhZY^[[ZgZcig^\]ih^h^cZmig^XVWan^ciZgil^cZY#;dg
;dXjhdci]ZG^\]iid=ZVai]
ZmVbeaZ!ldbZccZZYid]VkZZYjXVi^dcidWZVWaZid
DWa^\Vi^dch [dg gZYjX^c\ VcY egZkZci^c\ bViZgcVa jhZ^c[dgbVi^dcidl]^X]i]ZngZfj^gZVXXZhh!VcYi]Zn
bdgiVa^inVgZhZidji^c^ciZgcVi^dcVaigZVi^Zhidl]^X] gZfj^gZ[gZZYdbd[bdkZbZciidWZVWaZidVXXZhhi]Z
EZgj^hVeVgin!VhlZaaVh^cEZgjÉhXdchi^iji^dcVcY ]ZVai]hZgk^XZhl]^X]jai^bViZanXVchVkZi]Z^ga^kZh#
YdbZhi^XaZ\^haVi^dc#GZaZkVci^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVl^cXajYZh L^i]dji i]Z g^\]i id eda^i^XVa eVgi^X^eVi^dc! ldbZc
i]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa8dkZcVcidc8^k^aVcYEda^i^XVaG^\]ih XVccdiZ[[ZXi^kZanZmegZhhi]Z^g^ciZgZhihl^i]gZheZXi
>88EG0& i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa 8dkZcVci dc :Xdcdb^X! idi]ZYZX^h^dchi]Vi]VkZ^beVXihdci]Z^glZaa"WZ^c\!
HdX^VaVcY8jaijgVaG^\]ih>8:H8G0'i]Z8dckZci^dcdc VcYl^i]djiZfjVaegdiZXi^dcg^\]ih!i]ZnXVccdidWiV^c
i]Z:a^b^cVi^dcd[6aa;dgbhd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc6\V^chi Z[[ZXi^kZgZYgZhh^ci]ZZkZcid[k^daVi^dch#Cdc"Y^hXg^b^"
LdbZcLdbZcÉh8dckZci^dc0(i]Z8dckZci^dcdci]Z cVi^dc^h[jcYVbZciVaidldbZcWZ^c\VWaZidVX]^ZkZVaa
:a^b^cVi^dcd[6aa;dgbhd[GVX^Va9^hXg^b^cVi^dcGVXZ d[i]Z^gg^\]ih!^cXajY^c\i]Z^gg^\]ihidWZ[gZZd[Vkd^Y"
8dckZci^dc0)i]Z8dckZci^dcdci]ZG^\]ihd[i]Z8]^aY0* VWaZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in#
i]Z6bZg^XVc8dckZci^dcdc=jbVcG^\]ih0+i]Z6YY^i^dcVa >ciZgcVi^dcVaaVl]VhZkdakZY^cgZXZcinZVghidbV`Z
EgdidXdaidi]Z6bZg^XVc8dckZci^dcdc=jbVcG^\]ihdc XaZVgi]Vii]ZhZg^\]ihVgZigjanÆ^ciZgYZeZcYZciVcY
BViiZghGZaVi^c\id:Xdcdb^X!HdX^VaVcY8jaijgVaG^\]ih ^cY^k^h^WaZ#Ç&%;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZÆ^c]ZgZcig^\]iida^[ZÇ
EgdidXdad[HVcHVakVYdg!,VcYi]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVaAVWdg Zch]g^cZY^ci]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa8dkZcVcidc8^k^aVcY
Dg\Vc^oVi^dcÉh8dckZci^dc&+.XdcXZgc^c\>cY^\ZcdjhVcY Eda^i^XVaG^\]ih>88EG!Vbdc\di]ZgigZVi^Zh!XVccdi
Ig^WVaEZdeaZh^c>cYZeZcYZci8djcig^Zh>AD8dckZci^dc WZ^ciZgegZiZYgZhig^Xi^kZandg^c^hdaVi^dc[gdbi]Zedh^"
&+.#-I]ZhZigZVi^Zh[dgbV]jbVcg^\]ih[gVbZldg` i^kZbZVhjgZhgZfj^gZYid[jaÒaai]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]#&&
[gdbl]^X]idZmVb^cZVhiViZÉhdWa^\Vi^dchidegZkZci I]ZJc^iZYCVi^dch=jbVcG^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ=jbVc
VcYgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in# G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ!l]^X]^hi]ZWdYnX]Vg\ZYl^i]i]Z
)(
^ciZgegZiVi^dcd[i]Z>88EGVcYidl]^X]EZgj^hVeVgin! dkZghZZhi]Z^beaZbZciVi^dcd[i]ZLdbZcÉh8dckZci^dc
]VhXaVg^ÒZYi]ViÆeZgh^hiZcian]^\]aZkZahd[bViZgcVa VcYidl]^X]EZgj^hVahdVeVgin!hiViZh/
bdgiVa^inejihiViZhdccdi^XZi]Vii]ZnbVnWZ^cWgZVX]
I]Z dWa^\Vi^dc id respect rights gZfj^gZh HiViZh
d[i]Z^gdWa^\Vi^dchidiV`ZZ[[ZXi^kZbZVhjgZhidegdiZXi
eVgi^ZhidgZ[gV^c[gdbdWhigjXi^c\VXi^dciV`Zc
ldbZcÉhg^\]iida^[Z#Ç&'>cYZZY!^ilVh^ci]ZXVhZd[Karen
Wn ldbZc ^c ejghj^i d[ i]Z^g ]ZVai] \dVah½;dg
Llantoy v. Peru, l]^X]^ckdakZYVldbVc[dgXZYidXVggn
ZmVbeaZ!HiViZheVgi^Zhh]djaYcdigZhig^XildbZcÉh
idiZgbVcVcZcXZe]Va^X[Zijh!i]Vii]Z=jbVcG^\]ih
VXXZhh id ]ZVai] hZgk^XZh dg id i]Z Xa^c^Xh i]Vi
8dbb^iiZZhiViZYi]ViVXXZhhidhV[ZVWdgi^dchZgk^XZh
egdk^YZi]dhZhZgk^XZhdci]Z\gdjcYi]VildbZc
^hhdbZi^bZhcZXZhhVgnidegZhZgkZi]Zg^\]iida^[Z#
Ydcdi]VkZi]ZVji]dg^oVi^dcd[]jhWVcYh!eVgi"
cZgh!eVgZcihdg]ZVai]Vji]dg^i^Zh!WZXVjhZi]Zn
>ciZgcVi^dcVaDWa^\Vi^dchidGZheZXi! VgZjcbVgg^ZYdgWZXVjhZi]ZnVgZldbZc#Di]Zg
EgdiZXiVcY;jaÒaai]ZG^\]iid=ZVai] WVgg^ZghidldbZcÉhVXXZhhidVeegdeg^ViZ]ZVai]
GZXd\c^o^c\i]Vicdg^\]iXVcWZgZVa^oZY^c^hdaVi^dc[gdb XVgZ^cXajYZaVlhi]ViXg^b^cVa^oZbZY^XVaegdXZ"
di]Zgh!E=G[dXjhZh^ci]^hX]VeiZgeg^bVg^andci]ZdWa^" YjgZh dcan cZZYZY Wn ldbZc VcY i]Vi ejc^h]
\Vi^dchd[i]ZEZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZciidgZheZXi!egdiZXi ldbZcl]djcYZg\di]dhZegdXZYjgZh#&+
VcY[jaÒaai]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]hdVhidWZVWaZidXaVg^[n HjX] bZY^XVa egdXZYjgZh ^cXajYZ hV[Z VWdgi^dc
i]dhZdWa^\Vi^dch#=dlZkZg!VhY^hXjhhZY^c8]VeiZg hZgk^XZh#>cgZaVi^dcidVWdgi^dc!gZheZXi[dgldbZcÉhg^\]ih
K>>>d[i]^hgZedgi!Æ6eean^c\VG^\]ih"7VhZY6eegdVX] id]ZVai]gZfj^gZhgZheZXi[dgi]ZYdXidgÄeVi^ZcigZaVi^dc"
id6YYgZhhBViZgcVaBdgiVa^in^cEZgj!ÇVg^\]ih"WVhZY h]^e#8:96LcdiZh^c^ih<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')!
VeegdVX]id]ZVai]eda^XnVcYegd\gVbb^c\l^aagZfj^gZ l]^X]egdk^YZhVji]dg^iVi^kZ\j^YVcXZidHiViZheVgi^Zh
aZ\^haVi^kZ! eda^Xn VcY di]Zg bZVhjgZh i]Vi gZaViZ id dci]Z^gdWa^\Vi^dchgZ\VgY^c\ldbZcVcY]ZVai]!ÆL]^aZ
di]Zg]jbVcg^\]ihVhlZaa#BdgZdkZg!VhVahdhZidji^c aVX`d[gZheZXi[dgi]ZXdcÒYZci^Va^ind[eVi^Zcihl^aa
8]VeiZgK>>>!i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]cdidcaneaVXZhdWa^\V" V[[ZXiWdi]bZcVcYldbZc!^ibVnYZiZgldbZc[gdb
i^dchdcEZgj!Wjidcdi]ZgYdcdghiViZhVhlZaa#I]Vi^h! hZZ`^c\VYk^XZVcYigZVibZciVcYi]ZgZWnVYkZghZan
^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVlXVaah[dg^ciZgcVi^dcVaVhh^hiVcXZVcY V[[ZXii]Z^g]ZVai]VcYlZaa"WZ^c\#LdbZcl^aaWZaZhh
XddeZgVi^dcZcVWa^c\Xdjcig^Zhl^i]a^b^iZYgZhdjgXZh l^aa^c\![dgi]VigZVhdc!idhZZ`bZY^XVaXVgZ[dg½^cXdb"
idbZZii]Z^gdWa^\Vi^dch#&(I]ZJc^iZYCVi^dchHeZX^Va eaZiZVWdgi^dc#Ç&,
GVeedgiZjgdci]Z=^\]Zhi6iiV^cVWaZHiVcYVgYd[=ZVai] I]ZdWa^\Vi^dcidprotecti]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]gZfj^gZh
JCHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjg]VhheZX^ÒZY^ci]^hgZ\VgYi]Vi i]ViHiViZhegZkZcii]^gYeVgi^Zh[gdb^ciZg[Zg^c\l^i]i]Z
Æ9ZkZadeZYhiViZhh]djaYZchjgZi]Vii]Z^g^ciZgcVi^dcVa Zc_dnbZcid[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]#6XXdgY^c\idi]Z:H8
YZkZadebZciVhh^hiVcXZ!VcYdi]Zgeda^X^Zh!hjeedgi G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ!i]ZdWa^\Vi^dcidprotecti]Zg^\]iid
]ZVai]hnhiZbhÉhigZc\i]Zc^c\VcYdi]ZggZaZkVcieda^" ]ZVai]^cXajYZhi]ZgZfj^gZbZcii]ViÆHiViZhZchjgZi]Vi
X^Zh^cYZkZade^c\Xdjcig^Zh#Ç&) ]Vgb[jahdX^VadgigVY^i^dcVaegVXi^XZhYdcdi^ciZg[ZgZl^i]
JcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVl!i]ZdWa^\Vi^dcidrespecti]Z VXXZhhidegZ"VcYedhi"cViVaXVgZVcY[Vb^an"eaVcc^c\#Ç&-
g^\]iid]ZVai]gZfj^gZhi]ViHiViZhgZ[gV^c[gdbVXi^dch >iVahd^cXajYZhi]ZdWa^\Vi^dcÆidiV`ZbZVhjgZhidegdiZXi
i]Vi^ciZg[ZgZl^i]ldbZcgZVa^o^c\i]Z^gg^\]ihid]ZVai]# VaakjacZgVWaZdgbVg\^cVa^oZY\gdjehd[hdX^Zin!^ceVgi^X"
;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZJc^iZYCVi^dch8dbb^iiZZdc:Xdcdb^X! jaVgldbZc!X]^aYgZc!VYdaZhXZcihVcYdaYZgeZghdch!^c
HdX^Va VcY 8jaijgVa G^\]ih :H8 G^\]ih 8dbb^iiZZ! i]Za^\]id[\ZcYZg"WVhZYZmegZhh^dchd[k^daZcXZ#HiViZh
l]^X]^hi]ZigZVinWdYnX]Vg\ZYl^i]i]Z>8:H8GVcYid h]djaYVahdZchjgZi]Vii]^gYeVgi^ZhYdcdia^b^ieZdeaZÉh
l]^X]EZgj^hVeVgin!hiViZh^ci]^hgZ\VgYi]Vi/ VXXZhhid]ZVai]"gZaViZY^c[dgbVi^dcVcYhZgk^XZh#Ç&.
HiViZhh]djaYgZ[gV^c[gdba^b^i^c\VXXZhhidXdcigV" I]ZdWa^\Vi^dcidfulfilli]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]gZfj^gZh
XZei^kZhVcYdi]ZgbZVchd[bV^ciV^c^c\hZmjVa HiViZhidVYdeiVeegdeg^ViZbZVhjgZh!l]Zi]ZgaZ\^haV"
VcY gZegdYjXi^kZ ]ZVai]! [gdb XZchdg^c\! l^i]" i^kZdgdi]Zgl^hZ!VhVbZVchidi]Z[jaagZVa^oVi^dcd[
]daY^c\dg^ciZci^dcVaanb^hgZegZhZci^c\]ZVai]" i]ZÆg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]Zhi
gZaViZY^c[dgbVi^dc!^cXajY^c\hZmjVaZYjXVi^dcVcY ViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]!ÇVh
^c[dgbVi^dc!VhlZaaVh[gdbegZkZci^c\eZdeaZÉh i]Zg^\]i^he]gVhZY^ci]Z>8:H8G#'%JcYZgi]Z>8:H8G!
eVgi^X^eVi^dc^c]ZVai]"gZaViZYbViiZgh#&* i]^h^cXajYZhi]ZgZfj^gZbZcii]ViHiViZheVgi^ZhXgZViZ
i]ZÆXdcY^i^dchl]^X]ldjaYVhhjgZidVaabZY^XVahZgk^XZ
;dg^iheVgi!i]Z8dbb^iiZZdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dcd[Vaa VcYbZY^XVaViiZci^dc^ci]ZZkZcid[h^X`cZhh#Ç'&>ci]Z
;dgbhd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc6\V^chiLdbZc8:96L!l]^X]
) ) 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
XdciZmid[bViZgcVa]ZVai]!ÆPhReZX^VaegdiZXi^dch]djaY 8dbb^iiZZ ]Vh h^c\aZY dji dWhiZig^X hZgk^XZh Vh Vc
WZ VXXdgYZY id bdi]Zgh Yjg^c\ V gZVhdcVWaZ eZg^dY ^bedgiVciXdbedcZcid[HiViZheVgi^ZhÉdWa^\Vi^dchl^i]
WZ[dgZVcYV[iZgX]^aYW^gi]#Ç'' gZheZXiidi]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]^c^ih<ZcZgVa8dbbZci
6gi^XaZ&'d[i]ZLdbZcÉh8dckZci^dcVahdhZihdji VcY]VhhiViZYi]Vii]Zegdk^h^dcd[bViZgcVa]ZVai]
^bedgiVci hjWhiVci^kZ hiVcYVgYh id bZZi ^c gZaVi^dc XVgZXdchi^ijiZheVgid[VHiViZÉhZhhZci^VadgXdgZdWa^"
idi]Z[jaÒaabZcid[ldbZcÉhg^\]iid]ZVai]/ÆHiViZh \Vi^dch#(%>c^ih<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dcÆLdbZcVcY
EVgi^Zhh]VaaiV`ZVaaVeegdeg^ViZbZVhjgZhidZa^b^cViZ =ZVai]!Ç8:96LcdiZhi]ViÆ^i^hi]ZYjind[HiViZheVgi^Zh
Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcV\V^childbZc^ci]ZÒZaYd[]ZVai]XVgZ idZchjgZldbZcÉhg^\]iidhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddYVcYZbZg"
^cdgYZgidZchjgZ!dcVWVh^hd[ZfjVa^ind[bZcVcY \ZcXndWhiZig^XhZgk^XZhVcYi]Znh]djaYVaadXViZidi]ZhZ
ldbZc!VXXZhhid]ZVai]XVgZhZgk^XZh#Ç'(BdgZheZX^Ò" hZgk^XZhi]ZbVm^bjbZmiZcid[VkV^aVWaZgZhdjgXZh#Ç(&
XVaan!ÆHiViZhEVgi^Zhh]VaaZchjgZidldbZcVeegdeg^ViZ D[XdjghZ!:bD8XVccdiWZegdk^YZY^c^hdaVi^dc[gdb
hZgk^XZh^cXdccZXi^dcl^i]egZ\cVcXn!XdcÒcZbZciVcY ldbZcÉhdi]ZggZegdYjXi^kZVcYhZmjVa]ZVai]cZZYh#
i]Zedhi"cViVaeZg^dY!\gVci^c\[gZZhZgk^XZhl]ZgZcZXZh" I]Z:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZgZXd\c^oZhi]Z^bedgiVcXZd[
hVgn#Ç')GZVY^cXdc_jcXi^dcl^i]6gi^XaZh&)VcY&+d[i]Z VXXZhhidV[jaagVc\Zd[ÆhZmjVaVcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]
LdbZcÉh8dckZci^dc!^i^hXaZVgi]ViVXXZhhid]ZVai]" hZgk^XZh!^cXajY^c\VXXZhhid[Vb^aneaVcc^c\!egZ"VcY
XVgZ hZgk^XZh! ^cXajY^c\ [Vb^an eaVcc^c\! Xdchi^ijiZh edhi"cViVaXVgZ!ZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XhZgk^XZhVcYVXXZhh
eVgid[ldbZcÉhg^\]iid[jaaeVgi^X^eVi^dc^cYZX^h^dch id^c[dgbVi^dc!VhlZaaVhidgZhdjgXZhcZXZhhVgnidVXi
V[[ZXi^c\i]Z^glZaa"WZ^c\#'*BdgZdkZg!i]ZgZfj^gZbZci dci]Vi^c[dgbVi^dc#Ç('8:96L^hZkZcbdgZheZX^ÒX!
d[cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc^ci]ZXdciZmid[]ZVai]XVgZ^hcdi gZfjZhi^c\![dgZmVbeaZ!i]Vi^ci]Z^ggZedgih!ÆHiViZh
[dgbVa^hi^X!WjigVi]ZgXaZVgangZXd\c^oZhi]VildbZc eVgi^Zhh]djaYhiViZl]VibZVhjgZhi]Zn]VkZiV`Zcid
]VkZY^[[ZgZci]ZVai]cZZYhi]VcbZc!eVgi^XjaVgan^ci]Z ZchjgZi^bZanVXXZhhidi]ZgVc\Zd[hZgk^XZhl]^X]VgZ
XdciZmid[gZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]#'+ gZaViZYid[Vb^aneaVcc^c\!^ceVgi^XjaVg!VcYidhZmjVa
7di]d[i]ZhZigZVi^ZhVhhZgii]ViHiViZheVgi^Zhbjhi VcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]^c\ZcZgVa#EVgi^XjaVgViiZci^dc
iV`ZVaaVeegdeg^ViZhiZehdgbZVhjgZhidÆi]ZbVm^bjb h]djaYWZeV^Yidi]Z]ZVai]ZYjXVi^dcd[VYdaZhXZcih!
VkV^aVWaZZmiZcid[Pi]Z^gRgZhdjgXZhÇidVhhjgZi]Z[jaÒaa" ^cXajY^c\^c[dgbVi^dcVcYXdjchZaa^c\dcVaabZi]dYhd[
bZcid[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]^cXajY^c\ÆbZY^XVaViiZc" [Vb^aneaVcc^c\#Ç((
i^dc[dgVaa^ci]ZZkZcid[h^X`cZhhÇhjX]VhdWhiZig^X 6ai]dj\] cdi V W^cY^c\ igZVin! i]Z Egd\gVbbZ d[
Xdbea^XVi^dchVcYidÆZa^b^cViZY^hXg^b^cVi^dc^c]ZVai] 6Xi^dci]ViZbZg\ZY[gdbi]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa8dc[ZgZcXZ
XVgZ!^cXajY^c\heZX^VabZVhjgZh[dgegZ\cVcildbZc!Ç dcEdejaVi^dcVcY9ZkZadebZci8V^gdEgd\gVbbZd[
gZheZXi^kZan#', 6Xi^dc!l]^X]EZgjh^\cZY!egdk^YZh^ciZgegZi^kZ\j^Y"
I]Z gZYjXi^dc d[ bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in ^h Zmea^X^ian VcXZdci]ZXgjX^Va^bedgiVcXZd[[Vb^aneaVcc^c\VhlZaa
bZci^dcZY ^c i]Z &... <ZcZgVa GZXdbbZcYVi^dc Wn Vh]ZVai]XVgZhZgk^XZhidgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]/
8:96LdcÆLdbZcVcY=ZVai]!ÇVcY^ci]Z'%%%<ZcZgVa
GZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]^hVhiViZd[XdbeaZiZe]nh"
8dbbZciWni]Z:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZdcÆi]ZG^\]i
^XVa!bZciVaVcYhdX^ValZaa"WZ^c\VcYcdibZgZan
id i]Z =^\]Zhi 6iiV^cVWaZ HiVcYVgY d[ =ZVai]!Ç Wdi]
i]ZVWhZcXZd[Y^hZVhZdg^cÒgb^in!^cVaabViiZgh
d[l]^X]XaVg^[nHiViZheVgi^ZhÉdWa^\Vi^dchjcYZgi]Z
gZaVi^c\idi]ZgZegdYjXi^kZhnhiZbVcYid^ih[jcX"
LdbZcÉh8dckZci^dcVcYi]Z>8:H8G!gZheZXi^kZan#I]Z
i^dchVcYegdXZhhZh#GZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]i]ZgZ[dgZ
:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)hiViZhi]Vi!
^bea^Zhi]VieZdeaZVgZVWaZid]VkZVhVi^h[n^c\
Æ6bV_dg\dVah]djaYWZgZYjX^c\ldbZcÉh]ZVai]g^h`h!
VcYhV[ZhZma^[ZVcYi]Vii]Zn]VkZi]ZXVeVW^a^inid
eVgi^XjaVganadlZg^c\gViZhd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in#Ç'-;dg
gZegdYjXZVcYi]Z[gZZYdbidYZX^YZ^[!l]ZcVcY
^iheVgi!8:96LhiViZh^c^ih<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc
]dld[iZcidYdhd#>bea^X^i^ci]^haVhiXdcY^i^dc
')i]ViHiViZhÉeVgi^ZhbjhigZedgidci]ZbZVhjgZhi]Zn
VgZi]Zg^\]ihd[bZcVcYldbZcidWZ^c[dgbZY
]VkZiV`ZcÆidZchjgZldbZcVeegdeg^ViZhZgk^XZh^c
VcYid]VkZVXXZhhidhV[Z!Z[[ZXi^kZ!V[[dgYVWaZ
XdccZXi^dcl^i]egZ\cVcXn!XdcÒcZbZciVcYi]Zedhi"
VcYVXXZeiVWaZbZi]dYhd[[Vb^aneaVcc^c\d[i]Z^g
cViVaeZg^dYÇVcY^ceVgi^XjaVgh]djaY^cXajYZ^c[dgbV"
X]d^XZ!di]ZgbZi]dYhd[i]Z^gX]d^XZ[dggZ\jaVi^dc
i^dcdcÆi]ZgViZhVil]^X]i]ZhZbZVhjgZh]VkZgZYjXZY
d[[Zgi^a^ini]ViVgZcdiV\V^chii]ZaVl!VcYi]Zg^\]i
bViZgcVabdgiVa^inVcYbdgW^Y^in^ci]Z^gXdjcig^Zh#Ç'.
d[VXXZhhidVeegdeg^ViZ]ZVai]XVgZhZgk^XZhi]Vi
I]ZhZ ild Xdbb^iiZZh Vahd hiViZ i]Vi dWhiZig^X
l^aaZcVWaZldbZcid\dhV[Zani]gdj\]egZ\cVcXn
hZgk^XZh bjhi WZ egdk^YZY VcY bVYZ VXXZhh^WaZ id
VcYX]^aYW^gi]VcYegdk^YZXdjeaZhl^i]i]ZWZhi
ldbZc^c[jaÒaa^c\VHiViZÉhdWa^\Vi^dch#I]Z:H8G^\]ih
X]VcXZd[]Vk^c\V]ZVai]n^c[Vci#()
) - 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
]ZVai]VcYbZY^X^cZ#GVi]Zg!hX^Zci^ÒXZk^YZcXZh]djaY LdbZcÉhadlhdX^VahiVijh^hV[VXidg^cYZaVnh^ci]Z
WZjhZYid^c[jhZheZX^ÒXegd\gVbbVi^XXdciZci^cid YZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZ!eZg]Veheg^bVg^anWZXVjhZldbZc
cdgbVi^kZdWa^\Vi^dchl]^aZ]jbVcg^\]ihigVch[dgbh gVgZaneaVnVgdaZ^ci]ZYZX^h^dc"bV`^c\egdXZhh#>iVahd
WZhiegVXi^XZh^cidi]ZWVh^h[dgaZ\VaVcYeda^i^XVaXaV^bh jcYdjWiZYan[VXidgh^cidi]Zeda^i^XVaeg^dg^ineaVXZYdc
d[Zci^iaZbZci# bV`^c\:bD8VkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYd[
VYZfjViZfjVa^in#I]jh!Vhi]ZJCHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjg]Vh
I]ZI]gZZ9ZaVnhBdYZa0 hiViZY!ÆEgZkZci^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^inVcYZc]VcX^c\
VXXZhh id bViZgcVa ]ZVai] XVgZ ^h cdi h^bean VWdji
6kV^aVWaZ!6XXZhh^WaZ!6XXZeiVWaZ!
hXVa^c\je^ciZgkZci^dchdgbV`^c\i]ZbV[[dgYVWaZ#>i
VcYFjVa^in8VgZ ^hVahdk^iVaidVYYgZhhhdX^Va!XjaijgVa!eda^i^XVaVcYaZ\Va
>[Zbe^g^XVaZk^YZcXZ[gdbejWa^X]ZVai]^cY^XViZhi]Vi [VXidghl]^X]^cÓjZcXZPVcY^cYZZYa^b^idgegZXajYZR
:bD8!h`^aaZYViiZcYVcXZVcYgZ[ZggVacZildg`hVgZ ldbZcÉhYZX^h^dchidhZZ`bViZgcVadgdi]ZggZegdYjX"
i]Z`ZnhidegZkZci^c\VcYgZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in! i^kZ]ZVai]XVgZhZgk^XZh#I]^hbVngZfj^gZVYYgZhh^c\
]jbVcg^\]ihaVl^cY^XViZhi]Vii]ZhZVheZXihd[XVgZ Y^hXg^b^cVidgn aVlh! eda^X^Zh! egVXi^XZh VcY \ZcYZg
VgZidWZbVYZVkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYd[ ^cZfjVa^i^Zhi]ViegZkZcildbZcVcYVYdaZhXZcih[gdb
VYZfjViZfjVa^in[dgi]ZZci^gZedejaVi^dcdci]ZWVh^h hZZ`^c\\ddYfjVa^inhZgk^XZh#Ç-%
d[cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc#,- >cVYY^i^dcidjcYZgiV`^c\hjX]bjai^"egdc\ZYZ[[dgih
<^kZci]Vii]Z\gZVibV_dg^ind[dWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch idgV^hZi]ZhiVijhd[ldbZcVcYi]Z^gV\ZcXnl^i]^cWdi]
XVcWZigZViZYl^i]VhZid[^ciZgkZci^dchi]Vi]VkZWZZc i]Z]djhZ]daYVcYi]ZejWa^Xhe]ZgZ!egdk^Y^c\XdcXgZiZ
`cdlch^cXZ&.*%a^hiZYVhh^\cVa[jcXi^dchd[:bD8!^i XdciZciidi]ZcdgbVi^kZgZfj^gZbZcihd[ldbZcÉhg^\]ih
^hjcYZghiVcYVWaZi]Vi!Vh9ZWdgV]BV^cZVcYXdaaZV\jZh id]ZVai]gZfj^gZhjcYZghiVcY^c\i]ZXdciZmijVaan"WdjcY
ÒghihZidji!bViZgcVaYZVi]hdkZgl]Zab^c\andXXjgYjZ lVnh^cl]^X]i]ZVkV^aVW^a^in!VXXZhh^W^a^in!VXXZeiVW^a^in
idi]gZZYZaVnh/i]ZYZaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZ0 VcYfjVa^ind[hZgk^XZhVgZVieaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`
i]ZYZaVn^cVgg^k^c\ViXVgZ0VcYi]ZYZaVn^cgZXZ^k^c\ XVgZ!Vgg^kZViXVgZVcYgZXZ^kZVYZfjViZigZVibZci^c
Veegdeg^ViZXVgZ#,.I]ZhZYZaVnhVgZXadhZana^c`ZYidi]Z EZgjVcYZahZl]ZgZ#
aVX`d[VkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZZXdcdb^XVaanVcYe]nh^XVaan!
^c[dgbVi^dcVcYdcVWVh^hd[cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc!VXXZei" 7lW_bWX_b_jo
VWaZXjaijgVaanVcYZi]^XVaan!VcYfjVa^in]ZVai]XVgZ# JcYZg ^ciZgcVi^dcVa aVl! i]Z gZVa^oVi^dc d[ i]Z g^\]i
id]ZVai]gZfj^gZhi]ViVhj[ÒX^ZcicjbWZgd[]ZVai]"
XVgZ [VX^a^i^Zh! \ddYh! VcY hZgk^XZh WZ bVYZ VkV^a"
<_]kh[.0J^[J^h[[:[bWoiCeZ[bWdZBWYae\
VWaZi]gdj\]djiVXdjcignÉhiZgg^idgn#I]Z:H8G^\]ih
7lW_bWXb["7YY[ii_Xb["7YY[fjWXb[WdZGkWb_jo;cE9
8dbb^iiZZ]VhhiViZYi]ViÆI]ZegZX^hZcVijgZd[i]Z
IeY_WbWdZYkbjkhWb\WYjehi1ijWjkie\mec[d [VX^a^i^Zh!\ddYhVcYhZgk^XZhl^aakVgnYZeZcY^c\dc
cjbZgdjh[VXidgh!^cXajY^c\i]ZHiViZeVginÉhYZkZade"
bZciVaaZkZa#I]Znl^aa^cXajYZ!]dlZkZg!i]ZjcYZgan^c\
AVX`d[VkV^aVW^a^in 9ZaVn^cbV`^c\i]Z
YZX^h^dcidhZZ`]Zae YZiZgb^cVcihd[]ZVai]!hjX]VhhV[ZVcYediVWaZYg^c`^c\
lViZgVcYVYZfjViZhVc^iVi^dc[VX^a^i^Zh!]dhe^iVah!Xa^c^Xh
AVX`d[VXXZhh^W^a^in 9ZaVn^cVgg^k^c\Vi VcYdi]Zg]ZVai]"gZaViZYWj^aY^c\h!igV^cZYbZY^XVaVcY
]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh egd[Zhh^dcVaeZghdccZagZXZ^k^c\YdbZhi^XVaanXdbeZi^"
i^kZhVaVg^Zh!VcYZhhZci^VaYgj\h#Ç-&
6aVX`d[VkV^aVW^a^inXVc^cÓjZcXZi]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`
XVgZl]Zc![dgZmVbeaZ!]ZVai][VX^a^i^ZhVgZhdhXVgXZ
9ZaVn^cgZXZ^k^c\ i]ViY^hiVcXZ^hVY^hXdjgV\^c\[VXidg#I]ZhVbZaVX`d[
AVX`d[VXXZeiVW^a^in VYZfjViZigZVibZci
VkV^aVW^a^inXVcbV`ZigVkZaidV]ZVai][VX^a^inadc\VcY
VgYjdjhVcYegdYjXZYZaVnh^cVgg^k^c\ViigZVibZci#
L^i]djiVkV^aVWaZigVchedgiVi^dcVcYXdbbjc^XVi^dch
AVX`d[fjVa^in (i.e.,bZVchidXVaa[dgigVchedgiVi^dc!ldbZc[VXZadc\
YZaVnh^cVgg^k^c\ViigZVibZci#6ii]ZhVbZi^bZ!aVX`
6YVeiZY[gdbBV^cZ9#Safe Motherhood Programs: Options and Issues. d[VkV^aVWaZbZY^XVaeZghdccZaVcYh]dgiV\Zhd[Zfj^e"
8ZciZg[dgEdejaVi^dcVcY;Vb^an=ZVai]#8dajbW^VJc^kZgh^in#&..&# bZci!bZY^XVahjeea^Zh!dgYgj\hXVc^cÓjZcXZYZaVnh
* % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
i]ZlVgc^c\h^\ch[dgdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh!VhlZaaVh EdejaVi^dchVgZ\ZcZgVaan[VgbdgZVlVgZd[fjVa^in
^c[dgbVi^dcdcdcZÉheZghdcVabZY^XVa]^hidgnVcY^chi^" d[XVgZi]Vc]ZVai]eaVccZghVeeZVgidgZXd\c^oZ#Eddg
iji^dcVaVcYhnhiZb^X^c[dgbVi^dcgZaVi^c\idbViZgcVa fjVa^ind[XVgZVi]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh!ZheZX^Vaanl]Zc^iaZVYh
]ZVai]hiVi^hi^XhVcYheZcY^c\# idi]ZYZVi]d[hdbZdcZ^ci]ZXdbbjc^in!XVcaZVYid
gZajXiVcXZidhZZ`XVgZViV]ZVai][VX^a^in#>cVYZfjViZ
7YY[fjWX_b_jo igV^c^c\d[bZY^XVaeZghdccZaVcY$dgeddgfjVa^ind[
6XXdgY^c\idi]Z:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ!ÆVaa]ZVai][VX^a^" Zfj^ebZci! bZY^XVa hjeea^Zh! dg Ygj\h XVc! ^c ijgc!
i^Zh!\ddYhVcYhZgk^XZhbjhiWZgZheZXi[jad[bZY^XVa egdYjXZYZaVnh^cVldbVcgZXZ^k^c\VYZfjViZigZVi"
Zi]^XhVcYXjaijgVaanVeegdeg^ViZ!i.e., gZheZXi[jad[i]Z bZcidcXZViV]ZVai][VX^a^in#
XjaijgZd[^cY^k^YjVah!b^cdg^i^Zh!eZdeaZhVcYXdbbj" I]ZUN Guidelinesegdk^YZdcandcZgdj\]^cY^XVidgd[
c^i^Zh!hZch^i^kZid\ZcYZgVcYa^[Z"XnXaZgZfj^gZbZcih! fjVa^in/XVhZ[ViVa^ingViZh!l]^X]h]djaYWZWZadl&[dg
Vh lZaa Vh WZ^c\ YZh^\cZY id gZheZXi Xdc[^YZci^Va^in i]ZigZVibZcid[ldbZcl^i]dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhVi
VcY^begdkZi]Z]ZVai]hiVijhd[i]dhZXdcXZgcZY#Ç.& :bD8[VX^a^i^Zh#.)=dlZkZg!di]ZgZk^YZcXZ"WVhZYegdXZhh
6XXdgY^c\id8:96L!ÆVXXZeiVWaZhZgk^XZhVgZi]dhZi]Vi ^cY^XVidghXVcWZjhZYidhjeeaZbZciXVhZ[ViVa^ingViZh!
VgZYZa^kZgZY^cVlVni]ViZchjgZhi]ViVldbVc\^kZh hjX] Vh i]Z eZgXZciV\Z d[ egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V
]Zg[jaan^c[dgbZYXdchZci!gZheZXih]ZgY^\c^in!\jVg" XVhZhigZViZYl^i]BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZ#
VciZZh]ZgXdcÒYZci^Va^inVcY^hhZch^i^kZid]ZgcZZYh >[ XVgZ ^h VkV^aVWaZ! VXXZhh^WaZ! VXXZeiVWaZ VcY d[
VcYeZgheZXi^kZh#Ç.' VYZfjViZfjVa^in!bVcnd[i]ZYZaVnhVhhdX^ViZYl^i]
AVX`d[VXXZeiVW^a^in^cÓjZcXZhYZaVnh^cYZX^h^dch bViZgcVaYZVi]XVcWZVkd^YZYVcY!VhVgZhjai!V\dkZgc"
idhZZ`XVgZVhlZaaVhYZaVnh^cgZXZ^k^c\Veegdeg^ViZ bZciXdjaYWZgZVhdcVWanZmeZXiZYidbZZii]Zdi]Zg
igZVibZcidcXZViV]ZVai][VX^a^in#EZgXZ^kZYXjaijgVa ^cY^XVidghhZidjijcYZgi]ZJC<j^YZa^cZh#
^chZch^i^k^ind[bZY^XVaeZghdccZa^hV[dgbd[aVX`d[ JcYZgi]ZUN Guidelines, &%%ldbZcZhi^bViZYid
VXXZeiVW^a^ini]ViXVcbV`ZldbZcVcYi]Z^g[Vb^a^Zh ]VkZdWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dchh]djaYWZigZViZY^c:bD8
]Zh^iViZidhZZ`XVgZ#H^b^aVgan!aVX`d[XjaijgVahZch^i^k^in [VX^a^i^Zh#I]^h^cY^XVidgd[ÆBZiCZZY[dg:bD8ÇY^[[Zgh
VcYaVc\jV\ZWVgg^Zgh!VhlZaaVhdjig^\]iY^hXg^b^cV" [gdb^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]^cY^XVidgh^ci]VicdiVaa^chi^ij"
i^dc!XVcYZaVnigZVibZcil]ZcVldbVc^hVagZVYnViV i^dchVgZ:bD8[VX^a^i^ZhVcYcdiVaaldbZcl]d\^kZ
[VX^a^in# W^gi]^c^chi^iji^dch]VkZdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh#;dg
ZmVbeaZ!^cVhijYnWn86G:EZgj^c'%%%^ci]ZYZeVgi"
GkWb_jo
bZcid[6nVXjX]d!(%#)d[bZicZZY[dg:bD8lVh
I]Z:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZhiViZh!Æ]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh! [djcY#I]^hbZVchi]ViVeegdm^bViZan,%d[ldbZc
\ddYhVcYhZgk^XZhbjhiVahdWZhX^Zci^ÒXVaanVcYbZY^" hj[[Zg^c\[gdbdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhY^YcdigZXZ^kZi]Z
XVaanVeegdeg^ViZVcYd[\ddYfjVa^in#I]^hgZfj^gZh!inter XVgZi]ZncZZYZY#6[iZgVhjhiV^cZY^ciZgkZci^dc!86G:
alia,h`^aaZYbZY^XVaeZghdccZa!hX^Zci^ÒXVaanVeegdkZY lVhVWaZid^cXgZVhZi]^hid,*#.Wn'%%*#.*
VcYjcZme^gZYYgj\hVcY]dhe^iVaZfj^ebZci!hV[ZVcY
ediVWaZlViZg!VcYVYZfjViZhVc^iVi^dc#Ç.(
Dej[i ,
Dg\Vc^oVi^dcd[6bZg^XVcHiViZhD6H#Additional Protocol to the
+
6bZg^XVc 8dckZci^dc dc =jbVc G^\]ih! Cdk# ''! &.+.! &&))
Programme of Action. ?jcZ&..(#
J#C#I#H#&'(gVi^ÒZYWnEZgj?jan'-!&.,-# &&
JC 88EG# ÆI]Z G^\]i id A^[Z! <ZcZgVa 8dbbZci +Ç 6$(,$)%#
&.-'#
igVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Protocol of San
ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcY Salvador. D6HIgZVinHZg^ZhCd#+./&.--#:ciZgZY^cid[dgXZ&..-#
bZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-#HZeiZbWZg'%%+/eVgV'%# )(
8dc\gZhdYZaVGZeWa^XVYZaEZg#8dchi^ijX^cEdai^XVYZaEZg
&*
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)0'%%%/eVgV
&..(0Vgi#**#
()# ))
9^hedh^X^c;^cVanIgVch^idg^V#8jVgiVYZaV8dchi^ijX^c#Eda^i^XVYZa
&+
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...#6gi&'&eVgV&)#
EZgj#Cdk^ZbWgZ'%%)#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#iX#\dW#eZ$aZ\Xdc"
&,
>Y#!6gi&'&eVgV&'Y#
eZgj$Xdchi^jiX^dc#]iba#6XXZhhZY?jan(&!'%%,08dbbjc^XVi^dc
l^i]BVg^dGdh7Vgg^Zcidh!HZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaYZ6E9H!8dchjaidg
&-
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)0'%%%/eVgV
YZaEgdnZXidÆH^hiZbVhGZ\^dcVaZhYZEgdiZXX^cYZ9ZgZX]dh
()# YZaVhEZghdcVhJhjVg^VhYZadhHZgk^X^dhYZHVajYÇdc?jan(&!
&.
>Y#
'%%,#
'%
JC8:H8G#>8:H8G#&.++/Vgi#&'# )*
8dc\gZhdYZaVGZeWa^XVYZaEZg#8dchi^ijX^cEdai^XVYZaEZg
'&
>Y# &..(0Vgi#,#
''
JC8:H8G#>8:H8G#&.++/Vgi#&%'#
)+
>Y#!Vgi#&&#
'(
8:96L#ÆLdbZcÉh8dckZci^dc#Ç&.,./Vgi#&'&#
),
AZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYP<ZcZgVa=ZVai]AVlR&,-!AZnCd#'+-)'
&..,#
')
>Y#!Vgi#&''#
)-
AZnfjZbdY^ÒXVaVAZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYC°'+-)'!gZheZXidYZaV
'*
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...0eVgV'#
DWa^\VX^cYZadh:hiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZHVajYVYVgViZcX^cbY^XV
'+
>Y#! Vgi &'&! eVgV &&"&'0 NVb^c 6:! BV^cZ 9# ÆBViZgcVa
ZcXVhdhYZ:bZg\ZcX^VhnEVgidhPAVli]VibdY^ÒZhi]Z<ZcZgVa
BdgiVa^in Vh V =jbVc G^\]ih >hhjZ/ BZVhjg^c\ 8dbea^VcXZ =ZVai]AVl^cgZheZXiidi]ZDWa^\Vi^dchd[=ZVai];VX^a^i^Zhid
l^i]>ciZgcVi^dcVaIgZVinDWa^\Vi^dch#ÇHuman Rights Quarterly egdk^YZbZY^XVaViiZci^dc^cXVhZhd[:bZg\ZcX^ZhVcY7^gi]hR!
Kda#'&(0&.../*+(!*-*# Vgi#'!AZnCd#',+%)'%%&#
',
JCLdbZcÉh8dckZci^dc#&.-&/Vgih&!&'0JC8:H8G#>8:H8G#
).
9ZXgZidHjegZbdhC%&,"'%%*"?JH#Plan nacional de derechos
&)VcY'&# &..,!Vgi(%#
'.
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...0eVgV'+# *&
8Y^\dEZcVa#9ZXgZidAZ\^haVi^kdC+(*#&..&0Vgi&&.#
(%
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgVh
*'
>Y#!Vgi&&)#
&)VcY))# *(
>Y#!Vgi&&*#
(&
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...0eVgVVgi&''',# *)
>Y#!Vgi&&,#
('
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
**
>Y#!Vgi&'%#
&)#
*+
JC8:H8G#>8:H8G#&.++/Vgi#'#
((
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...0eVgVVgi&'&'(#
*,
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...#6gi&'&!eVgV&,#
()
>ciZgcVi^dcVa8dc[ZgZcXZdcEdejaVi^dcVcY9ZkZadebZci>8E9#
Æ8V^gdEgd\gVbbZd[6Xi^dc8V^gd8dchZchjh#Ç6$8DC;#&,&$&($
*-
GZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]Z
GZk#&#&..)/eVgV,#'# Zc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa
]ZVai]!EVja=jci!=jbVcG^\]ih8djcX^a!)i]HZhh#!6\ZcYV>iZb
(*
@Zn6Xi^dch[dgi]Z;jgi]Zg>beaZbZciVi^dcd[i]ZEgd\gVbbZ
'!JC9dX#6$=G8$)$'-#'%%,/eVgV+(#
d[ 6Xi^dc d[ i]Z >ciZgcVi^dcVa 8dc[ZgZcXZ dc EdejaVi^dc VcY
9ZkZadebZci!JC9dX#6$G:H$H"'&$'&...!eVgV#+'#
*.
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
(%#
(+
8:G9#>8:G9#&.+*/Vgi*^k#
+%
The Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International
(,
JC8G8#Æ8]^aYgZcÉh8dckZci^dc#Ç&.-.0Vgi#')'Y#
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, VYdeiZY-?Vc#
(-
NVb^c 6:! BV^cZ 9! &...0 cdiZ '+! eVgVh *+(! *-)0 JC 8G8#
&.-,!JC8:H8G!8dbb^iiZZdc=jbVcG^\]ih#!)(gYHZhh#!6\ZcYV
Æ8]^aYgZcÉh8dckZci^dc#Ç&.-.0Vgi#&# >iZb-!JC9dX#:$8C#)$&.-,$&,$6ccZm#&.-,0reprinted in ÆI]Z
(.
>AD#>ADCd#&+.#&.-./Vgi#,'#I]^hVgi^XaZhiViZh/ÆI]Z^begdkZ"
A^bWjg\Eg^cX^eaZhdci]Z>beaZbZciVi^dcd[i]Z>ciZgcVi^dcVa
bZcid[i]Z½aZkZahd[]ZVai]½d[i]ZeZdeaZhXdcXZgcZY!l^i]i]Z^g 8dkZcVci dc :Xdcdb^X! HdX^Va VcY 8jaijgVa G^\]ih#Ç =jbVc
eVgi^X^eVi^dcVcYXddeZgVi^dc!h]VaaWZVbViiZgd[eg^dg^in^ceaVch G^\]ihFjVgiZgan#Kda.&''0&.-,0ÆI]ZBVVhig^X]i<j^YZa^cZhdc
[dgi]ZdkZgVaaZXdcdb^XYZkZadebZcid[VgZVhi]Zn^c]VW^i#HeZX^Va K^daVi^dchd[:Xdcdb^X!HdX^VaVcY8jaijgVaG^\]ih#ÇHuman Rights
egd_ZXih[dgYZkZadebZcid[i]ZVgZVh^cfjZhi^dch]VaaVahdWZ QuarterlyKda-'%0&..-/+.&!+.)#
YZh^\cZYVhidegdbdiZhjX]^begdkZbZci#Ç +&
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
)(#
+'
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...#6gi&'&!eVgV&,#
HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[ 8]VbWZg>K!K^XZXdciZ!BVg^ZaV!?jan%'!&..-!l]ZgZV;ZYZgVa
i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-# VeeZaaViZXdjgi^c6g\Zci^cVXdch^YZgZYZe^YZb^dad\^XVaZk^YZcXZ
CdiZ&)!eVgV&.# gZ\VgY^c\i]ZZ[ÒXVX^djhcZhhd[XdbWVi^c\6g\Zci^cZ=Zbdgg]V\^X
+)
GZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]Z
;ZkZgi]gdj\]VkVXX^cZkZghjhdi]ZgbZVch#
Zc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa ,-
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV&'#
]ZVai]!EVja=jci!=jbVcG^\]ih8djcX^a!)i]HZhh#!6\ZcYV>iZb'! ,.
BV^cZ9#Safe Motherhood Programs: Options and Issues. 8ZciZg[dg
JC9dX#6$=G8$)$'-#'%%,/eVgV++#HZZVahdJC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa EdejaVi^dcVcY;Vb^an=ZVai]#8dajbW^VJc^kZgh^in#&..&#
8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%# -%
ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVaigVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]Z
+*
JC8:H8G#>8:H8G#&.++/Vgi#'#
HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[
++
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...#EVgV'+#
i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-#
+,
BV^cZ9#ÆL]ViÉhHdHeZX^VaVWdjiBViZgcVaBdgiVa^in4Ç>c/7ZgZg
CdiZ&)!eVgV&,!VccdiVi^dcVYYZY#
B!HjcYVg^GVk^cYgVcI@!ZYh#Safe Motherhood Initiatives: Critical -&
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
6XXZhhZY?jan.!'%%,08VbeWZaaDVcY<gV]VbL#ÆHigViZ\^Zh[dg -(
L=D$JC>8:;$JC;E6#Guidelines for Monitoring the Availability and
,(
8VbeWZaaDVcY<gV]VbL#ÆHigViZ\^Zh[dggZYjX^c\bViZgcVa
&'W#
bdgiVa^in/\Zii^c\dcl^i]l]Vildg`h#ÇThe Lancet.(+-.*)(# -,
>Y#
DXidWZg'%%+/&'-)"&'..# --
>Y#
,)
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV)(0
-.
ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVaigVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]Z
Jc^iZYCVi^dch<ZcZgVa6hhZbWan#ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVa HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[
igVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-#
ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcY CdiZ&)!eVgV&,X#
bZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-#HZeiZbWZg'%%+/eVgV'.# .%
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%/eVgV
,*
I]Z[dgbjaV[dghXgji^cnkVgnWjiXdjgih\ZcZgVaanVhhZhhl]Zi]Zg
&'W#
i]ZbZVchZbeadnZYVgZVeegdeg^ViZ^cgZaVi^dcidi]ZhiViZY
Xdchi^iji^dcVadgdi]Zg\dVah!VcYl]Zi]Zga^b^iVi^dch^bedhZY
.&
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgVh
dcg^\]ihVgZXdbeVi^WaZl^i]i]Z^gcVijgZVcYhdaZan_jhi^ÒZYWni]Z &'XVcY',#GZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[
ejgedhZd[egdbdi^c\i]Z\ZcZgValZa[VgZ^cVYZbdXgVi^XhdX^Zin# ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[
HZZA^bWjg\Eg^cX^eaZh!eg^cX^eaZh)+"*,08dchi^iji^dcVa8djgid[ e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]!EVja=jci!=jbVcG^\]ih8djcX^a!)i]
Hdji]6[g^XV!The Government of the Republic of South Africa and HZhh#!6\ZcYV>iZb'!JC9dX#6$=G8$)$'-#'%%,/eVgV,)#
others vs. Irene Grootboom and others, '%%&&H6)+88!DXidWZg .'
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#Ç&...#6gi&'&eVgV''#
)!'%%%#PHiViZ]VYVaZ\VaYjinViaZVhiid]VkZVeaVc^ciZgbh .(
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
d[l]^X]idYZVal^i]i]Zea^\]id[ÆVWhdajiZan]dbZaZhhÇeZdeaZ0 &'Y#GZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZid
HiViZÉh]djh^c\eda^Xn[dXjhZYdcegdk^Y^c\adc\iZgb!adl"Xdhi i]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcY
]djh^c\VcYidd`cdVXXdjcid[i]ZWVh^XcZZYd[]dbZaZhheZdeaZ bZciVa]ZVai]!EVja=jci!=jbVcG^\]ih8djcX^a!)i]HZhh#!6\ZcYV
[dgiZbedgVgnh]ZaiZgVcYlVhi]ZgZ[dgZjcgZVhdcVWaZ#R >iZb'!JC9dX#6$=G8$)$'-#'%%,/eVgV,*#
,+
HZZ8dchi^iji^dcVa8djgid[Hdji]6[g^XV!South African Minister of
.)
L=D$JC>8:;$JC;E6#Guidelines for Monitoring the Availability and
J 6#Ejcd
]ZL=DZhi^bViZhi]ViViaZVhiÒ[iZZceZgXZcid[
egZ\cVcX^ZhXVcWZZmeZXiZYidgZhjai^chZg^djh
dWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch#&CdiVaad[i]dhZldbZc
Y^Z!Wji^cEZgjZVX]nZVgdkZg&!'%%Yd#'I]djhVcYhd[
di]ZghXdbZXadhZidYn^c\VcYVgZaZ[il^i]a^[Z"adc\
YZW^a^iVi^c\Xdbea^XVi^dch#7Z]^cYZVX]YZVi]VcYÆcZVg
b^hhÇ!i]ZgZ^hVldbVcl^i]Vhidgn#>ci]^hhZXi^dcd[
i]ZgZedgi!E=Gejih[VXZhidi]ZcjbWZgh!iZaahi]Z^g
hidg^ZhVcY\^kZhkd^XZidi]Z^g[Vb^a^Zh#
I]ZgZedgiVahdigVXZhWVX`i]ZeVi]hi]ViaZYid
i]ZhZldbZcÉhYZVi]hVcY^cdcZXVhZ!i]ZhVk^c\d[
VldbZcÉha^[Z!VcYVcVanoZhdWhiVXaZhidgZYjX^c\
bViZgcVabdgiVa^inVii]ZaZkZad[i]Z]djhZ]daYVcY
Xdbbjc^in!i]Z]ZVai]XZciZg!i]ZgZ\^dcVa\dkZgcbZci!
i]ZcVi^dcVa\dkZgcbZci!VcYjai^bViZan^ciZgcVi^dcVa
VXidgh hjX] Vh i]Z LdgaY 7Vc` VcY >ciZg"6bZg^XVc
9ZkZadebZci7Vc`!l]^X]VgZeaVn^c\V[jcYVbZciVa
gdaZ ^c i]Z gZhigjXijg^c\ d[ EZgjÉh ]ZVai] hZXidg
i]gdj\]E6GHVajY#I]jh!^i^hedhh^WaZidjcYZghiVcY
i]Vii]ZhZYZVi]hVgZcdigVcYdbW^dad\^XVaZkZcihWji
i]Z[dgZhZZVWaZgZhjaid[hnhiZbVi^Xeda^Xn!egd\gVb"
b^c\VcYWjY\Zi^c\YZX^h^dch!VhlZaaVhhdX^VaVcY
XjaijgVa[VXidgh#>cZVX]XVhZ!i]Z[VXidghaZVY^c\id
i]ZldbVcÉhYZVi]VcYidi]Zhjgk^kVad[dcZldbVc
VgZVcVanoZYZmea^X^ian^ciZgbhd[i]Z]jbVcg^\]ih
dWa^\Vi^dch gZaVi^c\ id i]Z g^\]i id ]ZVai] i]Vi EZgj
]VhVhhjbZYjcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVlVhhZidji^ci]Z
egZk^djhX]VeiZg!^cXajY^c\i]ZdWa^\Vi^dcidegdk^YZ
VkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZVcYfjVa^in:bD8#
6ai]dj\] i]Z [daadl^c\ hZkZc XVhZh VgZ YgVlc
[gdbEjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV!bVcnd[i]Z^hhjZhi]Vi EjcdÉhedejaVi^dcgZegZhZcihgdj\]an*d[i]ZcVi^dcVa
gZaViZidi]ZZbdi^dcVa!VhlZaaVhe]nh^XVa!Y^hiVcXZ edejaVi^dcVcYi]ZYZeVgibZci^hY^k^YZY^cid&(egdk"
WZilZZci]ZedejaVi^dcVcYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!^ciZg" ^cXZhl^i]&%-Y^hig^Xih#Dcan(d[EjcdÉhaVcY^hVgVWaZ0
VXi^dchWZilZZc\ZcYZgVcYZi]c^XY^hXg^b^cVi^dc^c cdcZi]ZaZhh!i]ZgZ\^dcYZg^kZhbdhid[^ihlZVai][gdb
ZmXajh^dcd[gjgValdbZc!VcYhigjXijgVaYZÒX^ZcX^Zh [Vgb^c\VcYa^kZhidX`#)B^c^c\^hVahdVh^\c^ÒXVcihdjgXZ
^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!XdcÒgbÒcY^c\hd[di]ZghijY^Zh d[^cXdbZ[dgi]ZYZeVgibZci#
VcY^aajhigViZX]VaaZc\Zh[VXZYVXgdhhEZgj^cgZVa^o^c\ 9Zhe^iZ ^ih b^cZgVa gZhdjgXZh! EjcdÉh edejaVi^dc
ldbZcÉhg^\]ihidhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddY#(I]ZXVhZhijY^Zh ^h kZgn eddg VcY ]^\]an ^cY^\Zcdjh0 ^i ^h Y^k^YZY ^cid
VahdeZgb^iV\a^behZ^cidi]Za^kZhd[^cY^k^YjValdbZc! ildbV_dgZi]c^X\gdjeh/FjZX]jVVcY6nbVgV#Ejcd
i]ZgdaZhi]ZneaVnZY^ci]Z^g[Vb^a^ZhVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh! Xdcig^WjiZYdcan(d[EZgjÉh<9E^c'%%&*0)*d[^ih
VcYi]Z^beVXihd[i]Z^gYZVi]hdci]Z^geVgicZghVcY edejaVi^dc^hXdch^YZgZYidWZeddg!l^i]*'aVX`^c\
X]^aYgZc# VXXZhhidegdeZghVc^iVi^dc#+
**
L]^aZ+'d[EZgjÉhdkZgVaaedejaVi^dca^kZh^cVgZVh nZVgh# I]ZgZ ^h gZVhdc id WZa^ZkZ i]Vi i]Z 9>G:H6Éh
l^i]VXXZhhidediVWaZlViZgVcY,'l^i]VXXZhhidZaZX" cjbWZghVgZjcYZgZhi^bViZY0[dgZmVbeaZ!^cdcZlZZ`!
ig^X^in!dcan('VcY*'d[EjcdÉhedejaVi^dc]VhVXXZhh E=GÉhiZVb^YZci^ÒZYVbViZgcVaYZVi]l]^X]]VYcdi
idi]ZhZ!gZheZXi^kZan#,>cVYY^i^dc!Veegdm^bViZanild" WZZcgZXdgYZYWni]Z9>G:H6#
i]^gYhd[i]ZedejaVi^dca^kZh^c]djhZhl^i]Y^giÓddgh- GZaViZYegdXZhh^cY^XVidghVahdgZbV^cVbdc\i]Zldghi
VcYdcan(#+d[]djhZ]daYh]VkZViZaZe]dcZ#.6ai]dj\] ^cEZgj#;dgZmVbeaZ!Vai]dj\]i]ZB>CH6XaV^bhi]Vii]Z
EZgj]VhjcYZg\dcZVegdXZhhd[^ciZchZjgWVc^oVi^dc cjbWZgd[dWhiZig^Xegd[Zhh^dcVah^cEZgj]Vh^cXgZVhZY
dkZgi]ZeVhi[dgin"ildnZVgh!gdj\]an*,d[EjcdÉh Wn-%dkZgi]ZaVhiilZcinnZVgh'%!^c'%%)!Ejcd]VYdcan
edejaVi^dchi^aagZh^YZh^cgjgVaVgZVh#&%;jgi]ZgbdgZ! '')b^Yl^kZh'&[dgVedejaVi^dcd[&!'.,!&%(#''6hd['%%'!
l]^aZ)-d[EjcdÉhjgWVcedejaVi^dc]VhjcbZiWVh^X i]ZgZlZgZdcan(#(]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh!-#)WZYh!(#*YdXidgh!
cZZYh!+,d[gjgVagZh^YZcihYd#&& VcY(#*cjghZh[dgZkZgn&%!%%%^c]VW^iVcih#'(
:YjXVi^dcVahiVi^hi^Xh[dgi]ZYZeVgibZciVahdaV\ 6XXdgY^c\idgZhjaih[gdbi]ZgZ\^dcVa:C9:H'%%%
WZ]^cYi]ZcVi^dcVaVkZgV\Z#>c&..(!''d[EjcdÉh [dgi]ZYZeVgibZcid[Ejcd!-,d[i]Z&!'-(ldbZc^c
edejaVi^dcVcY'.d[^ihgjgVaedejaVi^dclVh^aa^iZgViZ! EjcdhjgkZnZY]VYgZXZ^kZYhdbZ[dgbd[egZcViVaXVgZ0
^cXdcigVhiid&(d[i]ZcVi^dcVaedejaVi^dc#&'6ai]dj\] ]dlZkZg!dcan'-gZXZ^kZYhdbZ[dgbd[bZY^XVaViiZc"
a^iZgVXngViZh]VkZ^begdkZYha^\]ian^ci]ZaVhiYZXVYZ! i^dcYjg^c\i]Z^gYZa^kZgn#')H^b^aVgan!dcan'.d[ldbZc
i]Z'%%*cVi^dcVaXZchjhh]dlZYi]Vigdj\]an&+d[ ^cEjcdgZXZ^kZYedhicViVaXVgZ![VgWZadli]ZcVi^dcVa
EjcdÉhedejaVi^dc^hhi^aajcVWaZidgZVYdglg^iZÅl^i] VkZgV\Zd[),#'*HZkZcin"c^cZeZgXZcid[W^gi]h^ci]Z
''d[^ih[ZbVaZedejaVi^dcWZ^c\^aa^iZgViZ^cXdcigVhi egZk^djhÒkZnZVgh]VYdXXjggZY^cldbZcÉh]dbZh#'+
id&&d[^ihbVaZedejaVi^dc#&(L]^aZhX]ddaViiZcYVcXZ 7n'%%(!i]ZcjbWZgd[^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]h)&]VY
^c&..(lVhgZedgiZYVi-,[dgX]^aYgZcV\Zh+"&)!i]^h ^cXgZVhZYWjilVhhi^aaadlWncVi^dcVahiVcYVgYh#',
eZgXZciV\ZYgdeeZYid+%[dgX]^aYgZcWZilZZci]ZV\Zh >c i]Z :C9:H '%%% [dg Ejcd! dkZg .% d[ ldbZc
d[&'VcY&.#&)6XXdgY^c\idi]Z'%%*XZchjh!dcan&. hjgkZnZY[gdbVaaV\Z\gdjehX^iZYViaZVhidcZh^\c^ÒXVci
d[bZc^cEjcdVcY&(d[ldbZc]VkZXdbeaZiZYi]Z^g WVgg^ZgidVXXZhhid]ZVai]hZgk^XZh.,^cgjgVaVgZVh
hZXdcYVgnZYjXVi^dc#&*>cXdcigVhi!Veegdm^bViZan'-d[ k#.&^cjgWVcVgZVh#Ild"i]^gYhd[gjgValdbZcX^iZY
bZcVcY'+d[ldbZca^k^c\^cA^bV]VkZXdbeaZiZan Y^hiVcXZid[VX^a^i^ZhVcYigVchedgiVi^dcVhbV_dgWVgg^Zgh!
i]Z^ghZXdcYVgnZYjXVi^dc#&+ l]ZgZVhVeegdm^bViZandcZ"i]^gYd[jgWVcldbZcX^iZY
I]ZcZ\Vi^kZXdggZaVi^dcWZilZZcV\ZVcYhX]ddaViiZc" i]dhZ[VXidgh#GjgValdbZclZgZbdgZa^`ZanidX^iZaVX`
YVcXZ^cEjcd^haVg\ZanViig^WjiVWaZidi]ZYZeVgibZciÉh d[bdcZn.%i]VcjgWVcldbZc,*#'-
Y^gZhdX^dZXdcdb^Xh^ijVi^dc!l]^X][dgXZhbVcn[Vb^" 6hi]ZgZ\^dci]ViWdgYZgh7da^k^V!EjcdVahdVXihVh
a^ZhidX]ddhZl]^X]Vbdc\i]Z^gX]^aYgZcl^aagZXZ^kZVc VbV^cZcigned^ci[dgXdcigVWVcYZciZg^c\i]ZXdjcign#
ZYjXVi^dcdgXdcig^WjiZi]gdj\]ldg`idhjhiV^ci]Z[Vb^an# >c'%%&!VcZhi^bViZYild"Ò[i]hd[EZgjÉhXdcigVWVcY
6ii]ZhVbZi^bZ!EjcdÉhZYjXVi^dcVahnhiZbhZgkZhid ZciZgZY i]gdj\] Ejcd! idiVa^c\ JH9 ,.#' b^aa^dc ^c
gZ^c[dgXZXjaijgVa]^ZgVgX]^ZhVcY^cZfjVa^i^ZhWnd[[Zg^c\ kVajZ#'.8dcigVWVcYÅ^cXajY^c\Wjicdia^b^iZYid^aaZ\Va
XaVhhZhdcan^cHeVc^h]!i]jheZgeZijVi^c\i]ZhdX^VaZmXaj" e]VgbVXZji^XVah!i]ZhVaZd[l]^X]Wg^c\h^cVeegdm^"
h^dcd[\^gahVcYldbZcl]dVgZÓjZcidcan^cFjZX]jVdg bViZanJH9)%b^aa^dcVccjVaan(%ÅegZhZcihVhZg^djh
6nbVgV#&,D[i]ZldbZc^ciZgk^ZlZY^cEjcd[dgi]Z&..+ X]VaaZc\Zidi]ZgZ\^dcVa\dkZgcbZciÉhZ[ÒX^ZciVcY
9Zbd\gVe]^XVcY=ZVai]HjgkZn:C9:H>>>!'+hed`Z igVcheVgZcijhZd[gZhdjgXZh!^cXajY^c\i]dhZgZaVi^c\
dcanFjZX]jVVcYVcdi]Zg'+hed`Zdcan6nbVgV#&- id]ZVai]XVgZVcYgZ[dgbd[i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb#(&I]Z
>c'%%%!Ejcd]VYi]Z]^\]ZhibViZgcVabdgiVa^in egdWaZbhVgZcdijc^fjZidEjcd!WjiEjcdlVhi]ZaVhi
gVi^d^cEZgj/(+&eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h#&.6XXdgY^c\id 9>G:H6^ci]ZE6GHVajY>^ciZgkZci^dcidV\gZZidjh^c\
i]ZYViVd[i]ZGZ\^dcVa9^gZXidgViZd[=ZVai]9>G:H6! XdbejiZgegd\gVbhidWZiiZgbdc^idgi]ZjhZd[Vci^W^"
bViZgcVaYZVi]h]VkZcdiYZXgZVhZY^cEjcd^cgZXZci di^XhVcYdi]ZgbZY^X^cZh#('
JWXb[(0H[fehj[ZCWj[hdWb:[Wj^iX[jm[[d@WdkWho'"'///WdZCWhY^)'"(&&-
'%%+ ?Vc#ÄBVg#
NZVg &... '%%% '%%& '%%' '%%( '%%) '%%*
'%%,
CjbWZg -+ ,. *. +% +( *+ *' *+ &*
HdjgXZ/GZ\^dcVa9^gZXidgViZd[=ZVai]^cEjcd
* + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
Æ>[Dcan½Ç/6cidc^V 7djed_WÊiB_\[
6cidc^VEVXXd8VWVcVlVh)%nZVghdaYl]Zch]ZY^ZY 6cidc^VlVhi]ZdaYZhid[Z^\]iX]^aYgZc#L]Zc6cidc^VÉh
d[edhi"eVgijb]Zbdgg]V\ZYjZidjiZg^cZVidcnVi]Zg bdi]Zg!?dhZ[V!lVh)%!]Zg]jhWVcYY^ZYVcYaZ[i?dhZ[V
]dbZ^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^dc6eg^a+!'%%,# idgV^hZi]ZX]^aYgZcVadcZ#?dhZ[VgZXdjciZY]dlh]Z!
^cijgc!gZa^ZYdc6cidc^Vid]Zae]Zgl^i]i]ZgZhid[
i]ZX]^aYgZc#6cidc^V\gZlje^ci]ZhbVaaXdbbjc^in
d[IdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^VcYXVbZid`cdlAdgZcod
Fj^heZ KVg\Vh! l]d lVh [gdb i]Z hVbZ Xdbbjc^in#
CZ^i]Zgd[i]ZblZcieVhieg^bVgnhX]ddaVcY6cidc^V
lVh_jhi&)l]Zch]ZWZ\VcidYViZAdgZcod#
H]dgiani]ZgZV[iZg!i]ZnbdkZY^cid\Zi]Zg^cV]djhZ
cdi[Vg[gdb6cidc^VÉhbdi]Zg!VcY[dgbZYVXdbbdc"aVl
bVgg^V\Z(convivencia).((6ii]Zi^bZd[E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl!
i]Z^g]djhZlVhbVYZd[[djghbVaaVYdWZhigjXijgZh
l^i]i]ViX]ZYgdd[h0i]Zn]VYcdgjcc^c\lViZgdgZaZX"
ig^X^inVcYcdiZkZcVaVig^cZ#
H^b^aVgidk^gijVaanZkZgndcZ^ci]ZXdbbjc^in!AdgZcod
^hVhjWh^hiZcXZ[VgbZg#I]Z[Vb^an]VYhdbZVc^bVahÅ
h]ZZeVcYe^\hbdhian!VcYV[ZlXdlhÅVcY[VgbZYhbVaa
eadihd[aVcYl]ZgZi]ZnbVcV\ZYid\gdlhdbZediV"
idZhVcYfj^cdV!V]VgYn\gV^ci]Vi\gdlhViZmigZbZan
]^\]Vai^ijYZhVcY^hl^YZhegZVYi]gdj\]djii]ZEZgjk^Vc
;Vb^an e]did d[ AdgZcod VcY 6cidc^V l^i] i]gZZ d[ i]Z^g 6ai^eaVcd# 6cidc^V ]ZaeZY AdgZcod l^i] ZkZgni]^c\ ^c
X]^aYgZc i]Z]djhZVcYiZcYZYcdi_jhii]Z^gVc^bVahWjiVahd
L]ZgZ9dZhi]ZBdcZn<d4
>ci]ZGZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVad[Ejcd!E=Gk^h^iZYVcZl EddgYZX^h^dc"bV`^c\VcY^cZ[ÒX^ZcX^ZhVgZcdiVWaZ
DWhiZig^X 8ZciZg l]^X] ]VY WZZc XdchigjXiZY iZc i]gdj\]djii]Z[VX^a^in#I]Zh^c`idlVh]]VcYh^ci]Z
bdci]h ZVga^Zg l^i] [jcYh [gdb E6GHVajY ># I]Z DWhiZig^X8ZciZg^hadXViZYY^gZXiancZmiidl]ZgZWaddYn
DWhiZig^X8ZciZg]VhWdi]V^gXdcY^i^dc^c\VcY]ZVi^c\! Xadi]hVcYbViZg^VahVgZhiZg^a^oZY#;jgi]Zg!i]ZgZ^h
cZlangZ[jgW^h]ZYaVWdgVcYYZa^kZgngddbhVcYWgVcY cd kZci^aVi^dc hnhiZb ^c i]Z cZl DWhiZig^X 8ZciZg#
cZlZfj^ebZci!^cXajY^c\V[ZiVabdc^idg#I]ZGZ\^dcVa 6YY^i^dcVaan! hdbZ Zfj^ebZci ejgX]VhZY l^i] i]Z
=dhe^iVa^cEjcd^hdcZd[ildbV_dggZ[ZgZcXZ]dhe^" bdc^Zh[gdbE6GHVajY>!hjX]VhVhiZg^a^oZg!Vgg^kZY
iVah[dgi]ZYZeVgibZciVcYlVhhdgZan^ccZZYd[cZl Wgd`ZcVcYlZgZhZciidA^bV[dggZeV^g0iZcbdci]h
Zfj^ebZciVcY\gZViZgXVeVX^in# aViZg!i]Zn]VYnZiidWZgZijgcZY#
=dlZkZg! E=GlVh^c[dgbZYi]Vii]ZDWhiZig^X I]ZadXVi^dcd[i]ZDWhiZig^X8ZciZgdci]Zi]^gYÓddg!
8ZciZg^hgVgZanjhZYWZXVjhZ^iYdZhcdigZXZ^kZV Vh^YZ[gdbi]ZlViZg!gZfj^gZhldbZc^caVWdgVcY$dg
hiZVYnhjeeand[gjcc^c\lViZg#AdXViZYdci]Zi]^gY dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhidWZiV`Zci]gdj\]i]Z]dhe^iVa
Óddgd[i]Z]dhe^iVaWj^aY^c\!lViZggjchl^i]Y^[ÒXjain VcYjeildÓ^\]ihd[hiV^gh!dg^[^i^h[jcXi^dc^c\VcY
jei]gdj\]daYe^eZhl^i]a^iiaZegZhhjgZ#L]Zci]ZgZ VkV^aVWaZ!eaVXZYdcVhbVaaZaZkVidg#;^cVaan!YZhe^iZ
^hcdlViZgegZhhjgZ!e]nh^X^VchVcYdi]Zg]ZVai] WZ^c\cZlangZ[jgW^h]ZY!i]ZDWhiZig^X8ZciZgYdZhcdi
egd[Zhh^dcVahlVh]i]Z^g]VcYh^cWVggZahÒaaZYl^i] d[[Zgi]Zedhh^W^a^ind[]Vk^c\igVY^i^dcVakZgi^XVaYZa^k"
hiVcY^c\lViZg#E=GlVh^c[dgbZYi]Vihjg\ZdchVcY Zg^Zh!i]ZgZWn[V^a^c\idXdbeanl^i]IZX]c^XVaCdgb
VcZhi]Zh^dad\^hihegZ[ZgidjhZi]Z\ZcZgVadeZgVi^c\ %((^hhjZYWni]ZB>CH6^c'%%*#
gddbdci]ZÒghiÓddg# E=GlVh^c[dgbZYi]VicdgZegZhZciVi^kZ[gdb
I]Zb^hjhZd[[jcYh\dZhWZndcYi]ZaVX`d[gjcc^c\ E6GHVajY >! dg i]Z 7Vc`h i]ZbhZakZh ]VY ZkZg
lViZg!l]^X]XdjaYWZgZhdakZYl^i]i]ZeaVXZbZcid[V ^cheZXiZYi]ZDWhiZig^X8ZciZgidhZZ]dli]Z[jcYh
lViZgiVc`dci]Zgdd[idVaadllViZgidgjcYdlclVgY# lZgZjhZY#
86H:HIJ9>:H*,
VWdji]^h]ZVai]#H]ZldjaYiVa`id]ZgXdjh^cA^hVWdji
]dlh]Zldgg^ZYVWdjiAdgZcod!]dlh]ZlVhV[gV^Yi]Vi
]ZXdjaYY^ZVcYaZVkZ]Zgl^YdlZYl^i]i]ZX]^aYgZcVh
]Zgdlcbdi]Zg]VYWZZc#(-AdgZcodVahdhV^Yi]Vih]Z
]VYldgg^ZYVWdji]^bVcYidd`XVgZd[]^b#I]ZnWdi]
ValVnhZmeZXiZYi]Vi]ZldjaYY^ZÒghi#AdgZcodhV^Y
gZeZViZYanidE=G!Æ>ilVhcÉihjeedhZYidWZi]^hlVn0
h]ZlVhcÉihjeedhZYidaZVkZbZVadcZ#Ç(.
AdgZcod]VYVhh^hiZYl^i]6cidc^VÉhegZk^djhYZa^k"
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
Zg^ZhVcY]ZVXXdbeVc^ZY]ZgdcVaad[]ZgegZcViVa
k^h^ihYjg^c\i]^haVhiegZ\cVcXn#I]ZnlZciid\Zi]Zg
[dghZkZcegZcViVaX]ZX`"jehidi]Z=VcV_fj^V]ZVai]
edhiÅha^\]iandkZgV`^adbZiZgVlVndckZgnWVYgdVYhÅ
l]ZgZ=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYd!i]Zb^Yl^[Z!hVli]Zb#I]Z
6cidc^VVcYAdgZcodÉh]dbZ# b^Yl^[ZcdiZYi]Vi^ilVhZmXZei^dcVai]ViV]jhWVcY
ldjaYVXXdbeVcn]^hl^[ZidVaa]ZgegZcViVaX]ZX`"
i]ZcZ^\]WdghÉa^kZhidX`#>cY^hXjhh^c\6cidc^VÉhYZVi]!
jeh!ZheZX^Vaanl]Zci]^hlVh]ZgZ^\]i]egZ\cVcXn#I]Z
AdgZcodidaYE=G!Æ>[ZZaVh^[>ÉkZadhibng^\]iVgb#Ç()
b^Yl^[ZgZXVaaZYi]Vi6cidc^VÉhegZ\cVcXnlVhZci^gZan
6cidc^VVcYAdgZcodhZiiaZY^cidi]Z^ga^[Zid\Zi]Zg
cdgbVa!ZmXZei[dgi]Zb^cdg^hhjZd[YZkZade^c\kVg^XdhZ
VcYWZ\Vcid[dgbi]Z^gdlc[Vb^an#I]Zn]VYh^mX]^aYgZc
kZ^ch^c]Zgg^\]iaZ\#
id\Zi]Zg!gVc\^c\^cV\Zh[gdb&-idi]ZbdhigZXZciWVWn
=dlZkZg!Yjg^c\i]ZegZcViVak^h^ihi]ZXdjeaZlVh
l]dlVhVbdci]daYVii]Zi^bZd[E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl#6
idaYi]Vi6cidc^VÉhegZ\cVcXnlVhXdch^YZgZY]^\]"g^h`
hZkZci]X]^aY]VYY^ZY^c^c[VcXn#6aad[]ZgegZ\cVcX^Zh
WZXVjhZh]Z]VY]VYhdbVcnegZk^djhYZa^kZg^Zh#I]Zn
lZgZcdgbVaVcYh]Z\VkZW^gi]Vi]dbZ^cZkZgnXVhZ#
lZgZVahdidaYi]Vi6cidc^Vh]djaYeaVcid\^kZW^gi]^c
>cViaZVhiildd[i]ZYZa^kZg^Zh!VadXVacurandero
i]Z]dhe^iVaVcYi]ZnlZcidkZgVW^gi]eaVc[dg]Zgid
l]dlVhVahdVigVY^i^dcVaW^gi]ViiZcYVci!<Zgc^bd!
Ydi]Vi!Vai]dj\]i]VieaVclVhcZkZg[dgbVaanh^\cZY#
ViiZcYZY6cidc^V^cVYY^i^dcidAdgZcod#6ii]Zi^bZd[
IZX]c^XVaan!6cidc^VÉhXdbbjc^inWZadc\ZYidi]Z_jg^h"
E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl!<Zgc^bdlVh-*nZVghdaYVcY]VgYd[
Y^Xi^dc d[ 6o{c\Vgd ]dhe^iVa VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ h]Z lVh
]ZVg^c\!Wji]Z]VYYZa^kZgZYbdhid[i]ZldbZc^ci]Z
hjeedhZYidWZgZXZ^k^c\egZcViVaXVgZViVcYeaVcc^c\
VgZVVcYlVhhi^aaViiZcY^c\W^gi]hVii]Zi^bZd[6cidc^VÉh
]ZgYZa^kZgn[dgi]Vi]dhe^iVa#=dlZkZg!i]Z]ZVai]edhi
aVhiegZ\cVcXn#(*
lVhXadhZgVcYi]Zb^Yl^[ZY^YcdilVciidijgc]ZgVlVn
<Zgc^bd]VYgZXZ^kZYildigV^c^c\h[gdbJC>8:;VcY
`cdl^c\]dl]VgY^ilVh[dg6cidc^VVcYAdgZcodidbV`Z
]VYViiZcYZYbdgZi]Vc(%%YZa^kZg^Zh^ci]ZdkZgi]^gin
i]Zi^bZid\didi]ZegZcViVaX]ZX`"jehViVaa#
nZVghi]Vi]Z]VYWZZcYd^c\i]^hldg`#=Z]VYgZXZ^kZY
VXZgi^ÒXVi^dc[gdbi]ZcZVgZhi]dhe^iVa^c6o{c\VgdVcY!
Vai]dj\]]^\]anjcjhjVa[dgVXdbbjc^in]ZVai]egdbdiZg
^cEZgj!<Zgc^bdgZedgiZYan]VYVXXZhhidVcYgdji^cZan
jhZYi]ZYgj\Zg\digViZ!l]^X]]Z`cZll]ZcidVYb^c"
^hiZgid]Zaei]ZjiZgjhidXdcigVXi#(+<Zgdc^bdVeeZVgZY
igjanhVYYZcZYWn6cidc^VÉhYZVi]!VcY]ZiVa`ZYVWdji
l]ViV\ddYeZghdch]Z]VYWZZc#
>cYZZY! ^i hZZbZY i]Vi 6cidc^V lVh lZaa"a^`ZY Wn
k^gijVaanZkZgndcZ#;Vb^anbZbWZghVcYcZ^\]WdghVa^`Z
hed`Zd[l]ViVÆ\ddYÇVcYÆ\ddY"]ZVgiZYÇeZghdch]Z
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
]VYWZZc#I]gdj\]iZVgh!=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYd!i]Zb^Yl^[Z
Vii]ZadXVa]ZVai]edhi^c=VcV_fj^V!hV^YÆP6cidc^VRlVh
hjX]V\ddYeZghdc½h]ZlVhhd\ddY½eZg]Vehi]ViÉh
l]n^ilVh]Zg[ViZidY^Z#Ç(,
6cidc^VlVhadkZYWn]Zg]jhWVcYVhlZaa!VcYh]Z^c
6a^X^V :an NVb^c ^ciZgk^Zl^c\ AdgZcod VcY <Zgc^bd! i]Z
ijgcVeeVgZcianadkZY]^b#I]gdj\]djii]Z^gbVgg^V\Z! curandero#
AdgZcod]VY]^\]WaddYegZhhjgZVcY6cidc^Vldgg^ZY
* - 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
6[iZgi]Z[djgi]egZcViVaX]ZX`je!i]Zb^Yl^[ZVii]Z Hd]ZVcY]^hbdi]Zg"^c"aVlegZeVgZY[dgi]ZYZa^kZgnWn
]ZVai]edhiY^YhZcY6cidc^Vidi]Z]dhe^iVa^c6o{c\VgdÅ i]ZbhZakZh!egZeVg^c\mates]ZgWiZVhVcYVhiZl[dg
Veegdm^bViZan(*b^cjiZhVlVnWnXVgÅ[dgVgdji^cZ V[iZgi]ZYZa^kZgn#I]ZnlVgbZYVcYegZeVgZYi]Zgddb
jaigVhdjcYVcYidaYi]Zbi]Vii]Znh]djaYh^\ci]ZW^gi] Vh^higVY^i^dcVa^ci]ViVgZVd[EZgj!l]ZgZ^i^hZhhZci^Va
eaVcl^i]hiV[[Vii]Z]dhe^iVa#6cidc^VlVh\^kZcVcjaigV" [dgi]ZgddbidWZlVgbVcYYgn#
hdjcYWjii]ZnlZgZcdiVh`ZYidh^\cVW^gi]eaVc!VcY I]ZnbVcV\ZYidbV`Zi]ZgddbgZVhdcVWanlVgb
i]ZnlZgZcdigZ\^hiZgZY^cVcnlVnl^i]i]Z]dhe^iVa# YZhe^iZi]Z[VXii]Vi^i]VYgV^cZYi]ZYVnWZ[dgZVcY
Xdci^cjZYidgV^ci]ViYVn!WZXdb^c\higdc\Zg^ci]Z
7<Wj[\kbI[h_[ie\;l[djiWdZ9_hYkcijWdY[i V[iZgcddcVcYZkZc^c\#>ilVhVXdaY!YgZcX]^c\gV^ci]Vi
I]gZZlZZ`hWZ[dgZ]ZgYjZYViZ!dc<ddY;g^YVn6eg^a ijgcZYZkZgni]^c\idbjY#
+!'%%,!6cidc^VWZ\Vc[ZZa^c\aVWdgeV^ch^ci]ZV[iZg" 6iVeegdm^bViZan+ebi]ZWVWn!6Yda[d!lVhWdgc#
cddc#I]Vibdgc^c\!AdgZcodlZciid6o{c\VgdidWjn 6[iZg]Va[Vc]djgeVhhZYVcYi]ZeaVXZciV]VYcdiWZZc
hdbZ[ddY[dg<ddY;g^YVnY^ccZg#L]Zc]ZgZijgcZYVi YZa^kZgZY!AdgZcodaZ[i6cidc^Vl^i]]Zgbdi]ZgVcYlZci
Veegdm^bViZan&%V#b#!6cidc^VlVhhi^aaÒcZ#H]Z]VY id\Zi]Zae#=Z_jbeZYdcVcdaYbdidgW^`ZVcYYgdkZ
WZZcYZVa^c\l^i]i]Ze^\hi]Vibdgc^c\VcYi]Znh]VgZY VlVn[gdbi]Z]djhZfj^X`andkZgi]ZigZVX]ZgdjhVcY
hdbZWgZVYVcY[gj^i[dgajcX]# gdVYhbjYY^ZYWni]ZgV^c#6[iZgeZg]VehiZcb^cjiZh!
6iVWdji(e#b#dci]ViYVnÅ6eg^a+i]Å]ZgXdcigVX" AdgZcodgZVX]ZYV[dg`^ci]ZgdVY#=ZXdjaY]VkZX]dhZc
i^dchWZ\Vc#AdgZcodlVciZYid\d^bbZY^ViZanidi]Z idijgcidlVgYi]Z]ZVai]edhi!=VcV_fj^V!l]^X]lVh
]dhe^iVa^c6o{c\VgdVh]Z]VYWZZc^chigjXiZYWni]Z Veegdm^bViZaniZcb^cjiZh[jgi]ZgYdlci]ZgdVY!idign
hiV[[Vii]Z]ZVai]edhi^c=VcV_fj^V!idVaZgii]Zbid idÒcY]Zaei]ZgZ#6aiZgcVi^kZan!]ZXdjaYiV`Zi]Zdi]Zg
hZcYVcVbWjaVcXZ!Wji6cidc^V\gVWWZY]^bWn]^hh]^gi [dg`VcYegdXZZYidi]Z]dhe^iVa^c6o{c\Vgd!l]^X]lVh
VcYWZ\\ZY]^bcdiidaZVkZ]Zg#H]ZlVhV[gV^Yd[WZ^c\ ViaZVhi'*b^cjiZh[jgi]ZgVlVndci]ZbdidgW^`Zl]Zc
VadcZYjg^c\i]ZYZa^kZgn#=Zgbdi]Zg!?dhZ[V!l]dbi]Zn gdVYXdcY^i^dchlZgZ\ddY#I]ZnlZgZcdii]Vic^\]i#
]VYXVaaZY!]VY]jgi]Zg]VcYVcYXdjaYcdiYZa^kZgi]Z 7Za^Zk^c\i]VicddcZldjaYWZVii]Z]ZVai]edhiV[iZg
WVWn#6h^ilVh<ddY;g^YVn!cdcZd[i]ZcZ^\]WdghlZgZ +e#b#dci]Zc^\]id[<ddY;g^YVn!AdgZcodX]dhZid\d
VgdjcYh^cXZi]Zn]VYVaa\dcZidided[i]ZbdjciV^cid idi]Z]dhe^iVa#
XdaaZXii]ZhVXgZY]ZgWh!Vh^hi]ZigVY^i^dc^ci]VieVgid[ 6h^iijgcZYdji!hdbZbZbWZghd[i]ZhiV[[Å^cXajY^c\
i]ZEZgjk^Vc6ai^eaVcd#6hVgZhjai!6cidc^VVcYAdgZcod i]Zb^Yl^[Z!=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYdHjXVejXVÅlZgZVii]Z
lZgZVadcZl^i]i]Z^gX]^aYgZcVcY]Zgbdi]Zg# ]ZVai]edhi^c=VcV_fj^Vi]Vic^\]i!ZkZci]dj\]^ilVh
AdgZcodYZX^YZY]ZXdjaYcdiaZVkZ]^hl^[Z#=ZY^Y V[iZg]djghVcY<ddY;g^YVn#6ai]dj\]i]Z]ZVai]edhi^hV
cdi\did[ZiX]<Zgc^bd!i]ZparteroigVY^i^dcVaW^gi] gjY^bZciVgn[VX^a^inl^i]djiZaZXig^X^indggjcc^c\lViZg!
ViiZcYVci!l]dhZ]djhZlVhcZVgWn!WZXVjhZ<Zgc^bd i]ZhiV[[lVhZfj^eeZYidWZÒghigZhedcYZgh^ci]ZZkZci
lVhVahdVlVnYjZidVhjg\Zgn]^hdlcl^[Z]VY_jhi]VY# d[VcdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcXn#=ZgbZa^cYVhiViZYi]Vih]Z
I]Z8Vgadh8dgcZ_dGdhZaad=dhe^iVa^c6o{c\Vgd
I]Z6o{c\Vgd=dhe^iVa^hi]ZgZ[ZgZcXZ]dhe^iVa[dgi]Z XdcigVXih#I]ZgZVgZcdVcZhi]Zh^dad\^hihVcYl]ZcV
6co{c\VgdgZYcZildg`VcY^hXaVhh^ÒZYVhVc;D:! 8ZhVgZVchZXi^dc^heZg[dgbZYVii]Z]dhe^iVa!cjghZh
l]^X]dhiZch^WanbZVchi]Vi^i^hXVeVWaZd[egdk^Y^c\ VgZgZfj^gZYidVYb^c^hiZgi]ZVcZhi]Zh^V#E=GlVh
ZhhZci^VadWhiZig^XhZgk^XZh!^cXajY^c\hjg\Zg^ZhVcY idaYi]ViYdXidgh\ZcZgVaangZ[jhZidYdhdWZXVjhZd[
WaddY igVch[jh^dch ') ]djgh V YVn# >c i]Zdgn! i]Z [ZVghd[edhh^WaZVYkZghZZkZcih#I]ZcjghZhÅl]dVgZ
]dhe^iVa]VhilddeZgVi^c\gddbh0]dlZkZg!dcandcZ jcigV^cZYÅVgZcdi\^kZcVcdei^dcVhidl]Zi]Zgi]Zn
^hZfj^eeZY#E=GlVh^c[dgbZYi]Vi8ZhVgZVchZXi^dch lVciidVYb^c^hiZgi]ZVcZhi]Zh^V#)%
VgZ d[iZc gZ[ZggZY id i]Z aVg\Zg ]dhe^iVa ^c ?ja^VXV I]Z6o{c\Vgd]dhe^iVadcan]VYdcZ[jcXi^dc^c\
WZXVjhZi]ZdcZZfj^eeZYdeZgVi^c\gddb]VYcdiWZZc kZ]^XaZidjhZVhVcVbWjaVcXZl]^X]lVhdkZgiZc
hiZg^a^oZY#6ii]Zi^bZd[E=GÉhk^h^i!i]Z]dhe^iVa]VY nZVghdaYVcY[gZfjZcian^cY^hgZeV^g!VXXdgY^c\idhiV[[#
dcanildjc^ihd[WaddYdc]VcY#D[i]ZilZakZe]nh^" :fj^ebZci ejgX]VhZY l^i] [jcYh [gdb E6GHVajY >
X^VchdchiV[[!ildlZgZ\ZcZgVahjg\Zdch!dcZlVh ]VYWZ\jcid[V^aVcYi]ZgZlVhcdbdcZn[dggZeV^g!
VeZY^Vig^X^VcVcYc^cZlZgZ^c\ZcZgVaegVXi^XZ#IZc cdg]VYi]ZgZWZZcigV^c^c\^ci]ZjhZd[ejgX]VhZY
lZgZVeed^ciZY(nombrados)VcYildlZgZldg`^c\dc Zfj^ebZci#
86H:HIJ9>:H*.
XdjaY]VkZVYb^c^hiZgZY^cigVkZcdjhÓj^YgZhjhX^iVi^dc 6cidc^VlVh^chjgZYjcYZgi]ZH>H!l]^X]Zci^iaZheda^"
VcYdmnidX^c!idgZeaVXZWaddYkdajbZVcYidegdbdiZ Xn]daYZghidild[gZZeV^ghd[\adkZh[dgZVX]YZa^kZgn!
jiZg^cZ XdcigVXi^dch hd Vh id VaaZk^ViZ WaZZY^c\ VcY AdgZcodlVhgZfj^gZYideVn&#*%nuevos solesVeegdm^"
egdbdiZYZa^kZgnd[i]ZeaVXZciV!gZheZXi^kZan#)& bViZanJH*%XZcih[dggjWWZg\adkZhWZ[dgZi]ZnaZ[i#
I]Zig^eidi]Z]dhe^iValVhkZgnY^[ÒXjaiWZXVjhZi]Z L]^aZAdgZcodlVhhZZ`^c\]Zae!6cidc^VlVhl^i]]Zg
gdVY^h^cVeddghiViZVcYildYVnhd[gV^c]VYbVYZ bdi]ZgVcY]ZgX]^aYgZc#H]dgianV[iZgAdgZcodaZ[i!i]Z
^ik^gijVaan^beVhhVWaZ#I]ZdaYbdidgW^`ZWgd`ZYdlc# eaVXZciVlVhZmeZaaZY!Wji6cidc^VXdci^cjZYidWaZZY#
AdgZcodaZ[i^iWni]Zh^YZd[i]ZgdVYVcYWZ\\ZYeZdeaZ I]ZjiZgjhlVhcdiXdcigVXi^c\#?dhZ[V!6cidc^VÉhbdi]Zg
^ci]ZcZVgZhiXdbbjc^in!BVXVnVE^g^e^g^c^!idaZcY]^b Xg^ZhVhh]ZgZXdjcih]dlZkZcihjc[daYZY/ÆH]ZhiVgiZY
VW^XnXaZ#6[iZgVYZaVnd[]Va[Vc]djgdghd!AdgZcodY^Y idijgcWajZ#>hiVnZYl^i]]Zg!]j\\^c\]Zgi]Zl]daZ
bVcV\ZidWdggdlVW^XnXaZVcYXdci^cjZYdc]^hlVn i^bZ½>Y^YcÉiaZVkZ]Zg[dgVb^cjiZ#H]Z`ZeihVn^c\]Zg
id6o{c\Vgd!Wjii]ZigVkZalVhhadlZYcdli]Vi]ZlVh WVX`]jgi0h]ZY^YcÉihVnVcni]^c\ZahZ½#I]Z`^YhlZgZ
dcVW^XnXaZ# Vaai]ZgZ!Xgn^c\ÈBVbV!BVbVɽÇ)'H]Zig^ZYid[ZZY
L]ZcAdgZcodgZVX]ZYi]Z8Vgadh8dgcZ_dGdhZaad 6cidc^Vmates]ZgWiZVhVcYcaldo de chuñoVhiZll^i]
=dhe^iVa^c6o{c\Vgd!cZ^i]Zgi]ZYdXidgdcXVaacdgi]Z Yg^ZYediVidZh!kZ\ZiVWaZhVcYbZVii]Vi^higVY^i^dcVa[dg
VbWjaVcXZYg^kZglVhi]ZgZ#I]Zc^\]i\jVgYdcYjin V[iZgYZa^kZg^Zh^ci]^hgZ\^dcd[EZgj!Wjih]ZXdjaYcdi
XVaaZY9g#=ZXidgK^aXVVcYi]ZVbWjaVcXZYg^kZg!l]d ZVi#?dhZ[VhVnhh]Z`ZeiiZaa^c\]ZgYVj\]iZgid]Vc\dc!
gZedgiZYan Y^Y cdi lVci id bV`Z i]Z Yg^kZ# AdgZcod i]ViAdgZcodldjaYWZWVX`l^i]i]ZYdXidgVcnb^cjiZ
^beadgZYi]Zb!Æ;dgi]ZadkZd[<dY!bnl^[Z^hYn^c\½Ç VcYi]ViZkZgni]^c\ldjaYWZVaag^\]i#
6[iZgVcdi]ZgYZaVnd[Veegdm^bViZan(%b^cjiZhVii]Z HdbZi^bZVgdjcY.e#b#!i]ZkZ]^XaZVgg^kZYVii]Z
]dhe^iVa!9g#K^aXVVcYVb^Yl^[Z[gdbi]Z]dhe^iVa!BVg^V Xdbbjc^inWji\dihijX`^cVÒZaYd[bjYVii]ZWdiidb
8V^gVE^cZYV!]ZVYZYdjiidlVgYAdgZcodÉh]djhZl^i] d[i]Z]^aal]ZgZi]Z]djhZ^h#I]^hXVjhZY[jgi]ZgYZaVnh#
]^b^cVigjX`!l]^X]lVhWZ^c\jhZYVhVcVbWjaVcXZ AdgZcodVcYi]ZYdXidg\didjiidejh]i]ZigjX`^ci]Z
h^cXZi]Z]dhe^iVaÉhVbWjaVcXZlVh^cY^hgZeV^g#6ai]dj\] bjY#6ii]Vii^bZ!?dhZ[VhVli]ZbVcYnZaaZYYdlcid
]jggn!i]Vi6cidc^VlVh[VY^c\#
AdgZcodVcY9g#K^aXV!l]dlVhlZVg^c\Wddih!i]Zc
aZ[ii]ZVbWjaVcXZVcYbVYZi]Z^glVni]gdj\]i]ZYZZe
bjYVcYkVhiejYYaZhVcYXa^bWZYjei]Z]^aaidi]Z
]djhZ#I]Zb^Yl^[Z!l]dlVhlZVg^c\di]Zgh]dZh!Y^Y
cdi#9g#K^aXVZmVb^cZY6cidc^V!l]dlVhhi^aa^c?dhZ[VÉh
Vgbh#?dhZ[VgZXVaahi]ZYdXidghV^YÆH]ZÉhgjcdjid[
WaddYÅYdcÉi]daY]ZgVcnbdgZ#Ç)(9ZheZgViZVcY[gVci^X!
AdgZcodhXgZVbZYVi6cidc^VÆNdjcZZYidlV`Zje#Ç))
7jih]ZY^Ycdi#I]ZX]^aYgZcZmeadYZY^ciZVgh0i]ZZaYZhi
hdc!6WZaBViZd!gVcdjiVcYlZcijei]Z]^aaWZ]^cYi]Z
]djhZidXgnWn]^bhZa[#
7\j[h7djed_WÊi:[Wj^
I]ZcZmiYVn!9g#K^aXVgZijgcZYideZg[dgbi]ZVjidehndc
6cidc^V#I]ZXVjhZd[YZVi]lVhYZiZgb^cZYVhXVgY^VX
VggZhiYjZid]nedkdaZb^Xh]dX`[gdb]Zbdgg]V\Z#I]Z
XVjhZd[i]Z]Zbdgg]V\ZlVhjiZg^cZVidcn!VXdcY^i^dc
^cl]^X]i]ZbjhXaZhd[i]ZjiZgjh[V^aidXdcigVXi#6i
i]Zi^bZd[Vjidehn!6cidc^VÉhjiZgjhlVh'-Xbadc\
VcY&)Xbl^YZ#
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
AdgZcodlVhegZh^YZcid[i]ZXdbbjc^in!VcZaZXiZY
edh^i^dc i]Vi gdiViZh Vbdc\ Xdbbjc^in Vji]dg^i^Zh#
L]Zc6cidc^VY^ZY!i]ZXdbbjc^in]ZaeZYeVn[dg[ddY
Vii]Z[jcZgVaWjiXdjaYcdiV[[dgYidegdk^YZi]Z[Vb^an
l^i][jgi]ZgVhh^hiVcXZ#
?dhZ[VEVXXd!6cidc^VÉhbdi]Zg#
+ % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
I]ZWVWn!6Yda[d!lVhViÒghiWgZVhi[ZYWnVh^hiZg"^c"
aVld[6cidc^VÉhl]d]VY]Zgdlccjgh^c\X]^aY!Wjihddc
i]VigZaVi^kZYZX^YZYh]ZXdjaYcdiegdYjXZZcdj\]b^a`
[dgWdi]X]^aYgZc#6cidc^VÉhXdjh^c!A^h!i]Zcidd`i]Z
WVWnl^i]]Zgid]Zg]dbZ^c6o{c\VgdVcYlVhiV`^c\
XVgZd[]^bVii]Zi^bZd[E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl#6Yda[dlVh
WZ^c\[ZY[dgbjaV!l]^X]XdhiVeegdm^bViZanJH9&%eZg
XVc!VcYl]^X]AdgZcodXdjaYcdiV[[dgY#A^hhiViZYi]Vi
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
h]ZeaVccZYidgZijgci]ZWVWnidAdgZcodl]Zc]ZlVh
i]gZZbdci]hdaYWji^ilVhjcXaZVg]dlAdgZcodlVh
\d^c\idWZVWaZidiV`ZXVgZd[i]Z^c[Vci#)*
AdgZcodYZhXg^WZY[dgE=G]^hYVnhcdli]Vi6cidc^V
^h\dcZ#=Z\ZihjeWn)^ci]Zbdgc^c\idbV`ZWgZV`"
6cidc^VÉhbdi]Zg!cZlWdgc!]jhWVcY!VcYi]gZZd[]Zgdi]Zg
[VhiVcYlVh]i]ZX]^aYgZcÉhXadi]Zh#7n-V#b#!i]ZX]^a"
X]^aYgZcdjih^YZd[i]Z^g]dbZ#
YgZcaZVkZ[dghX]ddaVcY]ZiZcYhidi]ZVc^bVahVcY
XVgZh[dgi]Za^kZhidX`#6iVgdjcY)e#b#!]ZXdbZhWVX` \ddY]ZVai]#)-
[gdbYZVa^c\l^i]i]Za^kZhidX`idXdd`Y^ccZg#I]Zc]Z 6WZaBViZdidd`hdbZd[]^hVc\Zgdjidc]^h[Vi]Zg!
lVh]ZhVcYXaZVchVcYejihi]ZX]^aYgZcidWZY^ci]Zi^cn WaVb^c\]^b[dg]ZgYZVi]ÅcdiWZXVjhZd[l]Vi]ZY^Y
WZYgddbi]Vii]ZZci^gZ[Vb^anh]VgZh#=ZYdZhcdi\Ziid dgY^YcdiYddc6eg^a+i]!WjiWnVh`^c\l]Zi]Zg]ZY^YcÉi
haZZejci^aV[iZg.e#b#Æ>Ébhdi^gZY!ÇAdgZcodhV^Y!Wji ]VkZZcdj\]X]^aYgZcVagZVYnVcYl]nY^Y]Z]VkZid\d
l]ZcVh`ZY!]ZV\gZZYi]Vii]^h^hi]ZhX]ZYjaZ6cidc^V VcY\Zi]ZgegZ\cVciV\V^c#AdgZcodVcY6cidc^VjhZY
]VY`ZeiZkZgnYVnl]Zch]ZlVhVa^kZ#)+ cd[dgbd[[Vb^aneaVcc^c\!cdiZkZci]Zg]ni]bbZi]dY#
L]ZcAdgZcodidaYE=Gi]Vih^cXZ6cidc^VÉhYZVi]Æbn >cYZZY!AdgZcodidaYE=Gi]Vi6cidc^V]VYWZZci^gZY
]ZVgi]jgih0Ç]ZlVhgZ[Zgg^c\cdidcanid]^hegd[djcY d[]Vk^c\X]^aYgZc!iZaa^c\]^bÆ>ÉbegVXi^XVaan^cbZcd"
\g^Z[WjiVahdidVe]nh^XVaXdcY^i^dc#=ZXdbeaV^cZYd[ eVjhZVcY]ZgZndj]VkZbZegZ\cVci#Ç).
X]ZhieV^chVcYidaYE=G]Z]VYWZZcigZViZY[dg]^\] I]ZWVWn!6Yda[d!]VYcdiWZZc^hhjZYVW^gi]XZgi^Ò"
WaddYegZhhjgZVcY]VYVahdWZZcY^V\cdhZYl^i]\Vhig^X XViZWZXVjhZ]ZlVhWdgcVi]dbZ#9Zhe^iZi]ZVlVgZ"
Y^hXdb[dgi!edhh^WanhiZbb^c\[gdbVcjaXZg#=Z]VY cZhhd[9g#K^aXVVcYi]Zb^Yl^[Zd[i]ZX^gXjbhiVcXZhd[
WZZcegZhXg^WZYbZY^X^cZhVii]Z]dhe^iVa^c6o{c\Vgd! i]ZYZa^kZgn!AdgZcodlVhWZ^c\Vh`ZYideVnVÆÒcZÇid
WjiVh]ZlVhcdi^chjgZYjcYZgi]ZhdX^Va^chjgVcXZ dWiV^ci]ZWVWnÉhW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZWZXVjhZ]Z]VYWZZc
hX]ZbZ!]Z]VYideVn[dgi]ZbVcYhV^Y]ZYdjWiZY]Z WdgcVi]dbZgVi]Zgi]Vc^cV]ZVai][VX^a^in#6hVgZhjai!
XdjaYV[[dgYidXdci^cjZ# 6Yda[d]VYcdigZXZ^kZY]^hÒghikVXX^cVi^dchVcYlVh
6ii]Zi^bZd[E=GÉhk^h^i!i]ZX]^aYgZclZgZXaZVgan cdiZa^\^WaZ[dgVcnVhh^hiVcXZi]gdj\]i]Z]dhe^iVa^c
hj[[Zg^c\ Vh lZaa# I]Zn ]VY hideeZY \d^c\ id hX]dda 6o{c\Vgd#E=GaZVgcZYi]Vii]gZZd[AdgZcodÉhdi]Zg
gZ\jaVgan#I]Zndjc\ZgX]^aYgZc]VYhideeZYZVi^c\VcY X]^aYgZcY^Ycdi]VkZW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZhZ^i]Zg#I]ZE=G
lZgZegdcZidadc\Xgn^c\_V\h#A^hidaYE=Gi]Vil]Zc iZVb^ciZgkZcZYdci]Z^gWZ]Va[hdi]ViVaad[i]Z^gW^gi]
i]ZhZXdcY\gVYZglZciidhX]ddah]ZldjaYgVXZ]dbZ XZgi^ÒXViZhlZgZWZ^c\egdXZhhZY!VcYl^i]i]ZVeea^XV"
]de^c\idÒcY]Zgbdi]ZgVcYldjaYXdaaVehZ^ciZVgh i^dc[dgVW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZ!i]ZWVWnlVhVaadlZYidWZ
l]Zch]ZlVhcdii]ZgZ#), kVXX^cViZY#
I]ZdaYZgX]^aYgZclZgZVahdYZZeanV[[ZXiZY!eZg]Veh
7dWboi_i
^ceVgi^XjaVgi]ZdaYZhihdc!6WZaBViZd!l]d]VYVc
ZmXZei^dcVaanXadhZgZaVi^dch]^el^i]]^hbdi]Zg#9Zhe^iZ DcdcZaZkZa!6cidc^VÉhYZVi]^hi]ZgZhjaid[VigV\^X
]ZgaVX`d[ZYjXVi^dc!6cidc^VÉhYgZVb[dg]^blVhid XdcÓjZcXZd[ZkZcihVcYX^gXjbhiVcXZhi]VieV^c[jaan
\didjc^kZgh^in#>cYZZY!6WZaBViZdlVhXdbeaZi^c\ ^aajhigViZh]dlZVX]d[i]Zi]gZZYZaVnhXdcig^WjiZhid
]^hÒ[i]nZVgd[hZXdcYVgnhX]ddaVcY]VYiVa`ZYid]^h bViZgcVaYZVi]h#>[dcan^i]VYcdiWZZc<ddY;g^YVn!
bdi]ZgVWdji\d^c\idi]ZX^ind[6gZfj^eVidXdci^cjZ dg]Zgbdi]Zg]VYcdi^c_jgZY]Zg]VcY!6cidc^Vb^\]i
]^hhijY^Zh#Cdli]Vih]ZlVh\dcZ!6WZaBViZdcdidcan ]VkZWZZcl^aa^c\idaZiAdgZcodhZZ`]Zae^bbZY^ViZan^c
b^hhZY]ZgiZgg^WanWjiVahdgZVa^oZY]^h[jijgZeaVch i]Z]dhe^iVal]Zc]ZgaVWdgeV^chWZ\VcWZXVjhZi]ZgZ
]VYWZZcYVh]ZY#=Z]VYidhiVnVi]dbZidXVgZ[dg]^h ldjaY]VkZWZZchdbZdcZidhiVnWZ]^cYVcY]Zael^i]
ÒkZndjc\Zgh^Wa^c\h!ZheZX^VaanVh]^h[Vi]ZglVhcdi^c i]ZW^gi]#>[dcan<Zgc^bd]VYWZZcVi]^h]djhZVh
86H:HIJ9>:H+&
i]Z\jVgYidgZVX]9gK^aXVVcYi]ZVbWjaVcXZYg^kZg#
AdgZcod]VYidWZ\i]ZVbWjaVcXZYg^kZgidYg^kZidi]Z
Xdbbjc^in!VcY]ZlVhgZfj^gZYideVn[dg\adkZh!ZkZc
i]dj\]i]ZnVgZXdkZgZYjcYZgi]ZH>H#
I]ZVeeVgZciVeVi]nVcY^cY^[[ZgZcXZd[i]Z^cY^k^YjVa
]dhe^iVaZbeadnZZhXdZm^hil^i]WgdVYZghnhiZb^X^hhjZh#
;^ghi!i]ZdcZVbWjaVcXZVii]Z6o{c\Vgd]dhe^iValVh^c
Y^hgZeV^gi]Zc^\]ii]ViAdgZcodVgg^kZYVcYlVhhjWhi^"
ijiZYWnVbV`Z"h]^[iigjX`#HZXdcY!i]ZgZ^hcdWjY\Zi
[dg\Vhda^cZ!l]^X]i]ZgZ[dgZ]VhidWZeV^Y[dgWni]Z
eVi^ZcidgVhhjbZYVhVXdhiWni]Z]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]"
bZci#I]^gY!i]ZgdVYhVgZ^ciZgg^WaZXdcY^i^dc!l]^X]
lVhZmVXZgWViZYi]Vic^\]iWni]ZYVnhd[gV^ci]Vi]VY
XgZViZYkVhiejYYaZhVcYlVh]ZY"djiVgZVh#I]ZgZ^hcd
_jhi^ÒXVi^dc[dg]ZVai]eZghdccZaWZ^c\^chZch^i^kZidi]Z
jg\ZcXnd[i]Zh^ijVi^dc0]dlZkZg!VhVhnhiZb^XbViiZg!
]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcihgZfj^gZ[jcXi^dc^c\VbWjaVcXZh
l^i]WjY\Zih[dgbV^ciZcVcXZVcY[jZa^cdgYZgidZchjgZ
VXXZhh^W^a^ind[XVgZ#BdgZdkZg!Vai]dj\]cdiVY^gZXian
]ZVai]"gZaViZY^ciZgkZci^dc!^ckZhibZci^c^c[gVhigjX"
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
ijgZi.e.,gdVYhVcYWg^Y\Zh^begdkZbZciXVc\gZVian
Xdcig^WjiZidgZYjX^c\YZaVnh^cVgg^k^c\ViZbZg\ZcXn
dWhiZig^XXVgZ!VcY^c[VX^a^iVi^c\VXXZhhidi]Z]ZVai]
XVgZhnhiZb\ZcZgVaan#
I]Z aVX` d[ VkV^aVWaZ VcY VXXZhh^WaZ XVgZ ^h Vahd
A^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZV!6cidc^VÉhXdjh^c!l^i]6Yda[d#
Zk^YZcXZY^ci]Z^ggVi^dcVaY^hig^Wji^dcd[]ZVai][VX^a^"
i^Zh^ci]^hgZ\^dcd[Ejcd#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]Z=VcV_fj^V
jhjVa!]ZldjaY]VkZWZZcVWaZidViiZcYi]ZYZa^kZgn
]ZVai]edhi!l]^aZVeegdm^bViZan(*b^cjiZhWnXVg[gdb
VcY VYb^c^hiZg Zg\digViZ! l]^X] ldjaY ]VkZ Wdj\]i
i]Zidlcd[6o{c\Vgd![VaahjcYZgi]Z_jg^hY^Xi^dcd[HVc
]Zgi^bZid\Zi[jgi]ZgVhh^hiVcXZ#>[dcanAdgZcod]VY
?dh!l]^X]^hadXViZYV\gZViY^hiVcXZVlVn#I]Z]ZVai]
YZX^YZYid\didi]ZXadhZg]ZVai]XZciZgVi=VcV_fj^V!
edhiVi=VcV_fj^V^hVc;DE!V[VX^a^ini]Vi^hcdiZfj^eeZY
i]Zb^Yl^[ZldjaY]VkZWZZcVWaZidVYb^c^hiZgdmnidX^c
idegdk^YZWVh^XdWhiZig^XXVgZdgXZgi^ÒZYid]VkZldbZc
VcY>KÓj^Yhjci^a[jgi]Zg]ZaeXdjaYWZhdj\]i#>[dcan
YZa^kZgi]ZgZ!VcYi]ZgZ^hcd;D7cZVgWn#LdbZcVgZ
AdgZcodÉhbdidgW^`Z]VYcdiWgd`ZcYdlc!]ZldjaYcdi
i]ZgZ[dgZZmeZXiZYidhZZ`egZcViVaXVgZVcYYZa^kZg^c
]VkZWZZcYZaVnZYl]^aZhZZ`^c\idWdggdlVW^XnXaZ!dg
6o{c\Vgd!ZkZc^[i]Zna^kZViVXdch^YZgVWaZY^hiVcXZ#
hadlZYWnjh^c\VW^XnXaZgVi]Zgi]VcVbdidgW^`Z#>[dcan
i]ZVbWjaVcXZYg^kZgVcY9g#K^aXV]VYWZZcgZVYnVcY
l^aa^c\idaZVkZ^bbZY^ViZanl]ZcAdgZcodVgg^kZYVii]Z
]dhe^iVa!Vcdi]ZgXg^i^XVaYZaVnldjaY]VkZWZZcVkZgiZY#
>[dcan^i]VYcdiWZZcgV^c^c\hdbjX]!i]ZVbWjaVcXZ
XdjaY]VkZbVYZ^iWVX`idi]Z]djhZbdgZgVe^YanVcY
ldjaYcdi]VkZ\diiZchijX`^ci]ZbjY!XVjh^c\nZi
Vcdi]Zg[ViZ[jaYZaVn#
NZiWZ]^cYVaad[i]VihZZb^c\aniZgg^WaZÆajX`Ça^Zeda^"
X^ZhVcYhigjXijgVa[VXidghi]ViaZYid6cidc^VÉhYZVi]
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
VhlZaa#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZXVgZVii]Z6o{c\Vgd=dhe^iVa
lVhcdigZVY^anVkV^aVWaZdgVXXZhh^WaZ#L]Zc6cidc^V
VcYAdgZcodlZgZgZ[ZggZYid6o{c\Vgd[dgi]ZjaigV"
hdjcY!i]ZnlZgZcdiViiZcYZYidVcYcdigZ\^hiZgZYVi
i]Z]dhe^iVa#L]ZcAdgZcodVgg^kZYi]Zc^\]id[6eg^a+i] 6adiÒaaZYl^i]Wgd`ZcVbWjaVcXZhdjih^YZd[i]Z6o{c\Vgd
Yjg^c\6cidc^VÉhZbZg\ZcXn!]ZlVh[dgXZYidlV^i[dg =dhe^iVa#
86H:HIJ9>:H+(
d[Zc[dgXZbZcibZX]Vc^hbh#H^cXZi]ZejWa^XVi^dcd[ lVh^c[dgbZYi]Vii]Z9>G:H6^cEjcd]Vhcdi^hhjZYV
i]ZcZlB>CH6cdgb!^i^h[daadlZY^chdbZadXVi^dch# egdidXda[dgi]Z^beaZbZciVi^dcd[kZgi^XVaW^gi]^c\egVX"
Di]Zgh!]dlZkZg!]VkZcZkZg]ZVgYd[i]ZcZlcdgb# i^XZh!^ck^daVi^dcd[i]ZB>CH6cdgb#*+
Jedc ]Vk^c\ i]Z cZl gZfj^gZbZcih Wgdj\]i id i]Z^g BdgZ\ZcZgVaan!E6GHVajY>^cXajYZY[jcYh[dgigV^c"
ViiZci^dc!hdbZ]ZVai]XZciZgh]VkZXZVhZYX]Vg\^c\ ^c\hdcÆ^ciZgXjaijgVa^in#Ç=dlZkZg!E=GlVh^c[dgbZY
[dgW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZh#HdbZ]VkZZkZcWZXdbZegdVXi^kZ WngZegZhZciVi^kZhd[i]ZLdgaY7Vc`i]Vicd[dgbVa
^ciZgbhd[Y^hhZb^cVi^c\i]ZcZl^c[dgbVi^dc#6hE=G ZkVajVi^dclVhYdcZl^i]gZheZXiidi]ZhjXXZhhd[i]dhZ
YdXjbZciZY!di]ZghXdci^cjZidX]Vg\Z[dgW^gi]XZgi^Ò" igV^c^c\h#*,E=G[djcYi]Vii]ZgZlVhV\ZcZgVa^oZYaVX`
XViZh!ZkZcV[iZgaZVgc^c\VWdjii]ZB>CH6cdgb# d[^ciZgXjaijgVaigV^c^c\VcYjcYZghiVcY^c\!egZkZci^c\
I]^hegVXi^XZ!l]^X]^h^ciZcYZYidegdk^YZ^cXZci^kZh XVgZ [gdb WZ^c\ XjaijgVaan VXXZeiVWaZ ^c VXXdgYVcXZ
idi]Z[Vb^anid\^kZW^gi]Vi[VX^a^i^Zh!^hWdi]k^daVi^kZd[ l^i]^ciZgcVi^dcVa]jbVcg^\]ihhiVcYVgYh#>cYZZY!^i
i]ZX]^aYÉhg^\]ihVcYXdZgX^kZ#;jgi]Zg!l]Zci]Z[Vb^an VeeZVgZYi]ViÆ^ciZgXjaijgVaÇVXXdbbdYVi^dclVhd[iZc
XVccdiV[[dgYideVni]Z[ZZÅl]^X]VeeZVghidgVc\Z YdcZl^i]djiXdchjaiVi^dcl^i]dgeVgi^X^eVi^dc[gdb
[gdb&%id*%nuevos solesVeegdm^bViZanJH9("&+Åi]Z ldbZci]ZbhZakZh#
X]^aYYdZhcdigZXZ^kZkVXX^cVi^dchVcY^hZmXajYZY[gdb
egd\gVbhhjX]Vh?JCIDH!VXVh]"igVch[Zgegd\gVb[dg 69djWaZ>c_jhi^XZ/BZaVc^V
XZgiV^c^cY^\Zci[Vb^a^Zh#
BZaVc^VNjXgV<dcoVaZhlVh''nZVghdaYl]Zch]ZY^ZY
I]ZhZXdZgX^kZeda^X^ZhVeeZVgidhiZb[gdbi]Zl^YZ"
d[edhi"eVgijb]Zbdgg]V\Zl]^aZ\^k^c\W^gi]id]ZgÒghi
hegZVYWZa^Z[^ci]Z[dgbVa]ZVai]hZXidgi]VildbZc
X]^aYdcHZeiZbWZg+!'%%)#H]Za^kZY^ci]ZXdbbjc^in
cZZYidWZXdck^cXZYÅWnVcnbZVchcZXZhhVgnÅid\^kZ
d[Ejfj^h#
W^gi]^c]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh#EgdYjXi^k^in^cY^XVidghWVhZY
dccjbWZghd[^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]hVahdVeeZVgidXgZViZ 7Fhec_i_d]<kjkh[
Y^hidgiZY^cXZci^kZh# BZaVc^VVcY;gVcX^hXd]VYWZZcYVi^c\[dgi]gZZbdci]h
L]ZcVh`ZYl]Vii]Zeg^bVgnXVjhZhd[]^\]bViZgcVa WZ[dgZi]Zn\dibVgg^ZY#:kZgndcZ^cWdi][Vb^a^ZhlVh
bdgiVa^in^ci]ZVgZVlZgZ!9g#8VaaV6eVoVidaYE=Gi]Vi kZgn]VeenVWdjii]Zjc^dc#I]ZXdjeaZhZZbZYlZaa"
ÆbViZgcVabdgiVa^in^hVhdX^VaegdWaZb½#i]Z^gXjhidbh! hj^iZYidZVX]di]ZgVcYVii]Zi^bZd[i]ZlZYY^c\!h]Z
i]Z^Y^dhncXgVh^Zhd[i]Z^gXjaijgZh!bV`Zi]Zldg`d[ lVhVagZVYnegZ\cVci!l]^X]^hcdijcXdbbdc^cgjgVa
]ZVai] egd[Zhh^dcVah kZgn Y^[[^Xjai#Ç*( I]Z Y^gZXidg d[ EZgj#I]ZnlZgZbVgg^ZY^ci]ZcZVgWnidlcd[IVgVXd
b^Yl^[ZgnVii]Z]dhe^iVa!BVg^VGdcY^cZaAdeZo!VYYZY! VcYi]Z[Zhi^k^i^ZhaVhiZYVcZci^gZlZZ`#;^ghi!BZaVc^VÉh
ÆI]ZedejaVi^dcd[i]^hVgZVd[6o{c\Vgd^hgZWZaa^djh!Ç eVgZcih\VkZi]ZbVeVginVcYi]Zc;gVcX^hXdÉheVgZcih
VaajY^c\eZg]Vehidi]ZgdaZd[6o{c\Vgd^ci]ZEZgjk^Vc Y^YVhlZaa#;^cVaan!i]Z\jZhihVaalZciidi]Z]djhZd[i]Z
gZkdaji^dcVhlZaaVhYjg^c\i]ZH]^c^c\EVi]^chjg\ZcXn XdjeaZÉhpadrinos\dYeVgZcih!l]d`ZeiVk^YZdd[i]Z
^ci]Z&.-%Éh#*)7di]9g#8VaaV6eVoVVcYBVg^VGdcY^cZa lZYY^c\VcYeVgi^ZhVabdhii]gZZnZVghaViZg#ÆBZaVc^V
AdeZolZgZ[gdbEjcd!hdVeeVgZciani]ZnlZgZY^hi^c" ]VYV\ddYX]VgVXiZg0h]Z`cZl]dlidYdZkZgni]^c\
\j^h]^c\i]ZbhZakZh[gdbi]ZaVg\Zan^cY^\Zcdjhedej"
aVi^dci]Z]dhe^iVahZgkZY#I]ZXjaijgVa^chZch^i^k^ind[
bVcn]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahXgZViZhYZaVnh^ci]ZYZX^h^dc
idhZZ`XVgZVi[VX^a^i^Zh^ci]ZXVhZd[ZbZg\ZcX^ZhVcY!
Vidi]Zgi^bZh!Xdchi^ijiZhVh^\c^ÒXVciWVgg^ZgidXVgZ#
8jaijgVa ^chZch^i^k^in ^h gZ[aZXiZY cdi dcan ^c i]Z
Y^hXg^b^cVidgnVii^ijYZhbVc^[ZhiZYWni]ZY^gZXidgd[
i]Z6o{Vc\Vgd]dhe^iVaVcY^ih]ZVYd[b^Yl^[Zgn!WjiVahd
^ci]ZZfj^ee^c\d[i]Z]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zhi]ZbhZakZh#;dg
ZmVbeaZ!i]Z6o{c\Vgd]dhe^iVaY^Ycdi]VkZVigVY^i^dcVa
W^gi]^c\gddbl]ZgZldbZcXdjaY\^kZW^gi]^ci]ZigVY^"
i^dcVakZgi^XVaedh^i^dcdcVcVc^bVah`^c!Vh^ih]djaY
id WZ ^c Xdbea^VcXZ l^i] cdgbh dc kZgi^XVa W^gi]^c\
l]^X]lZgZ^hhjZYWni]ZB^c^hignd[=ZVai]^c'%%*#**
6o{c\Vgd^hcdiVadcZ0E=G[djcYcdbV_dg]dhe^iVa^c
;Vb^ane]didiV`Zc^c[gdcid[gddbl]ZgZBZaVc^VhZXdcY[gdb
Ejcdi]VilVhZfj^eeZYideZgb^ikZgi^XVaW^gi]^c\VcY g^\]i^cgZVggdlaViZgY^ZYl]^aZ\^k^c\W^gi]
+ ) 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
dci]Z[VgbVcYh]ZlVh]VgY"ldg`^c\½i]^hbVgg^V\Z
l^aaldg`lZaa!Ç*-gZbZbWZghi]^c`^c\:jad\^VBVbVc^
>c`V]jVcVXd! i]Z XdjeaZÉh hZXdcY \dYbdi]Zg# 6h ^h
ine^XVa^ci]^hgZ\^dc!i]ZXdjeaZ]VYcdidcZWjiild
hZihd[\dYeVgZcihidegdk^YZ\j^YVcXZVcYÒcVcX^Va
hjeedgi#;gVcX^hXdÉhbdi]Zg!?dk^iVEVg^hjVcV!gZXVaah
i]Vi BZaVc^V lVh kZgn hlZZi VcY i]Vi Æh]Z lVh a^`Z
Vcdi]ZgYVj\]iZgÇid]Zg#*.
6hcZlanlZYh!BZaVc^VVcY;gVcX^hXda^kZY^cVhbVaa
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
VYdWZ ]djhZ l^i] ;gVcX^hXdÉh eVgZcih# ;gVcX^hXdÉh
Wgdi]ZgVahda^kZhcZVgWn0Vaai]Z[Vb^anbZbWZghVgZ
hjWh^hiZcXZ[VgbZghl]dXjai^kViZfj^cdVVcYWZVch!
Vbdc\di]Zgi]^c\h#Ejfj^h^hVgZaVi^kZanYZchZanedej"
aViZYXdbbjc^inl^i]hbVaaVYdWZ]djhZhVcYi]ZigVY^"
i^dcVaXdcZ"gdd[ZYputucosgdjcYZYVYdWZhigjXijgZh LdbVcWZVi^c\fj^cdVi]Vi]Vh_jhiWZZc]VgkZhiZY#
Ydii^c\i]Zfj^cdVÒZaYh#
ldjaYWZÒcZ#BZaVc^VWZ\VcidgZaVmbdgZVcYidigjhi
BZaVc^V Y^Y cdi ]VkZ Vc ZVhn egZ\cVcXn# H]Z ]VY
i]Zb^Yl^[Z#;gVcX^hXdhVnhi]ZnVahd]VYXdcÒYZcXZ
iZgg^WaZ bdgc^c\ h^X`cZhh [gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ VcY
^cBVg^VWZXVjhZh]Z]VYViiZcYZYi]ZYZa^kZgnd[]^h
;gVcX^hXdgZbZbWZgh^ceVgi^XjaVgVig^ei]Znidd`id
h^hiZg"^c"aVlVcYZkZgni]^c\]VYijgcZYdjilZaa#
i]ZX^ind[EjcdZVgandc^c]ZgegZ\cVcXn!l]ZgZh]Z
ZcYZYjekdb^i^c\bdhid[i]Zig^e#=Z]VYWdj\]i]Zg J^[:k[:Wj[7hh_l[i
]VgYXVcY^ZhidignidhZiiaZ]ZghidbVX]#+%
L]ZcBZaVc^VÉhXdcigVXi^dchWZ\Vcdc]ZghX]ZYjaZYYjZ
6ii]gZZbdci]hi]ZnWZ\Vcid\didi]ZadXVa]ZVai]
YViZ!h]ZaZ[i[dgi]Z]ZVai]edhidc[ddil]^aZ;gVcX^hXd
edhi! l]^X] ^h V 8A6H AdXVa =ZVai] 6Yb^c^higVi^dc
lZciidadd`[dgi]Zcurandero^ci]ZXdbbjc^inidgZVY
8dbb^iiZZ[dgegZcViVaX]ZX`jeh#BZaVc^VlVhcZgkdjh
i]ZXdXVaZVkZh^cdgYZgidhZZ]dli]ZW^gi]lVh\d^c\id
VWdjii]ZegZ\cVcXn!Wjih]ZY^YcdiheZV`HeVc^h]VcY
\d#>ci]^hgZ\^dcd[EZgj!^i^higVY^i^dcVa[dgVigVY^i^dcVa
Y^YcdilVciid\didi]Z]ZVai]edhiVadcZ#;gVcX^hXd
]ZVaZgdgXjgVcYZgdidÆgZVYi]ZXdXVaZVkZhÇÅh^b^aVg
ValVnhVXXdbeVc^ZY]Zgidi]ZX]ZX`"jeh!iV`^c\]Zgdc
idgZVY^c\iZVaZVkZhÅWZ[dgZVYZa^kZgn#
]^hW^XnXaZidi]Zedhil]^X]lVhVeegdm^bViZandcZ`^ad"
;gVcX^hXdY^YcdiÒcYi]ZcuranderoVi]^h]dbZ!VcY
bZiZg[gdbi]Z]djhZ#Dci]ZhZXdcYegZcViVaX]ZX`"je!
]ZVYZYidbZZiBZaVc^VVii]Z]ZVai]edhi#7jiVh]ZgdYZ
i]Zb^Yl^[ZVii]Zedhi!BVg^VBV\YVaZcV8dcYdg^6eVoV!
]^hW^`ZidlVgYi]ZgZ!]Z[djcY]ZgVagZVYndc]ZglVn
\VkZBZaVc^VhdbZe^aah[dgi]ZcVjhZV#I]Zb^Yl^[ZidaY
]dbZ#BVg^V]VYidaYBZaVc^Vid\d]dbZWZXVjhZ]Zg
i]Zbi]ZnldjaYWZÒcZYÒkZnuevos solesVeegdm^bViZan
XdcigVXi^dchlZgZcdihigdc\Zcdj\]nZi#6XXdgY^c\id
JH9&#(%^[i]Znb^hhZYVcnegZcViVaX]ZX`"jehVcYi]Zn
;gVcX^hXdÉhbdi]Zg!BVg^VidaYBZaVc^VidegZeVgZZkZgn"
Y^Ycdi#I]ZnlZciidZ^\]iegZcViVaX]ZX`"jeh^cidiVa
i]^c\[dgi]ZW^gi]#+&BZaVc^VidaY;gVcX^hXdi]ViBVg^V
WZ[dgZBZaVc^VlZci^cidaVWdg#
ldjaYXdbZidViiZcYid]Zg^ci]Z^g]djhZVW^iaViZg!Vh
9jg^c\i]ZhZk^h^ihi]ZnlZgZcdi^c[dgbZYd[Vcn
i]Zn]VYV\gZZY^cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]i]Z^gW^gi]eaVc#
ediZci^VaXdbea^XVi^dchdgh^\chd[ZbZg\ZcXn#=dlZkZg!
BVg^VcZkZgXVbZ#7n+eb!BZaVc^VlZci^cidVXi^kZ
BZaVc^VlVhidaYd[]ZgYjZYViZVcYi]ZnV\gZZYdcV
aVWdg#BZaVc^VÉh[Vi]ZglZciidadd`[dgBVg^VVii]Z]ZVai]
W^gi]eaVcl^i]i]Zb^Yl^[Z!l]^X]lVhgZXdgYZY^ci]Z
edhiWjicddcZlVhi]ZgZWni]Zc#BVg^V]VYVeeVgZcian
egZcViVagZXdgY#I]ZXdjeaZeaVccZYidYZa^kZgi]ZWVWn^c
\dcZ]dbZ#
i]Z^g]dbZl^i]BVg^V!i]Zb^Yl^[Z!ViiZcY^c\i]ZW^gi]#
BZaVc^VÉh[Vi]ZggZijgcZYidi]Z]djhZl]ZgZBZaVc^V
;gVcX^hXdhiViZhi]Vii]ZneZgXZ^kZYi]ZW^gi]eaVcid
lVhl^i];gVcX^hXdVcY]^heVgZcihVcY]Zgbdi]Zg#I]Z
WZVXdcigVXil^i]i]Z]ZVai][VX^a^inVcYl^i]BVg^V!^c
[Vb^anbZbWZgh\VkZ]Zgmates]ZgWVaiZVhid]Zae]Zg
eVgi^XjaVg#
Y^aViZVcYlgVeeZYVWVcYVgdjcY]ZgVgdjcYi]Zided[
9jg^c\i]ZegZ\cVcXn!BZaVc^VVcY;gVcX^hXdlZgZ
]ZglV^hi!l]^X]^higVY^i^dcVaanYdcZideaVXZYdlclVgY
ValVnhViiZcYZYWni]ZhVbZeZghdc!BVg^VBV\YVaZcV
egZhhjgZdci]ZjiZgjhVcYaViZgdci]ZeaVXZciV#6i.
8dcYdg^6eVoV!i]Zb^Yl^[Z#H]ZgZeZViZYangZVhhjgZY
e#b#!i]ZeV^chWZXVbZjcWZVgVWaZVhh]ZZciZgZY^cid
BZaVc^Vi]ViVaaldbZcVgZhXVgZY^ci]Z^gÒghiegZ\"
i]ZigVch^i^dce]VhZ!VcYViVeegdm^bViZan&%e#b#!i]Z
cVcX^Zh!Wjii]ViZkZgni]^c\lVhcdgbVaVcYi]Vih]Z
WVWn!=jbWZgid!lVhWdgc#;gVcX^hXdVcY]^hbdi]Zg
86H:HIJ9>:H+*
]ZaeZYYZa^kZgi]ZWVWn#I]ZnhZii]ZWVWnYdlccZmiid I]ZXg^b^cVaXdbeaV^ciVaaZ\ZYVÆXg^bZV\V^chia^[Z!
BZaVc^VVcYi^ZYi]ZjbW^a^XVaXdgY#7jiVhi]ZnlZgZ i]ZWdYnVcY]ZVai]^ci]Z[dgbd[VWVcYdc^c\Vb^cdg
lV^i^c\[dgi]ZeaVXZciVidWZZmeZaaZY!BZaVc^VWZ\Vc dgeZghdchj[[Zg^c\VY^hVW^a^inÇejghjVciid6gi^XaZ&'*
]Zbdgg]V\^c\#H]Zadd`ZYVi;gVcX^hXdVcYbjbWaZY d[i]Z8dYZd[8g^b^cVaEgdXZYjgZ#+,;gVcX^hXdÉhXaV^b
ÆiV`ZndjghdcWZXVjhZ>Éb^cVWVYlVn½Ç+'H]Zi]Zc VaaZ\ZYi]ViBVg^V`cZli]ViBZaVc^VlVh^caVWdgVcY
hideeZYheZV`^c\VcY]Zgbdi]Zg"^c"aVlgZbZbWZgh i]Vih]Z]VYVbdgVaVcYaZ\VadWa^\Vi^dcidViiZcYi]Z
i]Vih]Z_jhi\jg\aZYhdbZhdjcYh#+( W^gi]Vhi]Zn]VYV\gZZY^ci]ZW^gi]eaVc#
EVc^X"hig^X`ZcVh]ZhVlBZaVc^Vadh^c\bdgZVcY BVg^V!i]Zb^Yl^[Z!ÒaZYVbdi^dcidY^hb^hh (excep-
bdgZWaddY!;gVcX^hXdaZ[il^i]]^h[Vi]Zg"^c"aVlVcY ción a causa) l]^X] Vg\jZY i]Vi ]Zg ldg`^c\ ]djgh
Wgdi]Zg!<ZgVgYd!idignid\Zi]Zae#I]ZnlZciWVX`idi]Z lZgZ[gdb-V#b#id+e#b#VcYi]ViYjg^c\i]dhZ]djgh!
]ZVai]edhiVcYZkZcidi]ZXdch^YZgVWan[Vgi]Zg]ZVai] BZaVc^VlVhcdi^cVXdcY^i^dci]VildjaYbV`Z]Zg
XZciZg^cIVgVXd#7jicddcZXdjaYWZ[djcY#+)BZaVc^V ^cXVeVWaZd[iV`^c\XVgZd[]ZghZa[!cdglVhh]Z^cVcn
Y^ZY [gdb edhi"eVgijb ]Zbdgg]V\Z YjZ id gZiV^cZY ^bb^cZciYVc\Zgd[hZg^djh]VgbdgYZVi]#I]ZgZ[dgZ!
eaVXZciVViVeegdm^bViZan(V#b# BVg^VVg\jZYi]Vih]ZXdjaYcdiWZVXXjhZYd[VWVc"
YdcbZci#+-9g#>ijhVXVegdk^YZYiZhi^bdcnhjeedgi^c\
7\j[hmWhZ BVg^VÉhbdi^dcidY^hb^hh#+.@ZnidBVg^VÉhbdi^dclVh
AViZgi]ViYVni]Z[Vb^ancdi^ÒZYi]ZA^ZjiZcVci<dkZgcdg ]ZgXaV^bi]ViÆcdYdXjbZciZm^hihi]Vi^cY^XViZhi]Vi
i]Z]^\]ZhiXdbbjc^inVji]dg^inVcYVahdi]Z]ZVai]edhi i]Z^c_jgZYeVginlVhjcYZgbnXVgZdgegdiZXi^dc!bjX]
^cEjfj^h#I]Zb^Yl^[Z!BVg^V!lVhcdiVii]Z]ZVai]edhi aZhh^cYVc\Zgd[YZVi]VcYjcYZgbnXVgZ#Ç,%=dlZkZg!
i]VicZmiYVnZ^i]Zg#9g#BVcjZa>ijhVXVXVbZidXdcYjXi i]ZW^gi]eaVc!l]^X][dgbZYi]ZWVh^hd[;gVcX^hXdVcY
i]ZVjidehn!l]^X]WnaVl^hValVnheZg[dgbZY^cXVhZh
l]ZgZi]ZldbVc\^kZhW^gi]Vi]dbZ#=dlZkZg!^ci]^h
XVhZ!i]ZVjidehnlVheZg[dgbZY^ci]Z]dbZgVi]Zg
i]Vci]Z]ZVai]edhi!VhldjaY]VkZWZZccdgbVa#6ahd!
;gVcX^hXdeV^Y[dgi]ZVjidehnVcYVaad[i]Z[jcZgVaXdhih!
ZkZci]dj\]i]ZhZh]djaY]VkZWZZcXdkZgZYWni]ZH>H!
VheVgid[BZaVc^VÉh^chjgVcXZXdkZgV\ZjcYZgEaVc8#
6ii]Zi^bZd[i]ZVjidehn!9g#>ijhVXVVh`ZY;gVcX^hXd
[dgi]ZegZcViVaX]ZX`"jeXVgY(carné de control), l]^X]
gZXdgYZYi]ZW^gi]eaVcdc^i#L]Zc]ZVh`ZY[dg^iWVX`!i]Z
YdXidgY^YcdigZijgc^i#AViZg!^iijgcZYdjii]ViBZaVc^VÉh
Zci^gZbZY^XVagZXdgY!VhlZaaVh]ZggZ\^higVi^dc^ci]Z
H>HVcYdi]ZgYdXjbZcih!]VY\dcZb^hh^c\#+*
I]Zl]daZXdbbjc^inlZciidi]Z]ZVai]edhi^cEjfj^h
idYZcdjcXZi]ZaVX`d[ViiZci^dc^ci]Z8A6HVcYidVh`
i]Vii]ZnX]Vc\ZVaad[i]Z]ZVai]eZghdccZa#>cZmea^XVWan!
i]Z8A6HX]Vc\ZYVaaZmXZeiBVg^V!i]Zb^Yl^[Z!l]dhZ
XdcigVXii]ZnZmiZcYZY[dgi]gZZbdci]h#9Zhe^iZi]^h!
BVg^VlVhjcVWaZidgZijgcidldg`WZXVjhZi]ZXdbbj"
c^ingZ_ZXiZY]ZgegZhZcXZVcYgZ[jhZYidhZZ]Zg!ZkZc
]VgVhh^c\]Zg#H]ZlVhigVch[ZggZYidVcdi]Zgedh^i^dc
VcYXjggZciana^kZh^ci]ZX^ind[?ja^VXV#>ci]ZXdjghZd[
i]^h^ckZhi^\Vi^dc!bjai^eaZViiZbeihlZgZbVYZidXdciVXi
VcY^ciZgk^ZlBVg^VWjiE=GgZXZ^kZYcdgZhedchZ#++
7n Vaa VXXdjcih! ;gVcX^hXd lVh jiiZgan YZkVhiViZY
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
+ + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
BZaVc^VÉhjcYZghiVcY^c\i]ViBZaVc^VlVhjcYZgBVg^VÉh 7dWboi_i
XVgZVcYegdiZXi^dc!]VYbnhiZg^djhanY^hVeeZVgZY!Vadc\ I]ZgZlVhVaZi]VaVWhZcXZd[fjVa^inXVgZ^ci]^hXVhZ#
l^i]Vaadi]ZgbZY^XVagZXdgYh#CZ^i]ZgBVg^Vcdg9g# =VY BVg^V ViiZcYZY i]Z YZa^kZgn! BZaVc^V egdWVWan
>ijhXVBVbVc^!cdgVcndcZZahZ[gdbi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb! ldjaYcdi]VkZY^ZY#B^Yl^kZh^cEZgjVgZigV^cZYVcY
lVhX]Vg\ZYl^i]dWhigjXi^dcd[_jhi^XZ# Zfj^eeZYidVYb^c^hiZg^cigVkZcdjhÓj^YgZhjhX^iVi^dc
BVg^VÉhbdi^dcidY^hb^hhlVhgZ_ZXiZY^c=jVcXVc VcYidVYb^c^hiZgdmnidX^c!l]^X]XVjhZhi]ZjiZgjhid
VcY i]Z ejWa^X egdhZXjidg egdXZZYZY l^i] i]Z XVhZ# XdcigVXiVcYZmeZai]ZeaVXZciV#I]ZnVgZVahdhjeedhZY
=dlZkZg!BVg^Vi]ZcVeeZVaZYi]ZYZX^h^dcidi]ZXdjgi idWZigV^cZY^cjiZg^cZbVhhV\ZVcYbVcjVaZmigVXi^dc
^c?ja^VXV!l]^X]je]ZaY]Zgbdi^dcVcYY^hb^hhZYi]Z d[i]ZeaVXZciV#=VYh]ZgZXZ^kZYhjX]XVgZ!BZaVc^V
XVhZl^i]djihZii^c\dji^ihgZVhdc^c\#CjbZgdjheZdeaZ ldjaY^cVaaa^`Za^]ddY]VkZWZZchiVW^a^oZYhj[ÒX^Zcianid
^ckdakZY^ci]Zig^VaidaY;gVcX^hXdi]Vi]Z]VYcd]deZ iV`Z]Zgidi]Z]dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV!l]^X]^hVeegdm^bViZan
WZXVjhZBVg^V]VYbdcZnVcYldjaYWjnd[[i]ZhnhiZb! dcZ]djgVlVnWnXVg#
l]^X]^heaVjh^Wanl]Vi]VeeZcZY# I]ZYZaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`VaiZgcViZXVgZlVh
;gVcX^hXdlVhYZkVhiViZYVhZXdcYi^bZl]Zci]ZÒcVa i]ZY^gZXigZhjaid[;gVcX^hXdVcYBZaVc^VÉhgZa^VcXZdc
YZX^h^dcXVbZdji^c;ZWgjVgn!'%%,!hZZb^c\anWZigVnZY BVg^VÉhV\gZZbZciidViiZcYi]ZW^gi]VcYi]Z^gXdcÒ"
WnWdi]i]Z_jhi^XZhnhiZbVcYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb#I]Z YZcXZ^c]ZgegZY^Xi^dci]ViVaaldjaYijgcdjilZaa#>c
ig^VaegdXZhhidd`V]j\Zidaadc;gVcX^hXd#>ilZcidc[dg gjgVaEZgj!W^gi]eaVch(planes de parto) VgZigZViZYVh
ildVcYV]Va[nZVghVcY]ZheZciVaad[]^hbdcZn^ci]Z XdcigVXihVcYVgZYZhXg^WZYVhhjX]Wn]ZVai]egd[Zh"
egdXZhh!hZaa^c\]^ha^kZhidX`VcYdi]Zg\ddYh#8de^Zh h^dcVah^cY^hXjhh^c\i]Zbl^i]eVi^Zcih#E=GlVhidaY
d[d[ÒX^Vaig^VaYdXjbZcihXVcXdhi(%"*%nuevos soles Wnbjai^eaZ]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahi]Vii]ZW^gi]eaVchVgZ
Veegdm^bViZanJH9."&*ZVX]!^cVYY^i^dciddi]Zg[ZZh jhZYidYdXjbZcii]ZXdbb^ibZciWni]ZXdjeaZ!Vh
;gVcX^hXdlVhgZfj^gZYideVn# lZaaVhi]Z]ZVai][VX^a^in!idZchjgZi]Vii]ZW^gi]l^aa
9jg^c\i]ZYgVlc"djiig^VaegdXZhh!;gVcX^hXdgZbVg" WZViiZcYZYWnh`^aaZYeZghdccZa#>cYZZY!E=GaZVgcZY
g^ZY# =Z [dgbZY V Xdbbdc aVl jc^dc l^i] V ndjc\ i]VihjX]W^gi]eaVchVgZjhjVaancdidcanh^\cZYWni]Z
ldbVc[gdbi]ZXdbbjc^in!?jVcV!VcYi]Zn]VYVhdc eVgi^Zh^ckdakZYWjiVahdh^\cZYÅdgViaZVhil^icZhhZYÅ
id\Zi]ZgaVhinZVg#;gVcX^hXdidaYE=Gi]gdj\]iZVghi]Vi Wn[Vb^anbZbWZghVcYd[iZcXdbbjc^inVji]dg^i^Zh#
]Vk^c\gZbVgg^ZYY^YcdibV`Zi]Zadhhd[BZaVc^VVcn >ci]^hXVhZ!BVg^V`cZli]ViBZaVc^VlVh^caVWdg
ZVh^ZgidiV`Z# VcY]VYidaY]ZgidegZeVgZ[dgi]ZYZa^kZgnVi]dbZ#Cd
=jbWZgid!;gVcX^hXdÉhhdcl^i]BZaVc^V!Xdci^cjZYid ZmeaVcVi^dclVhZkZgegdk^YZYid;gVcX^hXdVhidl]n
a^kZl^i];gVcX^hXdÉhbdi]Zg!?dk^iV!ZkZcV[iZg;gVcX^hXd BVg^VY^Ycdih]dljeVii]ZYZa^kZgn#>iVeeZVghi]Vi
gZbVgg^ZY#Dcbjai^eaZdXXVh^dch!;gVcX^hXd]VYig^ZY h]Zh^beanlZci]dbZ#>c]ZgVeeZVa!BVg^VhiViZYi]Vi
idiV`Z=jbWZgidid]^h]djhZWjiVabdhiValVnhZcYZY Æh]Z]VYcddWa^\Vi^dcidhiVn^ci]Z]ZVai]edhiV[iZg
je Xdb^c\ WVX` ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z c^\]i WZXVjhZ ]djghWZXVjhZi]ZgZlZgZcdVaVgbh^\cVah#Ç6hdWhiZig^X
=jbWZgidldjaYWZXgn^c\[dg]^h\gVcYbdi]Zg#6ii]Z Xdbea^XVi^dchVgZjcegZY^XiVWaZVcYXVcVg^hZhjYYZcan
i^bZd[E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl!i]ZidYYaZg!=jbWZgid!lVh Yjg^c\VcYV[iZgaVWdg!i]^hXdjghZd[XdcYjXigZÓZXiZYV
XaZVgankZgnViiVX]ZYid]^h\gVcYbdi]ZgVh]Z[daadlZY Y^hgZ\VgY[dg]ZgeVi^Zcidci]ZeVgid[i]Zb^Yl^[Z!l^i]
]ZgVgdjcYi]ZhbVaa[Vgbl]^aZh]Zb^a`ZYi]ZXdlh [ViVaXdchfjZcXZh#
VcYViiZcYZYiddi]ZgX]dgZh# I]ZhigjXijgVa[VXidghi]VieZgb^iiZYi]^hY^hgZ\VgY
>c '%%*! ;gVcX^hXd k^h^iZY GZegdhVajY! V egd\gVb \dWZndcYi]Z^cY^k^YjVa!BVg^V#;dgZmVbeaZ!9g#>ijhVXV
gjcWni]ZldbZcÉhg^\]ih\gdje!Bdk^b^ZcidBVcjZaV hjWb^iiZYhjeedgi^c\YdXjbZcihdcWZ]Va[d[BVg^V^c
GVbdh!idaZVgcVWdjiegZ\cVcXnVcYYZa^kZgnVcYid i]ZaVlhj^iVcYlgdiZ^cVgZedgi[dgi]Z]dhe^iVai]ViÆi]Z
jcYZghiVcYl]n]^h[^ghil^[ZY^ZY#=Z!^cijgc!\VkZ
igV^c^c\hiddi]ZgbZc^ci]ZXdbbjc^in#;gVcX^hXdhVnh
i]Vi]ZaZVgcZYi]ViÆXdbea^XVi^dchXVccdiWZegZY^XiZY! Æ>aZVgcZYXdbea^XVi^dchXVccdiWZegZY^XiZY!VcY
VcY]Zbdgg]V\ZXVccdiWZXdcigdaaZYWnjh#LZXVcÉi ]Zbdgg]V\ZXVccdiWZXdcigdaaZYWnjh#LZXVcÉiYd
YdVcni]^c\^[VldbZchiVgihid]Zbdgg]V\Z½Ç,&L]Zc Vcni]^c\^[VldbZchiVgihid]Zbdgg]V\Z½Ç
?jVcV!]^hcZll^[Z!lZci^cidaVWdg!]ZlVhcdi\d^c\ Francisco Yucra Yucra, whose wife died of hemorrhage,
idiV`ZVcnX]VcXZh0]Ze]nh^XVaanZhXdgiZYVb^Yl^[Z describing what he had learned after participating in trainings
[gdbi]Z]ZVai]edhi^cEjfj^hid]^h]dbZid]Zael^i] offered through ReproSalud, a project of Movimiento Manuela
i]ZYZa^kZgn# Ramos.
86H:HIJ9>:H+,
]ZVai]edhi]djghlZgZ-V#b#id+e#b#VcYi]Vii]ZgZ" l]^X]VgZ;D7hViVcn\^kZci^bZ!VcYdcandcZiZaZ"
[dgZ!i]ZYZXZVhZYPBZaVc^VRlVhViiZcYZY^cVXXdgYVcXZ e]dcZ#I]Z8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd=dhe^iVa]VhdcandcZ
l^i]gZheZXi^kZegdXZYjgZh###Ç,'HjX]egdXZYjgZhÅl]^X] [jcXi^dc^c\VbWjaVcXZ!Vai]dj\]i]ZeVg`^c\adi^hÒaaZY
^\cdgZ V\gZZbZcih l^i] VcY cZZYh d[ eVi^ZcihÅVgZ l^i]kZ]^XaZhi]Vicdadc\Zg[jcXi^dc#,);jgi]ZgbdgZ!
eViZcian ^cXdch^hiZci l^i] i]Z V^b d[ bV`^c\ fjVa^in eaVX^c\gVY^dhVcYiZaZe]dcZh^c]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcih
ZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZVkV^aVWaZVcYVXXZhh^WaZid YdZhcdi\jVgVciZZi]VieZdeaZ^cXdbbjc^i^Zhl^aaWZ
VaaldbZc^cEZgj# VWaZidjhZi]ZbYjg^c\VcZbZg\ZcXn0]VYi]Z8A6H
=dlZkZg!]ZVai]XVgZldg`ZghXVccdiWZZmeZXiZYid Ejfj^h]VYVgVY^d^ci]^hXVhZ!^ildjaYcdi]VkZ]ZaeZY
ldg`')]djghVYVn!hZkZcYVnhVlZZ`#8dbeZchVi^dc ;gVcX^hXddgBZaVc^VViVaa#
higjXijgZhdj\]iidiV`Z^cidVXXdjcii]ZjcegZY^XiVW^a^in I]ZV[iZgbVi]d[i]^hXVhZ^aajhigViZhVhnhiZbVi^X
d[dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhVcYgZlVgYdkZgi^bZ#>ci]Z egdWaZb l^i] VXXdjciVW^a^in ^c EZgj# >i VeeZVgh i]Vi
ZkZcid[VcV[iZg"]djghaVWdg!eVi^Zcihh]djaY]VkZVaiZg" i]ZgZlVhXdaajh^dcdci]ZeVgid[]ZVai]eZghdccZaid
cVi^kZeaVchi]ViVgZV\gZZYjedcl^i]i]Z]ZVai][VX^a^in bV`Zi]ZeZgi^cZciYdXjbZcih^ci]ZXVhZY^hVeeZVg#
VcYeji^ceaVXZ!^cXajY^c\heZX^ÒXhiZehidXdbbjc^XViZ CZkZgi]ZaZhh!cddcZlVhegdhZXjiZY[dgdWhigjXi^dcd[
l^i]i]ZcZVgZhi;D7[VX^a^inVcYhZXjgZigVchedgiVi^dc! _jhi^XZ!ZkZci]dj\]i]ZbnhiZg^djhY^hVeeZVgVcXZd[
l]^X]cZZYhidWZeV^Y[dgWni]ZH>H#9Zhe^iZVh^\cZY YdXjbZciheaVnZYVYZiZgb^c^c\gdaZ^ci]ZXVhZ#
W^gi]eaVc!cdhjX]VaiZgcViZeaVclVh^ceaVXZ^ci]^h 6XXZhhidi]Z_jhi^XZhnhiZb^cEZgjedhZhi]ZhVbZ
XVhZ#>c[VXi!YZhe^iZYZiV^aZYfjZhi^dch^cW^gi]eaVch `^cYhd[WVgg^ZghÅZXdcdb^X!\Zd\gVe]^XVcYXjaijgVaÅ
Vhid]dli]ZldbVcl^aa\^kZW^gi]^cXajY^c\]dlh]Z i]Vi VXXZhh id i]Z ]ZVai] hnhiZb YdZh# >c i]^h XVhZ!
l^aa\ZiidV]ZVai][VX^a^inl]Zci]Vi^hV\gZZYjedc! ;gVcX^hXdjhZYjeVaad[]^hVhhZihejghj^c\VaVlhj^i[dg
i]ZbZVchidVXijVaaniV`ZhjX]VXi^dchYjg^c\VcZbZg" dkZgildnZVgh^cl]^X]^iVeeZVghi]Vii]Zb^Yl^[ZlVh
\ZcXnVgZd[iZcaVX`^c\Ål]^X]gV^hZhfjZhi^dchVWdji VWaZidWjn]ZgZmdcZgVi^dc#>cVYY^i^dc!BVg^VlVhcdi
i]ZkVajZd[W^gi]eaVchidVYYgZhhbViZgcVabdgiVa^in# VYb^c^higVi^kZanhVcXi^dcZY^cVcnlVn0h]Zhi^aaegVXi^XZh
I]Vi^h!i]ZgZlVhcdVkV^aVWaZbZVchd[Xdbbjc^" VhVb^Yl^[Z^ci]ZYZeVgibZcid[Ejcd#
XVi^dc^ci]^hXVhZ!Vh^chdbVcndi]Zgh#;gVcX^hXd]Vh I]ZbdW^a^oVi^dcd[i]ZXdbbjc^in^ci]ZV[iZgbVi]d[
hjWhZfjZcianVXfj^gZYVXZaajaVge]dcZ!WjiVii]Zi^bZ BZaVc^VÉhYZVi]^hcdiVWaZ^ci]^hXVhZ!Vh^hi]Z[VXii]Vi
cZ^i]Zg]ZcdgVcndcZZahZ^ci]ZXdbbjc^in]VYdcZ# i]ZXdbbjc^inlVhjcVWaZidhZXjgZi]ZgZbdkVad[BVg^V#
I]ZgZVgZcdaVcYa^cZiZaZe]dcZh^cEjfj^h#H^b^aVgan! I]Z]ZVai]edhi^ci]^hXVhZlVhV8A6HÅVAdXVa=ZVai]
Vai]dj\];gVcX^hXdhdj\]iXVgZVii]Z]ZVai]edhiVcYi]Z 6Yb^c^higVi^dc8dbb^iiZZ#>ih]djaY]VkZWZZcgZaVi^kZan
cZVgZhi]ZVai]XZciZg!aVX`d[igVchedgiVi^dc^hVcdi]Zg ZVhn[dgi]ZXdbbjc^inid]VkZZmZgX^hZYVkd^XZ^ci]Z
[VXidgl]^X]^beZYZYi]Z[Vb^an[gdbZkZcbV`^c\i]Z gZbdkVad[hiV[[WZXVjhZi]^h[VX^a^inlVhV8A6H#=dlZkZg!
YZX^h^dcidigVchedgiBZaVc^Vidi]Z]dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV# VhbdgZVcYbdgZ8A6HYdXidghVcY]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah
=VYi]ZnYZX^YZYidignidbdkZBZaVc^V!;gVcX^hXdVcY ldg`dcXdcigVXihl^i]B>CH6!i]ZVW^a^ind[i]Z8djcX^a
]^h[Vb^anldjaY]VkZ]VYidXVggn]Zgdjiidi]ZcZVgZhi VcY6hhdX^Vi^dcid^cÓjZcXZi]Z8A6H[VX^a^in!VcYi]Z
gdVYÅViaZVhiV]Va["`^adbZiZgVlVnÅVcYÓV\YdlcV bVcV\^c\YdXidgheZX^ÒXVaan!]Vh\gZVianYZXgZVhZY#I]Z
igjX`dgXVg]VeeZc^c\ideVhhWn^ci]Zb^YYaZd[i]Z 8A6Hcdadc\Zg[jcXi^dc^chjWhiVci^VaanY^[[ZgZcilVnh
c^\]i!^cdgYZgidigVchedgi]Zgid?ja^VXV!Wnl]^X]i^bZ i]VcgZ\jaVg]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcih#I]^hlVhZk^YZcXZY^c
h]ZbVnlZaa]VkZWZZcYZVY# i]^hXVhZWni]Z8A6HYZX^h^dcidgZcZlBVg^VÉhXdcigVXi!
I]ZhnhiZb^XVWhZcXZd[Xdbbjc^XVi^dchVcYigVch" YZhe^iZi]ZXdbbjc^inÉhdjigV\Z#
edgiVi^dcegZXajYZhV[jcXi^dc^c\gZ[ZggVahnhiZbVcY 6hi]Z8A6HWZXdbZbdgZd[V[dgbVa^ingVi]Zgi]VcV
^c]^W^ihVXXZhhidXVgZVXgdhhEjcd#9g#8Vgadh7Vgg^Zcidh! \Zcj^cZbZX]Vc^hb[dgegdk^Y^c\eVgi^X^eVi^dc^c]ZVai]
9^gZXidgd[i]Z8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd=dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV! XVgZYZX^h^dchWnXdbbjc^i^Zh!dcZediZci^VaVkZcjZ
hiViZYidE=Gi]ViXdbbjc^XVi^dchVcYigVchedgiV" [dg^ckdak^c\i]ZXdbbjc^in^cYZX^h^dchV[[ZXi^c\i]Z^g
i^dcbjhiWZildd[i]Z]^\]Zhieg^dg^i^Zh^cVYYgZhh^c\ ]ZVai]hiVijh!^cXajY^c\ZkVajVi^dcd[]ZVai]eZghdccZa!
bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEjcd#,(;dgZmVbeaZ!^ci]ZHVc ^hWZXdb^c\[dgZXadhZY!cdi_jhi^cEjfj^hdgEjcd!Wji
GdbVccZildg`gZY!l]^X]Xdbeg^hZhi]Z8VgadhBdc\Z i]gdj\]djiEZgj#E=GaZVgcZYi]Vii]Z8A6H]VkZWZZc
BZYgVcd=dhe^iVa!VgZ[ZgZcXZ]dhe^iVaXaVhh^ÒZYVhVc hnhiZbVi^XVaanjcYZg"[jcYZYVcYi]Vii]^hZmeZg^bZci^c
;D:0iZc]ZVai]XZciZgh![djgd[l]^X]VgZXaVhh^ÒZYVh egdbdi^c\Xdbbjc^ineVgi^X^eVi^dc^c]ZVai]^hVig^h`d[
;D7h0VcYi]^gin"hZkZc]ZVai]edhih!i]ZgZVgZdcan[djg Y^hVeeZVg^c\^cEZgj#,*
dgÒkZ[jcXi^dc^c\gVY^dhVi]ZVai]XZciZghcdiVaad[
+ - 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
EaVX^c\7aVbZL]ZgZ>i7Zadc\h/
EVWaV
EVWaVGdWZgiV6g^oVcXV7Vgg^ZcidhlVh(*nZVghdaY
l]Zch]ZY^ZYVi]dbZ^ci]ZXdbbjc^ind[GVb^h!V[iZg
\^k^c\W^gi]id]ZgÒ[i]X]^aY0i]ZVjidehna^hiZYi]ZXVjhZ
d[YZVi]VheaVXZciVVXXgZiV#
FWXbWÊiB_\[
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
EVWaVlVhWnVaaVXXdjcihVhVYldbVc#H]Z]VY]VY
V]VgYa^[ZVcY^i]VYVeeVgZcianiV`Zc^ihidaa#=Zgdlc
bdi]ZgY^ZY^cX]^aYW^gi]Å\^k^c\W^gi]idil^chÅVcY
EVWaV]VYWZZc[dgXZYidVhhjbZbVcngZhedch^W^a^i^Zh
VgdjcYi]Z]djhZid]Zae]Zg[Vi]Zg!^cXajY^c\iV`^c\
XVgZd[]Zgi]gZZh^Wa^c\h#6hVgZhjai!h]ZYgdeeZYdjid[ 6\jhicVcYNZcc^[Zg(Vii]Z^g]dbZ#
hX]dda!hidee^c\V[iZgi]ZhZXdcYnZVgd[eg^bVgnhX]dda#
EVWaVcZkZgaZVgcZYidgZVYdglg^iZ# hdbZi]^c\ZahZ#I]ZgZ^hcd^cY^XVi^dci]Vi6\jhicVWjhZY
6h V iZZcV\Zg! EVWaV ZciZgZY ^cid V Xdbbdc"aVl EVWaVkZgWVaandge]nh^XVaan#=dlZkZg!EVWaVVeeZVgZYid
jc^dcVcY]VYildX]^aYgZc!VWdnVcYV\^ga#EVWaVVcY WZhj[[Zg^c\[gdbhdbZi]^c\#H]ZlVhgZedgiZYanfj^Ziid
]ZgÒghieVgicZga^kZYid\Zi]Zg^ci]Z]djhZEVWaV]VY i]Zed^cid[WZ^c\YZegZhhZY!VcYe]nh^XVaan!h]ZVeeZVgZY
\gdlcje^c!Vi^c"gdd[ZYdcZ"gddbWj^aY^c\VXgdhh[gdb bVacdjg^h]ZY id i]Z eZghdccZa Vi i]Z ]ZVai] edhi ^c
VhbVaaputuco, dggdjcYZYVYdWZhigjXijgZ#I]VigZaV" GVb^h#6\jhicYZc^ZYi]Vih]ZlVhbVacdjg^h]ZY#
i^dch]^eY^YcdiaVhi!]dlZkZg#=ZgeVgicZgaZ[i]ZgVcY >c'%%*!l]ZcEVWaVlZciidi]Z]ZVai]edhiÅVbZgZ
idd`i]Zhdcl^i]]^b!aZVk^c\EVWaVl^i]]ZgYVj\]iZg! &%%bZiZgh[gdbi]Z]djhZÅh]ZXdbeaV^cZYd[hidbVX]
8aVgV!VidYYaZg# eV^ch#=ZgeZg^dYlVhVahdaViZVcYi]ZcjghZVii]Z]ZVai]
6eegdm^bViZanZaZkZcnZVghV\d!EVWaVhiVgiZYYVi^c\ edhi^cGVb^h!>hVWZaFjZciV!\VkZ]ZgVegZ\cVcXniZhi#
6\jhic A^bV]jVnV Fj^heZ! l]d lVh [gdb i]Z hVbZ L]ZcEVWaVlVhidaYh]ZlVhegZ\cVcih]ZWZ\Vcid
Xdbbjc^ind[GVb^h#GVb^h^hVi]^X`anhZiiaZYXdbbj" Xgn#H]ZlVhYZheZgViZcdiidWZegZ\cVci!VXXdgY^c\id
c^ind[hZkZchZXidgh!VcYi]ZhZXidgi]ViEVWaVa^kZY^c i]ZcjghZ#,,6\jhicVcYEVWaVjhZYcd[Vb^aneaVcc^c\
]VhVeegdm^bViZan&%%bZbWZgh#6abdhiZkZgndcZ^c bZi]dYYjZid]^hegZ[ZgZcXZh#=ZhiViZYidE=Gi]Vi!
GVb^h!^cXajY^c\6\jhic!^hYZY^XViZYidhjWh^hiZcXZ Vai]dj\]h]ZVcY]ZgegZk^djheVgicZg]VYjhZYW^gi]
V\g^XjaijgZ# Xdcigda!l^i]]^bh]ZY^Ycdi#,-
>ilVhViaZVhiildnZVghWZ[dgZ6\jhicbdkZY^cid L]ZcEVWaVgZijgcZY[dg]ZghZXdcYegZcViVaX]ZX`"
EVWaVÉh ]djhZÅi]Z ]djhZ h]Z ]VY a^kZY ^c l^i] ]Zg jeVbdci]aViZg!h]Z]VYXVabZYYdlchdbZl]Vi#H]Z
[dgbZgeVgicZg!i]Z]djhZh]Z]VY\gdlcje^c!i]Z]djhZ idaYi]ZcjghZi]Vih]Z]deZY^ilVhVWdn!Vhi]VildjaY
l]ZgZ]Zgbdi]Zg]VYY^ZY\^k^c\W^gi]#=ZidaYE=Gi]Vi eaZVhZ]Zg]jhWVcY#EVWaVXdci^cjZYidXdbeaV^cd[
]Z]VYWZZc^c^i^VaangZajXiVciidiV`Zdci]ZgZhedch^" hidbVX]eV^chVcYi]Zb^Yl^[Z!NVcZi]6gVj_d!YZiZXiZY
W^a^ind[VldbVcl]dVagZVYn]VYVX]^aY#7ji]ZlVh V]Zgc^V"a^`Zajbe^c]ZgVWYdbZc#
ZkZcijVaanldcdkZg0ÆEVWaVlVhkZgn]VgY"ldg`^c\!Ç]Z EVWaV lZci id hZkZc egZcViVa X]ZX`"jehÅValVnh
hV^YÅVigV^ii]Vi^h]^\]ankVajZY^cVl^[ZdgeVgicZg^c VadcZ!jcVXXdbeVc^ZYWn]Zg]jhWVcY#H]ZidaYi]Z
i]ZSierrad[EZgj#,+ b^Yl^[Zi]Vih]Z]VYcdVeeZi^iZVcYi]Vi]ZghidbVX]
6\jhicVcYEVWaVfj^X`anWZ\Vcid]VkZi]Z^gdlc eV^ch\gZlldghZl]Zch]ZViZ#EVWaVVahdYZkZadeZY
X]^aYgZc#I]ZXdjeaZ]VYild\^gah!NjY^i]GdhVaVVcY egZ"ZXaVbeh^V! V hZg^djh XdcY^i^dc i]Vi XVc aZVY id
NZcc^[ZgGdXd!l]dlZgZV\ZY-VcY(gZheZXi^kZanVii]Z Xdckjah^dch VcY hdbZi^bZh YZVi] ^[ jcigZViZY# I]Z
i^bZd[E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl#6\jhic]VYVahdVYdeiZY8aVgV! cjghZVcYi]Zb^Yl^[ZVii]Z]ZVai]edhilVciZYidhZcY
i]ZYVj\]iZg[gdbi]ZÒghijc^dc#=ZeV^Y[dg8aVgVÉh EVWaVidi]Z]dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV!l]^X]^hVeegdm^bViZan
Xadi]^c\VcYhX]ddabViZg^VahVcYVeeVgZcianY^Ycdi Vc]djgVlVnWnXVg![dgVcjaigVhdjcYVcYiZhih#I]Zn
b^higZVii]ZX]^aY# VahdlVciZY]ZgidYZa^kZg^ci]Z]dhe^iVaWnX"hZXi^dc
7ji i]ZgZ VeeZVg id ]VkZ WZZc iZch^dch WZilZZc YjZid]ZgegZ"ZXaVbeh^V#
6\jhicVcYEVWaV#6aaZ\ZYan]ZlVhgZhZci[jad[]Zg >hVWZaFjZciV!i]ZcjghZVii]Z]ZVai]edhi!idaYE=G!
]Vk^c\]VYVegZk^djhjc^dcÅVai]dj\]^ibVn]VkZWZZc ÆldbZc]ZgZYdcÉiYdVcni]^c\l^i]djieZgb^hh^dc0i]Z
86H:HIJ9>:H+.
bVc\^kZheZgb^hh^dcid\didi]ZYdXidg!i]ZbVc^hi]Z
dcZl]d`cdlhi]ZYViZd[]ZgaVhieZg^dY###hd>]VYid
ZmeaV^ci]Zh^ijVi^dcid]^bP6\jhicRhdh]ZXdjaY\did
?ja^VXV#Ç,.
>hVWZa`cZli]Vi6\jhicldjaYWZh`Zei^XVa#=Z]VY
]VYWVYZmeZg^ZcXZhl^i]H>HWZ[dgZ#>cVeg^dgegZ\"
cVcXn!EVWaV]VY]jgi]Zg]VcYVcY]VYcdiWZZcigZViZY
Vii]Z]dhe^iVaYZhe^iZWZ^c\XdkZgZYWnEaVc8d[H>H#
H^b^aVgan!]^hYVj\]iZg]VY[gVXijgZY]Zg[ddi^cVcVXX^"
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
YZciVnZVgdghdZVga^ZgVcY]VYVahdcdiWZZcigZViZY!
YZhe^iZWZ^c\^chjgZYi]gdj\]VY^[[ZgZcieaVcd[i]ZH>H#
6\jhiclVhgZajXiVciid\didi]Z]dhe^iVaVcY]VYa^iiaZ
igjhi^ci]ZhnhiZb#
7ji>hVWZaZmeaV^cZYid6\jhici]Vii]ZegZ\cVcXn
8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd=dhe^iVa!?ja^VXV#
lVh]^\]g^h`#H]ZbVcV\ZYidXdck^cXZ6\jhici]Vi
i]Znh]djaY\did\Zi]Zgidi]Z]dhe^iVa!i]Vil]ZcEVWaV
[gdbi]ZXdjcignh^YZ!jc[Vb^a^Vgl^i]i]ZX^in!^aa^iZgViZ!
YZa^kZgZYh]Zh]djaY]VkZVX"hZXi^dcVcY!Vhi]ZnY^Y
VcYjcVWaZidheZV`HeVc^h]#NVcZi]!i]Zb^Yl^[Z[gdb
cdilVcibdgZX]^aYgZc!h]Zh]djaY]VkZVijWVaa^\Vi^dc
GVb^h!VXXdbeVc^ZYEVWaVWjiaZ[i]ZgVii]Z]dhe^iVa
eZg[dgbZYVii]ZhVbZi^bZ#
WZXVjhZVeeVgZciani]ZYdXidghYdcdia^`Z^il]Zc]ZVai]
6\jhicV\gZZYid\dl^i]EVWaV[dgi]ZjaigVhdjcY
eZghdccZaVXXdbeVcni]ZeVi^Zcih#-&
VcY iZhih! VcY i]Z b^Yl^[Z lVh id bZZi i]Zb i]ZgZ#
6ii]Z]dhe^iVa!9g#EZgZoeZg[dgbZYi]ZjaigVhdjcY
Jc[dgijcViZan! i]ZgZ lVh V b^hXdbbjc^XVi^dc# I]Z
dcEVWaVi]ViYVn^cBVgX]!'%%+!VcYi]Zch]ZlZci[dg
b^Yl^[Z!NVcZi]6gVj_d!lZciidi]Z]dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV
VXdchjaiVi^dcl^i]9g#:b^a^dBVX]^XVd#9g#BVX]^XVd^h
l]ZgZh]ZlVhlV^i^c\[dgi]Zbi]ZgZVaaYVn#6\jhic
VcVeed^ciZY(nombrado), i.e., iZcjgZY!e]nh^X^Vcl]d]Vh
VcYEVWaVjcYZghiddYi]Vii]ZnlZgZid\didi]Z]ZVai]
WZZcVii]Z?ja^VXV]dhe^iVa[dgbVcnnZVgh#6cD7$<NC
XZciZg^cIVgVXdÅVidlcXadhZgidGVb^hi]Vci]ZX^ind[
WnigV^c^c\!9g#BVX]^XVd]Vh[dgnZVghiVj\]ihjW_ZXih
?ja^VXV^hÅVcYlZgZ!^cijgc!lV^i^c\[dgi]Zb^Yl^[Z[dg
gZaVi^c\iddWhiZig^XhVcY\ncZXdad\nVii]ZadXVajc^kZg"
]djghi]ZgZ#I]^hb^hjcYZghiVcY^c\bVnWZViig^WjiVWaZid
h^in#9g#BVX]^XVdidaYEVWaVi]Vii]ZjaigVhdjcY^cY^XViZY
i]Z[VXii]Vii]Zb^Yl^[ZheZV`hdcanHeVc^h]VcY6\jhic!
i]Vih]ZlVh]Vk^c\VWdn#9Zhe^iZ]ZgZaZkViZYWaddY
l]^aZ]ZheZV`hhdbZHeVc^h]!^h[VgbdgZXdb[dgiVWaZ
egZhhjgZVcYdi]Zgh^\chd[egZ"ZXaVbeh^V!]ZVahdidaY
heZV`^c\^cFjZX]jV#EVWaVhed`ZdcanFjZX]jVVcYi]Z
]Zgi]ViZkZgni]^c\hZZbZYÒcZVcYhZci]Zg]dbZ#9g#
Zci^gZXdbbjc^XVi^dclVhWZilZZci]Zb^Yl^[ZVcY]Zg
BVX]^XVdgZedgiZYanYdZhcdiheZV`FjZX]jV#
]jhWVcY#EVWaVXVbZ^cidi]Z]ZVai]edhiaViZgi]ViYVn
>i^hjcXaZVgl]Zi]Zg9g#BVX]^XVdZkZgVXijVaanZmVb"
VcYXg^ZYidi]ZcjghZ!l]dYdZhheZV`FjZX]jV!WZa^Zk^c\
^cZYEVWaV[jaandggZk^ZlZY]ZgWaddYVcYjg^cZiZhih#
i]Vii]Zn]VYbVYZi]ZblV^iÆ_jhi[dg`^X`h#Ç-%
E=GlVhidaYWnVcdi]ZgD7$<NCVi?ja^VXV]dhe^iVa!
6i(,lZZ`h\ZhiVi^dc!EVWaVY^Y\didi]Z]dhe^iVa^c
9g#HVci^V\dFj^heZK^aXV!i]Vi^i^h]dhe^iVaegdidXdaid
?ja^VXVl^i]]Zgh^hiZg"^c"aVl#H]Zidd`VcH>HgZ[ZggVa
Z^i]Zg^bbZY^ViZanYZa^kZgldbZcl^i]egZ"ZXaVbeh^VWn
[gdbi]Z]ZVai]edhi^cGVb^h#EVWaVlVhhZcil^i]VY^V\"
8ZhVgZVchZXi^dcdgid]dhe^iVa^oZi]ZbVcY`ZZei]Zb
cdh^hd[egZ"ZXaVbeh^V!VcZb^V!V]Zgc^V^c]ZgVWYdbZc!
jcYZgdWhZgkVi^dcjci^ahjX]i^bZVhi]ZnXVcWZYZa^k"
VcYYZegZhh^kZhncYgdbZ#6hh]ZlVh[jaa"iZgbVcY]VY
ZgZYWn8ZhVgZVchZXi^dc#ÆI]ZnVgZcZkZghZci]dbZ!Ç
egZ"ZXaVbeh^V!EVWaVlZciidi]Z]dhe^iVaZmeZXi^c\id
9g#Fj^heZhiViZYidi]ZE=GiZVb!Æ>i^hiddYVc\Zgdjh#Ç-'
hiVnVcYidYZa^kZg]ZgWVWni]ZgZWn8ZhVgZVchZXi^dc
6i(,lZZ`h!EVWaVlVh[jaaiZgbVcYXdjaY]VkZ]VYV
VcYi]Zcid]VkZVijWVaa^\Vi^dc#H]ZeVX`ZYVhbVaaWV\
8ZhVgZVcYZa^kZgnVcYWZZc`ZeijcYZgdWhZgkVi^dcVi
l^i]Xadi]^c\VcYdi]ZgWZadc\^c\hVcYlZciid?ja^VXV!
i]Z]dhe^iVa#
VXXdbeVc^ZYWn]Zgh^hiZg"^c"aVl#
I]ZE=GiZVblVh\^kZcVidjgd[gZaZkVciVgZVh^ci]Z
?ja^VXV^hVaVg\ZX^ind[hZkZgVa]jcYgZYi]djhVcY
?ja^VXV]dhe^iVa!-(^cXajY^c\aVWdgVcYYZa^kZgngddbh!i]Z
eZdeaZ!iZZb^c\l^i]igV[ÒXVcYbdidiVm^h#I]Z8Vgadh
bViZgc^inlVgYVcYi]Z>ciZgbZY^ViZ8VgZJc^i!l]ZgZ
Bdc\ZBZYgVcd=dhe^iVa^hV\^\Vci^XhigjXijgZi]Vi
E=GÉhiZVbdWhZgkZYVldbVcl]dlVhWZ^c\igZViZY[dg
dXXje^Zhi]ZZfj^kVaZcid[ViaZVhiV[jaaX^inWadX`VcY
egZ"ZXaVbeh^V#HZkZgVacjghZhlZgZVhh^\cZYidi]^hdcZ
l]^X]bVnlZaa]VkZhZZbZYfj^iZ^bedh^c\idhdbZdcZ
eVi^ZciVcYlZgZbdc^idg^c\]ZgWaddYegZhhjgZ!jg^cZ
, % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
djiejiVcYeZg[dgb^c\Ve]nh^XVaZmVbdcVgZ\jaVg ;Za^m]VYViiZcYZYdkZg&-%YZa^kZg^ZhVcYlVhVahd
WVh^h#>cYZZY!i]Z9^gZXidgd[i]Z?ja^VXV=dhe^iVa!9g# lZaa"`cdlcWni]Zldg`ZghVii]Z]ZVai]edhi^cGVb^h#=Z
8Vgadh7Vgg^Zcidh!hiViZYi]Vii]^hXVgZlVhegdk^YZYZkZc ]VYi]ZXZaae]dcZcjbWZgd[7dc^[VX^d!i]ZcjghZÉhV^YZVi
i]dj\]i]Z>ciZgbZY^ViZ8VgZJc^ilVhcdigZXd\c^oZY i]Z]ZVai]edhi!l]dhed`ZFjZX]jV!VcYlVh^chigjXiZYid
VhhjX]Wni]ZH>HWZXVjhZi]ZnaVX`ZYXZgiV^cZfj^e" XVaal]ZcZkZgi]ZgZlVhVXVhZi]VigZfj^gZYigVchedgidg
bZci!VcYi]Vii]ZgZ[dgZl^i]djiH>HgZ^bWjghZbZci!i]Z bZY^XVi^dch#;Za^mY^Ycdi]VkZVXXZhhidVcnbZY^XVi^dch
]dhe^iValVhVWhdgW^c\i]ZXdhihd[i]^hXVgZ# idY^heZchZ!Wji]ZY^YhZZbid]VkZ`cdlaZY\Zd[ediZc"
6eeVgZcian!EVWaVgZijgcZY]dbZbdgZYZegZhhZYi]Vc i^VaXdbea^XVi^dchVcYi]ZcZZYidgZ[ZgXVhZh^ci]ZZkZci
ZkZg#H]ZidaYi]ZcjghZVii]Z]ZVai]edhil]Vi]VY]VeeZcZY d[Xdbea^XVi^dch0]Z]VYXdcYjXiZYcjbZgdjhigV^c^c\h
VcYi]Vi]Zg]jhWVcYlVhXVaa^c\]ZgV“mañosa”ÅVl]^cZg# dcegZ\cVcXnVcYX]^aYW^gi]^ci]ZXdbbjc^in#-+
ÆI]Z YdXidg hVnh ndjÉgZ [^cZ hd hide XdbeaV^c^c\ VcY 6\jhicgZijgcZYidi]Z]djhZl^i];Za^m#6\jhicÉh
ldggn^c\!Çh]ZhV^Y6\jhicidaY]Zg#-)L]ZcVh`ZY]dl]Z bdi]Zg!BVg^VGdhVg^dFj^heZ>d!VcYVcZ^\]WdglZgZ
[Zail]ZcEVWaVgZijgcZY[gdbi]Z]dhe^iVa!6\jhicidaY i]ZgZl^i]EVWaV#EVWaVlVhaVWdg^c\^ci]Zputuco,Vh^h
E=Gi]Vi]ZlVhXdcÒYZciWZXVjhZi]ZYdXidghV^YZkZgn" igVY^i^dcVa!WZXVjhZ^i^hjhjVaani]ZlVgbZhieVgid[Vcn
i]^c\lVhD@!VcY]ZlVh]VeenWZXVjhZi]ZYdXidg]VY ]djhZ#6\jhic]VYeaVXZYVh]ZZeh`^cdci]ZÓddgVcY
hV^Yi]ZWVWnlVh\d^c\idWZVWdn#-* EVWaVlVhan^c\dc^iVhVÒgZWjgcZY!Òaa^c\i]Zi^cngddb
l^i]i]Z]ZVknhbd`ZXVjhZYWnWjgc^c\Yjc\#I]^hlVh
J^[9h_i_i i]ZhVbZputucol]ZgZEVWaVÉhbdi]Zg]VY\^kZcW^gi]
?jhiYVnhV[iZgh]ZgZijgcZY[gdbi]Z]dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV! id]Zg!VcYl]ZgZh]Z]VYY^ZY^cX]^aYW^gi]l]ZcEVWaV
dcBVgX]&-!'%%+!EVWaVÉhaVWdgeV^chWZ\Vc#EVWaV lVhhi^aaVndjc\X]^aY#
lVhVi]dbZl^i]i]Zi]gZZ\^gah!NZcc^[Zg!NjY^i]!VcY ;Za^mlVhY^heaZVhZYi]Vi6\jhic]VYlV^iZYjci^a
8aVgV[gdb]ZgÒghijc^dc!l]dlVhi]Zc&)#6\jhic V[iZgi]ZaVWdg]VYVagZVYnhiVgiZYid[ZiX]]^b!Vai]dj\]
lVhldg`^c\^ci]ZÒZaYhYjg^c\i]ZYVnVcYi]ZclZci ]ZXdcXZYZYi]Vi]Z]VYWZZcdjiejgX]Vh^c\cdiZWdd`h
idVXdbbjc^inbZZi^c\#=ZY^YcdigZijgcjci^aV[iZg [dg]^hX]^aYgZcZVga^Zg#;Za^midaYE=Gi]Vi]ZldjaY
c^\]i[Vaa#7ni]Vii^bZ!i]ZXdcigVXi^dchlZgZVagZVYn ]VkZegZeVgZYi]ZputucoWZiiZg#L]Zc]Z\dii]ZgZ!]Z
higdc\#I]Z]ZVai]XZciZglVhXadhZYVcY^ilVhV[iZg XaV^bh^ilVhYVbeVcYXdaYÅl]^X]^hXdch^YZgZYidWZ
-dÉXadX`e#b#l]Zc6\jhiclZciid[ZiX];Za^mNjXgV kZgnYVc\Zgdjh[dgi]ZYZa^kZg^c\bdi]Zg!Vhi]ZXdaY
NjXgV!VparteroÄigVY^i^dcVaW^gi]ViiZcYVciÅl]dlVh XVcZciZg^cid]ZgWdYnXVjh^c\\gZVi]Vgb#-,6\jhic
lZaa"`cdlc^ci]ZXdbbjc^inVcY]VYViiZcYZYi]ZW^gi] Y^hejiZhi]Vi^ilVhYVbedgXdaY^ch^YZ#--;Za^mhV^Yi]Vi
d[i]Z^gegZk^djhX]^aY#>ci]ViZVga^ZgYZa^kZgn!NZcc^[Zg ]Z]VYid\Zii]ZÒgZ\d^c\VcY]ZVijeXadi]h (paños).
lVhWdgcl^i]i]ZjbW^a^XVaXdgYlgVeeZYVgdjcY]Zg 7n.e#b#!i]ZXdcigVXi^dch]VYWZXdbZkZgnhigdc\#
cZX`!Wji;Za^m]VYgZbdkZY^iVcYi]ZWVWnlVhÒcZ!hd I]ZWVWn!8ZhVgDgaVcYd!lVhWdgcVeegdm^bViZanild
6\jhic]VYXdcÒYZcXZ^c]^b# ]djghaViZg#;Za^midaY6\jhic!Æ7Z]Veen!^iÉhVWdn#Ç-.
I]ZWVWnlVhaVg\Z!WjiEVWaVlVhViVaaldbVc#;Za^m
Xjii]ZjbW^a^XVaXdgYVcYi^ZY^iVgdjcY]Zg`cZZhd^i
ldjaYcdi\dWVX`^cid]ZgWdYn!Vhi]ZeaVXZciV]VY
cdiXdbZdji#
EVWaVÉhbdi]Zg"^cÄaVlig^ZYid[ZZY]Zgmate de chan-
caca negraVc]ZgWiZV!Vh^higVY^i^dcVaV[iZgX]^aYW^gi]!
VcYi]ZcZkZcejaaZY]Zg]V^gidignid\ZiVgZVXi^dc
[gdbEVWaV#.%=dlZkZg!Vabdhi^bbZY^ViZan^iWZXVbZ
VeeVgZcii]VihdbZi]^c\lVhYZheZgViZanlgdc\#
EVWaVWZ\VcidXdckjahZk^daZcian#.&6\jhicig^ZYid]daY
EVWaVÉh]ZVYVcYX]Zhil]^aZ;Za^mig^ZYid]daY]ZgaZ\h!
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
WjiEVWaVlVhiddhigdc\#=ZgVgbhWZXVbZg^\^YVcYh]Z
XdjaYcdiWZ]ZaYYdlcVhh]Zlg^i]ZYVcY`^X`ZYheVhi^"
XVaan#=ZgZnZhWZXVbZ\aVoZY#H]Z]VYWnVaa^cY^XVi^dch
\dcZ^cidZXaVbei^XhZ^ojgZh#7ZilZZc&*b^cjiZhVcY
]Va[Vc]djgaViZg!EVWaVlVhYZVY#.'I]ZgZlVhkZgna^iiaZ
I]Z[Vb^anÉhejijXd!l]ZgZEVWaVVcY]Zgbdi]ZgWdi]Y^ZY WaZZY^c\!Wjii]ZeaVXZciVlVhcZkZgYZa^kZgZY#
l]^aZ\^k^c\W^gi]#
86H:HIJ9>:H,&
J^[7kjefioWdZ7\j[hmWhZ 6cYidbZi]ZnhV^Y!ÈYdcÉihVnVcni]^c\ZahZ!YdcÉii]gdl
6iVeegdm^bViZan&/(%V#b#dcHjcYVnbdgc^c\!6\jhic ad\hdci]ZÒgZ!^iÉhWZiiZg[dgndjidh]jije#ÉI]Zdcan
VcY;Za^mlZciidVaZgii]ZA^ZjiZcVci<dkZgcdg!i]Z i]^c\>hV^Yi]ZclVhi]Vii]Zb^Yl^[Zh]djaY]VkZ_dW
]^\]Zhi Xdbbjc^in Vji]dg^in# I]Zn i]Zc lZci id i]Z hZXjg^inVcYi]Zc>h]jijeVcY>[ZaihdedlZgaZhh#>Y^YcÉi
cjghZÉh]djhZVaai]ZlVn^c?ja^VXVidiZaa]Zg#>hVWZa!^c `cdll]ViidYd###Ç.,CddcZ[gdbi]ZXdbbjc^indg[gdb
ijgc!iVa`ZYidi]Z]dhe^iVahdi]ZnXdjaYhZcYVYdXidgid i]Z]^ZgVgX]nd[i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!]dlZkZg!hZZbZYid
eZg[dgbi]ZVjidehn#I]ZXdbbjc^inbZbWZghegdiZhiZY WaVbZ9g#BVX]^XVd#
i]ZeaVcid]VkZi]ZVjidehnXdcYjXiZYWnhigVc\Zgh0i]Zn I]ZWVWn!8ZhVg!lVhiV`ZcWnEVWaVÉhh^hiZg"^c"aVl!
hV^Y^ildjaYWg^c\iZgg^WaZajX`Ydlcjedci]ZbVcY l]d]VYildhbVaaX]^aYgZcd[]Zgdlc#=dlZkZg!h]Z
XVjhZi]Z^gXgdehid[V^a#>ci]^heVgid[EZgji]ZgZ^hV lVhcdicjgh^c\VcY8ZhVglVhWZ^c\[ZYXVccZYb^a`!
higdc\WZa^Z[i]ViXjii^c\i]ZldbVcdeZcl^aacdiVaadl l]^X]^hbjX]aZhhZmeZch^kZi]Vc[dgbjaV#L]Zci]Zn
]ZgidgZhi^ceZVXZVcYVhVgZhjaih]Zl^aa]Vjcii]Z X]Vc\ZYi]ZWgVcYd[b^a`]ZlVhgZXZ^k^c\Å[gdbAZX]Z
[Vb^anVcYXdbbjc^in#I]Zi]dj\]id[higVc\ZghXjii^c\ CVcidAZX]Z<adg^VÅ8ZhVg[Zaa^aal^i]Y^Vgg]ZVVcYY^ZY
]ZgdeZclVheVgi^XjaVgand[[Zch^kZidi]Zb# d[YZ]nYgVi^dcdc?jan*!'%%+#.-=Z^hWjg^ZY^cVhbVaa
I]Z Vjidehn lZci [dglVgY! ]dlZkZg! VcY lVh idbWcZmiid]^hbdi]Zg#
XdcYjXiZY^ci]Z]ZVai]edhi^cGVb^hWnV9g#EZgXn 8aVgV! EVWaVÉh YVj\]iZg [gdb ]Zg [^ghi jc^dc! lVh
8VhVeZgVaiV#I]ZVjidehnXdcXajYZYi]ViEVWaV]VY]VY iV`ZcidA^bVida^kZl^i]EVWaVÉhWgdi]Zg#6\jhichiVnZY
eaVXZciVVXXgZiV!VXdcY^i^dc^cl]^X]i]ZViiVX]bZci l^i]]^hildYVj\]iZghVcYbdkZY^cl^i]]^hbdi]Zg!
eaVcZd[i]ZeaVXZciVidi]ZjiZgjh^hVWcdgbVagZhjai^c\ l]dXVgZY[dgi]Zndjc\\^gah#6\jhicÉhbdi]Zg!BVg^V
^cVc^cVW^a^ind[i]ZeaVXZciVidhZeVgViZVcYWZYZa^k" GdhVg^d! ^h V [gV^a ldbVc d[ ,% l]d ^h dWk^djhan ^c
ZgZY#L]ZcVh`ZYVWdjii]ZY^V\cdh^hWni]ZhiV[[Vii]Z ZmigZbZaneddg]ZVai]#
]ZVai]edhi!V9g#=jgiVYdidaYi]Zbi]VidcZXdjaYcdi BVg^V GdhVg^d ^h gZhedch^WaZ [dg Vaa d[ i]Z X]dgZh
iZaa[gdbi]ZjaigVhdjcYi]Vii]ZgZlVheaVXZciVVXXgZiV VgdjcYi]Z]djhZVcY[dg\Zii^c\NjY^i]VcYNZcc^[Zgid
VcY^ilVhcdii]Z^geaVXZidiZaai]ZYdXidg]dlidbV`Z hX]dda#H]ZhVnhh]Zd[iZcXVgg^Zhi]Zndjc\Zg\^gaidVcY
VY^V\cdh^h#.(GZbVg`VWan!cdbZci^dclVhbVYZ^ci]Z [gdbi]Zwawa wasi,dgXdbbjcVaYVnXVgZ!VcYi]Vih]Z
VjidehngZedgid[egZ"ZXaVbeh^VdgZXaVbeh^V# h^beanYdZhcdi]VkZi]ZhigZc\i]idYdhdVcnbdgZ#..
I]Zc^\]iV[iZgi]ZVjidehnlVhXdcYjXiZY^iWZ\Vc EZg]VehZheZX^VaanWZXVjhZd[i]ZhXVcYVadkZgi]Z
id]V^a#6XXdgY^c\idbZbWZghd[i]ZXdbbjc^in!^ilVh Vjidehn!6\jhicY^YZkZgni]^c\]ZXdjaYl]Zc^iXVbZ
cdiVcdgY^cVgn]V^a#GVi]Zg!^ilVhVcjcjhjVaan]VgY i^bZ[dgEVWaVÉhWjg^Va#6\jhicheZciVabdhiVaad[]^h
]V^ai]ViYZkVhiViZYi]Z^gediVidZhVcYdi]ZgXgdeh#I]Z bdcZndc]^hl^[ZÉh[jcZgVaVcYidbW!VcYdci]ZigVY^"
Xdbbjc^in^bbZY^ViZanWaVbZYi]Z]ZVai]ldg`Zghd[ i^dcVaeVgini]Vi^hi]gdlc[dgVYZXZVhZYeZghdcdc6aa
i]Z]ZVai]edhi[dgi]Z]V^a!VcYi]Z]ZVai]eZghdccZa HV^ciÉh9Vn!CdkZbWZg&hi#EVWaVÉhidbW!VhlZaaVhi]Vid[
lZgZV[gV^Yid\didldg`[dghZkZgVaYVnh#>c[VXi!>hVWZa 8ZhVg!]VhV]VcY"XVgkZYVcYYZh^\cZYi^cXgdhh^chiZVY
FjZciVgZaViZYi]Vih]ZVcYNVcZi]6gVj_d!i]Zb^Yl^[Z! d[i]ZaZhhZmeZch^kZeVeZgdcZhdchdbZ\gVkZh^iZh#
lZciid?ja^VXV[dgVl]^aZjci^ai]^c\h]VYXVabZYYdlc 6\jhichdaY]^ha^kZhidX`ideVn[dgi]ZXZaZWgVi^dch
^ci]ZXdbbjc^in#.)
I]ZgZlVhWaVbZhegZVYVgdjcY[dgEVWaVÉhYZVi]Vh
lZaa#EVWaV]ZghZa[lVhWaVbZY[dg]ZgeaVXZciVVXXgZiV
WZXVjhZÆh]ZhVi^ci]ZhjciddbjX]!Çl]^X]XVjhZYi]Z
eaVXZciVÆidhi^X`id]ZgWVX`#Ç.*6\jhiclVhWaVbZY[dg
cdi]Vk^c\i]ZputucolVgbZcdj\]!hdbZcZ^\]Wdgh
hVn^c\i]ViEVWaVY^ZY[gdbi]ZXdaY#.+;Za^mlVhfjZh"
i^dcZYWni]Z]ZVai]edhihiV[[Vhidl]n]Z]VYcdicdi^"
ÒZYi]ZcjghZÉhV^YZVii]Z]ZVai]edhiidhZZ`]Zae#I]Z
hiV[[Vii]Z]ZVai]edhilVhfjZhi^dcZYÅ^[cdiY^gZXian
E]did/BVg^dc7gdlc
WaVbZYÅ[dgVaadl^c\VbViZgcVaYZVi]iddXXjg^ci]Z^g
_jg^hY^Xi^dc#>hVWZaFjZciV!i]ZcjghZVii]ZGVb^h]ZVai]
edhiXdbeaV^cZY!Æ:kZgndcZWaVbZYjh#7jiY^Yi]ZnhVn
i]ZeVi^ZcilZciidi]Z]dhe^iVaVcYWZXVjhZd[cZ\a^"
\ZcXZlVhhZciWVX`4###Cd!i]Vii]ZncZkZgbZci^dcZY½# EVWaVVcY8ZhVgÉhidbWh#
86H:HIJ9>:H,(
Xg^i^X^oZjh#;dgi]ZhZgZVhdch![ZlVgZ^cXa^cZYidldg` i^Zh/i]ZhZeVgVi^dc[gdbi]Z^gldgaYVcYeaVXZbZci^c
^ci]ZXdbbjc^i^Zh#>ci]Z]dhe^iVa!i]ZniZaajhidgZ[Zg Vc^hdaViZYVcYY^[[ZgZcildgaYd[Wg^\]ia^\]ihVcYXdaY
]^\]"g^h`egZ\cVcX^Zh!VcYl]ZclZYdi]ZnYdcÉiigZVi gddbh!i]ZgZbdkVad[Xadi]^c\VcYeZghdcVaZ[[ZXih!VcY
i]ZblZaaVcYi]ZnbV`Zi]ZbXdbZWVX`VcYiZaajh! i]ZgZYjXi^dcidWZ^c\bZgZanVeVi^ZciVcYhdbZi^bZhVc
]dl^h^iedhh^WaZi]VindjbV`Zi]VildbVceVn[dgi]Z dW_ZXidcl]^X]i]Zegdk^YZgeZg[dgbh!VgZl]daanVa^Zc
igVchedgiVi^dc^[h]ZÉhÒcZVcYi]ZclZadd`WVYl^i]i]Z idi]Zb#I]ZeViZgcVa^hi^XVii^ijYZhdci]ZeVgid[bVcn
eVi^ZciÅVcYi]ViÉhl]Vi]VeeZcZYl^i]EVWaV#Ç&%& ]ZVai]egdk^YZghYdcdi]ZaeidWg^Y\Zi]ZY^k^YZ#&%)
I]^h]^\]an^cZfj^iVWaZaVWdgh^ijVi^dchnhiZbVi^XVaan I]ZXdcigdkZghndkZgi]ZVjidehn^hVcdi]Zg^aajhigV"
jcYZgb^cZhi]Zedhh^W^a^i^Zh[dghjhiV^cZY^begdkZbZcih i^dcd[i]ZYgVbVi^XY^hXdccZXiWZilZZci]ZXdbbjc^in
^cXVgZ[dgegZ\cVcildbZc!hjX]VhWj^aY^c\VcZ[[ZXi^kZ VcYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb#6aabViZgcVaYZVi]hi]ViYdcdi
gZ[ZggVahnhiZbVcY^begdk^c\Xdbbjc^XVi^dcVbdc\ dXXjg^c]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcihVgZhjW_ZXiidVjidehn#
i]ZeVi^ZcihVcYY^[[ZgZciaZkZahd[i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb#>i I]^hegVXi^XZ^hZhiVWa^h]ZYWnaVl^cEZgj#7ji^iVahd
VahdZa^b^cViZhi]Zedhh^W^a^ind[Veegdeg^ViZVXXdjci" ^hjhZYid^cYjXZ[Vb^a^ZhidYZX^YZid]VkZ^chi^iji^dcVa
VW^a^in^ci]ZZkZcid[cZ\a^\ZcXZdglgdc\Yd^c\l^i]^c YZa^kZg^ZhegZX^hZanWZXVjhZXjii^c\deZci]ZldbVcÉh
i]Z]ZVai]XVgZhnhiZb# WdYn^hXdcigVgnid^cY^\ZcdjhWZa^Z[h#9g#7Vgg^Zcidh
I]^hXVhZVahd^aajhigViZhi]ZhigV^chVcYY^hiVcXZ idaYE=GWajcian!ÆlZjhZi]Zi]gZVid[i]ZVjidehnid
WZilZZc Xdbbjc^i^Zh VcY i]Z ]ZVai] hnhiZb! ZkZc egZhhjgZi]Zbid\^kZW^gi]^cZhiVWa^h]bZcih#Ç&%*GVi]Zg
l]Zci]Z]ZVai]edhilVhadXViZYdcan&%%bZiZgh[gdb i]VcZc\V\Z^chjhiV^cZYY^Vad\jZVcYZYjXVi^dcl^i]i]Z
i]Z]djhZ#:bdi^dcVaVcYXjaijgVaY^hiVcXZhXVcXgZViZ Xdbbjc^i^ZhhZgkZY!i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbZhhZci^VaaniV`Zh
WVgg^ZghidigjhiVcY!^cijgc!idXVgZ#CdiZcdj\]]ZVai] VYkVciV\Zd[i]ZXdbbjc^inÉh[ZVgh^cdgYZgidegZhhjgZ
egd[Zhh^dcVahÅZheZX^Vaanb^Yl^kZhVcYe]nh^X^VchÅ i]ZbidYdl]Vii]ZYdXidghlVci#>ilVhgZedgiZYid
heZV`i]ZaVc\jV\Zd[i]ZadXVaedejaVi^dc!l]^X]XVc E=Gi]Vi^cVXVhZhjX]Vhi]^hdcZ!l]ZgZi]ZgZVgZ
aZVYidY^hVhigdjhXdchZfjZcXZhVcYb^hjcYZghiVcY^c\h! ild Zci^gZan Y^[[ZgZci Xdhbdad\^Zh XaVh]^c\ dkZg i]Z
Vh^ci]^hXVhZ#>ci]ZVWhZcXZd[i]Z^gadXVab^Yl^kZhdg eZg[dgbVcXZd[i]ZVjidehn!i]Z^bedh^i^dcd[i]Z]ZVai]
cjghZhVXXdbeVcn^c\ldbZcVii]Z]dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV! hnhiZbÉhl^aa^heZgXZ^kZYVhk^gijVagZ"Xdadc^oVi^dcWn
i]ZgZ ^h cd dcZ id VYkdXViZ dg bZY^ViZ WZilZZc i]Z i]ZhZgjgVa^cY^\ZcdjhXdbbjc^i^Zh#
[dgbVabZY^XVahnhiZbVcYi]ZldbZcl]dXdbZ[gdb
i]ZXdjcignh^YZVcYYdcdiheZV`HeVc^h]#6'%%+gZedgi
Wn <gjed YZ 6cVa^h^h eVgV Za 9ZhVggdaad <G69: dc 6cYZVc7^gi]^c\G^ijVah
ZXdcdb^XVcYcdc"ZXdcdb^XWVgg^ZghidegZcViVaXVgZ
6bdc\i]Z^cY^\ZcdjhXdbbjc^i^Zhd[i]Z6cYZh!bVcn
Vbdc\EZgjk^VcldbZc![djcYi]ViaVc\jV\ZgZegZhZcih
g^ijVahhjggdjcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]!VcY^ceVgi^XjaVg!
Vc^bedgiVciWVgg^Zgid]ZVai]XVgZVXXZhh[dg^cY^\Zcdjh
i]ZW^gi]^c\egdXZhh#>i^hWZa^ZkZYi]VildbZch]djaY
b^cdg^i^Zh/Æ:kZc^cbjai^XjaijgVahZii^c\h!d[iZc]ZVai]
\^kZW^gi]^cVlVgbVcYYVg`Zck^gdcbZci!h]^ZaYZY
eZghdccZaVgZcdiigV^cZY^cXgdhh"XjaijgVaXdbbjc^"
[gdbi]ZXdaYVcYa^\]iWnWaVc`ZihVcYXjgiV^ch#I]Z
XVi^dc!^\cdgZi]ZcVi^kZaVc\jV\Z!VcYiZcYid]VkZV
ldbVc^caVWdg^hhjeedhZYida^Zdci]ZÓddgdcV
eVigdc^o^c\Vii^ijYZidlVgYZi]c^Xb^cdg^i^Zh#Ç&%'
WaVX`h]ZZeh`^cVcYWjgc]ZgWhidbV`Z^cXZchZ#H]Z
I]ZXjaijgVaVcYZbdi^dcVaY^hiVcXZWZilZZci]Zedej"
h]djaYWZ[jaanXadi]ZYVcY]VkZVXadi]dc]Zg]ZVYid
aVi^dchVcYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^hgZaViZYidi]ZgZVhdch
egZkZci]Zg[gdb[V^ci^c\!VcYVWVcYVgdjcY]ZglV^hi
i]Vi^cY^\Zcdjh[Vb^a^Zhhd[gZfjZcianijgcidparteros,
id]ZaeZmeZai]ZWVWn[gdbi]ZldbW#L]^aZY^aViZY!
dgigVY^i^dcVaW^gi]ViiZcYVcih!idYZa^kZgldbZc#I]Z
h]Zh]djaYYg^c`matesid]ZaeY^b^c^h]i]ZeV^cVcY
parteroÅ^ci]^hXVhZ!;Za^mÅh]VgZhi]ZhVbZXjhidbh
heZZYi]ZW^gi]^c\egdXZhh#>i^hWZa^ZkZYi]VihbZaa^c\
VcYWZa^Z[h!]VhVeg^dggZaVi^dch]^el^i]i]Z[Vb^an!
VWjgc^c\Xdl]^YZXVcVahd]ZaeidheZZYi]ZYZa^kZgn#
VcYZkZci]dj\]]Z^hVcÆVji]dg^inÇYjg^c\i]ZW^gi]!
6[iZgYZa^kZg^c\i]ZWVWn!cddcZ^hhjeedhZYididjX]
]Z^hdi]Zgl^hZVcZfjVa#I]ZVibdhe]ZgZ[dgi]ZW^gi]
]Zgdgi]ZcZlWdgcjci^ai]ZeaVXZciV]VhWZZcYZa^k"
^h[Vb^a^VgVcYÒaaZYl^i]g^ijVah#>ci]Z[dgbVa]ZVai]
ZgZY!VcYi]ZWVcYVgdjcY]ZglV^hih]djaYWZi^\]i"
hnhiZb!dci]Zdi]Zg]VcY!i]Zegdk^YZg^hVÆheZX^Va^hiÇ
ZcZYidZcXdjgV\ZYZa^kZgnd[i]ZeaVXZciV#
l]dVhhjbZhVeVgi^XjaVg!ejgZan[jcXi^dcVagdaZ!VcYi]Z
gZaVi^dch]^e^hX]VgVXiZg^oZYWnVhnbbZig^XVaedlZgVcY — adapted from L. Estrada. “Ritos andinos en el Parto.”
`cdlaZY\Z#&%(I]Zg^ijVahd[lZhiZgcbZY^X^cZVgZcdi GZiVbVhndgfjYZVh# Proyecto ReproSalud – Manuela
XdbeVi^WaZl^i]i]ZigVY^i^dcVag^ijVahd[i]Z^gXdbbjc^" Ramos. Lima: June 1996.
, ) 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
EVWaVÉh hVY hidgn Vahd ^aajhigViZh i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ 8Vgda^cVbjhi]VkZ[ZaihdbZl]ViVadcZVcY^hdaViZY
^cZfjVa^i^Zh^c\ZcYZggZaVi^dch#EVWaVlVh[dgXZYid ^ci]^hXdbbjc^inVcY^c]Zga^[Z^c\ZcZgVa#H]ZgZedgi"
\^kZjehX]ddaViVcZVganV\ZWZXVjhZh]ZlVhV\^ga ZYan\diVadc\l^i]]Zg^c"aVlhl]da^kZYcZmiYddgVcY
VcYcZZYZYidXVgZ[dg]Zgh^Wa^c\h!l]^aZ]ZgWgdi]Zgh l^i]di]ZgcZ^\]Wdgh!WjiVeeVgZcianY^Ycdi^ciZgVXi
lZciidhX]dda#6hVgZhjai!h]ZlVhcdidcan^aa^iZgViZ bjX]l^i]di]ZgldbZc^ci]ZXdbbjc^in#6cZ^\]Wdg
WjiVahdjcVWaZidheZV`HeVc^h]#H]ZlVhVWVcYdcZY hV^Yd[]Zg!ÆH]ZlVhValVnhVadcZWji>Y^YcÉi[ZZa>XdjaY
Wn]ZgÒghieVgicZgVcY!Vai]dj\][dgijcViZidWZa^k^c\ ZkZgVh`]Zgl]n#H]ZlVhV\ddYldbVcVcYbVYZhjgZ
^c]ZgeVgZcihÉ]dbZ!]VYcdlVnidhjeedgi]ZghZa[ ]Zg`^YhlZgZValVnh^chX]dda#Ç
VcY]ZgYVj\]iZg#>c]ZggZaVi^dch]^el^i]6\jhic!h]Z 6[iZg]ZgaVhihdclVhWdgc!8Vgda^cV]VY\dcZid
lVh jcVWaZ id YZiZgb^cZ i]Z cjbWZg dg heVX^c\ d[ i]Z]ZVai]edhiidVh`VWdji[Vb^aneaVcc^c\bZi]dYh#
]ZgX]^aYgZc#EVWaV]VY[ZlX]d^XZh^c]Zga^[ZVcYdc H]ZYZX^YZYidjhZ9Zed"EgdkZgV!Vc^c_ZXiVWaZ[dgbd[
i]ZgVgZdXXVh^dchl]Zch]ZY^YZmZgiV\ZcXnÅhjX] XdcigVXZei^dc!WjilVhWdi]ZgZYWni]ZdXXVh^dcVa]ZVY"
Vhl]Zch]Zidd`]ZgWZadc\^c\hid?ja^VXV]dhe^iVaid VX]Zh^iXVjhZYVcYlVh^ciZgZhiZY^cejghj^c\di]Zg
YZa^kZg]ZgWVWnVcY]VkZVijWVaa^\Vi^dcÅh]ZlVhbZi dei^dch#=dlZkZg!l]Zci]Zb^Yl^[ZVii]Z]ZVai]edhi
l^i]Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcY^cY^[[ZgZcXZ!l]^X]!^ci]ZZcY! Y^hXjhhZYi]ZVkV^aVWaZdei^dchl^i]i]ZXdjeaZ!BVcjZa
egdkZYYZVYan# Y^YcdilVci8Vgda^cVjh^c\VcnXdcigVXZei^dc#=ZhV^Y
h]Z]VY\gdlc[Vidci]Z9Zed"EgdkZgVVcY!^cVcnXVhZ!
I]ZCdi"Hd"HZXgZi@^aaZg/8Vgda^cV XdcigVXZei^dclVhjccZXZhhVgn#Æ>YdcÉilVci]Zgjh^c\
Vcnd[i]ViXgVe(cochinadas)#>VbVWjh^cZhhbVcVcY>
8Vgda^cVMlVh(,nZVghdaYl]Zch]ZY^ZY^c]Zg]dbZ
igVkZa#>XVc`ZZeigVX`d[i]ZXVaZcYVg#I]ViÉhl]VilZÉaa
VhVgZhjaid[^cYjX^c\VcVWdgi^dc#&%+
Yd#ÇI]jh!^c'%%)!BVcjZaVcY8Vgda^cV]VYhideeZY
9Wheb_dWÊiB_\[ jh^c\VcnbdYZgcbZi]dYd[XdcigVXZei^dc#
8Vgda^cVVcYBVcjZaVcYi]Z^gX]^aYgZcheZciadc\
L]Zc]ZgeZg^dYlVhaViZ!8Vgda^cV`cZli]Vih]ZY^Y
eZg^dYhd[i^bZ^cIVXcV^c'%%)VcY'%%*#9jg^c\i]dhZ
cdilVciid]VkZVcdi]ZgX]^aY#H]ZVagZVYn]VY[djg
eZg^dYh!8Vgda^cVgZedgiZYanWZXVbZegZ\cVci!cdidcXZ
X]^aYgZc/ V &' nZVg"daY Wdn l]d ]VY _jhi WZ\jc Vi
Wjiil^XZ#H]ZaZVgcZY^cIVXcVVWdjiVÆhV[ZÇbZi]dY
hZXdcYVgnhX]dda^ci]ZcZVgWnX^in!VcYi]gZZndjc\Zg
d[VWdgi^dc#H]ZlVhidaYi]ZgZlVhVe^aa!b^hdegdhida!
X]^aYgZcgVc\^c\^cV\Z[gdb&%id,!l]dViiZcYZYi]Z
i]Vih]ZXdjaY\Zi^ci]Ze]VgbVXnVcYVaah]Z]VYid
adXVa eg^bVgn hX]dda# H]Z lVh (, nZVgh daY VcY ]Zg
YdV[iZgiV`^c\i]Ze^aalVhÆlV^i[dgi]ZegdWaZbid\d
]jhWVcY!BVcjZa!gZedgiZYanYgVc`]ZVk^an#>cVYY^i^dc
VlVn#Ç6XXdgY^c\idl]Vih]ZidaY]ZgcZ^\]Wdgh!8Vgda^cV
id]^hYg^c`^c\!BVcjZalVh[gZfjZcianVlVn!Vh]^hldg`
hjXXZhh[jaanjhZYb^hdegdhidaWdi]i^bZhh]ZlVhegZ\"
idd`]^bidIVXcVÅi]ZZedcnbdjhXVe^iVad[Vcdi]Zg
cVciidVWdgii]Z[Zijh#
EZgjk^VcYZeVgibZci#
B^hdegdhida^hVegdhiV\aVcY^ci]Vi^hXdbbdcanjhZY
6iÒghi!i]Zcdi^dcd[XdbbZgXZYdZhcdihZZbid
idigZVihidbVX]jaXZgh#>i^hhdaYjcYZgi]ZWgVcYcVbZ!
_^WZl^i]i]ZWjXda^XXdbbjc^inBVcjZaVcY8Vgda^cV
8nidiZX^ci]ZJc^iZYHiViZhVcY^hegZhXg^WZY^cXdbW^"
lZgZ[gdb!l^i]^ihhbVaaVYdWZ]djhZhl^i]i^cgdd[h
cVi^dcl^i]b^[Zeg^hidcZ^cXVhZhd[ZVganbZY^XVaVWdg"
Ydii^c\i]Z6ai^eaVcd#I]ZXdbbjc^in^hfj^iZYZchZan
i^dch#B^[Zeg^hidcZWadX`hi]Z]dgbdcZegd\ZhiZgdcZ!
edejaViZY VcY i]Z ]djhZh VgZ XadhZ id\Zi]Zg# >i ^h
l]^X]^hcZZYZYidbV^ciV^ci]ZegZ\cVcXn!VcYb^hdegd"
cZVgAV`ZI^i^XVXV!i]Z]^\]ZhiaV`Z^ci]ZldgaY!VcY
hidaXVjhZhXdcigVXi^dchgZhjai^c\^cVb^hXVgg^V\Z#Jedc
i]ZAV`Z^hVc^bedgiVcihdjgXZd[[ddY[dgi]ZadXVa
iV`^c\b^hdegdhida!XgVbe^c\!WaZZY^c\!VcYXadii^c\bVn
edejaVi^dc#
WZ\^cVhhddcVh'%b^cjiZh#L^i]^ci]ZcZmi+id-]djgh!
7jiXdbbZgXZ^hVbV_dghdjgXZd[^cXdbZ^ci]^h
bdhildbZcl^aab^hXVggn#7aZZY^c\^h\ZcZgVaan]ZVk^Zg
gZ\^dcd[i]ZYZeVgibZcid[Ejcd!l]^X]WdgYZghdc
i]VcVbZchigjVaeZg^dYl^i]aVg\ZXadih#H^YZ"Z[[ZXih!
7da^k^V#BVcnbZcigVkZa[gZfjZcian!aZVk^c\i]Z^gl^kZh
ZkZcl]ZciV`ZcVhbZY^XVaanegZhXg^WZY!bVn^cXajYZ
Vi]dbZidXVgZ[dgi]Zchacras[Vgbh#E=GY^YcdiaZVgc
]ZVknWaZZY^c\!]ZVYVX]Z!cVjhZV!kdb^i^c\!Y^Vgg]ZV!
l]Vihdgihd[\ddYhBVcjZahZaah#=dlZkZg!Vbdc\i]Z
VcY]ZVknXgVbe^c\#&%,
\ddYhejgX]VhZYVcYY^hig^WjiZYidY^[[ZgZciX^i^Zh^ci]Z
6XXdgY^c\id]ZgcZ^\]Wdgh!8Vgda^cVWZXVbZXdcÒ"
^ciZg^dgd[EZgj!i]ZgZ^hV]^\]eZgXZciV\Zd[XdcigV"
YZcii]Vih]Z`cZl]dlidXVggndjiVcVWdgi^dc#H]Z
WVcY^iZbhWgdj\]idkZgi]ZWdgYZgÅZkZgni]^c\[gdb
ZkZciVa`ZYiddi]ZgldbZc^ci]ZXdbbjc^inl]dlZgZ
XVghVcYXVgeVgihid[ddY^iZbhidbZY^X^cZhÅl]^X]
egZ\cVciVcYY^YcdilVciid]VkZi]ZX]^aYgZc#H]ZidaY
VgZhbj\\aZYidVkd^YiVmZhVcYiVg^[[h#
86H:HIJ9>:H,*
i]Zbh]Z`cZll]ViidYd!ZmeaV^c^c\i]Vii]ZnlZgZid L]Zc]Zgi]gZZndjc\ZhiX]^aYgZcVgg^kZY]dbZ[gdb
iV`ZildiVWaZihd[b^hdegdhidakV\^cVaanVcYilddgVaan! hX]ddaViha^\]ianV[iZg'e#b#!i]Zn[djcYi]Z^gbdi]Zg
VcYi]Vii]Znh]djaYWZegZeVgZY[dgi]ZWaZZY^c\id dci]ZWZY!h^ii^c\jeWjijcYZgi]ZXdkZgh#I]ZnY^Ycdi
WZ\^cl^i]^c]djgh#I]^h^hV[Vg]^\]ZgYdhZi]Vc^h hZZVcnWaddYWjigZVa^oZY^bbZY^ViZanh]ZlVhcdilZaa#
bZY^XVaangZXdbbZcYZY#>i^hjcXaZVgl]Zi]Zgdi]Zg 8Vgda^cVidaYi]Zbh]Z[Zaih^X`id]ZghidbVX]!VcYhZci
ldbZc^c8Vgda^cVÉhXdbbjc^in[daadlZY]Zg^chigjX" i]Zbidi]Z]ZVai]edhiid\ZihdbZbZY^X^cZ[dgi]Z
i^dch#6iaZVhidcZldbVclZciidi]Z]ZVai]edhiVcY jcXdcigdaaVWaZkdb^i^c\#
Vh`ZYi]Zb^Yl^[Zl]Zi]Zgi]ZbZi]dYlVhhV[Z#I]Z I]ZildWdnhVcY\^ga]ZVYZYidi]Z]ZVai]edhidc
b^Yl^[ZY^hXdjgV\ZY]Zg# [ddi!l]^X]lVhWZilZZci]Z^ghX]ddaVcYi]Z]djhZÅ
6cdi]Zg]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVa^ckdakZY^ci]ZXVhZcdiZY Veegdm^bViZandcZ`^adbZiZgVlVndcVY^gigdVY#I]Z
idE=Gi]ViYZhe^iZVWdgi^dcWZ^c\^aaZ\Va^cEZgjVcY^i X]^aYgZcVgg^kZYVii]Z]ZVai]edhiViVeegdm^bViZan(/(%
WZ^c\V]^\]an8Vi]da^XXdjcign!ÆVbdc\campesinaldbZc! e#b#>ilVhkVXX^cVi^dcYVnhdi]Z]ZVai]edhilVhÒaaZY
^cYjX^c\VWdgi^dc^hcdiXdchigjZYVh^bbdgVa#>i^hbdgZ l^i]eVi^Zcih!VcYi]Zn]VYidlV^ifj^iZVadc\i^bZid
a^`ZgZbdk^c\Viddi]#Ç=dlZkZg!YZhe^iZVWdgi^dcWZ^c\ WZViiZcYZYWni]ZhiV[[#
gZVhdcVWanXdbbdcVbdc\campesinas^cEZgj!^igZbV^ch L]Zci]Z&%nZVg"daYWdnZmeaV^cZYi]Vii]Z^gbdi]Zg
i]ZhZXgZii]ViZkZgndcZ`cdlhWji[ZlheZV`VWdjideZcan# ]VYVcjehZihidbVX]!i]Zb^Yl^[ZVh`ZYi]Zbl]n
L]Zch]ZYZX^YZYidVWdgi[dgVi]^gYi^bZ!8Vgda^cVeaVccZY 8Vgda^cV]VYcdiXdbZ]ZghZa[VcYl]Zi]Zg8Vgda^cVlVh
^ikZgnXVgZ[jaanhdi]VicddcZldjaY`cdl# egZ\cVci#I]ZWdnhV^Y]^hbdi]ZglVhkdb^i^c\Vadi
VcYXdjaYcdiXdbZWjiidaY]Zgh]ZlVhcdiegZ\cVci!
J^Wj:Wo ]Vk^c\cdgZVhdcidWZa^ZkZh]ZlVh#I]Zb^Yl^[Z\VkZ
8Vgda^cV]VYidaYcddcZi]Vih]ZlVhegZ\cVciÅcdi i]ZX]^aYgZcildbZY^XVi^dch[dg]Zg!^chigjXiZYi]Zbdc
]Zg]jhWVcY!cdi]ZgcZ^\]Wdgh!cdii]Zb^Yl^[Z!cdg i]ZYdhV\Z!VcYidaYi]Zbid]VkZi]Z^gbdi]ZgXdbZ^c
i]ZcjghZVii]Z]ZVai]edhi#H]ZlV^iZY[dgVYVn^c dcBdcYVn#I]Zb^Yl^[ZegZhXg^WZYY^bZc]nYg^cViZVc
l]^X]h]Z`cZlh]ZXdjaY]VkZi]Z]djhZid]ZghZa[# Vci^"ZbZi^XVcYgVc^i^Y^cZVcVciVX^Y#
H]Z]VYVXdch^YZgVWaZi^bZidlV^iVcYlVhVagZVYnVi I]ZX]^aYgZcgVXZYWVX`]dbZVhfj^X`anVhi]ZnXdjaY
i]ZZcYd[i]ZÒghiig^bZhiZgl]ZcVhj^iVWaZYVnVgg^kZY# VcY\VkZi]Z^gbdi]Zgi]ZbZY^XVi^dch#8Vgda^cVidd`i]Z
=Zg]jhWVcY!BVcjZa!]VYhideeZYVii]Z[Vgbdci]Z e^aahWji^bbZY^ViZankdb^iZYi]Zbje#H]ZXdjaYWVgZan
lVnidIVXcVi]Vibdgc^c\VcYldjaYcdiWZWVX`[dgVi iVa`Wni]^hed^ciVcYlVhan^c\Ydlc#
aZVhihZkZgVaYVnh#>ilVhV;g^YVn!VcYVh^higVY^i^dcVa I]ZX]^aYgZc!Zk^YZcianhXVgZYVihZZ^c\i]Z^gbdi]Zg
^ci]VieVgid[Ejcd!]ZgeVgZcih"^c"aVlVcYh^hiZg"^c" ^chjX]VXdcY^i^dc!gVcidiZaai]Z^gcZ^\]Wdghi]Vii]Z^g
aVlVcYi]ZcZ^\]Wdgh]VYVaa\dcZidAV`ZI^i^XVXVid bdi]ZglVhkZgn^aa#7ni]^hi^bZ^ilVhVabdhi*e#b#VcY
Òh]VcYXdaaZXillachoÅi]Zgddih[gdbi]ZtotoragZZYh i]ZcZ^\]Wdgh]VYgZijgcZY[gdbi]ZaV`Zl^i]i]Z^gllacho
^ci]ZaV`ZÅl]^X]^hjhZYid[ZZYi]ZXdlh#H]Z`cZl [dgi]ZXdlh#8Vgda^cVÉhdaYZhihdc]VYVahdgZijgcZY
i]ZnldjaYWZ\dcZbdhid[i]ZYVn#8Vgda^cVlV^iZYjci^a [gdbhX]dda#
]ZgX]^aYgZcaZ[i[dghX]ddaÅVgdjcY-V#b#ÅVcYh]ZlVh 8Vgda^cVÉh[Vi]Zg"^c"aVl!;gVcX^hXd!XVbZ]dbZ[gdb
ÒcVaanVadcZ# i]ZaV`ZidÒcYV\gdjed[cZ^\]Wdgh^c[gdcid[]^h]djhZ#
;gdbi]ZZk^YZcXZ[djcYaViZg!h]Zbjhi]VkZegZeVgZY =ZY^Ycdi`cdll]Vi]VY]VeeZcZYVcYVh`ZY]^hdaYZhi
XVgZ[jaan#H]Z]VYYdcZi]^hWZ[dgZVcYZk^YZcian`cZl \gVcYhdc#I]ZcZ^\]Wdghl]d]VYXdbZidi]Z]djhZ
l]Vih]ZldjaYcZZY#H]Z]VYVe^ZXZd[eaVhi^X^cl]^X] [djcY8Vgda^cVWVgZanXdchX^djh#I]Zna^[iZYi]ZXdkZgh
idejii]Z[ZijhVcYaViZgY^hedhZd[^i#H]Z]VYXadi]h dci]ZWZYVcY[djcY]Zgan^c\^cVeddad[WaddYi]Vi]VY
idXaZVcjei]ZWaddY#6[iZgh]Z^chZgiZYildh^m"h^YZY hZZeZY^cidi]ZWZY#
l]^iZiVWaZih^cid]ZgkV\^cVVcYhlVaadlZYildbdgZ! DcZcZ^\]Wdg!:cg^fjZ!idd`d[[dc]^hW^XnXaZidi]Z
h]ZlV^iZY[dgi]ZbidiV`ZZ[[ZXi#HdbZi^bZaViZg!i]Z ]ZVai]edhi#=ZVgg^kZYViV[Zlb^cjiZhV[iZg*e#b#VcY
[ZijhlVhZmeZaaZYVcY8Vgda^cVlgVeeZY^i^ci]ZeaVhi^X i]Zb^Yl^[Z^bbZY^ViZanidd`VbdidgXnXaZVcYgZijgcZY
Vhh]Z]VYeaVccZYVcYhZi^iVh^YZjcYZghdbZXadi]h l^i]]^bidi]Z]djhZ!l]^X]lVhdcanV[Zlb^cjiZh
^cVXdgcZgd[i]ZWZYgddb# VlVndci]ZbdidgW^`Z#7ni]Zi^bZi]ZnVgg^kZYWVX`Vi
6ihdbZed^ci!l]Zci]ZeaVXZciV[V^aZYidWZZmeZaaZY! i]Z]djhZ!]dlZkZg!8Vgda^cVlVhXdbeaZiZanYgV^cZY
eVc^Xbjhi]VkZhlZeidkZg8Vgda^cV!Vhh]ZgZVa^oZY d[Xdadg#L]Zci]Zb^Yl^[ZZmVb^cZY]Zg!h]ZgZVa^oZY
hdbZi]^c\]VY\dcZiZgg^Wanlgdc\#H]ZVahdXdjaYcdi 8Vgda^cVlVhYZVY#
hidekdb^i^c\#
, + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
7\j[h9Wheb_dWÊi:[Wj^ ]VkZ]ZgX]^aYgZcVaZgii]Z]ZVai]edhil]Zci]ZnÒghi
I]Vi c^\]i! ]ZVai] eZghdccZa Vi i]Z XadhZhi ]dhe^iVa Vgg^kZY[gdbhX]dda!l]Zch]Z`cZli]^c\h]VY\dcZ
lZgZcdi^ÒZYd[i]ZYZVi]VcYlZciidi]ZXdbbjc^in Vlgn#8VgZ[dg^cXdbeaZiZVWdgi^dchgZfj^gZhbVcnd[i]Z
idXdcYjXiVcVjidehn#I]Zeda^XZlZgZcdi^ÒZYVhlZaa hVbZXVeVX^i^ZhVhi]dhZ^cXajYZYVhh^\cVa[jcXi^dch^c
WjiY^Ycdi\d# :bD8!^cXajY^c\>Kdg^c_ZXi^dcdmnidX^Xh#=dlZkZg!i]^h
I]Z]ZVai]eZghdccZaVgg^kZYViVeegdm^bViZan-/(% YZaVn^c8Vgda^cVÉhYZX^h^dcidgZkZVai]Zigji]VcYhZZ`
e#b#!VcYWni]Vii^bZVXgdlYd[eZdeaZ]VY\Vi]ZgZY Veegdeg^ViZXVgZlVhY^gZXiangZaViZYidi]Z^aaZ\VahiVijh
djih^YZ#6eeVgZcian!i]ZXdbbjc^in^c^i^Vaani]dj\]ii]Vi d[i]ZVXih]Z]VYjcYZgiV`Zc#
8Vgda^cV]VYY^ZYWZXVjhZd[i]ZbZY^XVi^dchi]Vii]Z 8aVcYZhi^cZVWdgi^dchVgZXdbbdci]gdj\]djiEZgj
b^Yl^[ZVii]Z]ZVai]edhi]VYegZhXg^WZY#I]Znhddc VcYVgZVaZVY^c\XVjhZd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in#6Wdgi^dc
gZVa^oZYl]Vi]VY]VeeZcZY!]dlZkZg# ^hXg^b^cVa^oZY^cEZgjZmXZeil]ZccZXZhhVgnidhVkZ
>ch^YZ i]Z ]djhZ! i]Z ]ZVai] eZghdccZa [djcY i]Z i]Za^[Zdg]ZVai]d[i]Zbdi]Zg#6gi^XaZ(%d[i]Z<ZcZgVa
[ZijhlgVeeZY^ceaVhi^X#I]ZgZlVha^iiaZWaddYdci]Z =ZVai]AVlgZfj^gZh]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahidWgZVX]i]Z^g
ÓddgVcYZkZcbjX]d[i]Zkdb^i]VYWZZcXaZVcZYje# Yjind[XdcÒYZci^Va^inVcYgZedgiXVhZhd[hjheZXiZY
JcYZgi]ZWZY!i]Zn[djcYhdV`ZYgV\hi]Vi8Vgda^cV]VY ^cYjXZYVWdgi^dcidi]Zeda^XZ#&%-LdbZcl]djcYZg\d
Zk^YZcianWZZcjh^c\idXaZVcjeV[iZg]ZghZa[Vhh]ZWaZY VWdgi^dchVcYi]ZeZdeaZl]deZg[dgbi]ZbVgZhjW_ZXi
VcYkdb^iZY!edhh^Wan^cVcZ[[dgiidXdkZgjel]VilVh ideg^hdchZciZcXZh#&%.
]VeeZc^c\VcYcdiVaVgb]ZgX]^aYgZc# 6h ^c di]Zg Xdjcig^Zh l]ZgZ VWdgi^dc ]Vh WZZc
I]ZVjidehngZkZVaZYi]Vi8Vgda^cV]VYWZZc&'"&( Xg^b^cVa^oZY!i]ZegdXZYjgZ]VhWZZcejh]ZYjcYZg"
lZZ`hegZ\cVciVcYY^ZYYjZidVc^cXdbeaZiZVWdgi^dc# \gdjcY#HijY^ZhZhi^bViZi]Vii]ZgZlZgZVeegdm^bViZan
I]ZeaVXZciV]VYWZZcgZiV^cZYVcYh]Z]VYWZ\jcid (,&!%%%^cYjXZYVWdgi^dch^cEZgj^c'%%+#&&%6gZXZci
]Zbdgg]V\ZVcY]VY\dcZ^cid]nedkdaZb^Xh]dX`#6 hijYnejWa^h]ZYWni]ZEZgjk^VcHdX^Zind[DWhiZig^Xh
]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVal]d]VYWZZcegZhZciVii]ZVjidehn VcY<ncZXdad\nXdcXajYZYi]ViXg^b^cVa^oVi^dc]VYcdi
idaYE=Gi]Vi8Vgda^cV]VYXdbeaZiZanZm"hVc\j^cViZY0 gZYjXZYi]ZegVXi^XZd[VWdgi^dc^cEZgj#&&&
i]ZgZlVhcdWaddYaZ[i^c]Zg^ciZgcVadg\Vch#I]ZgZlVh HdbZXVhZhd[^cXdbeaZiZVWdgi^dchZcYje^c]ZVai]
Zk^YZcXZd[egdhiV\aVcY^ch[djcYYjg^c\i]ZVjidehn# ZhiVWa^h]bZcih# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! WZilZZc ?VcjVgn VcY
8Vgda^cVÉh[Vi]Zg"^c"aVl!;gVcX^hXd!XVaaZYBVcjZa^c BVgX]d['%%,!]dhe^iVaYViV[gdbi]ZGZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVa
IVXcVVcYidaY]^bl]Vi]VY]VeeZcZY# ^ci]ZX^ind[Ejcd^cY^XViZi]Vii]ZgZlZgZ&&.VWdg"
I]Z[Vb^anXdci^cjZhida^kZ^ci]ZhVbZ]djhZ#Cdl i^dch!d[l]^X]i]Z8]^Z[d[DWhiZig^XhVcY<ncZXdad\n!
i]ZX]^aYgZcVgZXVgZY[dgeg^bVg^anWni]Z^g\gVcYeVg" 9g#Aj^h:cg^fjZo!Zhi^bViZYi]ViV]^\]eZgXZciV\ZlZgZ
Zcih#BVcjZaXdci^cjZhidigVkZa[gZfjZcianidIVXcV#6 ^cYjXZYVWdgi^dch!gVi]Zgi]VchedciVcZdjhVWdgi^dch
cZ^\]WdghV^Yd[BVcjZaÆ]ZÉhcdlVcVaXd]da^XVcY^h i.e., b^hXVgg^V\Zh#&&'>ci]ZbjX]hbVaaZg]dhe^iVa^c
kZgncZ\aZXi[ja0]ZÉhXdbeaZiZanVWVcYdcZY]^h`^YhVcY >aVkZ!E=GlVhidaYi]Vii]ZgZ^hViaZVhidcZXVhZd[VWdg"
i]Z^g\gVcYeVgZcih#ÇI]ZX]^aYgZchi^aahaZZe^ci]ZhVbZ i^dceZgYVn#I]Z]dhe^iVah^c6o{c\VgdVcY?ja^VXVY^Ycdi
hbVaagddbl]ZgZ8Vgda^cVY^ZY!i]ZhVbZgddbl]ZgZ egdk^YZcjbWZghdcVWdgi^dch!WjihiV[[ViWdi]ZhiVWa^h]"
i]ZnhVl]ZgY^Z# bZcihVX`cdlaZY\ZYi]ViXdbea^XVi^dch[gdb^cXdbeaZiZ
L]ZcVh`ZYVWdjii]Z^cX^YZci!;gVcX^hXd!i]Z\gVcY" VWdgi^dchlZgZXdbbdcanhZZc^ci]Z]dhe^iVah#
[Vi]Zg!hV^Y^c6nbVgV!Æ>lVhh]dX`ZY0^ilVhVh^[h]Z >ci]ZX^ind[?ja^VXV!E=GdWhZgkZYZci^gZWadX`hÒaaZY
]VYWZZc`^aaZYWnVXVg!^i]VeeZcZYhdhjYYZcan#Bn l^i]hbVaabZY^XVad[ÒXZhi]ViVccdjcXZÆegZ\cVcXn
hdc^hcdlVadcZ!aZ[il^i][djgX]^aYgZcidXVgZ[dg#=^h iZhih#ÇE=GlVh^c[dgbZYi]Vii]ZhZeg^kViZd[ÒXZhd[[Zg
YZegZhh^dcXVjhZh]^bidYg^c`VcYlZ!i]Z\gVcYeVg" VWdgi^dchidldbZcl]dhZegZ\cVcXniZhihVgZedh^"
Zcih!VgZaZ[iVadcZidXVgZ[dgi]Z\gVcYX]^aYgZc#Ç=Z i^kZVcYl]dYdcdilVcii]ZX]^aYgZc#6cVWdgi^dc^c
VahdgZÓZXiZY!ÆLZ]VkZZmeZg^ZcXZYi]Zb^h[dgijcZi]Vi i]ZYZeVgibZciEjcdgZedgiZYanXdhihVeegdm^bViZan
bVcnldbZca^k^c\]ZgZ]VkZZmeZg^ZcXZY#Æ &%%nuevos solesVeegdm^bViZanJH9(%^cXVh]!Wji
egdk^YZghVahdgdji^cZanVXXZei_ZlZagn!gVY^dh!iZaZk^"
7dWboi_i h^dchZihVcYdi]ZgZaZXigdc^Xh#&&(
8Vgda^cVÉh XVhZ ^aajhigViZh i]Vi Vc jclVciZY egZ\" BVcnVWdgi^dcegdk^YZghVgZl]daanjcigV^cZYVcY
cVcXn^hV]^\]"g^h`egZ\cVcXn#6hVWdgi^dc^hVabdhi jchXgjejadjh#E=GaZVgcZYi]Vi^cVYY^i^dciddaYZg
ValVnh^aaZ\Va^cEZgj!8Vgda^cVlVh[dgXZYidXVggndji bZi]dYhd[VWdgi^dc!hdbZd[i]ZhZegdk^YZghd[[Zgi]Z
]ZgeaVc^chZXgZXn#H]ZXdjaYcdiZkZcWg^c\]ZghZa[id dhiZch^WanÆhV[ZÇbVcjVaVhe^gVi^dciZX]c^fjZ#BVcjVa
86H:HIJ9>:H,,
kVXjjbVhe^gVi^dc6B:JWn^ihHeVc^h]VXgdcnbVWdg"
i^dc^hVhjg\^XVaegdXZYjgZ!VcYbVnVahdWZXVaaZYV 6[dXjh\gdjeXdcYjXiZYWnB>C<6EZgj^cAdgZid
bZchigjVaZmigVXi^dc#I]^hVWdgi^dcXVcWZYdcZWZilZZc l^i]]ZVai]egdbdiZgh^c6eg^a!'%%,!^YZci^ÒZYV]^\]
(VcY-lZZ`h[gdbi]ZYViZd[i]ZÒghiYVnd[VldbVcÉh eZgXZciV\Zd[jclVciZYegZ\cVcX^ZhgZhjai^c\^c
eZg^dY!Vai]dj\]hdbZe]nh^X^VchjhZi]ZegdXZYjgZje VWdgi^dchVhWZ^c\Viig^WjiVWaZidhZmjVak^daZcXZVh
idi]Z&'i]lZZ`d[egZ\cVcXn#6c6B:JXVcWZYdcZVi lZaaVhidVaVX`d[VXXZhhidXdcigVXZei^dc#6Wdgi^dc
Ve]nh^X^VcÉhd[ÒXZdg^cV]dhe^iVahZii^c\!h^cXZ^iYdZh gViZh VgZ WZa^ZkZY id WZ eVgi^XjaVgan ]^\] Vbdc\
cdigZfj^gZZaZXig^X^indgXdbeaZmZfj^ebZciVcYXVcWZ VYdaZhXZcih^cAdgZid#
eZg[dgbZYjcYZgadXVaVcZhi]Zi^X#=dlZkZg!E=GaZVgcZY
i]Vii]Zl^YZhegZVYjhZd[6B:JWnjcigV^cZYeZghdch l^i]Vk^ZlidgZbdk^c\ejc^i^kZegdk^h^dch^bedhZYdc
]VhaZYidXVhZhd[eZg[dgViZYjiZgjhZh#&&) ldbZcl]djcYZg\dVWdgi^dc#Ç&&,
9Zhe^iZ VWdgi^dc WZ^c\ ^aaZ\Va! ^i lVh ZVhn id [^cY I]Z[V^ajgZidigZViVWdgi^dcVhi]ZigjZejWa^X]ZVai]
VYkZgi^hZbZcih[dgVWdgi^dchZgk^XZh^ci]ZCorreo de egdWaZbi]Vi^igZegZhZcih^cEZgj^hVahdgZÓZXiZY^c
PunocZlheVeZg!VcYE=GlVh^c[dgbZYi]Vii]ZhZVgZ i]ZH>H!l]^X]YdZhcdiZmea^X^ian^cXajYZedhi"VWdg"
Vahd[gZfjZciangjc^ccVi^dcVaiVWad^Yh!hjX]VhAjá. i^dcXdbea^XVi^dchjcYZgl]VilVhEaVc8#I]ZiZgb
>c[VXi!i]ZgZVeeZVghidWZa^iiaZZc[dgXZbZcid[VWdg" ÆdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhÇjcYZgi]Z[dgbZgEaVc8d[i]Z
i^dcaVlh^cEZgj#DcZ`Zn^c[dgbVciidaYE=Gi]Vi6gi^XaZ H>HgZfj^gZhXaVg^ÒXVi^dcl^i]gZheZXiidi]Z^cXajh^dcd[
(%d[i]Z<ZcZgVa=ZVai]AVl!l]^X]gZfj^gZhYdXidghid igZVibZci[dg^cXdbeaZiZVWdgi^dch#
YZcdjcXZVWdgi^dchidi]Zeda^XZ!egdk^YZhVcdeedgijc^in 9g#:cg^fjZo!i]ZX]^Z[d[DWhiZig^XhVcY<ncZXdad\nVi
[dgYdXidghidZmigVXibdcZn[gdbeddgldbZcWni]gZVi" i]ZGZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVa^cEjcd!hiViZYi]Vi]ZWZa^ZkZYi]Vi
Zc^c\idYZcdjcXZi]Zb^[i]ZnYdcdieVn#&&*6cdi]Zg`Zn i]Zl^YZhegZVYVkV^aVW^a^ind[b^hdegdhidalVhgZhedc"
^c[dgbVciidaYE=Gi]Vii]Zeda^XZVahdjhZi]ZXg^b^" h^WaZ[dgVgZXZci^cXgZVhZ^ci]ZcjbWZgd[VWdgi^dc
cVa^oVi^dcd[VWdgi^dcVhVcdeedgijc^inidZmidgibdcZn XVhZh#&&-Dci]ZcVi^dcVaaZkZa!Zhi^bViZh^cY^XViZi]Vi
[gdbeddgldbZcl]dXVccdiV[[dgYid\dideg^kViZ ^cYjXZYVWdgi^dch]VkZ^cXgZVhZY[gdb(*'!%%%^c'%%%
Xa^c^Xh!]Vc\^c\VgdjcYejWa^X]dhe^iVahlV^i^c\[dgV id(,&!%%%^c'%%+#&&.
a^`ZanXVhZdgWZ^c\i^eeZYd[[Wn]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah 6cdi]Zgedhh^WaZgZVhdc[dgi]ZaVg\ZcjbWZgd[VWdg"
dci]ZhiV[[#&&+LdbZc^cV[dXjh\gdjeE=GXdcYjXiZY i^dch^hi]ZaVX`d[VkV^aVWaZXdcigVXZei^dc!V`ZnXdbed"
^c8VgVWVnaadhiViZYi]Vii]^hdXXjggZYVii]Z=dhe^iVa cZcid[ldbZcÉhg^\]ihidgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]XVgZ#>ci]^h
8daa^fjZ^cA^bV# XVhZ!8Vgda^cV]VYhideeZYjh^c\XdcigVXZei^dcWZXVjhZ
]Zg]jhWVcY[dgWVYZ]Zg#
DcZhZc^dge]nh^X^VchiViZYidE=GÆ6gi^XaZ(%Pd[i]Z >c VYY^i^dc! ]dlZkZg! hijY^Zh ]VkZ YdXjbZciZY V
<ZcZgVa=ZVai]AVlR^hVgZVaegdWaZb#LZYdcÉi[daadl^i YZXgZVhZ^cXdcigVXZei^kZjhZVcYVkV^aVW^a^inh^cXZi]Z
ZmXZei^cXVhZhl]ZgZi]ZldbVcl^aaa^`ZanY^ZWZXVjhZ CVi^dcVa;Vb^anEaVcc^c\Egd\gVblVhgZhigjXijgZYid
i]ZclZ`cdli]ZgZl^aaWZVeda^XZ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc#7ji^i WZXdbZVXdbedcZcid[LdbZcÉh=ZVai]8VgZ^c'%%&#
^hhi^aadci]ZWdd`h#6gi^XaZ(%cZZYhidWZX]Vc\ZY#Ç @Zn^c[dgbVcihYZhXg^WZYidE=G]dl[Vb^aneaVcc^c\
]VYadhieg^dg^in!eZghdccZa!gZhdjgXZhVcYYncVb^hb!
CjbZgdjh`Zn^c[dgbVcihidaYE=Gi]Vi^ilVhZVhn VcYVhVgZhjai!]dli]ZgZ]VYWZZchZg^djhegdWaZbh
iddWiV^cVcVWdgi^dc^cVeg^kViZXa^c^Xdg^cVeg^kViZ ^ci]Zegdk^h^dcd[gZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]hZgk^XZhVcY^c
XdcigVXijVaVggVc\ZbZcil^i]Ve]nh^X^Vc^[VldbVc]Vh eVgi^XjaVg![Vb^aneaVcc^c\hZgk^XZh#&'%9^hig^Wji^dcd[
ZXdcdb^XgZhdjgXZh#I]ZXg^b^cVa^oVi^dcd[VWdgi^dc^c XdcigVXZei^kZ bZi]dYh id ZhiVWa^h]bZcih lVh hadl!
EZgj!^cegVXi^XZ!ejc^h]ZheddgldbZcVcYejihi]Zb ZggVi^XVcYYZaVnZY#E=GdWhZgkZYVh]dgiV\Zd[9Zed"
Vig^h`d[Yn^c\YjZidXdbea^XVi^dch# EgdkZgV^ceVgi^XjaVg!l]^X]^hXdch^hiZcil^i]cVi^dcVa
I]ZgZ^hXjggZcianVk^\dgdjhYZWViZ^cEZgjVWdji YViV^cY^XVi^c\i]Vi^c'%%(!]Va[d[i]Z]ZVai]XVgZZhiVW"
i]ZYZÒc^i^dcVcYegdidXda[dgÆi]ZgVeZji^XVWdgi^dch!Ç a^h]bZcihaVX`ZY^c_ZXiVWaZh#&'&CjbZgdjhgZedgih]VkZ
l]^X]VgZYZÒcZYkZgngZhig^Xi^kZanjcYZgegZhZciaVl#>c WZZc^hhjZYi]ViYZiV^ai]ZegdWaZbh^cVkV^aVW^a^ind[VcY
;ZWgjVgn'%%,!8:96LgZXdbbZcYZYi]ViEZgjÆgZk^Zl VXXZhhid[Vb^aneaVcc^c\#&''
^ih gZhig^Xi^kZ ^ciZgegZiVi^dc d[ i]ZgVeZji^X VWdgi^dc! 8Vgda^cVÉhigV\^Xhidgn^aajhigViZhi]ZaVX`d[V\ZcXn
l]^X]^haZ\Va!ideaVXZ\gZViZgZbe]Vh^hdci]ZegZkZc" i]VildbZc]VkZdkZgi]Z^gdlcWdY^Zh#H]ZYZheZgViZan
i^dcd[iZZcV\ZegZ\cVcX^ZhVcYidXdch^YZggZk^Zl^c\ Y^YcdilVcibdgZX]^aYgZc#=Zg]jhWVcYYgVc`VcYaZ[i
i]ZaVlgZaVi^c\idVWdgi^dc[dgjclVciZYegZ\cVcX^Zh ]ZgidYZVal^i]i]Z]djhZVcY[VgbVcYX]^aYgZc[dg
, - 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
adc\eZg^dYhd[i^bZ#8Vgda^cVlVhXZgiV^cani]Zk^Xi^bd[ bViZandcZ"i]^gYd[EZgjÉhZaZXig^X^in#6ii]ZhVbZi^bZ!
Zbdi^dcVak^daZcXZ!^[cdie]nh^XVak^daZcXZ#=Zg]jhWVcY aZhhi]VcdcZi]^gY(&d[^ihedejaVi^dc]VhVXXZhhid
[dgXZY]Zgidhidejh^c\XdcigVXZei^dcVcY8Vgda^cV]VY ZaZXig^X^in#&(-I]ZedkZgind[i]ZedejaVi^dcVahdXdcigVhih
cdXdcigdadkZgl]ZcVcYl]Zi]Zgh]Z]VYhZmjVagZaV" hiVg`anl^i]i]Zb^cZgValZVai]d[i]ZYZeVgibZci# &(.
i^dch#=ZgaVX`d[VjidcdbndkZg]ZgWdYnaZYY^gZXianid >cVYY^i^dcidgZhZgkZhd[o^cX!aZVY!^gdcVcYXdeeZg!
]ZgjclVciZYegZ\cVcXnVcY!^cY^gZXian!id]ZgYZVi]# =jVcXVkZa^XVgVc`ZYhZkZci]cVi^dcVaanVbdc\gZ\^dch
I]ZgZ^hVYZVgi]d[^chi^iji^dcVahjeedgi[dgldbZc ^cWdi]\daYVcYh^akZgegdYjXi^dc[gdb?VcjVgn'%%*
hjX]Vh8Vgda^cV^cEZgj#:C9:HYViV[gdb'%%)^cY^XViZh id;ZWgjVgn'%%+#&)%CdcZi]ZaZhh!=jVcXVkZa^XVÉhh]VgZ
i]ViVb^cdg^ind[ldbZchj[[Zg^c\[gdbYdbZhi^Xk^daZcXZ d[gZkZcjZh[gdbi]Zb^c^c\hZXidg]VhWZZcadl\^kZc
ZkZghZZ`]Zae[gdbVcndcZ!aZiVadcZ^chi^iji^dch#LdbZc i]ZZmigZbZedkZginV[Ó^Xi^c\i]ZgZ\^dc#I]ZYZeVgi"
l]dVgZjcZYjXViZYVcYeddgVgZZkZcaZhha^`ZanidYd bZcigZXZ^kZY_jhi%#*eZgXZcid[i]Zb^c^c\gdnVai^Zh
hd#&'(Eddg^cY^\ZcdjhldbZc[VXZi]ZhVbZZXdcdb^X! Y^hig^WjiZY^c'%%*#&)&
e]nh^XVa!VcYXjaijgVaWVgg^Zghid^chi^iji^dcVahjeedgi[dg =jVcXVkZa^XV! jca^`Z Ejcd! ^h ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[
YdbZhi^Xk^daZcXZVhi]ZnYdid:bD8VcYiddd[iZci]Z i]Z Xdjcign# >i ^h cdi VXXZhh^WaZ Wn XdbbZgX^Va V^g
ildY^bZch^dchd[ZmXajh^dcldg`^cjc[dgijcViZhncZg\n Ó^\]ih#>c[VXi!cdiVaaXdbbZgX^VaWjha^cZhdeZgViZ^c
idejii]ZbVi^cXgZVhZYg^h`d[bViZgcVaYZVi]# =jVcXVkZa^XV!l]^X]^hbVg`ZYWnigZVX]Zgdjh!l^cY^c\
gdVYh#;gdbA^bV!^i^hVcVeegdm^bViZanhZkZc"]djgWjh
7#=jVcXVkZa^XV g^YZid=jVcXVnd!i]ZXVe^iVad[i]ZcZ^\]Wdg^c\?jc^c!
VcYVcdi]Zg[Zl]djgh^cV[djg"l]ZZaYg^kZkZ]^XaZid
7n bVcn bZVhjgZh! =jVcXVkZa^XV ^h EZgjÉh bdhi
=jVcXVkZa^XV!i]ZZedcnbdjhXVe^iVad[i]ZYZeVgibZci#
^bedkZg^h]ZYYZeVgibZciVcY^i]VhdcZd[i]Z]^\]Zhi
DcZXdchjaiVciidE6GHVajY>l]d]VYldg`ZY^cWdi]
bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^dh^ci]ZXdjcign!l^i](%'YZVi]h
8jhXdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XVcdiZYi]Vi^cXdcigVhiid8jhXd!
eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h^c'%%%#&')I]ZYZeVgibZciÉhedej"
l]^X]]VhVcV^gedgiVcYViigVXi^kZidjg^hiYZhi^cVi^dch!
aVi^dclVhVeegdm^bViZan)+%!%%%^ci]ZnZVg'%%)!&'*l^i]
cd dcZ [gdb i]Z >97 I]Z gZ\^dch lZgZ Y^k^YZY VcY
_jhidkZg,%gZh^Y^c\^cVgZVhXaVhh^ÒZYVhgjgVa#&'+
=jVcXVkZa^XVlVhVhh^\cZYidi]Z>97jcYZgE6GHVajY>
I]^hhiVcYh^chiVg`XdcigVhiidEZgjVhVl]daZ!l]ZgZ
]VYZkZgXdbZid=jVcXVkZa^XVid^cheZXi]dlE6GHVajY
Veegdm^bViZan,%d[i]ZedejaVi^dca^kZh^cjgWVcVgZVh#
>bdc^ZhlZgZheZci/ÆL]ZgZcddcZZkZg\dZhÄi]ViÉh
I]ZVkZgV\Z[Vb^an^c=jVcXVkZa^XV]Vh+#*X]^aYgZcÅ
l]ZgZi]Zigji]^h^ci]^hXdjcign#Ç&)'
Vahd[Vg]^\]Zgi]Vci]ZcVi^dcVaVkZgV\ZÅVcY*+d[
i]ZedejaVi^dc^hjcYZg&.nZVghdaY#6hgZXZcianVh'%%%!
*'d[i]ZgZ\^dcÉhedejaVi^dclVh[ZbVaZ&',VcYh^\c^Ò" 9ZVi]Hig^`ZhIl^XZ/:kVg^hiV
XVcianjcYZgZYjXViZY!l^i]^aa^iZgVXnaZkZahgZVX]^c\)- :kVg^hiVEVfj^nVjg^Dhdg^dlVh((nZVghdaY!l]Zch]Z
Vbdc\ldbZc#&'- Y^ZY Vi ]dbZ dc CdkZbWZg &.! '%%+! d[ edhieVgijb
I]ZhiVi^hi^XhdcedkZgin^ci]^h]^\]an^cY^\Zcdjh ]Zbdgg]V\ZYjZidgZiZci^dcd[i]ZeaVXZciV#
YZeVgibZci VgZ hdWZg^c\# 6XXdgY^c\ id >C:>! -- d[
=jVcXVkZa^XVÉhedejaVi^dca^kZY^cedkZgin^ci]ZnZVg
'%%&#&'.HZkZcin"[djgeZgXZcid[i]ZedejaVi^dca^kZY^c
ZmigZbZedkZgini]VinZVg#&(%6hbVcnVh-.d[]djhZ"
]daYh]VYjcbZiWVh^XcZZYh!&(&XdggZhedcY^c\id.'#'
d[i]ZZci^gZedejaVi^dc^ci]ZnZVg'%%%#&('BVacjig^i^dc
V[[ZXihbdgZi]Vc,%d[i]ZYZeVgibZciÉhedejaVi^dc!&((
VcYgdj\]an,'d[i]ZYZeVgibZciÉheg^bVgnhX]dda"V\Z
X]^aYgZchj[[Zg[gdbX]gdc^XbVacjig^i^dc#&()6cVkZgV\Z
E]did/8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg
d[&%,X]^aYgZceZg&%%%Y^ZWZ[dgZi]Z^gÒghiW^gi]YVn#&(*
I]ZgZ\^dc]VYdcZYdXidg[dgZkZgn&*!%%%^c]VW^iVcih
^ci]ZnZVg'%%%!&(+Vai]dj\]Vcdi]ZghdjgXZgZedgihi]Vi
i]ZgZlZgZ&''YdXidghldg`^c\^ci]ZYZeVgibZciÅi]Vi
^h!gdj\]andcZ^cZkZgn(!-%%^c]VW^iVcihÅ^ci]ZnZVg
'%%*#&(,
=jVcXVkZa^XVÉh deegZhh^kZ edkZgin ^h eVgi^XjaVgan
6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]d#
h]dX`^c\^ca^\]id[i]Z[VXii]Vi^ihjeea^ZhVeegdm^"
86H:HIJ9>:H,.
7b[`WdZheÊiB_\[8[\eh[WdZM_j^;lWh_ijW dWa^\Vi^dcid\didi]Z]ZVai]edhi!ZkZci]dj\]lZcdl
6aZ_VcYgd CdV =j^cX]d ^h V hjWYjZY [dgin"ild nZVg ]VkZi]VidWa^\Vi^dc#Ç&)(
daYbVcl]dXdbeaZiZYeg^bVgnhX]ddaVcYhjeedgih >ci]ZZVgan&..%Éh!cdhdX^Va^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZZm^hiZY
]^bhZa[ i]gdj\] hjWh^hiZcXZ V\g^XjaijgZ# =Z heZV`h ^c EZgj VcY ]ZVai] edhih lZgZ Zfj^eeZY l^i] [ZlZg
hdbZHeVc^h]Wji^hbdgZXdb[dgiVWaZ^cFjZX]jV# gZhdjgXZhi]Vci]ZnVgZidYVn#=^hÒghil^[Z]VYcdgZaV"
6aZ_VcYgdbdkZYidi]Zk^aaV\Zd[8^ZcZ\j^aaV[gdb i^dch]^el^i]i]Z]ZVai]edhi!]VYcdiYZa^kZgZYZ^i]Zg
VcZ^\]Wdg^c\Xdbbjc^inZ^\]iZZcnZVghV\d!h]dgian d[]ZgX]^aYgZci]ZgZ!VcY6aZ_VcYgdVeeVgZcianhVlcd
V[iZg8^ZcZ\j^aaVlVh[djcYZY#=Z]VYbdkZYVadc\l^i] gZVhdcidiV`Z]Zgidi]Z]ZVai]edhil]Zch]Z[Zaa^aa#
]^h[Vb^anVcYi]Vid[]^hdaYZgWgdi]Zg!DY^ac!^c]deZh I]Z]ZVYVX]ZhWZXVbZldghZVcYh]ZY^ZYV[iZgV[Zl
i]Vii]ZnXdjaY\ZiVW^ibdgZaVcYid[Vgb#8^ZcZ\j^aaV YVnh!fj^X`an!VcYi]ZgZlVhcdZk^YZcXZd[WaZZY^c\!
^hhZkZgVa]djghVlVn[gdbi]ZYZeVgibZciXVe^iVaWn [ZkZgdgdi]Zghnbeidbh#I]ZegZX^hZXVjhZd[]^hÒghi
XVg#>i^hVXdbbjc^ind[VWdjii]gZZ]jcYgZYgZh^YZcih! l^[ZÉhYZVi]^hjcXaZVg0VcVjidehnlVhcZkZgeZg[dgbZY
Y^k^YZY^cidY^[[ZgZcihZXidgh!ine^XVad[Xdbbjc^i^Zh^ci]Z VcYh]ZlVhcZkZgZkVajViZYWnV]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVa#
EZgjk^Vc6cYZh#>ilVh[djcYZY'%nZVghV\dVcY^ih^c]VW" =dlZkZg!\^kZc]ZgXdbeaV^cih^i^heaVjh^WaZidhjgb^hZ
^iVcihVgZk^gijVaanVaahjWh^hiZcXZ[VgbZgha^`Z6aZ_VcYgd# i]Vih]ZbVn]VkZWZZchj[[Zg^c\[gdbegZ"ZXaVbeh^V!
8^ZcZ\j^aaVXVcWZgZVX]ZYWnlVa`^c\[dgVeegdm^bViZan l]^X]i]ZcZhXVaViZYidZXaVbeh^V#
ild]djghjeVhiZZe]^aah^YZ[gdbi]Zha^\]ianaVg\Zgidlc L]Zc6aZ_VcYgdÉhÒghil^[ZY^ZY!]ZlVhaZ[iVadcZid
d[8Vg]jVeViV!l]^X]^hVahdi]ZadXVi^dcd[i]ZcZVgZhi gV^hZildhbVaaX]^aYgZc#>c[VXi!VXXdgY^c\id6aZ_VcYgd!
]ZVai]edhi#I]Zk^aaV\Z^ihZa[^hhjggdjcYZYdci]gZZh^YZh ]ZbVgg^ZY:kVg^hiVhdi]Vih]ZXdjaYiV`ZXVgZd[]^h
WnhiZZebdjciV^ch#6ai]dj\]8^ZcZ\j^aaVXVcWZgZVX]ZY X]^aYgZc[gdb]^hÒghibVgg^V\Z#D[iZcVhZXdcYeVgicZg
^cVXVgdgigjX`[gdbi]ZeddganbV^ciV^cZYY^gigdVY![Zl l^aah]jcdgcZ\aZXiX]^aYgZc[gdbVegZk^djhjc^dc!
d[^ihgZh^YZcih]VkZVXXZhhidhjX]bZVchd[igVchedgiV" Vai]dj\]i]^hlVhVeeVgZciancdii]ZXVhZl^i]:kVg^hiV#
i^dc!bV`^c\i]ZadXVi^dcnZibdgZgZbdiZ# 6XXdgY^c\idWdi]6aZ_VcYgdVcY<dY^[gZYd!]^hhdc[gdb
6aZ_VcYgdbZi:kVg^hiVEVfj^nVjg^Dhdg^dZaZkZcnZVgh ]^hÒghibVgg^V\Z!:kVg^hiVValVnhigZViZYi]ZX]^aYgZcVh
V\dl]Zch]ZlVhldg`^c\dcVcZVgWn[Vgb#:kVg^hiV ]Zgdlc!VcYi]ZnXVbZidi]^c`d[]ZgVhi]Z^gbdi]Zg
lVhdg^\^cVaan[gdbVcdi]Zgk^aaV\ZVWdjiVc]djgVlVn VcYXVgZY[dg]ZgV\gZViYZVa#
[gdb8^ZcZ\j^aaV#H]ZlVhVabdhiiZcnZVghndjc\Zgi]Vc 7nVaaVXXdjcih!:kVg^hiVlVhWdi]X]ZZg[jaVcY]VgY"
]ZlVhVcY]VYVegZiin[VXZ!VXXdgY^c\id6aZ_VcYgd# ldg`^c\(trabajadora), l]^X]^hXdch^YZgZYVcZhhZci^Va
6aZ_VcYgdgZXVaaZY:kVg^hiVVhX]ZZg[jaVcYZkZceaVn[ja! igV^i^cVldbVc^c^cY^\ZcdjhXdbbjc^i^Zh^ci]ZgjgVa
l]^X]bjhi]VkZVeeZVaZYid]^b# 6cYZh#&))=Zg[Vb^anYZhXg^WZY]ZgVhV\ddYXdd`!VcY
:kVg^hiVVcY6aZ_VcYgdYViZYZVX]di]ZgWg^ZÓnWZ[dgZ hV^Yi]Vih]ZY^YV\ddY_dWd[iV`^c\XVgZd[i]ZX]^a"
YZX^Y^c\ida^kZid\Zi]Zg#I]ZnY^Ycdi[dgbVaanbVggn! YgZcVcY]Zae^c\l^i]i]Z[Vgb^c\#H]ZY^YZkZgni]^c\
WjiZciZgZY^cidVXdbbdc"aVlbVgg^V\Z(convivencia), VgdjcYi]Z]djhZÅXdd`^c\!XaZVc^c\!aVjcYgn!VcYX]^aY
Vh^hXdbbdc^ci]Zhdji]ZgcH^ZggVd[EZgj#6ii]Zi^bZ XVgZÅVcYldjaYVahdXdbZdjiVcY]Zae6aZ_VcYgdl^i]
d[i]Z^gjc^dc!:kVg^hiVlVhVagZVYnegZ\cVcil^i]i]Z^g i]Z^gchacra[Vgb#
cdliZc"nZVgdaYhdc!BVg^cd#I]ZnhjWhZfjZcian]VY I]ZXdjeaZa^kZYid\Zi]Zgl^i]i]Z^gX]^aYgZc^cVhbVaa
i]gZZdi]ZgX]^aYgZcid\Zi]Zg/7gVja^d(!HVciV:aZcV ]dbZcZVgi]ZXZciZgd[dcZhZXidgd[i]Zk^aaV\Z!l]^aZ
'!VcYi]ZWVWn!BVg^V>hVWZa& bdci]hVii]Zi^bZd[ i]ZÒZaYh[VgbZYWn6aZ_VcYgdlZgZadXViZY[jgi]Zgje
i]Z^ciZgk^Zl#6cdi]ZgX]^aYY^ZY^c^c[VcXn# i]ZbdjciV^c#A^`ZbVcn]djhZh^ci]ZVgZV!i]Z^g]dbZ
:kVg^hiV lVh 6aZ_VcYgdÉh hZXdcY Xdbbdc"aVl Xdch^hihd[V[ZlhbVaaVYdWZWj^aY^c\hhjggdjcY^c\Vc
bVgg^V\Z# =Z ZciZgZY ^cid ]^h [^ghi jc^dc Vi i]Z V\Z deZcXdjginVgY^cl]^X]bVcnYV^anVXi^k^i^ZhVgZXVgg^ZY
d[&-!VcY]VYildX]^aYgZcl^i]]^hÒghil^[Z#7ji^c dji#6ai]dj\]i]Zn]VkZXZgiV^cVbZc^i^ZhhjX]VhZaZX"
i]ZhZkZci]bdci]d[]Zgi]^gYegZ\cVcXn!6aZ_VcYgdÉh ig^X^in! i]Z Wj^aY^c\h Vaa ]VkZ h^beaZ Y^gi [addgh VcY
Òghil^[Z[Zaa^aa#H]ZhjYYZcanhiVgiZYXdbeaV^c^c\d[ i]ViX]ZYgdd[h#I]Zk^aaV\ZX]jgX]VcYhX]ddaVgZWdi]
iZgg^WaZ]ZVYVX]ZhVcYcVjhZV!VcY]ZgZbZbWZghi]Vi l^i]^cV[ZlWadX`hd[i]Z]djhZ#
h]ZbVnVahd]VkZ]VYhdbZY^Vgg]ZV#6aZ_VcYgdbVYZ Jca^`ZbVcn[Vb^a^Zh^ci]ZVgZV!]dlZkZg!6aZ_VcYgd
]ZgY^[[ZgZcimates]ZgWiZVh[dgi]Z]ZVYVX]ZhVcY VcY:kVg^hiV]VYVk^YZdXVhhZiiZeaVnZg#>ci]ZZkZc^c\h!
Wdj\]i]ZgVhe^g^cWjicdi]^c\hZZbZYidVaaZk^ViZ]Zg ]ZVcY:kVg^hiVldjaYX]ZldcXdXVaZVkZhVcYlViX]
eV^c#6XXdgY^c\id6aZ_VcYgd!]ZY^YcdiiV`Z]Zgidi]Z k^YZdhl^i]i]ZX]^aYgZc#:kVg^hiVdcanlViX]ZYk^YZdh^c
]ZVai]edhiWZXVjhZ!ÆVii]Vii^bZ!lZY^YcÉi]VkZVc FjZX]jV!Vhh]ZY^YcdiheZV`dgjcYZghiVcYHeVc^h]#
- % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
]VYhiVgiZY#6aZ_VcYgd\VkZ]ZgdgZ\VcdiZV[dgi]ZeV^c
VcYejilVgbhVakZdc]ZgWVX`VcYlgVeeZYVl^YZWVcY
(faja) VgdjcY]Zg!Vh^hine^XVad[]dbZW^gi]h^ci]Z6cYZh#
I]ZWVcY^hbZVciid`ZZei]ZjiZgjh[gdbbdk^c\je
VcY\^kZhldbZchdbZhZchZd[hZXjg^in#
I]Z^gWVWn!BVg^V>hVWZa!lVhWdgcVWdjiVc]djgaViZg!
_jhiV[iZg(V#b#L]Zci]ZeaVXZciVY^YcdiXdbZdji!
6aZ_VcYgd`cZlhdbZi]^c\lVhlgdc\#=dlZkZg!]ZY^Y
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
cdi^bbZY^ViZan\didhZZ`]ZaeVii]Z]ZVai][VX^a^in#
>chiZVY!]ZlZciid\Zi]^hWgdi]Zg!DY^ac!l]da^kZY
cZVgWn#HZZ^c\i]Zh^ijVi^dc!DY^acidaY]^hWgdi]Zgi]Vi
i]Znh]djaY^bbZY^ViZancdi^[ni]Z]ZVai]edhi#I]ZgZ
lVhcde]dcZdggVY^d^ci]ZXdbbjc^in!hdViVeegdm^"
bViZan(/(%V#b#!6aZ_VcYgdY^heViX]ZY]^hhdc[gdb]^h
6a^X^V:anNVb^cVcYi]Z[Vb^and[6aZ_VcYgdVcY:kVg^hiV Òghijc^dc!<dY^[gZYd!idi]Z]ZVai]edhiidcdi^[ni]Zb
djih^YZi]Z^g]dbZ#
d[i]ZZbZg\ZcXn#
6ahd!h]ZY^Ycdia^`Zi]Z[VXii]VihdbVcnd[i]ZHeVc^h]" >i]VYgV^cZYbdhid[i]Zc^\]iVcY<dY^[gZYdlVa`ZY
aVc\jV\Zk^YZdhlZgZÒaaZYl^i]k^daZcXZ#H]ZegZ[ZggZY Vaai]ZlVnYdlci]ZhiZZe!gdX`nbdjciV^ch^YZidi]Z
i]Zk^YZdh^cFjZX]jV!l]^X]]VYh^c\^c\VcYYVcX^c\! ]ZVai]edhi^c8Vg]jVeViVWZXVjhZi]ZgZlVhcddi]Zg
VcYldjaYlViX]i]dhZdkZgVcYdkZgV\V^c^ci]Zi^cn bZVchd[igVchedgiVi^dcVkV^aVWaZ#>iidd`]^bVeegdm^"
WZYgddbi]Znh]VgZYl^i]i]ZX]^aYgZc# bViZanc^cZinb^cjiZhidgZVX]i]Z]ZVai]edhi#=ZbdkZY
:kVg^hiVÈh[djgX]^aYgZclZgZVaaWdgcVi]dbZl^i]dji Vhfj^X`anVh]ZXdjaY!Wjii]Z_djgcZnlVheVgi^XjaVgan
VcnegdWaZbh!Vai]dj\]dcZaViZgY^ZY#6XXdgY^c\id Y^[ÒXjaiWZXVjhZ^ilVhhi^aaYVg`djih^YZVcY]ZY^Y
6aZ_VcYgd!:kVg^hiVlZci[dgegZcViVaX]ZX`jehYjg^c\ cdi]VkZZkZcVÓVh]a^\]iidVhh^hi]^b#>cVYY^i^dc!i]Z
Vaad[]ZgegZ\cVcX^Zh#&)*H]ZlVh^chjgZYi]gdj\]EaVc bjYYnXdcY^i^dch[gdbi]ZgV^cbjhi]VkZbVYZi]Z
8d[i]ZH>H!i]ZhdX^Va^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZVcY!VXXdgY^c\ _djgcZneVgi^XjaVganX]VaaZc\^c\#&),
idi]ZbZY^XVagZXdgYh!h]Z]VYi]gZZegZcViVak^h^ih^c I]Z8Vg]jVeViV]ZVai]edhi^hXaVhh^ÒZYVhVc;DE#>i
]ZgÒ[i]VcYaVhiegZ\cVcXn#&)+H]ZViiZcYZYi]ZegZcViVa ^hZfj^eeZYidegdk^YZgdji^cZegZcViVaXVgZVcYViiZcY
X]ZX`"jehVadcZ06aZ_VcYgdY^YcdiVXXdbeVcn]Zgidi]Z idjcXdbea^XViZYkV\^cVaYZa^kZg^Zhi]ViVgZVagZVYn^c
]ZVai]edhi^c8Vg]jVeViV# egdXZhh#=dlZkZg!i]ZXdaaZXi^kZVW^a^i^ZhVcYgZhdjgXZhVi
:kVg^hiVeaVccZYid\^kZW^gi]Vi]dbZ!YZhe^iZgZedgiZY i]ZedhiVgZa^b^iZYl^i]gZ\VgYidgZhedcY^c\iddWhiZig^X
VYbdc^h]bZcih[gdbi]ZhiV[[Vii]Z8Vg]jVeViV]ZVai] ZbZg\ZcX^ZhhjX]Vhi]ViZmeZg^ZcXZYWn:kVg^hiV#
edhiideaVcidYZa^kZgViV]ZVai][VX^a^in#:kVg^hiV]VYcd L]Zc<dY^[gZYdVgg^kZYVi8Vg]jVeViVViVeegdm^"
h^\cZYW^gi]eaVc!l]^X]ldjaY]VkZ^cY^XViZYi]Vih]Z bViZan*V#b#!i]Zc^\]i\jVgYXVaaZYid>hVWZa!i]ZcjghZÉh
VcYi]ZeZghdccZaVi8Vg]jVeViV!l]ZgZh]ZgZXZ^kZY V^YZ!l]dlVhdcXVaaVcYXVbZl^i]^cV[Zlb^cjiZh#
]ZgegZcViVaXVgZ!]VYV\gZZYjedci]ZiZgbhd[l]ZgZ =ZidaY]Zgl]Vi]VY]VeeZcZYVcYi]Vi]ZlVhldgg^ZY
h]ZlVh\d^c\id\^kZW^gi]# :kV^g^hiVldjaYY^Z#9Zhe^iZi]ZZbZg\ZcXnVcYi]Z[VXi
i]Vii]ZYdXidgVcYb^Yl^[Za^kZcZmiYddgidi]Z]ZVai]
;lWh_ijW=_l[i8_hj^"XkjW9h_i_iGk_Yabo edhi!cZ^i]Zgd[i]ZblZgZVlV`ZcZYidVhh^hil^i]i]Z
;c[h][i ZbZg\ZcXn#>chiZVY!>hVWZaaZ[il^i]<dY^[gZYdidignid
Dci]Zc^\]i:kVg^hiV\VkZW^gi]!h]Z]VYheZcii]ZYVn ÒcYVkZ]^XaZidgZijgcidi]Z]dbZ#
l^i]6aZ_VcYgd^cA^gXVn#6aZ_VcYgd]VY\dcZidkdiZ^ci]Z L]^aZ<dY^[gZYdlVh\d^c\idi]Z]ZVai]edhi!6aZ_VcYgd
bjc^X^eVaZaZXi^dch!VcYi]Zn]VYZViZcajcX]dji^cV lZciidÒcYi]ZXdbbjc^inÉhigVY^i^dcVaW^gi]ViiZc"
gZhiVjgVci#6[iZglVa`^c\i]ZXdch^YZgVWaZY^hiVcXZWVX` YVci$Xdbbjc^in]ZVai]egdbdiZg!BVjg^X^V#BZVcl]^aZ!
]dbZVcY[ZZY^c\i]ZVc^bVah!i]ZngZi^gZYidWZY#6ii]Vi DY^ac!l]d]VYXdbZidi]Z]djhZl^i]]^hl^[Z!6aW^cV!
i^bZ!ZkZgni]^c\hZZbZYcdgbVaVcYXVabid6aZ_VcYgd0 hiVnZYl^i]:kVg^hiV!VcYDY^ac]ZaY]Zg^c]^hVgbh#
:kVg^hiVlVhh^beanX]Zl^c\XdXVaZVkZhVhh]Zine^XVaan :kVg^hiVÉhXdcY^i^dcXdci^cjZYidldghZc0h]ZlVhadh^c\
Y^Y^ci]ZV[iZgcddcVcYZkZc^c\# WaddYVcYi]ZeaVXZciVhi^aaY^YcdiXdbZdji#&)-<gdl^c\
>ci]Zb^YYaZd[i]Zc^\]i!ViVeegdm^bViZan'V#b#! YZheZgViZ!6aW^cVgVcdjid[i]Z]djhZVcYXVaaZYdjiid
:kVg^hiVVld`Z^cV\gZViYZVad[eV^c0i]ZXdcigVXi^dch 6aZ_VcYgdidXdbZWVX`WZXVjhZh]ZVcYDY^aclZgZ
86H:HIJ9>:H-&
WdVgY^cA^gXVnl]^aZ]^hl^[ZlVhWZ^c\Vjideh^ZY#CdcZ
d[i]dhZZmeZchZhlZgZXdkZgZYWni]ZH>H#
I]Z XVjhZ d[ YZVi] lVh gZXdgYZY Vh ]Zbdgg]V\Z
YjZidgZiZci^dcd[i]ZeaVXZciV#:kVg^hiVÉhWdYnlVh
i]ZcgZijgcZY]dbZidWZWjg^ZY^ci]ZXgdlYZYk^aaV\Z
XZbZiZgn^ci]ZbdjciV^chVWdkZi]Z^g]dbZ#6aZ_VcYgd
dlchdcandcZe]didd[]^hl^[Z[gdbi]Z^glZYY^c\YVn!
bdjciZYdcXVgYWdVgY!l]^X]]Z`ZZeh^ch^YZi]Z^ghbVaa
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
WZYgddb!VWZYgddb]Zcdlh]VgZhl^i]i]ZX]^aYgZc#
?jhi V a^iiaZ bdgZ i]Vc V bdci] V[iZg ]Zg YZVi]!
6aZ_VcYgd gZbZbWZgZY :kVg^hiV Vh V \ddY l^[Z VcY
b^hhZY]Zg\gZVian#=ZY^Ycdi`cdl]dl]ZldjaYbVcV\Z
l^i]i]Z[djgX]^aYgZc]Zcdl]VhidgV^hZ#6h`ZY]dl]Z
jcYZghiddYdgbVYZhZchZd[]Vk^c\adhicdidcZ!Wjiild
K^Zl[gdb8^ZcZ\j^aaVidlVgYhidlcl]ZgZi]Z8Vg]jVeViV l^kZhÅVcY^cVaaa^`Za^]ddYWdi]idegZ\cVcXn"gZaViZY
]ZVai]edhi^hadXViZY#
Xdbea^XVi^dchÅ6aZ_VcYgdWdlZY]^h]ZVYVcYeVjhZY
V[gV^Y:kVg^hiVlVhVWdjiidY^Z#6aZ_VcYgd]jgg^ZYWVX` WZ[dgZgZean^c\i]ViÆ9Zhi^cnÅ<dYÅYZiZgb^cZhl]Zc
idi]Z]djhZVcYi]ZigVY^i^dcVaW^gi]ViiZcYVci$Xdbbj" VldbVcY^Zh!l]ZcVcndcZY^Zh#Ç7ji]ZVYYZYi]Vi]Z
c^in]ZVai]egdbdiZg!BVjg^X^V!Vgg^kZYVeegdm^bViZan)% lVhÒaaZYl^i]gZbdghZ[dgcdi]Vk^c\YdcZZkZgni]^c\
b^cjiZhaViZgWjilVhjcVWaZidYdVcni]^c\[dg:kVg^hiV# edhh^WaZidhVkZ:kVg^hiVVcY`ZeiVh`^c\]^bhZa[l]Vi
BVjg^X^VidaYE=G!ÆH]ZlVhVagZVYn\dcZWni]Zc#Ç bdgZ]ZXdjaY]VkZdgh]djaY]VkZYdcZ#Ç&*&I]ZhiV[[Vi
>hVWZa!i]ZcjghZÉhV^YZ[gdbi]Z]ZVai]edhi!Vgg^kZYVi i]Z]ZVai]edhi]VYbVYZ]^b[ZZai]Vi]ZgYZVi]lVh
i]Z^g]dbZ^c8^ZcZ\j^aaVV[Zlb^cjiZhV[iZgBVjg^X^V!Vi Zci^gZan]^h[Vjai#
VgdjcY+V#b#6ai]dj\]^ih]djaYdcan]VkZiV`Zc>hVWZa 7ZXVjhZBVg^V>hVWZalVhcdiWdgcVii]Z]ZVai]edhi!
(%")%b^cjiZhidVgg^kZ!]Zgig^elVhYZaVnZYWZXVjhZ 6aZ_VcYgd]VYY^[ÒXjaindWiV^c^c\VW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZ[dgi]Z
i]Z]ZVai]edhi^hcdiZfj^eeZYl^i]VcVbWjaVcXZdg ^c[Vci#6aZ_VcYgdlVhidaYgZeZViZYanVii]Z8Vg]jVeViV
Vcn[dgbd[igVchedgiVi^dc#>hVWZaVcY<dY^[gZYd]VYid ]ZVai]edhii]VidWiV^c^c\VW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZldjaYXdhi
lV`ZjeVbVcl]da^kZh^c8Vg]jVeViV!l]dYg^kZhV *%nuevos solesVeegdm^bViZanJH9&+!WZXVjhZ^i]VY
iVm^VcY^hd[iZcl^aa^c\idjhZ]^hXVgidYg^kZ[dg]ZVai] WZZcV]dbZW^gi]!Vai]dj\]i]^h^hXdcigVgnidEZgjk^Vc
ZbZg\ZcX^Zh#>ci]^hXVhZ!]ZV\gZZYidiV`Z>hVWZaVcY aVl#L^i]djiVW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZ!BVg^V>hVWZaXVccdiWZ
<dY^[gZYdVcYi]Zn]ZVYZYWVX`jei]ZbdjciV^cidi]Z gZ\^hiZgZY^ci]ZH>H!VcYXVccdi\ZiVXXZhhidkVXX^cV"
]djhZ#=dlZkZg!VWdji]Va[lVni]ZgZ!i]ZXVgejcXijgZYV i^dchdg\dkZgcbZciWZcZÒiegd\gVbh#6hVcVYjai!h]Z
i^gZ#I]Z^gVgg^kVa^c8^ZcZ\j^aaVlVhYZaVnZY[dgVeegdm^" ldjaYcdiWZVWaZiddWiV^cVcVi^dcVa^YZci^inYdXjbZci!
bViZanilZcinb^cjiZhbdgZVhi]ZnhideeZYidgZeV^g dg9C>!VcYi]ZgZ[dgZXdjaYcdikdiZ#
i]ZejcXijgZYi^gZ# I]Z]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahVii]Z8Vg]jVeViV]ZVai]edhi
6[iZg Vgg^k^c\ Vi :kVg^hiVÉh VcY 6aZ_VcYgdÉh ]dbZ! VhhZgiZYidE=Gi]Vii]ZegZk^djhXdbbjc^inaZVYZgh
>hVWZaViiZbeiZYid^chZgiVc>KijWZ^cid:kVg^hiVÉhkZ^ch! l]d]VYhjWhZfjZcianX]Vc\ZYlZgZ^cV\gZZbZcii]Vi
Wjii]Zn]VYVagZVYn]VgYZcZY#&).H]ZidaYi]Z[Vb^ani]Vi 6aZ_VcYgd]VYidWZejc^h]ZY[dg]^hWZ]Vk^dg#I]Z]ZVai]
:kVg^hiV]VYVagZVYnY^ZY#6XXdgY^c\id6aZ_VcYgd!>hVWZa edhihiV[[VaaZ\ZYi]Vi]Z]VYaZi]^hÒghil^[ZY^ZVcYcdl
hXdaYZY]^b!hVn^c\i]Vi]^hl^[Z]VYY^ZYWZXVjhZ]Z]VY ]Z]VYaZi]^hhZXdcYl^[ZY^Z!WZXVjhZ]Z[V^aZYidcdi^[n
lV^iZYiddadc\idiV`Z]Zgidi]Z]ZVai]edhi#&*% i]Z]ZVai]edhiVhhddcVhh]ZlZci^cidaVWdg#I]Z^bedh^"
i^dcd[VÒcZ[dgi]ZW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZ!i]ZnZmeaV^cZY!lVh
7b[`WdZheÊiB_\[M_j^ekj;lWh_ijW VbZVchd[ÆiZVX]^c\]^bVaZhhdc#ÇI]gZZd[i]ZcZlan"
:kVg^hiVÉhWdYnlVhiV`ZcidA^gXVn[dgildYVnh[dgi]Z ZaZXiZYk^aaV\ZaZVYZgh(autoridades) Y^YcdihZZbidWZ^c
Vjidehn id WZ eZg[dgbZY Vi i]Z ]ZVai] XZciZg i]ZgZ# V\gZZbZcil^i]i]^heda^Xn#I]ZhZXdbbjc^inVji]dg^i^Zh
6ai]dj\]VcVjidehn^hgZfj^gZYWnEZgjk^VcaVll]Zc idaYE=Gi]Vii]Z^bedh^i^dcd[[ZZhiddWiV^cW^gi]XZgi^Ò"
VeZghdcY^ZhVi]dbZgVi]Zgi]VcViV]ZVai][VX^a^in!^i XViZhlVhVl^YZhegZVYegVXi^XZVii]Z]ZVai]edhiVcY
^hjcjhjVai]Vi^i]VYidWZXVgg^ZYdji^cA^gXVn!gVi]Zg lVhZhhZci^VaanVÒcZ[dgYZa^kZg^c\Vi]dbZ#
i]VcVii]ZXadhZg]ZVai]edhi^c8Vg]jVeViV#6hVgZhjai! 6aZ_VcYgdgZXZ^kZYVW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZl]Zc^ckZhi^"
6aZ_VcYgd]VYideVn[dg]^higVchedgiVi^dcVcYgddbVcY \Vidgh[gdbi]ZE=GiZVbVg\jZYdc]^hWZ]Va[Vii]Z
6aZ_VcYgdVcY:kVg^hiVcZkZgeaVccZYid\^kZW^gi]Vii]Z
]ZVai]edhidgVii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^cA^gXVnWZXVjhZ
i]ZnlZgZV[gV^Yi]Vi:kVg^hiVldjaYcZZYVX"hZXi^dc
VcYgZfj^gZVcZmeZch^kZigVch[Zgid=jVcXVkZa^XV!i]Z
XVe^iVad[i]ZYZeVgibZci#6aZ_VcYgdZmeaV^cZY!Æ:kVg^hiV
]VYValVnh\^kZcW^gi]cdgbVaanVi]dbZ!l^i]djiegdW"
IdbVhV=j^cX]dl^i]BVgV>hVWZa# aZbh#7ZXVjhZd[i]^h!lZ]VYXdcÒYZcXZi]Vii]^hW^gi]
86H:HIJ9>:H-(
ldjaYVahdWZcdgbVa#½H]ZY^YcÉia^`Zid\didi]Z]ZVai]
edhi!VcY>lVhV[gV^Yi]Vii]ZnldjaYXji]Zg!deZgViZ! 7^ZckZc^YVHVajY
dgigVch[Zg]Zgid=jVcXVkZa^XV#7ZXVjhZd[i]^h[ZVg!lZ ÆLZaXdbZ=ZVai]Ç
Y^Ycdi\didi]Z]ZVai]edhi#Ç6aZ_VcYgdldjaY]VkZ]VY GVY^d ^h Vc ^ckVajVWaZ hdX^Va Xdbbjc^XVi^dch
ideVn[dgVcnigVchedgiVi^dcdi]Zgi]VcVcVbWjaVcXZ! iddai]gdj\]djiVXdjcignhjX]VhEZgj!l^i]hjX]
l]^X]lVhcdigZVY^anVkV^aVWaZ# Y^heZghZY edejaVi^dch# >c XdccZXi^dc l^i] E=GÉh
;jgi]Zg!E=GXdcÒgbZYegZk^djhhijY^Zhi]Vi]VkZ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc! B>C<6 EZgj ^h aVjcX]^c\ V gVY^d
[djcYi]VibVcnXVbeZh^cdhVhhdX^ViZYZa^kZg^c\ViV cdi^XZdc^ihegd\gVb!Æ7^ZckZc^YVHVajY!Çhda^X^i^c\
]ZVai][VX^a^inl^i]]Vk^c\VX"hZXi^dcVcYYdcdihZZb XVaaZghidh]VgZi]Z^geZghdcVaZmeZg^ZcXZhgZaViZY
idWZVlVgZd[i]Z^cY^XVi^dch[dgV8ZhVgZVchZXi^dc#&** idi]Zi]ZbZd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in#I]ZgZhjaihd[i]Z
I]Z[ZVgd[8ZhVgZVchZXi^dch^hegZkVaZci#I]ZgZ^hVc ^ckZhi^\Vi^dcVgZVahdWZ^c\egZhZciZYi]gdj\]VgVY^d
ZcdgbdjhgZajXiVcXZ[dgVldbVcidWZÆXjiÇVcYVWZa^Z[ hZg^VahZ\bZciZY^cid'*Ze^hdYZh!l]^X]l^aaWZV^gZY
i]ViV[iZgV8ZhVgZVch]Zl^aaWZÆjhZaZhhÇdgcdiVWaZ i]gZZi^bZheZglZZ`idVcVjY^ZcXZd[Veegdm^bViZan
idldg`#8VbeZh^cVldbZcVgZkVajZY[dg]dl]VgY" +*!%%%a^hiZcZgh^ci]Z6bVodcgZ\^dchd[AdgZid!HVc
ldg`^c\i]ZnVgZÅVfjVa^ini]Vi6aZ_VcYgdbZci^dcZY BVgic!=jVcjXdVcYEjXVaaeV#
hZkZgVai^bZhidE=GVWdji:kVg^hiV#I]^h^hjcYZghiVcY"
VWaZ!Vha^[Z^hZmigZbZan]VgY^ci]ZbdjciV^cdjhVcY
lZZ`#&*.C<Dh]VkZ[djcYi]VihdX^VaXdbbjc^XVi^dc^h
^c]dhe^iVWaZiZggV^c!VcYXdjeaZhcZZYid]VkZWdi]eVgi"
bdgZZ[[ZXi^kZl]ZcWVhZYdcVcYYZg^kZY[gdbi]ZgZVa^"
cZghldg`^c\kZgn]VgY_jhiidhjgk^kZ#&*+
i^Zhd[a^hiZcZgh!i]gdj\]gVY^dhdVedeZgVh[dgZmVbeaZ!
KZgna^iiaZ!^[Vcn!Z[[dgihZZbhid]VkZWZZcbVYZid
gVi]Zgi]VcegZhXg^ei^kZVccdjcXZbZcih#
Wg^Y\Zi]ZhZXjaijgVaY^hiVcXZhl^i]i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb
I]^hXVhZed^cihidbdgZi]VcVaVX`d[^c[dgbVi^dc
VcY id VaaVn i]ZhZ [ZVghÅ^c i]^h XVhZ! id ZmeaV^c id
l^i]gZheZXiiddWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhVcYi]Z^gigZVi"
:kVg^hiVVcY6aZ_VcYgdi]ZcVggdlX^gXjbhiVcXZhjcYZg
bZci#I]ZgZVeeZVghidWZVcdkZgVgX]^c\eddggZaV"
l]^X]V8ZhVgZVchZXi^dcldjaYWZcZXZhhVgn!l]Vii]Z
i^dch]^eWZilZZci]Zldg`ZghVii]Z]ZVai]edhiVcYi]Z
hjg\ZgnZciV^ah!VcYl]VigZXdkZgnldjaYWZa^`Z[dg
hjggdjcY^c\Xdbbjc^i^Zhi]Z]ZVai]edhi^h^ciZcYZYid
:kVg^hiV^ci]ZZkZcii]VihjX]Vhjg\ZgnlZgZgZfj^gZY#
hZgkZ#6aZ_VcYgded^ciZYdjii]Vi]^hcZ^\]WdghVahdVkd^Y
8dchZfjZcian!i]ZgZaVi^dch]^el^i]i]Z]ZVai]edhiÅ
i]Z]ZVai]edhi#;gdbi]ZeZgheZXi^kZd[i]Zldg`ZghVi
VcYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^c\ZcZgVaÅlVhdcZd[ZmigZbZ
i]Z]ZVai]edhi!9g#Ndh]^gVOVbdgVHVaVhVg\jZYi]Vii]Zn
Zbdi^dcVaY^hiVcXZVcYY^higjhi!l]^X]XZgiV^canbVn
aVX`hjeedgi[gdbi]ZXdbbjc^inZaYZgh!VcY!VhVaad[
]VkZ^cÓjZcXZY6aZ_VcYgdÉhYZX^h^dchYjg^c\:kVg^hiVÉh
i]ZhiV[[Vii]Z]ZVai]edhiVgZldbZc!i]Znhigj\\aZl^i]
aVWdgVcYVhi]ZXg^h^hjc[daYZY#
bVX]^hbd^ci]ZXdbbjc^i^Zh#&+%I]ZXdbbjc^inZaYZgh
BdgZWgdVYan!i]^hXVhZed^cihidi]ZcZZY[dgVXXZh"
^ciZgk^ZlZYWnE=GY^YcdiZkZclVciidVXXdbeVcni]Z
h^WaZ^c[dgbVi^dcVWdjibViZgcVa]ZVai]VcYdWhiZig^X
iZVbWVX`Ydlcidi]Z]ZVai]edhiidaZVgcbdgZ#
ZbZg\ZcX^Zhi]gdj\]iVg\ZiZYgVY^dhedih!gVY^dhdVe
I]^hXVhZ^hine^XVad[bVcnVXgdhhEZgj!l]ZgZi]ZgZ
deZgVhVcYdi]ZgbZVchd[bVhhbZY^VY^hhZb^cVi^dc#&*,
^hV[V^ajgZd[Xdbbjc^XVi^dcVcYjcYZghiVcY^c\WZilZZc
>ceVgi^XjaVg!^ildjaYWZjhZ[jaid]VkZegd\gVbhgZaVi^c\
i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbVcYi]ZXdbbjc^in#&+&>i^aajhigViZh]dl
idi]Zh^\chd[dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh!VcYi]Z^bedgiVcXZ
XjaijgVaVcYZbdi^dcVaY^hiVcXZhZm^hiWZilZZc]ZVai]
d[hZZ`^c\Vhh^hiVcXZ!^[ViVaaedhh^WaZ!l]ZcVldbVcÉh
hnhiZbjhZghVcY]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcih!l]^X]XVcXgZViZ
aVWdgeV^chWZ\^c#7ZXVjhZedhi"eVgijb]Zbdgg]V\ZXVc
h^\c^ÒXVciWVgg^ZghidVXXZhh!VWdkZVcYWZndcYÒcVcX^Va
YZkZadejcegZY^XiVWanVcYgZhjai^cYZVi]kZgnfj^X`an
dcZh#E=G[djcYi]Vi^ci]^hXVhZ!Vh^cdi]Zgh!]ZVai]
d[iZcl^i]^cV[Zl]djghdcXZi]Z]Zbdgg]V\ZWZ\^ch!
egd[Zhh^dcVahlZgZfj^X`idVhXg^WZgZajXiVcXZid\^kZW^gi]
^iXVcWZiddaViZ^[i]ZgZVgZcdbZVchd[Xdbbjc^XVi^dc
^c]ZVai][VX^a^i^ZhidÆXjaijgVaWZa^Z[hÇVcYÆ^Y^dhncXgV"
VcY^[igVchedgiVi^dc^hcdigZVY^anVkV^aVWaZ#
h^Zh!Çl]^aZVii]ZhVbZi^bZbV`^c\cdhnhiZbVi^XZ[[dgih
6hbdhieZdeaZ^cgjgVaEZgjYdcdigZVYcZlheVeZgh
idZc\V\Z^cY^Vad\jZl^i]Xdbbjc^i^ZhVWdjil]Vii]Z^g
dglViX]iZaZk^h^dc!gVY^d^hi]ZbdhiZ[[ZXi^kZbZVch
egZ[ZgZcXZh[dgX]^aYW^gi]VgZ!dg]dli]Z]ZVai]ZhiVW"
d[Xdbbjc^XVi^c\hjX]bZhhV\Zh#&*-6XXdgY^c\idYViV
a^h]bZcihb^\]iXdbegdb^hZdci]ZlVn^cl]^X]XVgZ^h
[gdbi]Z:C9:H^c'%%)!+(#)d[i]ZgjgVaedejaVi^dc
YZa^kZgZYidbZZii]ZXdbbjc^in]Va[lVn#
a^hiZchidi]ZgVY^dViaZVhidcXZVlZZ`!^cXdbeVg^hdc
I]ZhiV[[Vii]Z8Vg]jVeViV]ZVai]edhiYZhXg^WZYi]Z
l^i]dcan&%#(i]VigZVYhVcZlheVeZgdgbV\Vo^cZ
aVX`d[Y^Vad\jZVcYXdbbjc^XVi^dcl^i]Xdbbjc^in
dcXZVlZZ`VcY'-#(i]VilViX]ZhiZaZk^h^dcdcXZV
bZbWZghVcYVji]dg^i^ZhVhV`ZndWhiVXaZidigZVi^c\
- ) 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhVcYegZkZci^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in# YdcZVcni]^c\bdgZi]Vch]ZY^Y#&+(I]^h^hine^XVad[l]Vi
CdiVWan!i]^haVX`d[Y^Vad\jZlVhegZhZciVcYcdiZYWn ]VeeZch^cXVhZhd[bViZgcVaYZVi]!l]ZgZhdbZdcZiZcYh
i]ZXdbbjc^inbZbWZghVhlZaaZkZci]dj\]i]ZYdXidg idWZhXVeZ"\dViZY#E=G[djcYi]Vi^c=jVcXVkZa^XVVcY
VcYdi]ZghiV[[bZbWZghVii]Z8Vg]jVeViV]ZVai]edhi ZahZl]ZgZ!]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahl]dldg`VieZg^e]Zgn
hed`ZFjZX]jV#I]^h^cY^XViZhi]Vih]Vg^c\i]ZaVc\jV\Z ZhiVWa^h]bZcihdcXdcigVXihi]Viegdk^YZ[dgiZgb^cV"
^hVcZXZhhVgnWjicdihj[ÒX^ZciXdcY^i^dcidZhiVWa^h]^c\ i^dcVil^aaVgZgdji^cZanhjW_ZXiidhjbbVgnY^hb^hhVa
\ddYXdbbjc^XVi^dc!VcYi]ViXdbbjc^XVi^dc^ckdakZh l]Zci]ZnVgZVhhdX^ViZYl^i]VbViZgcVaYZVi]#I]^h
bdgZi]Vci]ZigVchb^hh^dcd[^c[dgbVi^dc!WjigVi]Zg lVhi]ZXVhZl^i]>hVWZa#I]ZhZl^YZhegZVYegVXi^XZh
VgZaVi^dch]^e# VgZcdigZaViZYidigjZVXXdjciVW^a^inVcYiZcYidXgZViZ
HjX]VgZaVi^dch]^elVhhiVg`anVWhZci^ci]ZXVhZ eZgkZghZ^cXZci^kZh[dgeZdeaZldg`^c\Vi]ZVai]ZhiVW"
d[ 8Vg]jVeViV VcY ^h d[iZc aVX`^c\ ^c gjgVa VgZVh d[ a^h]bZcihidVkd^Y]VcYa^c\XVhZhd[ZbZg\ZcXn[dg[ZVg
EZgj#6hVgZhjai!YZhXg^ei^dchd[ZYjXVi^dcVcYigV^c^c\ d[WZ^c\ÒgZY#
gZaVi^c\idbViZgcVa]ZVai]i]VilZgZegdk^YZYidE=G 6cdi]Zg[VXidgd[cdiZ^ci]^hXVhZ^hcdihdbjX]i]Vi
Wn]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah^c8Vg]jVeViVVcYZahZl]ZgZ :kVg^hiVÉh]jhWVcYYZaVnZY]^hYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZ[gdb
^c=jVcXVkZa^XV!aVg\Zan^ckdakZY]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah i]Z]ZVai]edhi!Wjii]ViVaai]ZcZXZhhVgnYZX^h^dchlZgZ
ÆiVa`^c\ViÇXdbbjc^inbZbWZghdg^cY^k^YjVaXdjeaZh! bVYZWnbVaZbZbWZghd[]^h[Vb^an#:kVg^hiVÉh[Vb^an
gVi]Zgi]VcZc\V\^c\^c]dg^odciVaY^Vad\jZl^i]Xdbbj" lVhZci^gZanVWhZciVhh]Z]VYbdkZY[gdb]ZgXdbbj"
c^inbZbWZghidjcYZghiVcYi]Z^gVeegZ]Zch^dch!cZZYh c^inid8^ZcZ\j^aaVida^kZl^i]6aZ_VcYgd#
VcYeZgXZei^dch# 6eeVgZcianWZa^Zk^c\^ildjaYWZVcdgbVaYZa^kZgn!
E=GYdXjbZciZYVejc^i^kZVii^ijYZidlVgYeVi^Zcih l]Zc:kVg^hiVÉhaVWdgeV^chhiVgiZY!6aZ_VcYgdY^Ycdi
l^i]^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^ihZa[#>ci]^hXVhZ![dg^chiVcXZ! hZZ`bZY^XVaXVgZ[dg]^hl^[Z#CdgY^Y]Z^bbZY^ViZan
>hVWZaidaY6aZ_VcYgdi]Vi^ilVhÆVaa]^h[VjaiÇi]Vi:kVg^hiV hZZ`XVgZl]Zci]ZeaVXZciVY^YcdiXdbZdji#>chiZVY!
]VYY^ZY#I]ZhiV[[Vii]Z]ZVai]edhi[Zaii]Vi]ZcZZYZYid ^iidd`i]Zjg\^c\d[]^hWgdi]Zgidegdk^YZi]Z^beZijhid
WZejc^h]ZY[dg[V^a^c\idcdi^[ni]Z]ZVai][VX^a^in^bbZ" hZZ`XVgZV[iZglV^i^c\ViaZVhi]Va[Vc]djg#H^\c^ÒXVcian!
Y^ViZanl]Zc:kVg^hiVlZci^cidaVWdg#8dchZfjZcian!i]Zn dcanbZclZgZXdchjaiZY^ci]ZZkZcijVaYZX^h^dcidhZZ`
lZgZl^i]]daY^c\BVg^V>hVWZaÉhW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZjci^a]Z XVgZ#6aZ_VcYgdXdchjaiZYl^i]]^hWgdi]Zg!DY^ac!Wji
eV^YVde factoÒcZ#I]ZnVahdWZa^ZkZYi]Vii]ZXdbbjc^in cZkZgl^i][ZbVaZhZ^i]Zg^ci]Z]djhZ]daYdgXdbbj"
ZaYZghh]djaYhZeVgViZanejc^h]6aZ_VcYgdWn^bedh^c\ c^in#:kVg^hiV]ZghZa[]VYcdkdiZ^ci]ZYZX^h^dc"bV`^c\
VhVcXi^dc(sanción) dc]^b!l]^X]ldjaY\ZcZgVaaniV`Z egdXZhh[gdbi]ZdjihZi!ZkZci]dj\]^i[ViVaanV[[ZXiZY
i]Z[dgbd[VhZeVgViZÒcZdgXdbbjcVaaVWdg# ]Zg#I]^hYncVb^X]VhWZZcYdXjbZciZY^ceg^dghijY^Zh
6hcdiZY^cdi]ZgXVhZh!i]Z^bedh^i^dcd[de factoÒcZh d[ EZgjÉh bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in egdWaZb Vh lZaa#&+) >c
dcldbZcl]d]VkZ]dbZW^gi]hVhVbZVchd[XdZgX^c\ i^bZhd[Xg^h^hhjX]VhdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh!Vai]dj\]
^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]h!^hl^YZhegZVY^cEZgj#E=G[djcY bdi]Zgh"^c"aVlXVceaVn^bedgiVcigdaZh!]jhWVcYhVcY
i]ViXdbbjc^inbZbWZghVhhZgiZYi]Vii]Z8Vg]jVeViV i]Zdi]ZgbZcd[i]Z[Vb^aniZcYidiV`ZXdcigdad[i]Z
]ZVai]edhi[daadlZYi]^hegVXi^XZ0^i^hVahdXdbbdc^c YZX^h^dc"bV`^c\#I]^hgZÓZXihVWVh^XY^k^YZ^c\ZcYZg
bVcnVgZVhd[gjgVaEZgj#>cYZZY!i]ZgZedgi^hhjZYWn gdaZh!VhlZaaVhi]Z[VXii]Vii]ZbZcd[i]Z[Vb^anine^"
i]Z9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad=jbVcG^\]ihDbWjYhD[ÒXZ XVaanXdcigda^ihZXdcdb^XgZhdjgXZh!l]^X]d[iZcWZXdbZ
V[iZg^ih'%%)"%*^ckZhi^\Vi^dc[djcYi]ZegVXi^XZÆl^YZ" cZXZhhVgn^ci^bZhd[Xg^h^h#
hegZVY#Ç6hVgZhjaid[i]VigZedgi!VcZlB>CH6cdgb 7jibVaZYdb^cVi^dcd[ldbZcÉhWdY^ZhVcYgZegdYjX"
djiaVl^c\i]ZÒcZhlVhZcVXiZY#&+'=dlZkZg!Zc[dgXZ" i^kZYZX^h^dchWZ\^chadc\WZ[dgZVcdWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcXn#
bZcid[i]Zcdgb]VhWZZc]^\]ankVg^VWaZVcY^cbVcn 9ZX^h^dchgZ\VgY^c\XdcigVXZei^dcVcYjhZd[]ZVai]"
]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcih!i]ZhiV[[YdZhcdiZkZchZZbid XVgZVgZd[iZcbVYZWnbZc^cgjgVaXdbbjc^i^Zh^c
WZVlVgZd[^i# =jVcXVkZa^XVVcYZahZl]ZgZ^cEZgj#>c:kVg^hiVÉhXVhZ!
6ii]ZhVbZi^bZVhi]ZhZXdZgX^kZbZVhjgZhVgZ YZhe^iZWZ^c\^c[dgbZYd[[Vb^aneaVcc^c\Vii]Z]ZVai]
Veea^ZYideVi^ZcihVcY]ZVai]hnhiZbjhZgh!i]Zegd[Zh" edhi!6aZ_VcYgd]VYcdilVciZYidjhZVcn[Vb^aneaVcc^c\
h^dcVahldg`^c\^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbVgZ!i]ZbhZakZh! bZi]dYVcYi]ZgZ[dgZi]ZnY^Ycdiji^a^oZVcn!^cXajY^c\
hjW_ZXiidVejc^i^kZVcY^ggVi^dcVahnhiZb#>hVWZa!i]Z i]Zg]ni]bbZi]dY#6XXdgY^c\id9g#OVbdgV!^i^hY^[ÒXjai
cjghZÉhV^YZl]dViiZcYZY:kVg^hiVi]Vibdgc^c\!lVh id\ZildbZcidXdbZ^cidi]Z8Vg]jVeViV]ZVai]edhi
Z^i]ZgÒgZYdgigVch[ZggZY^bbZY^ViZanV[iZg:kVg^hiVÉh dgidjhZ[Vb^aneaVcc^c\WZXVjhZi]Z^g]jhWVcYhbV`Z
YZVi]!YZhe^iZi]Z[VXii]Vi^i^hjca^`Zanh]ZXdjaY]VkZ i]ZhZineZhd[YZX^h^dch[dgi]Zb#&+*
86H:HIJ9>:H-*
I]^hXVhZVahd]^\]a^\]ihXg^i^XVaZaZbZcih^beZY^c\ h^YZ^ci]ZgV^c#&+-I]Z]ZVai]edhiYdZhcdi]VkZVgZVYn
VXXZhhidVcYYZa^kZgnd[XVgZdcXZVYZX^h^dc^hbVYZid bZVchd[igVchedgiVi^dcVcY^chiZVYgZa^ZhdcVcZVgWn
hZZ`XVgZ#I]Vi^h!i]ZgZlVhcdbZVchd[Xdbbjc^XVi^dc gZh^YZciidbV`Z]^bhZa[VcY]^hXVgVkV^aVWaZ#&+.I]^h
WZilZZc8^ZcZ\j^aaVVcYi]Z]ZVai]edhiVcYi]ZgZlVh gZh^YZcildg`hVhViVm^Yg^kZgVcYd[iZc^hcdiVkV^aVWaZ
cdgZVY^anVkV^aVWaZbZVchd[igVchedgiVi^dciddg[gdb idi]ZhiV[[Vii]Z]ZVai]edhi#I]ZcZVgZhiVbWjaVcXZ^h
i]Z]ZVai]edhi# adXViZYVii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^cA^gXVn!dkZgVc]djgVlVn#
I]ZgZ^hcdgVY^ddgh^b^aVgbZVchd[Xdbbjc^XV" >ci]^h^chiVcXZ!i]ZcjghZÉhV^YZbVcV\ZYidXdck^cXZ
i^dcVkV^aVWaZidi]ZgZh^YZcihd[8^ZcZ\j^aaV#I]ZgZ[dgZ! i]ZbVcidiV`Z]Zg^c]^hXVg!WjiVYY^i^dcVabV^ciZ"
^cXVhZhd[dWhiZig^Xdgdi]ZgZbZg\ZcX^Zh!gZh^YZcih cVcXZlVhcZXZhhVgnWZ[dgZi]ZnXdjaYbV`Zi]Zig^e
XVccdi^bbZY^ViZanXdbbjc^XViZl^i]i]Z]ZVai]edhi WVX`jei]ZbdjciV^cid8^ZcZ\j^aaV#I]ZY^hgZeV^gd[
^c8Vg]jVeViV#=VYi]ZgZWZZcVgVY^d^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV! i]ZgdVYVahdaZYidVejcXijgZYi^gZ![jgi]Zg^beZY^c\
6aZ_VcYgdldjaY]VkZWZZcVWaZidXdbbjc^XViZl^i] i]ZegdbeiVgg^kVad[bZY^XVaVhh^hiVcXZ#7ni]Zi^bZ
i]Z]ZVai]edhiVcY<dY^[gZYdÉhigZVX]Zgdjh]djg"VcY" bZY^XVaXVgZVgg^kZYVii]Z]djhZ!:kVg^hiV]VYVagZVYn
V"]Va[lVa`Ydlci]ZhiZZebjYYn]^aah^YZldjaY]VkZ eVhhZYVlVn#&,%
WZZcVkZgiZY#L^i]i]VihVk^c\hd[i^bZ!^i^hedhh^WaZ 6YY^i^dcVaan!i]Z]ZVai]edhiY^YcdihZcY^ihbdhi
i]Vi:kVg^hiVXdjaY]VkZWZZchiVW^a^oZYWni]ZcjghZÉh ZmiZch^kZanigV^cZYeZghdccZaidbVcV\Zi]ZdWhiZig^X
V^YZ[gdbi]Z]ZVai]edhiadc\Zcdj\]idigVch[Zg]Zgid ZbZg\ZcXn#CZ^i]Zgi]ZYdXidg!l]d]Vhldg`ZYi]ZgZ[dg
VaVg\Zg]ZVai][VX^a^inl]ZgZh]ZXdjaY]VkZgZXZ^kZY i]gZZnZVghVcY^hVeed^ciZY!cdgi]Zb^Yl^[ZdgcjghZ!
igZVibZci# lZciidViiZcYi]ZZbZg\ZcXn#>chiZVY!>hVWZa!VcjghZÉh
>ci]^hgZ\VgY!i]Zh^ijVi^dc^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV^hVaaidd V^YZ!lVhY^heViX]ZYid8^ZcZ\j^aaV!YZhe^iZi]Z[VXi
ine^XVa#E=G[djcY!VcYXdcÒgbZYl^i]`Zn^c[dgbVcih i]Vii]ZgZVgZh^\c^ÒXVciankVgn^c\aZkZahd[igV^c^c\#>i
VcY]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVah!i]Vi^i^hgVgZ^c=jVcXVkZa^XV ^hjca^`Zan![dgZmVbeaZ!i]Vi>hVWZaldjaY]VkZWZZcVWaZ
VcYZahZl]ZgZ^cgjgVaEZgj[dgi]ZgZidWZVgVY^ddg idbVcjVaanZmigVXii]ZeaVXZciV!l]^X]h]Z`cZl[gdb
di]ZgbZVchd[Xdbbjc^XVi^dc!hjX]VhViZaZe]dcZdg <dY^[gZYdÉhYZhXg^ei^dcid]VkZWZZcgZiV^cZY#>ci]^h
XZaajaVge]dcZ!VkV^aVWaZidVXdbbjc^in#6XXdgY^c\id XVhZ!:kVg^hiV]VYY^ZYWni]Zi^bZi]Vi>hVWZaVgg^kZY!
i]Z:C9:H^c'%%)!dcan(d[gjgVa]djhZ]daYhVXgdhh Wji^i^hY^higZhh^c\i]Vii]Z]ZVai]edhiY^YcdibdW^a^oZ
EZgj]VYiZaZe]dcZh#&++>c=jVcXVkZa^XV!i]Zh^ijVi^dc^h ^ihbdhifjVa^ÒZYeZghdccZaÅ9g#OVbdgVÅidYZVal^i]
eVgi^XjaVganhiVg`!l^i]dcan#+'iZaZe]dcZa^cZheZg&%% hjX]VhiVg`ZbZg\ZcXn#
gZh^YZcih!^cXdbeVg^hdcl^i]A^bVl]^X]]Vh()#(-a^cZh ;^cVaan!^i^hcdiVWaZ^ci]^hXVhZi]Vi6aZ_VcYgdVcY
eZg&%%#&+,I]ZgZVgZcdiZaZe]dcZa^cZh^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV :kVg^hiV]VYXdbZ[gdbkdi^c\^ci]Zbjc^X^eVaZaZXi^dch
VcYcdXZaajaVge]dcZXdkZgV\Z# ^cA^gXVndci]ZYVnh]ZlZci^cidaVWdg#HZkZgVahijY^Zh
GVY^dhVcYiZaZe]dcZhVgZbdgZa^`ZanidWZVkV^aVWaZVi YdcZ^cEZgj]VkZ[djcYi]VigjgValdbZcd[iZcYdcdi
]ZVai]edhih!Wjii]ZgZ^hVh^\c^ÒXVciYZaVn^cXdbbjc^" kdiZWZXVjhZi]ZnaVX`^YZci^inYdXjbZcih#&,&Eda^i^XVa
XVi^c\VcZbZg\ZcXnl]Zc!Vh^ci]^hXVhZ!i]Z]ZVai]edhi eVgi^X^eVi^dc^hVcZXZhhVgn!WjiVYb^iiZYancdihj[ÒX^Zci!
^hadXViZYVihdbZY^hiVcXZ[gdbi]ZXdbbjc^in^ihZa[# XdcY^i^dcidZmegZhhVkd^XZ^ceda^X^Zhi]ViV[[ZXi]ZVai]
=ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahl^i]l]dbE=Ghed`ZgZeZViZYan VcYlZaa"WZ^c\#>c=jVcXVkZa^XV!VhZahZl]ZgZ!XVeijgZ
cdiZYi]ViaVX`d[Xdbbjc^XVi^dchlVhVbV_dgdWhiVXaZ d[i]ZgZ\^dcVa\dkZgcbZciWnjgWVcZa^iZh^hgZea^XVi^c\
^cigZVi^c\dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh^cVi^bZanbVccZg# i]ZY^heVg^i^Zhi]ViZm^hiVii]ZcVi^dcVaaZkZa#&,'
NZijci^acdlcZ^i]ZgejWa^Xbdc^Zhcdg]ZVai]hZXidg
gZhigjXijg^c\[jcYhi]gdj\]E6GHVajY>]VkZWZZcjhZY 6EgZXVg^djhHjXXZhh/IdbVhV
idejgX]VhZgVY^dh[dgXdbbjc^i^Zh^cEZgj#
IdbVhVIVaeZKVg\VhlVh)%nZVghdaYl]Zch]Zhjgk^kZY
I]ZaVX`d[Xdbbjc^XVi^dclVhXdbedjcYZYWnVc
Xdbea^XVi^dchYjZidgZiV^cZYeaVXZciV^c]ZgiZci]egZ\"
ZfjVaan hZg^djh aVX` d[ igVchedgiVi^dc! V [VXidg i]Vi
cVcXn#H]Za^kZhl^i]]Zg[Vb^an^ci]Z8dbbjc^ind[
ZkZgndcZ^ckdakZY[gdbi]ZXdbbjc^inVcYi]Z]ZVai]
IVciVXXVidVcY^heVgid[i]Z8]deXXVcVi^dc#&,(
edhiX^iZYVhVbV_dgdWhiVXaZidVYYgZhh^c\bViZgcVa
bdgiVa^in#A^`ZbdhigZh^YZcihd[8^ZcZ\j^aaV!6aZ_VcYgd JecWiWWdZBkY_e
Y^Ycdi]VkZVcnbZVchidgZVX]i]Z8Vg]jVeViV]ZVai] IdbVhVVcYAjX^d]VkZ\gdlcjeid\Zi]Zg#IdbVhV^hh]n
edhi di]Zg i]Vc h^bean lVa`^c\# I]ZgZ[dgZ! ]^h hdc ViÒghiVcYYZ[ZghidAjX^dVcYlVcihidWZ^ciZgk^ZlZY
<dY^[gZYdlVh[dgXZYidlVa`[dgdcZ"VcY"V"]Va[]djgh^c dcanl^i]]^begZhZci#=Zhb^aZhgZXVaa^c\]dlegZiinh]Z
XdbeaZiZYVg`cZhhYdlcVgdX`nVcYbjYYnbdjciV^c" lVhl]Zci]ZnÒghibZi!VcYh]Zhb^aZhidd#I]ZnlZgZ
- + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
Cdl!ZmXZei[dgi]ZZaYZhi!CVcXnÅ]ZghZa[ViZZcV\Z
h^c\aZbdi]ZgÅVaad[IdbVhVÉhhX]dda"V\ZX]^aYgZchi^aa
ViiZcYhX]ddaYV^an!YZhe^iZ]Vk^c\id\ZijeVi*V#b#id
XdbeaZiZi]Zild"]djglVa`Ydlci]ZbdjciV^c#:kZc
l^i]a^b^iZYÒcVcX^VagZhdjgXZhidhjeedgi]ZgX]^aYgZcÉh
Xdci^cj^c\ZYjXVi^dc!dcZd[IdbVhVÉhYgZVbh[dgi]Zb
^hidXdbeaZiZi]Z^gZYjXVi^dc!Vhh]ZlVhjcVWaZidYd
E]did/8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg
hd#&,,AjX^dZX]dZhi]^hhZci^bZci!hVn^c\!Æ6heVgZcih!
lZlVcii]ZbidhijYnbdgZi]VcVcni]^c\#7jilZVgZ
eddg!VcYaVX`i]ZgZhdjgXZhPideVn[dgnZVghd[hX]dda^c\
VcYhX]ddahjeea^ZhR#Ç&,-
IdbVhVVcYAjX^d]VkZhZkZcX]^aYgZc!gVc\^c\^cV\Z
[gdb&+idi]ZWVWn!l]dlVhh^mbdci]hdaYVii]Zi^bZd[
E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl#6ai]dj\]i]^hlVh]ZgiZci]egZ\cVcXn!
IdbVhVVcYAjX^d^ci]Z^gWZYgddb# ]ZgÒghii]gZZX]^aYgZcY^ZY^c^c[VcXnYjZidXdbea^XV"
i^dch[gdbVXjiZgZhe^gVidgn^c[ZXi^dch#6ii]Vii^bZ!i]Z
Wdi]ilZcinnZVghdaYl]Zci]ZnlZgZ_d^cZY^cVXdbbdc"
cZVgZhi]ZVai]edhilVhbjX][Vgi]ZgVlVn[gdbi]Z^g
aVlbVgg^V\ZVcY]VYVagZVYnWZZcYVi^c\[dgildnZVgh
]dbZ!VcYcdejWa^X^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZZm^hiZYid]Zae
Vii]Vied^ci#I]Z^geVgZcihVggVc\ZYi]Zjc^dc[dgi]Z
YZ[gVni]ZXdhihd[XVgZVcYbZY^X^cZh#>cZVX]egZ\"
XdjeaZ#IdbVhVVcYAjX^d\gZljeid\Zi]Zg^ci]ZhbVaa
cVcXn!IdbVhV]VY\^kZcW^gi]Vi]dbZ0h]Z]VYcdi
Xdbbjc^ind[IVciVXXVid^ci]Z8]deXXVcVi^dcÅVY^hi^cXi
ZmeZg^ZcXZYVcnXdbea^XVi^dchegZk^djhan#AjX^d]ZaeZY
Zi]c^X\gdjed[FjZX]jV"heZV`^c\^cY^\ZcdjheZdeaZÅ
YZa^kZgVaai]ZX]^aYgZcVcYXdbbZciZYidE=Gi]Vii]Zn
VcYhjWhZfjZciana^kZYi]ZgZjci^abdk^c\jei]ZbdjciV^c
lZgZcdgbVa#&,.
idi]Z^gegZhZciadXVi^dc#I]Z^gbdkZlVhegdbeiZYWnV
9jg^c\]ZgbdhigZXZciegZ\cVcXn!IdbVhVlZciid
YZh^gZidWZXadhZgidIdbVhVÉhV\^c\eVgZcih!l]dXdjaY
i]Z]ZVai]edhi^cHVc?jVcYZ8XVg]jVXX[dgegZcViVa
cdadc\ZgiV`ZXVgZd[i]ZbhZakZhlZaa#&,)
X]ZX`jeh#I]^hlVhi]ZÒghiegZ\cVcXn[dgl]^X]h]Z
IdbVhV!AjX^dVcYi]Z^ghZkZcX]^aYgZca^kZdcVc
hdj\]iVcYgZXZ^kZYegZcViVaXVgZ#H]Zk^h^iZYi]Z]ZVai]
ZmigZbZangZbdiZbdjciV^ch^YZ^cVXdbedjcYbVYZ
edhiVidiVad[h^mi^bZhVcY]VYV\ddYgZaVi^dch]^el^i]
jed[[djghbVaaWj^aY^c\h#I]Z^g]dbZ^hVidcZd[i]Z
i]Z]ZVai]V^YZ (técnico),l]dhed`ZFjZX]jV#L]Zch]Z
]^\]ZhiZaZkVi^dchedhh^WaZdcVl^cYhlZeibdjciV^c
lZci^c[dg]ZgaVhiX]ZX`"je_jhiV[ZlYVnheg^dgid
ideejcV#I]ZhbVaak^aaV\ZhWZadlVgZcdiZkZck^h^WaZ
\^k^c\W^gi]!i]Zb^Yl^[ZidaY]Zgh]ZlVhVkZgn]^\]"
[gdbi]Z^g]dbZ!VcYi]Z^g]djhZXVcdcanWZgZVX]ZY
g^h`eVi^ZciVcYjg\ZY]ZgidXdciVXii]Z]ZVai]edhi
k^VVhiZZeVcYcVggdlY^gigdVY#
^bbZY^ViZanjedcdchZid[aVWdgeV^ch#&-%H]ZZmeaV^cZY
6aai]ZWj^aY^c\h]VkZY^giÓddghVcYi]ViX]ZYgdd[h#
i]ZVaVgbh^\cVahidWdi]]jhWVcYVcYl^[Z#6XXdgY^c\
I]ZgZ^hcdgjcc^c\lViZg!gVY^ddgZaZXig^X^in#>cdgYZg
idAjX^dVcYIdbVhV!i]Zb^Yl^[ZVahdi]gZViZcZYi]Vi^[
id\ZilViZg!IdbVhVVcY]ZgX]^aYgZc]VkZidlVa`Ydlc
i]ZnY^YcdiXdbZidi]Z]ZVai][VX^a^in!i]ZnldjaY]VkZ
i]ZbdjciV^cidIVciVXXVidVcYXVggni]ZlViZgWVX`je
ideVn[dgi]ZW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZd[i]ZX]^aY#
i]ZbdjciV^c!l]^X]XVcWZVcVgYjdjh_djgcZn#&,*:kZc
Yjg^c\i]ZYVn!i]Z]djhZhVgZZmigZbZanYVg`h^cXZi]Zn B_\[#J^h[Wj[d_d]9ecfb_YWj_edi
aVX`Wdi]l^cYdlhVcYZaZXig^X^in# M^_b[=_l_d]8_hj^
IdbVhVVcY]Zg[Vb^aneaVcidcanV[ZlXgdeh!bdhian 6i&%e#b#!dci]Zc^\]id[?jcZ'(!'%%+!IdbVhVÉhÒghi
ediVidZh!dci]ZhiZZebdjciV^ch^YZdjih^YZi]Z^g]dbZ# aVWdgeV^chhiVgiZY#=ZZY^c\i]ZVYk^XZd[>hV^Vh!i]Z
I]Zn]VkZV[ZlVc^bVah^ci]Z^geVhijgZ!bdhianh]ZZe# b^Yl^[ZVcY]ZVai]V^YZ[gdbEVciVX]^Hjg^cl]dbWdi]
L^i]hjX]bZV\ZggZhdjgXZh!i]ZgZ^hcdiZcdj\][ddY IdbVhVVcYAjX^d]VYhjWhiVci^VaXdcÒYZcXZ!i]Z^gdaYZhi
idZVii]gZZbZVahVYVn#I]ZX]^aYgZcZViWgZV`[VhiVcY YVj\]iZgCVcXnhdj\]i]ZaeVii]ZEVciVX]^Hjg]ZVai]
Y^ccZg!jhjVaanVlViZgnhdjeWVhZYdcediVidZh#I]Zn edhi!l]^X]^hadXViZYYdlcVigZVX]ZgdjhbdjciV^ch^YZ
gVgZanZVibZVi!Vh^i^hh^beaniddZmeZch^kZidjhZi]Z^g [gdbi]Z]djhZ#=dlZkZg!cdi]Vk^c\ZkZcVÓVh]a^\]i!
Vc^bVah[dg[ddY^chiZVYd[hZaa^c\i]Zb#&,+ h]ZlVhhXVgZYidaZVkZjci^ai]ZgZlVhZcdj\]a^\]i
IdbVhVXdbeaZiZYdcanildnZVghd[eg^bVgnZYjXV" djih^YZidhV[ZanbV`Zi]Z_djgcZn!l]^X]lVhViVeegdm^"
i^dc!^h^aa^iZgViZVcYheZV`hdcanFjZX]jV#=Zg[Vb^anY^Y bViZan[djg^ci]Zbdgc^c\#JedcVgg^k^c\Vii]Z]ZVai]
cdi]VkZZcdj\]bdcZnidXdci^cjZhZcY^c\]ZgidhX]dda#
86H:HIJ9>:H-,
edhi!>hV^VhlVhcdii]ZgZ#CVcXnig^ZYidjhZi]ZgVY^d lVh_jhiWZ\^cc^c\idViiZbeiidbVcjVaanZmigVXii]Z
idXVaa[dg]Zaeiddi]Zg]ZVai][VX^a^i^Zh!Wjii]ZXVaalVh eaVXZciVl]Zc9g#IVhVnXdVgg^kZY#9g#IVhVnXd]VYeVhhZY
cdi]ZVgY[dghdbZgZVhdc# AjX^ddc]^hW^XnXaZgZijgc^c\idi]Z]djhZ#I]ZYdXidg
6iVeegdm^bViZan*V#b#dc?jcZ')i]!IdbVhVÉhhdc! idd`dkZg!ZmeaV^cZYidAjX^di]Vi]Z]VYidZmigVXii]Z
9Vc^Za!lVhWdgc#>c^i^Vaan!ZkZgni]^c\VeeZVgZYidWZ eaVXZciV!VcYlVhVWaZidZmigVXibdhid[^i#&-*=dlZkZg!
cdgbVa!VcYi]ZnlV^iZY[dgi]ZeaVXZciVidWZYZa^kZgZY# e^ZXZhgZbV^cZY^ch^YZVcY]ZYZX^YZYidigVch[Zg]Zg
L]Zci]^h]VYcdidXXjggZYl^i]^ci]^ginb^cjiZhd[\^k^c\ WVX`idi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^c8XVhhVeViV^ci]Ze^X`"je
W^gi]!AjX^d`cZli]VihdbZi]^c\lVhkZgnlgdc\#I]Z^g igjX`[dg[jgi]ZgigZVibZciVcYZkVajVi^dc#&-+
]dbZÉhZmigZbZ^hdaVi^dcl^i]cdhjggdjcY^c\cZ^\]"
WdghdgbZVchd[Xdbbjc^XVi^dchjYYZcanWZXVbZkZgn 7\j[hj^[9h_i_iÅJecWiWÊi>[Wbj^?cfhel[i"
db^cdjh#AjX^dlVhhXVgZY0]Zfj^X`an_jbeZYdc]^h
Xkj<[WhiH[cW_d
W^XnXaZVcYbVcV\ZYidg^YZidi]ZcZVgWn]ZVai]XZciZg DcXZIdbVhVlVhigVch[ZggZYidi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg!h]Z
^c8Xd]VXXVhVidhZZ`VYY^i^dcVa]Zae#&-& gZbV^cZYjcYZg')"]djgdWhZgkVi^dc[dgVidiVad[i]gZZ
6ai]dj\]8XdX]VXXVhVlVhi]ZcZVgZhi]ZVai]XZciZg! YVnh#AjX^dVXXdbeVc^ZY]Zgidi]Z]ZVai]XZciZgVcY
IdbVhVVcYAjX^dÉh]dbZlVhcdi^ci]Z^g_jg^hY^Xi^dc# hiVnZYWn]Zgh^YZi]Zl]daZi^bZ#I]Z^gdaYZhiYVj\]iZg!
GVi]Zgi]VchZii^c\djidc[ddidgW^XnXaZl^i]AjX^did CVcXn!hiVnZYl^i]i]ZgZhid[i]ZX]^aYgZc#
i]Z]djhZi]Z]ZVai]XZciZgY^Ycdi]VkZVkZ]^XaZ!i]Z JedcVgg^kVa!IdbVhVgZXZ^kZY[jgi]Zg^cigVkZcdjh
]ZVai]XZciZghiV[[YZX^YZYidigVch[Zgi]ZXVhZidi]Z ]nYgVi^dc VcY jcYZglZci V h]Vge XjgZiiV\Z [dg i]Z
8XVhhVeViV]ZVai]XZciZg!l]^X]lVhViaZVhiild]djgh ZmigVXi^dc d[ i]Z gZiV^cZY eaVXZciVa [gV\bZcih# H]Z
[gdbIVciVXXVidWnXVg#&-'>cXdcigVhi!i]Z8XdX]VXXVhV gZbV^cZYdcVci^W^di^Xh[dgi]ZaZc\i]d[]ZghiVn#Dci]Z
]ZVai]XZciZg^hVeegdm^bViZanV]Va["]djg[gdbAjX^d i]^gYYVn!h]ZlVhY^hX]Vg\ZY^chiVWaZXdcY^i^dcl^i]ÒkZ
VcYIdbVhVÉh]djhZdc[ddi# bdgZYVnhd[dgVaVci^W^di^XhidegZkZci^c[ZXi^dcVcY^gdc
;gdb8XdX]VXXVhV!i]ZeZghdccZaVaZgiZYWnAjX^d hjeeaZbZcihidigZVi]ZgVcZb^V#&-,H]ZlVhcdiX]Vg\ZY
gVY^dZY i]Z ]ZVai] XZciZg ^c 8XVhhVeViV# 9g# ?Vk^Zg [dgVcnd[i]ZXVgZdg[dgi]ZVbWjaVcXZ#6aai]ZhZXdhih
L^a[gZYdIVhVnXd]ZVgYi]ZbZhhV\ZVcY]Z^bbZY^ViZan lZgZ[jaanXdkZgZYWnH>H#&--
Y^heViX]ZYVb^Yl^[ZVcY]ZVai]egdbdiZg[gdbV]ZVai] I]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^c8XVhhVeViV^hVcZlan"gZbdYZaZY
edhi WZilZZc 8XVhhVeViV VcY XdjeaZÉh ]dbZ ^c HVc VcYVYZfjViZan"hjeea^ZY[VX^a^ini]VigZXZ^kZYh^\c^ÒXVci
?jVcYZ8XVg]jVXX#EVja^cd!i]Z]ZVai]egdbdiZg!YgdkZ [jcY^c\i]gdj\]E6GHVajY>#>i^hXZgi^ÒZYVhVc;DC7!
:a^oVWZi]6eda^cVg^d!i]Zb^Yl^[Z!idi]Z]djhZ!Xjii^c\ dgV[VX^a^inXVeVWaZd[egdk^Y^c\WVh^XdWhiZig^XXVgZ#9g#
VXgdhhi]ZeVi]hid\Zii]ZgZbdgZfj^X`an#6ii]ZhVbZ IVhVnXdZhi^bViZYi]Vii]Z]ZVai]XZciZgViiZcYZYVeegdm"
i^bZ!9g#IVhVnXdhZcii]Z]ZVai]XZciZgÉhVbWjaVcXZ ^bViZan-%YZa^kZg^ZhVnZVg!]Va[d[i]ZbZbZg\ZcX^Zh#>i
Yg^kZgidi]ZhXZcZ#I]ZYg^kZg!;dgijcVIdgijcVid!idd` ]VhVYZfjViZgZhdjgXZh[gdbi]ZhiVcYed^cid[eZghdccZa
VaVg\Ze^X`"jeigjX`WZXVjhZi]ZVbWjaVcXZ!Vai]dj\] ^cXajY^c\VcVZhi]Zh^dad\^hih!l]^X]^hgVgZ^cgjgVaEZgj!
cZl!lVhWZ^c\hZgk^XZY#9g#IVhVnXd!Vahdldgg^ZYVWdji b^cdghjg\^XVahjeea^Zh!cZXZhhVgnbZY^XVi^dch!bZVch
]dl[VgVlVnIVciVXXVidlVhVcYi]Vii]ZeVi^Zcib^\]i d[igVchedgiVi^dc!VcYXdbbjc^XVi^dchZfj^ebZci#I]^h
Y^Z!_jbeZYdciddcVbdidgW^`Z^cdgYZgidVgg^kZbdgZ
fj^X`ani]Vci]ZVbWjaVcXZ#>i]VYgV^cZYgZXZcianVcYi]Z
gdjiZ[dgi]ZVbWjaVcXZYg^kZg^ci]Ze^X`"jeigjX`lVh
fj^iZbjYYn!Wji]ZYgdkZVhfj^X`anVhedhh^WaZ#&-(
>ci]ZbZVci^bZ!IdbVhVgZbV^cZYVi]dbZl^i]i]ZgZhi
d[]ZgX]^aYgZc#=ZgX]^aYgZclZgZVaa]jYYaZYVgdjcY]Zg^c
i]ZhbVaaWZYgddbd[i]Z]djhZ#I]ZhbVaaZgdcZhWZ\Vc
idXgnVhi]Z^gbdi]ZglVh[VY^c\WZ[dgZi]Z^gZnZh#IdbVhV
E]did/8Vgadh8{gYZcVhIdkVg
gZXVaahWZ^c\iZgg^ÒZY!cdi`cdl^c\l]ViAjX^dldjaYYd^[
h]ZY^ZYVcY]dl]ZgX]^aYgZcldjaY\Zidc#&-)
I]Zb^Yl^[Z[gdbHVc?jVcYZ8XVg]jVXX!:a^oVWZi]
6eda^cVg^d!Vgg^kZYl^i]EVja^cdViVeegdm^bViZan'e#b#
I]Zn[djcYIdbVhVjcXdchX^djh!hjggdjcYZYWnVaVg\Z
ejYYaZd[WaddY#I]ZnX]ZX`ZY]Zgk^iVah^\chVcY\VkZ]Zg
ild^cigVkZcdjh^c[jh^dchd[Ój^YVcYeaVhbV#:a^oVWZi]
IdbVhVl^i]]Zghdc!9Vc^Za#
- - 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
h^ijVi^dcXdcigVhihh]Vgeanl^i]i]ZcZ^\]Wdg^c\]ZVai] IdbVhVVcYAjX^dÉhVW^a^inid^YZci^[nVcYgZVX]V
XZciZg^c8XdX]dXXVhV#I]ZeZghdccZaVhhdX^ViZYl^i] bZY^XVa [VX^a^in lVh [jgi]Zg Xdbea^XViZY Wn i]Z [VXi
8XVhhVeViV]VYi]Z`cdlaZY\ZVcYVW^a^inideZg[dgb i]Vii]ZgZlVhV[VX^a^inadXViZYXadhZgidi]Zbi]Vc
i]ZcZZYZYa^[Z"hVk^c\XjgZiiV\ZegdXZYjgZi]ViVaadlZY i]Z dcZ i]Vi jai^bViZan gZhedcYZY# I]Vi [VX^a^in! i]Z
IdbVhVidVkZgiX]^aYW^gi]"VhhdX^ViZYbdgiVa^in# ]ZVai]XZciZg^c8Xd]VXXVhV!lVh^cVY^[[ZgZci_jg^h"
IdbVhVhVnhi]Vih]ZlVhlZV`!Wdi]e]nh^XVaanVcY Y^Xi^dci]VcIdbVhVÉh]dbZ!VcYcdZ[[dgihlZgZbVYZ
bZciVaan![dgfj^iZhdbZi^bZV[iZgi]ZZbZg\ZcXn#H]Z idXgdhh_jg^hY^Xi^dcVaWVgg^Zgh^cdgYZgidVhh^hi]Zg!
XdjaYcdilVa`[dgadc\Y^hiVcXZhl^i]djigZhi^c\!VcY ZkZc^ci]^hZbZg\ZcXn!Vai]dj\]gVY^dVhh^hiVcXZlVh
h]Zhi^aa]VhY^[ÒXjainl^i]eVgi^XjaVganadc\_djgcZnh! egdk^YZY#I]Z]ZVai]XZciZg[V^aZYidegdk^YZVhh^hiVcXZ
^cXajY^c\i]dhZcZZYZYid[ZiX]lViZg[dgi]Z[Vb^an# ZkZci]dj\]VYdXidgXdjaY]VkZgZVX]ZYi]Z^g]dbZdc
H]Z gZbV^ch YZZean [g^\]iZcZY Wn ZkZgni]^c\ i]Vi [ddi^cVeegdm^bViZan[dginb^cjiZh!l]^aZXVaa^c\[dgi]Z
]VeeZcZYid]ZgVcYYdZhcdilVciid]VkZVcnbdgZ VbWjaVcXZ[gdb8XVhhVeViV#E=GlVhidaYi]Vi_jg^hY^X"
X]^aYgZc#I]ZYdXidgVcYb^Yl^[ZidaY]Zgi]Vih]ZbVn i^dcVaWdjcYVg^Zhi]Via^b^ii]ZVW^a^ind[]ZVai]egd[Zh"
Y^Z^[h]Z\ZihegZ\cVciV\V^c#6ai]dj\]i]ZeZghdccZa h^dcVahidgZhedcY^ci]ZbdhiZ[ÒXVX^djhbVccZgVgZ
ViWdi]i]Z]ZVai]edhiVcY]ZVai]XZciZg]VkZidaY]Zg XdbbdceaVXZ^cEZgj#&-.
VWdji[Vb^aneaVcc^c\bZi]dYh!h]ZVcYAjX^dXjggZcian DcXZVeegdeg^ViZXdbbjc^XVi^dclVhbVYZl^i]i]Z
VgZcdijh^c\VcnbdYZgcbZi]dYh#I]ZnVgZjh^c\dcan 8XVhhVeViV]ZVai]XZciZg^cIdbVhVÉh_jg^hY^Xi^dc!^bbZ"
i]Zg]ni]bbZi]dY# Y^ViZViiZbeihlZgZbVYZidgZhedcYidi]ZZbZg\ZcXn#
Jca^`Zi]ZXVhZd[6aZ_VcYgdVcY:kVg^hiV!i]Z\jVgYdc
7dWboi_i Yjin Vi 8XVhhVeViV ^bbZY^ViZan Xdbbjc^XViZY l^i]
6h V ldbVc ^c ]Zg iZci] egZ\cVcXn! IdbVhV lVh Vi i]ZhiV[[!^cXajY^c\i]ZVbWjaVcXZYg^kZg!VcYi]ZnlZgZ
h^\c^ÒXVcig^h`[dgegZ\cVcXn"gZaViZYXdbea^XVi^dch# Z[[ZXi^kZanbdW^a^oZY#I]ZYZY^XVi^dcd[i]Z]ZVai]egd[Zh"
>i^hVeegdeg^ViZi]Vih]ZlVhZcXdjgV\ZYidYZa^kZgVi h^dcVah^ckdakZY^ci]^hXVhZh]djaYWZVeeaVjYZYVcY
V]ZVai][VX^a^ingVi]Zgi]VcVi]dbZ!VcYi]Z[VXii]Vi gZlVgYZY#
IdbVhVVcYAjX^d]VYVegZ"Zm^hi^c\edh^i^kZgZaVi^dch]^e >che^iZd[i]Zi^bZangZhedchZWni]ZhiV[[Vi8XVhhVeViV!
l^i]i]Z]ZVai]egdbdiZglVh^bedgiVciidi]Z^gYZX^h^dc i]ZViiZbeihidVhh^hiidd`hZkZgVa]djghWZXVjhZd[i]Z
idcdi^[ni]Z]ZVai][VX^a^inVhhddcVhh]ZlZci^cidaVWdg# adc\Y^hiVcXZh^ckdakZYVcYi]ZeddgfjVa^ind[i]Zbdjc"
=dlZkZg!WZXVjhZi]Zn]VYcdÓVh]a^\]iVcYi]Zbdjc" iV^cgdVYh#=dlZkZg!i]ZXdbW^cVi^dcd[gVY^dh!bdidg"
iV^ch^YZlVhZmigZbZanhiZZe!CVcXnXdjaYcdiaZVkZ XnXaZh!VcYVcVbWjaVcXZZchjgZYi]ViIdbVhVgZVX]ZY
i]Z^g]dbZjci^a^ihiVgiZYid\Zia^\]i!Veegdm^bViZanh^m i]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^ci^bZidhVkZ]Zga^[Z#6\V^c!jca^`Z
]djghV[iZgIdbVhVÉhÒghieV^ch#;gdbi]ZdchZid[eV^c :kVg^hiVÉhXVhZ!ZVX]d[i]Z]ZVai]edhihgZedgi^c\id
idYZa^kZgnd[WVWn!hZkZc]djgh]VYZaVehZY#>ca^\]i 8XVhhVeViVVahd]VY^ihdlckZ]^XaZÅVbdidgW^`Z#
d[i]ZX^gXjbhiVcXZh!i]Z^gYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZlVh CZkZgi]ZaZhh!i]ZgZgZbV^chVYZVgi]d[ZVh^an"VXXZh"
egdbei!Wjii]ZnXdjaYcdiZmZXjiZi]ViYZX^h^dc^cV h^WaZbZVchd[Xdbbjc^XVi^dc^ci]ZVgZV!l]^X]^hV
i^bZanlVn# l^YZhegZVYdWhiVXaZidVYYgZhh^c\dWhiZig^XZbZg\Zc"
I]Z^gViiZbeihidhZZ`XVgZlZgZ[jgi]Zgi]lVgiZYWnV X^Zh^c=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYgjgVaEZgj#I]Zh^\c^ÒXVci_jg^h"
aVX`d[igVchedgiVi^dcVcY^bbZY^ViZbZVchd[Xdbbj" Y^Xi^dcVa^hhjZh!l]^X]^ci]^hXVhZ^beZYZYIdbVhV[gdb
c^XVi^dc!VhlZaaVhWn_jg^hY^Xi^dcVaWVgg^Zghl^i]^ci]Z gZXZ^k^c\XVgZ[dbi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^ccZVgWn8Xd]VXXVhV!
ejWa^X]ZVai]hnhiZb#<Zd\gVe]^XWVgg^ZghgV^hZYWni]Z gZbV^c#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!Vai]dj\]i]Z8XVhhVeViV]ZVai]
Y^[ÒXjaibdjciV^cgdVYhVahdhadlZYIdbVhVÉhVXXZhh XZciZg^hXjggZcianlZaa"Zfj^eeZYYjZidgZXZciE6GHVajY
idXVgZ#
:kZchd!i]Zn]VYcdgVY^dVXXZhhcZVgWn!VcYCVcXn GZÓZXi^c\dc]Zghidgn!IdbVhVVhhZgiZYi]VibVcn
lVh[dgXZYidlVa`idi]ZEVciVX]^Hjg]ZVai]edhiid egZ\cVcildbZcldjaYWZcZÒi[gdbVc^begdkZY
bV`Zl]VilVh^ci]ZZcY!V[V^aZYViiZbeiidgVY^d hnhiZb d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc ^c i]Z ]ZVai] hnhiZb#
[dg]Zae#DcanAjX^dlVhVWaZidgZVX]Vldg`^c\gVY^d! ÆI]ZgZVgZbVcnegZ\cVcildbZc#>YdcÉilVcil]Vi
l]^X]lVhjhZYidXVaa[dg]Zaeid8XVhhVeViV#I]^hXVhZ ]VeeZcZYidbZiddXXjgV\V^c!>YdcÉilVcii]Zbid
^hine^XVa^ci]Vii]ZVWhZcXZd[gVY^ddgdi]ZgbZVch ]VkZi]ZhZZbZg\ZcX^Zh!Çh]ZidaYE=G#H]ZhV^Yh]Z
d[ Xdbbjc^XVi^dc XadhZg id i]Z ]dbZ ^h V hnhiZb^X lVhajX`nWZXVjhZ]Zg[Vb^ana^kZhgZVhdcVWancZVg
^beZY^bZciidYZVa^c\l^i]dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhVcY VgdVY0^[h]Z]VYa^kZY[Vgi]ZgVlVn!h]Zi]^c`hh]Z
VYYgZhh^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^cEZgj# ldjaY]VkZY^ZY#
86H:HIJ9>:H-.
[jcY^c\!i]ZgZ^hcdiVWjY\Zi[dgi]ZbV^ciZcVcXZVcY BV^ciZcVcXZedhZheZg]VehVcZkZcaVg\ZgegdWaZb#
gZeaVXZbZcid[hjX]Zfj^ebZci#&.%>ci]^hXVhZ!IdbVhV I]Vi^h!Vhi]ZXdhid[XVe^iVaVcYYZegZX^Vi^dcVgZcdi
lVhZmigZbZan[dgijcViZi]Vi!^cVYY^i^dcidi]ZVbWj" ^cXajYZY^cXVaXjaVi^dchd[i]ZXdhid[W^gi]h^cgjgVa
aVcXZVcYbdidgW^`ZhejgX]VhZYi]gdj\]E6GHVajY> VgZVh!i]ZÒcVcX^c\^haVg\ZanjchjhiV^cVWaZ#I]ZgZ[dgZ!
[jcYh!i]Z]ZVai]XZciZgVahd]VYVe^X`"jeigjX`#I]Z ZkZci]dj\]E=GlVhVhhjgZYWni]Z>97i]VibV^ciZ"
VbWjaVcXZlVhcdi[jcXi^dc^c\!VcYWji[dgi]Ze^X`"je cVcXZhX]ZYjaZhVgZXdciZbeaViZY[dgVaai]ZZfj^ebZci
igjX`!IdbVhVbVnkZgnlZaa]VkZY^ZY#I]^h^hjc[dgij" ejgX]VhZYejghjVciidE6GHVajY!&.+^cgZVa^inl]ZcZfj^e"
cViZanVaaiddXdbbdc# bZciWgZV`hYdlcÅVhlVhi]ZXVhZl^i]i]ZVbWjaVcXZ
>c;ZWgjVgnd['%%,!VhXVcYVaZgjeiZYXdcXZgc^c\ Vii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^c8XVhhVeViVÅi]ZH>H^hcdiVWaZid
VbWjaVcXZh ejgX]VhZY Wn i]Z B^c^hign d[ =ZVai] ^c XdkZgi]ZXdhid[ÒcVcX^c\gZeV^gh#I]ZH>HeVnhdcanV
'%%*VheVgid[E6GHVajY>#EgZhhgZedgihZhi^bViZY ÒmZYgViZ[dgZfj^ebZciejgX]VhZYWnY^[[ZgZci9>G:H6h!
i]ViVhbVcnVh]Va[d[i]ZVbWjaVcXZhlZgZ^cdeZgVWaZ hjX]Vh=jVcXVkZa^XV#I]^hÒmZYgViZYdZhcdigZXd\c^oZ
l^i]^ci]gZZbdci]hd[ejgX]VhZYjZid[V^a^c\kZci^aV" i]ZXdhid[YZa^kZg^c\Zfj^ebZciidgjgVaVgZVh!VcYYdZh
i^dchnhiZbhVcYWgd`Zcheg^c\h#&.&;jgi]ZgbdgZ!i]Z cdiegdk^YZ[dgbV^ciZcVcXZdg[jZa#&.,
W^YY^c\egdXZhh[dgi]ZVbWjaVcXZhlVhcdc"igVcheVgZci ;^cVaan!i]Zh^ijVi^dc^hegZXVg^djh^ciZgbhd[hiV[Òc\#
VcYVeeVgZcian]VYcdiWZZcYdcZ^cXdbea^VcXZl^i] I]Z `Zn eaVnZgh ^c i]^h dWhiZig^X ZbZg\ZcXnÅi]Z
EZgjk^VcaVl#&.'6XXdgY^c\idi]Zc9ZejinHZXgZiVgnd[ b^Yl^[ZVcY9g#IVhVnXdÅVgZeVgi^XjaVganYZY^XViZYid
=ZVai]9^Z\d;Zgc{cYZo:he^cdhV!l]dgZh^\cZY^ci]Z i]Z^gldg`!WjiE=GaZVgcZYi]Vii]Z^gXdcigVXihlZgZ
V[iZgbVi]d[i]ZhXVcYVa!i]ZcZ\di^Vi^dch[VkdgZYi]Z idZcYh]dgianV[iZgE=GÉh^ciZgk^ZlhVcYWdi]eaVccZY
VjidbdW^aZ Y^hig^Wjidg <^aYZbZ^hiZg! l]^X] gZXZ^kZh idaZVkZi]ZgZ\^dc#E=GaZVgcZYi]Vi]^\]hiV[[gdiVi^dc
VabdhiVaa\dkZgcbZciXdcigVXih#&.(I]Z[dgbZgB^c^hiZg ^hVXdchiVciegdWaZb^c=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYZahZl]ZgZ^c
d[=ZVai]!E^aVgBVooZi^!VahdgZh^\cZYV[iZgi]ZhXVcYVa EZgj#9dXidghhjX]Vh9g#IVhVnXd!l]d^h[dgijcViZid
Wgd`Z#BVooZi^!l]dlVhVeed^ciZYVh>ciZg^dgB^c^hiZg^c WZVeed^ciZY!heZcYVb^c^bjbVbdjcid[i^bZ^cgjgVa
'%%+!lVh^c^i^VaanXg^i^X^oZY[dgi]ZdkZgeg^XZYejgX]VhZ VgZVh^cdgYZgidi]ZcWZVWaZidejghjZheZX^Va^oVi^dch#
d[)+.eda^XZXVgh[gdbi]ZhVbZXdbeVcn#&.) Bdhid[i]Zdi]ZgeZghdccZaVii]Z8XVhhVeViV]ZVai]
>c6eg^ad['%%,!K^XZ"B^c^hiZgd[=ZVai]?dh8VaYZgc XZciZgldg`ZYdcXdcigVXih!Z^i]Zg^cXdc_jcXi^dcl^i]
VhhjgZYE=Gi]VicZlegdXZYjgZhlZgZWZ^c\eji^ceaVXZ i]ZgjgVahZgk^XZH:GJBdgi]gdj\]di]ZgVggVc\Z"
[dgVaa^ciZgcVi^dcVaW^YY^c\VcYejgX]VhZh#&.*=dlZkZg! bZcihi]Vi]VkZcdWZcZÒih#I]ZVkZgV\Zi^bZ[gVbZd[V
i]Z[VXihgZkZVaZY^ci]ZhXVcYVaÅVhlZaaVhi]ZXdjci" XdcigVXi^h&"'nZVgh[dg;D7h!hjX]VhVii]Z8XVhhVeViV
aZhhXZbZiZg^Zhd[Wgd`Zc"YdlcVbWjaVcXZhi]ViXVc ]ZVai]XZciZg#
WZ[djcYVi]dhe^iVahVcY]ZVai]XZciZghVgdjcYgjgVa =ZVai][VX^a^inhiV[Òc\^h]^\]ankVg^VWaZVcY^ggVi^dcVa
EZgjÅViiZhiidi]ZcZZY[dg\gZViZgÒcVcX^VaVXXdjci" VXgdhh EZgj0 i]ZgZ ^h Wdi] dkZg"hiV[[^c\ VcY jcYZg"
VW^a^indci]ZeVgid[i]Z^ciZgcVi^dcVaYdcdghVhlZaaVh hiV[Òc\Vi;D7h#&.->c^ciZgk^Zlhl^i]i]ZLdgaY7Vc`!
i]ZEZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZci# E=GlVhidaYi]Vii]^h^hYjZeg^bVg^anidi]ZLey de
I]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>ciZgcVi^dcVa9ZkZadebZci7Vc` Nombramiento Médico, l]^X]VaadlcZlanÆVeed^ciZYÇ
>97ZcXdjgV\Zi]ZejgX]VhZd[Zfj^ebZci^ci]Z^gadVch! (nombrados)YdXidghidhZaZXil]ZgZi]ZnlVciidldg`#&..
VcYVeegdm^bViZan(%d[[jcYhVgZXjggZcianheZcidc =dlZkZg!bV^ciV^c^c\VhnhiZbl]ZgZWnYdXidgh]VkZ
Zfj^ebZcihjX]VhVbWjaVcXZh#>c[VXi!i]Z>;>hjhZ cZ^i]ZgWZcZÒihcdg_dWhZXjg^in^hcdiVhjhiV^cVWaZ
egdXjgZbZci^cY^XVidghidbZVhjgZi]ZVX]^ZkZbZcihd[ hdaji^dcidgVi^dcVa^oZYhiV[Òc\#EZgjjg\ZciancZZYhV
i]Z^gadVch#=dlZkZg!heZcY^c\^cY^XVidghYdcdiValVnh gZ\^dc"Wn"gZ\^dchiV[[gdiVi^dchigViZ\ni]Vi^hgZheZXi[ja
n^ZaYgZhjaihi]ViVgZYZh^gZYÅ[dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZnYdcdi d[]ZVai]XVgZldg`ZghÉg^\]ih#HjX]VhigViZ\nh]djaY
gZÓZXiXdggjei^dc^cjhZd[VbWjaVcXZhÅVcYXVcWZ XdcXZcigViZdc;D7h#6YYgZhh^c\]^\]ijgcdkZg^chiV[[
]^\]aneda^i^X^oZY0VhVgZhjai!i]ZgZ^ha^iiaZVXXdjciVW^a^in# VcYgVi^dcVa^oVi^dcd[]ZVai]XVgZldg`[dgXZ^h^ciZ\gVaid
8jggZcian!VgZXZ^ei^hVaai]Vi^hgZfj^gZYidh]dli]Vi Zchjg^c\i]Vii]ZcZXZhhVgnh`^aahZihVcYXVgZVgZVkV^a"
VcVbWjaVcXZlVhejgX]VhZY!Wjii]ZkZ]^XaZbVn]VkZ VWaZidldbZcZmeZg^ZcX^c\dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^ZhÅV
WZZcgZ"hdaYdgbVnWZjhZY[dghdbZdi]ZgejgedhZ `Zn[VXidg^cgZYjX^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in#
VcYcdiVkV^aVWaZVii]Z[VX^a^in#I]ZgZ^hVXaZVgcZZYid >chjb!IdbVhVlVhZmigZbZan[dgijcViZ!Wjii]^h
^begdkZi]Zbdc^idg^c\VcYVXXdjciVW^a^inhnhiZbh[dg XVhZh]djaYcdiWZXdch^YZgZYVcZmVbeaZd[hnhiZb^X
i]ZejgX]VhZd[Zfj^ebZci# hjXXZhh#
. % 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
:hXVe^c\8dcÓ^XiId;VXZIgV\ZYn
6cY>c_jhi^XZ/;gVcX^hXV
;gVcX^hXV8XZciZFj^heZY^ZYVii]Z=ZVai]8ZciZg^c
EVbeVhdc6eg^a')!'%%)![gdbVXZgZWgVa]Zbdgg]V\Z
gZhjai^c\[gdbegZZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V#H]ZlVh(-
nZVghdaY#
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
<hWdY_iYWWdZ7cWdY_eÊiB_\[Je][j^[h
;gVcX^hXVVcY6bVcX^dlZgZbVgg^ZYl]Zch]ZlVh&-
VcY]ZlVh''#I]Z^geVgZcihVggVc\ZYi]ZbVgg^V\Z!
Wjii]ZnlZgZ[gdbi]ZhVbZXdbbjc^inVcY]VYbZi
ViVndjc\V\Z#6bVcX^dXVccdiheZV`VWdji;gVcX^hXV
l^i]djiXgn^c\#H]ZlVh!^c]^hk^Zl!i]Za^\]id[]^ha^[Z! ;Vb^anbZbWZghdjih^YZd[]dbZ#
]^hdcZ]deZ[dg]Vee^cZhh#
I]ZXdjeaZlVhdg^\^cVaan[gdb6nVXjX]dWjibdkZYid >iXdhih&%nuevos solesJH9(idgZcii]ZkZ]^XaZVcY
=jVcXVkZa^XV^c&.-)idZhXVeZi]ZZhXVaVi^c\k^daZcXZ ]Zine^XVaanZVgchVegdÒid[ÒkZidhZkZcnuevos soles
cZVgi]Z^g]dbZ#'%%6nVXjX]dlVhVii]ZZe^XZciZgd[i]Z Veegdm^bViZanJH9&#(%"'#(%V[iZgeVn^c\i]ZgZciVa[ZZ#
k^daZciXdcÓ^Xii]ViWgd`Zdji^c&.-%WZilZZci]ZBVd^hi =Z^hl^aa^c\idYdVcndi]Zghdgid[ldg`VcYhdbZi^bZh
iZggdg^hi\gdje!H]^c^c\EVi](Sendero Luminoso), VcYi]Z bVcV\ZhidÒcYdYY_dWh!Wji^i^hfj^iZY^[ÒXjaih^cXZ]Z
\dkZgcbZci#;dgineZgXZcid[i]Z[ViVa^i^ZhYjg^c\i]Vi ^h^aa^iZgViZVcY]Vh[ZlbVg`ZiVWaZh`^aah#6ai]dj\]]Z
XdcÓ^XiXVbZ[gdb6nVXjX]d#I]ZdkZgl]Zab^c\egZedc" gZXZcianig^ZYid\ZiV_dWl^i]i]ZX^ind[EVbeVh!]ZlVh
YZgVcXZd[i]dhZ`^aaZY!Y^hVeeZVgZYVcYgVeZYYjg^c\ idaY]ZldjaYcdiWZ]^gZYWZXVjhZ]Z]VYcdihjeedgiZY
i]ZVgbZYk^daZcXZlZgZ^cY^\ZcdjhXVbeZh^cdhhjX] i]ZbVndgÉhZaZXi^dcXVbeV^\c#
Vh6bVcX^dVcY;gVcX^hXV#I]ZVgZVd[=jVcXVkZa^XV! 6bVcX^dgZbZbWZgh;gVcX^hXVVhkZgniZcYZgVcY
l]ZgZ6bVcX^dVcY;gVcX^hXVhZiiaZY!lVhVahdYZZean adk^c\!eVgi^XjaVganl^i]i]Z^gX]^aYgZc#=ZhV^Yi]Vih]Z
V[[ZXiZYWni]ZXdcÓ^Xi!Wjii]Zn[ZaihV[Zgi]ZgZi]Vc^c adkZY]^bVadiVcY]ZiZVghjeZkZgni^bZ]ZiVa`hVWdji
=jVciV!^ci]ZYZeVgibZcid[6nVXjX]d# ]Zg# H]Z ZheZX^Vaan Zc_dnZY Xdd`^c\ VcY d[iZc bVYZ
:kZgh^cXZi]Z^gVgg^kVa^cEVbeVh!;gVcX^hXVVcY i]^c\ha^`ZhdjeVcY]dbZbVYZgdaah[dgi]Z[Vb^an#H]Z
6bVcX^d]VYa^kZYdcVkZgnhbVaaeadid[aVcY!l]^X] Wdj\]idgVc\ZhVhheZX^VaigZVih[dgi]ZX]^aYgZcVhd[iZc
6bVcX^d hi^aa dlch# I]ZgZ ^h _jhi Zcdj\] gddb [dg Vhh]ZXdjaY#
i]Z^g]djhZVcYVi^cnnVgY!hdi]ZnYdcdi[Vgbdg]VkZ 6bVcX^dVcY;gVcX^hXV]VY[djgX]^aYgZcid\Zi]Zg!
i]Z^gdlcVc^bVah!jca^`Zbdhid[i]Z^gcZ^\]Wdgh#I]^h gVc\^c\^cV\Z[gdbZ^\]iid''#6aa[djglZgZWdgcl^i]dji
i^cnVgZVVeeZVgh^chiVg`XdcigVhiidi]ZhjggdjcY^c\ Xdbea^XVi^dchVii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^cEVbeVhl^i]i]Z
]dbZh!VabdhiVaad[l]^X]]VkZgZaVi^kZanaVg\Z\gZZc ZmXZei^dcd[K^g\^c^V!i]ZdaYZhi!l]dlVhWdgcVi]dbZ#
eadihd[aVcYid[VgbVhlZaa#>chiZVY!i]ZgZVgZ_jhiV[Zl I]gdj\]dji ]Zg bdhi gZXZci egZ\cVcXn! ;gVcX^hXV
X]^X`ZchgdVb^c\6bVcX^dÉhegdeZgin!bdhid[l]^X]^h gZXZ^kZY egZcViVa XVgZ Vi i]Z cZVgWn ]ZVai] edhi ^c
XdkZgZYWnY^gigVi]Zgi]Vc\gVhh#6bVcX^dhVnhi]Vi]Z 6]jVnX]V#'%&
VcY;gVcX^hXVb^hhZYi]ZX]VXgV!dg[Vgb!igZbZcYdjhan# GZXdgYh[gdb;gVcX^hXVÉhhZXdcYegZ\cVcXn^c&..)
=ZgYgZVb]VYWZZcidgZijgcid6nVXjX]dV[iZgi]^hWVWn gZkZVaZk^YZcXZd[]neZgiZch^dc#>ciZgkZc^c\gZXdgYh
lVhWdgc0h]Z]VYiVa`ZYVWdjigZijgc^c\l^i]^cXgZVh^c\ ^cY^XViZVgZijgcidcdgbVaWaddYegZhhjgZYjg^c\cdc"
[gZfjZcXnYjg^c\]ZgaVhiegZ\cVcXn# egZ\cVcXngZaViZYk^h^ihVcY^cdi]Zg\ZhiVi^dch#'%'<^kZc
6bVcX^dYdZhcdia^kZ^cVcZmigZbZangZbdiZadXV" i]ZhZ[VXih!h]Za^`Zan]VYegZ"ZXaVbeh^V^c]ZghZXdcY
i^dca^`ZbVcnd[i]Zdi]Zg^cY^k^YjVah^ciZgk^ZlZYWn egZ\cVcXnVcYlVhi]ZgZ[dgZVig^h`d[gZYZkZade^c\^i
E=G#=^h]dbZ^c6]jVnX]V^hfj^iZXadhZidi]ZaVg\Zg ^c[jijgZegZ\cVcX^Zh#
idlcd[EVbeVh#>c[VXi!i]ZgZ^hVlZaa"igVkZaZYY^gigdVY 9jg^c\i]^hegZ\cVcXn!;gVcX^hXVgZXZ^kZYegZcViVa
aZVY^c\g^\]ieVhi]^h]djhZVcYi]ZgZVgZcjbZgdjh XVgZ[gdbVe]nh^X^Vc!b^Yl^[ZVcYV^YZ(técnico). =Zg
XVghVcYigjX`hdci]ZbdgZigVkZaZY]^\]lVnk^h^WaZ^c [^ghi k^h^i dXXjggZY ^c ]Zg hZXdcY ig^bZhiZg VcY lVh
i]ZY^hiVcXZ# [daadlZY Wn Z^\]i [jgi]Zg k^h^ih! ZcY^c\ Vi (* lZZ`h#
7ZXVjhZ]ZYdZhcdi]VkZaVcYdcl]^X]id[Vgb! H]ZlVhYZh^\cViZYVhV]^\]"g^h`egZ\cVcXn!Vai]dj\]
6bVcX^dZVgchVa^k^c\WnYg^k^c\VbdidiVm^ZkZgnYVn# cdVXijVaXdbea^XVi^dchdXXjggZYYjg^c\]ZgegZcViVa
86H:HIJ9>:H.&
i^dcVcY.%Z[[VXZbZci#H]ZlVhVYb^iiZYidi]Z]ZVai]
XZciZgl^i]Veg^bVgnY^V\cdh^hd[[jaa"iZgbegZ\cVcXn
Vi(*lZZ`hVcYVhZXdcYVgnY^V\cdh^hd[egZ\cVcXn"
^cYjXZY]neZgiZch^dc#'&%IgZVibZci^cXajYZY]dhe^iVa^oV"
i^dcVcYVYb^iiVcXZidi]ZXZciZgÉhdWhiZig^XhZgk^XZ!Vh
lZaaVhi]ZVYb^c^higVi^dcd[VYdhZd[VcVci^"]neZgiZc"
h^kZ!C^[ZY^e^cZ!jcYZg]Zgidc\jZ#'&&
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
6XXdgY^c\idVgZedgiXdcYjXiZY^cid]ZgYZVi]Wn9g#
8ZhVgKZgV9dcVngZh!]ZVYd[i]Zb^Xgd"cZildg`EVbeVh
IVnVXV_V!;gVcX^hXVlVhbdc^idgZYWnVb^Yl^[Z!A^X#
AZdXVY^V8VcVaZh#'&'=dlZkZg!VXXdgY^c\id6bVcX^d!
h]ZlVhcdibdc^idgZYXadhZanVcYi]ZnlZgZd[iZcaZ[i
[dgadc\eZg^dYh#6eegdm^bViZanild]djghV[iZgi]Z^g
6bVcX^d^c]^hbdidiVm^^cEVbeVh# Vgg^kVa!;gVcX^hXVÉheV^cXVbZWVX`!VcYcddcZXVbZid
X]ZX`dc]Zg!ZkZci]dj\]i]ZgZlZgZeZdeaZXdchiVcian
XVgZ#'%(=dlZkZg!i]dhZgZXdgYhXdcigVhil^i]i]Z^c[dg" lVa`^c\VgdjcYi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg#I]ZeV^cXdci^cjZY!
bVi^dc[gdb9g#6aZmOVcYgd6hXZcX^d!l]dgZedgiZY Wjii]ZgZlVhcd[jgi]ZgigZVibZcid[[ZgZYVcY6bVcX^d
i]Vi;gVcX^hXVZm]^W^iZYZk^YZcXZd[egZ\cVcXn"^cYjXZY lVhjcVWaZidadXViZi]ZYdXidg#'&(
]neZgiZch^dcYjg^c\]ZgegZcViVaXdcigdah#'%)9Zhe^iZi]^h :Vgani]ZcZmibdgc^c\!;gVcX^hXVlVhiV`Zcidi]Z
Zk^YZcXZ!h]ZlVhcdiigVch[ZggZYidVcdi]Zg[VX^a^in[dg W^gi]^c\gddb06bVcX^dlVhcdiVaadlZYidZciZg#6[iZg
[jgi]Zg[daadl"jeVcYY^YcdigZXZ^kZVcnigZVibZci[dg lV^i^c\[dgl]Vi]ZYZhXg^WZYVhVadc\i^bZ!6bVcX^d
]^\]WaddYegZhhjgZ# lVhidaYi]Vii]ZWVWn]VYY^ZY^cjiZgd#'&)6ii]^hed^ci!
6bVcX^dlVhVaadlZY^cidi]Zgddbl]ZgZ]ZhVl]^h
<W_bkh[iWjj^[FWcfWi>[Wbj^9[dj[h
l^[Zl^i]]ZgaZ\hhi^aa^ci]Zhi^ggjeh#=Zfj^ZiangZXVaah
L]Zc6bVcX^dVgg^kZY]dbZ[gdbldg`dci]Zc^\]id[
i]ZhXZcZ!hVn^c\!ÆH]ZlVhZbein#ÇH]ZY^YcdiheZV`!
6eg^a'(!'%%)!;gVcX^hXVlVhVagZVYn^cWZYZmeZg^ZcX^c\
Wjih]ZY^Yadd`Vi]^b#L]Zc]Zig^ZYididjX]]Zg!i]Z
V\gZViYZVad[eV^c!eVgi^XjaVganVgdjcY]ZglV^hiVcY
YdXidghVcYcjghZhnZaaZYVi]^b#'&*
WZaan#6bVcX^dfj^X`angZVa^oZYi]ZYVc\Zg!VcYid\Zi]Zg
:kZcV[iZgi]ZeaVXZciVlVhZmeZaaZY!;gVcX^hXVÉh
i]ZnhiVgiZYlVa`^c\idi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^cEVbeVh#
XdcY^i^dc[V^aZYid^begdkZ#=djghaViZg!Vi,V#b#!9g#
6ai]dj\]^i^hjhjVaanVi]^gin"b^cjiZlVa`!^iidd`i]Zb
B^nV]^gVgZedgiZYi]Vi;gVcX^hXVlVhcdigZVXi^c\id
Vabdhiild]djghYjZid;gVcX^hXVÉhXdcY^i^dc#'%*I]Zn
hi^bja^VcY]VYg^\^Y^ind[YZXZgZWgVi^dc!egdWVWangZaViZY
Vgg^kZVii]Z]ZVai]XZciZgViVeegdm^bViZan&&e#b#
idVhigd`Z#'&+
6ii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg!i]ZYdXidgdcYjinÅVndjc\
>i lVh dcan i]Zc i]Vi bZY^XVa eZghdccZa YZX^YZY
gZh^YZciWni]ZcVbZd[8ZhVgB^nV]^gVNViVXd!Yd^c\
i]Vih]ZgZfj^gZYigVch[ZgidVcdi]Zg[VX^a^in#'&,6ii]Vi
]^h gjgVa hZgk^XZ H:GJB^hiVÅZmVb^cZY ;gVcX^hXV
VcY\VkZ]ZgVc^c_ZXi^dc!V[iZgl]^X]h]ZXVabZYYdlc
VcYlVhVWaZidgZhi#'%+I]Zndjc\YdXidgÉh\^ga[g^ZcY
lVhk^h^i^c\i]Z]ZVai]XZciZgVii]ZhVbZi^bZ!l]^X]!
VXXdgY^c\idVcdi]Zge]nh^X^VcZbeadnZYi]ZgZVii]Z
i^bZ!aZY]^bideVna^iiaZViiZci^dcid;gVcX^hXV#'%,=Z
h^bean \VkZ ;gVcX^hXV i]Z ^c_ZXi^dc VcY gZijgcZY id
i]Zdc"XVaagddbl^i]]^h\^ga[g^ZcY#'%-6XXdgY^c\idi]Z
ZmVb^cVi^dcgZXdgYh!;gVcX^hXVÉhk^iVah^\chlZgZVaa
l^i]^ccdgbVagVc\Zhl^i]i]ZZmXZei^dcd[]ZgWaddY
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
egZhhjgZ!l]^X]lVhZaZkViZYVi&+%$&%%bb=\cdgbVa
^h1&)%$.%#H]ZVgg^kZYXdbeaV^c^c\d[eZgh^hiZcieV^c
^c]ZgVWYdbZcVcYVc^ciZchZ]ZVYVX]Z!VhlZaaVh
kV\^cVaWaZZY^c\#'%.
I]Z ZmVb lVh gZaVi^kZan jcgZbVg`VWaZ! l^i] i]Z
ZmXZei^dcd[]ZgZaZkViZYWaddYegZhhjgZ!i]ZegZhZcXZd[
hedgVY^XXdcigVXi^dch!VcYVXZgk^XVaZmVbd[*XbY^aV" EVbeVh=ZVai]8ZciZg#
E]did/8]g^hide]Zg9gV`Z
aVcXZlVh!VXXdgY^c\idi]ZYg^kZg!9ZbZig^dEV^iVc!Æcdi
^cXdcY^i^dcidbV`Zadc\ig^eh#Ç'&.=dlZkZg!cddcZldjaY
iV`Z]^bl^i]djiWZ^c\eV^YV\gZViZghjbi]Vc6bVcX^d
]VYVkV^aVWaZ#9Zhe^iZi]Z[VXii]Vi;gVcX^hXVlVh^chjgZY
Wni]ZH>H!i]Z]ZVai]XZciZgY^Ycdi\^kZ6bVcX^dXVh]
ideVn!cdgY^Y^i]Zae]^bhZXjgZigVchedgiVi^dc#''%
6a^X^V:anNVb^c^ciZgk^Zl^c\6bVcX^d^c[gdcid[]^h]dbZ#
;gVcX^hXVlVhegdcdjcXZYYZVYVi&%/&*V#b#!Vai]dj\]
h]ZlVhWgV^cYZVYWni]Zi^bZ9g#BViVbdgdhVgg^kZY i^bZ!h^cXZh]Z^hXjggZcianbVgg^ZYl^i]ildX]^aYgZcd[
Vi,V#b#!VeeVgZcianWZ[dgZi]Znig^ZYidigVch[Zg]Zg ]ZgdlcVcY]VhV_dW#'',
id=jVcXVnd#''&;gVcX^hXVÉhYZVi]XZgi^ÒXViZlVhh^\cZY I]ZX]^aYgZcgZXZ^kZVhh^hiVcXZi]gdj\]i]Z?JCIDH
Wn9g#BViVbdgdh!l]dlVhi]Z9^gZXidgd[i]Z=ZVai] egd\gVb!l]^X]egdk^YZhXVh]igVch[ZghidZmigZbZan
8ZciZgVii]Zi^bZd[E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl#I]Za^hiZYXVjhZh eddg[Vb^a^Zh[dgeZg[dgb^c\iVh`hhjX]Vh^bbjc^oVi^dc
d[YZVi]lZgZ&>cigVXgVc^Va=Zbdgg]V\ZdXXjgg^c\dkZg VcYhX]ddaZcgdaabZci#=dlZkZg!6bVcX^dXdbeaV^ch
*b^cjiZh!'6giZg^Va=neZgiZch^dcdXXjgg^c\dkZg&]0 i]Vii]ZhiV[[i]ZgZiZcYhidWZgViZ]^b[dgcdiegdeZgan
VcY(EgZ\cVcXndXXjgg^c\dkZg.bdci]h#>cVhZeVgViZ YgZhh^c\i]ZX]^aYgZcdgZchjg^c\i]Vii]ZnVgZXaZVc#
gZedgi!ZXaVbeh^VlVhVahdheZX^ÒXVaana^hiZYVhVXVjhZ I]ZX]^aYgZcZcXdjciZgh^b^aVgegdWaZbhVihX]dda!
d[YZVi]#''' l]^X]i]ZnignidViiZcYVhd[iZcVhedhh^WaZ#I]ZiZVX]Zgh
X]Vhi^hZi]ZX]^aYgZc!l]d]VkZWZZc]Vk^c\Y^[ÒXjain^c
7cWdY_eÊiB_\[M_j^ekj<hWdiY_iYW
hX]ddah^cXZi]Z^gbdi]ZgÉhYZVi]#6bVcX^dhVnhi]Vi]^h
6[iZg;gVcX^hXVÉhYZVi]!6bVcX^d]VYideVn[dg\Vhd" cZ^\]WdghaVX`XdbeVhh^dcVcYYda^iiaZ!^[Vcni]^c\!id
a^cZidWg^c\]ZgWdYn]dbZ!VhlZaaVh[dgVcVjidehn! ]Zae0^c[VXi!]^hXadhZhicZ^\]WdghVgZ^ci]ZegdXZhhd[
ZkZci]dj\]i]ZH>Hh]djaYXdkZgi]ZhZXdhih#BdgZdkZg! ign^c\idZk^Xi6bVcX^d[gdbl]Via^iiaZaVcY]Zdlch#''-
l^i]djiZmeaVcVi^dc!i]ZVjidehnlVheZg[dgbZY^c]^h 6abdhii]gZZnZVghV[iZg]ZgYZVi]!6bVcX^dXdci^cjZh
]dbZ gVi]Zg i]Vc i]Z ]ZVai] XZciZg! Vh ^h ine^XVa# ''( idWaVbZi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg[dgi]ZlVni]Znidd`XVgZ
;gVcX^hXV^hcdlWjg^ZY^ci]ZXZbZiZgn^cEVbeVh# d[;gVcX^hXV#=ZVahdWaVbZhi]Z]ZVai]edhi[dgcZkZg
H^cXZ ;gVcX^hXVÉh YZVi]! 6bVcX^d ]Vh Xdch^YZgZY lVgc^c\]^bVWdjii]Zedhh^W^a^ind[Xdbea^XVi^dchYjg^c\
gZijgc^c\id]^h]dbZ^c6nVXjX]d!Wjii]ZbdkZ^hidd ]ZgegZ\cVcXn#=Zl^h]Zhi]VihdbZdcZ]VYidaY]^bid
ZmeZch^kZ#=ZgZXVaaZYidE=Gi]Vi^ilVh;gVcX^hXVÉh iV`Z]Zgid=jVcXVndZVga^Zg#=ZldjaY]VkZYdcZZkZgn"
YgZVbidgZijgcid6nVXjX]dVadc\l^i]i]Z^gX]^aYgZc#'') i]^c\edhh^WaZidiV`Z]Zgi]ZgZ#''.
9Zhe^iZ]^hhd[i"hed`ZcbVccZg!6bVcX^deV^cihVWaZV` >cVYY^i^dcidi]ZVYb^c^higVi^kZXdbeaV^ci!6bVcX^d
e^XijgZd[]^hXjggZcia^[Z!hVn^c\Æ>ÉbVeddgeZghdc! lVciZYidWg^c\VaVlhj^iV\V^chii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg[dg
VcY [jgi]ZgbdgZ! >ÉkZ WZZc V[[ZXiZY Wn k^daZcXZ VcY cZ\a^\Zci]db^X^YZ#=dlZkZg!]ZY^Ycdi]VkZi]ZgZhdjgXZh
Y^heaVXZY½>YdcÉi]VkZV[VgbdgVcni]^c\½>cZZYid idhZZi]ZaVlhj^ii]gdj\]#6hcdiZY^ci]ZXVhZd[BZaVc^V!
ldg`!>lVciidldg`#Ç''* VXXZhhidi]Z_jY^X^VahnhiZb^cEZgj^heaV\jZYWnbVcn
6bVcX^d]Vhh^cXZgZbVgg^ZYhdi]Vii]ZgZ^hhdbZdcZ d[i]ZhVbZWVgg^ZghVhVXXZhhidi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!
idiV`ZXVgZd[]^hX]^aYgZc!VcY]Z]VhVcdi]ZgX]^aY! ^cXajY^c\ÒcVcX^Va!XjaijgVaVcY\Zd\gVe]^XdcZh#
=ZXidg! l^i] ]^h cZl l^[Z! <adg^V#''+ =dlZkZg! <adg^V
VeeZVghid]VkZ^ciZaaZXijVaVcYehnX]dad\^XVaY^hVW^a^" 7dWboi_i
i^Zh!l]^X]VgZXdcÒgbZYWn6bVcX^d#BdgZdkZg!h]Z I]Zh^\c^ÒXVciYZaVnhaZVY^c\id;gVcX^hXVÉhYZVi]XZciZg
gZedgiZYan b^higZVih 6bVcX^dÉh di]Zg X]^aYgZc! ZkZc dci]ZXVgZh]ZgZXZ^kZYYjg^c\]ZgegZcViVak^h^ihidi]Z
VWjh^c\i]Zbe]nh^XVaanVii^bZh#;gVcX^hXVÉhX]^aYgZc ]ZVai]edhiVcY!bdhiZheZX^Vaan!Yjg^c\i]ZdWhiZig^X
XaZVgan egZ[Zg heZcY^c\ i^bZ l^i] i]Z^g daYZg h^hiZg! ZbZg\ZcXnl]^X]Wgdj\]i]Zgidi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg^c
K^g\^c^V#K^g\^c^V!]dlZkZg!XVccdiXVgZ[dgi]ZbVaai]Z EVbeVh#
86H:HIJ9>:H.(
JedcVgg^k^c\]dbZ!6bVcX^d^bbZY^ViZangZXd\c^oZY Hja[ViZ]Vhcdl^cXgZVhZYh^\c^ÒXVcian!Y^hV\\gZ\ViZY
i]ZcZZYidiV`Z;gVcX^hXVidi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg#9jZid YViVXdci^cjZidh]dlVaVX`d[jcYZghiVcY^c\d[^ih
VaVX`d[igVchedgiVi^dcVcY]ZgeV^c!^iidd`i]Zbild jhZ#I]ZjhZd[BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZ^h\gZVian^beZYZY
]djghidlVa`idi]ZXadhZhi]ZVai]XZciZg!VhdeedhZY Wni]Z[VXii]Vii]ZgZ^hVahdVaVX`d[igV^c^c\^c^ihjhZ#
idi]Z^gjhjVa(%b^cjiZh#CdcZi]ZaZhh!i]ZnVgg^kZYlZaa BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZgZfj^gZhXdchiVcidWhZgkVi^dcd[
eg^dgid]ZgYZa^kZgnVcYi]ZdchZid[ZXaVbeh^V!l]^X] i]ZeVi^ZciWnigV^cZYhiV[[Å\ZcZgVaanWnbdgZi]VcdcZ
aZYid]ZgYZVi]# cjghZdgb^Yl^[ZÅidbdc^idgYdh^c\!jg^cZdjiejiVcY
9jg^c\]ZgegZcViVak^h^ihVii]Z]ZVai]edhi!;gVcX^hXV k^iVah^\ch#I]^higV^c^c\^hgVgZanYdcZ[dghiV[[Vi;D7h!
h]djaYcdidcan]VkZWZZcVYk^hZYd[]Zg]^\]g^h`hiVijh! VcYi]ZaVX`d[igV^c^c\^hZmVXZgWViZYWni]Z]^\]gdiVi^dc
WjiVahdd[[ZgZYigVch[ZgidVigV^cZYheZX^Va^hi0VcYh]Z d[eZghdccZa^cgjgVa]ZVai]XZciZghhjX]VhEVbeVh#
h]djaY ]VkZ WZZc XdjchZaZY VWdji lVgc^c\ h^\ch d[ I]^gY!^cVYY^i^dcidi]Z^cVYZfjViZgZXd\c^i^dcd[
dWhiZig^XZbZg\ZcX^Zh#=^\]"g^h`^hhjZh^cXajYZY]Zg ;gVcX^hXVÉhjg\ZciXdcY^i^dc!^iVahdVeeZVghi]Vih]Z
VYkVcXZYbViZgcVaV\Z![djgeg^dgegZ\cVcX^Zh!eg^dg gZXZ^kZYkZgna^iiaZViiZci^dc[gdbi]Ze]nh^X^VcdcXVaa!
]^hidgnd[VeeVgZciegZ"ZXaVbeh^V!VcYZaZkViZYWaddY 9g#B^nV]^gV#I]Zb^Yl^[Z!A^X#AZdXVY^V8VcVaZh!YdXj"
egZhhjgZZk^YZcXZY^c]ZgegZcViVak^h^ih# bZciZY]ZgWaddYegZhhjgZVcYjiZg^cZVXi^k^indcVc
I]ZEVbeVh=ZVai]8ZciZg^hcdidcanVc;D7WjiVahd ]djganWVh^h#=dlZkZg!i]ZgZ^hkZgna^iiaZYdXjbZciVi^dc
VgZ[ZgZcXZXZciZgXVWZoVYZb^Xgd"gZY#>c[VXi!Vii]Z [gdbi]Ze]nh^X^VcdcYjin!ed^ci^c\idVaVX`d[dkZgh^\]i
i^bZd[E=GÉh^ciZgk^Zl!^ilVh^ci]ZegdXZhhd[WZ^c\ dc]^heVgi!eVgi^XjaVganl]ZcXdjeaZYl^i]i]ZVaaZ\V"
gZXaVhh^ÒZYVhVc;D:ÅVcYVYkZgi^hZh^ihZa[VhhjX] i^dchi]Vi]ZheZcii]^hi^bZl^i]]^h\^ga[g^ZcY^ci]Z
YZhe^iZcdinZi]Vk^c\i]ZXVeVX^inideZg[dgb8ZhVgZVch dc"XVaagddb#
jcYZgVeegdeg^ViZXdcY^i^dchdgidWVc`WaddY#'(%I]^h DkZgVaa!i]ZgZlVhVahdVaVX`d[VlVgZcZhhd[]Zg
[VahZVYkZgi^h^c\idYgVleVi^Zcih^cidi]Z[VX^a^i^Zh^h aVWdghiViZVcYi]ZhiViZd[i]Z[ZijhWni]ZbZY^XVa
Xnc^XVab^hgZegZhZciVi^dci]Vid[iZcWVX`ÒgZh^cVadhh iZVb#;dgZmVbeaZ!;gVcX^hXVlVhVYb^iiZY^cÆaViZciÇ
d[igjhil^i]i]ZedejaVi^dc# aVWdgYZhe^iZ]ZggZ\jaVgjiZg^cZVXi^k^inVcYXZgk^XVa
=dlZkZg!l^i]h^mYdXidgh!ÒkZb^Yl^kZhVcYhZkZc ZmVbh WZ^c\ Xdch^hiZci l^i] VXi^kZ aVWdg# >c VYY^"
cjghZhdchiV[[Vii]Zi^bZd[;gVcX^hXVÉhZbZg\ZcXn!^i i^dc!i]ZkV\^cVaWaZZY^c\VcYbZXdc^jb"hiV^cZYÓj^Y
h]djaY]VkZWZZc^cVedh^i^dcidegdk^YZ')"]djgWVh^X h]djaY]VkZWZZc^cY^XVidghd[[ZiVaY^higZhh#=dlZkZg!
XVgZidi]Z[djgY^hig^Xih!l^i]VcZhi^bViZY*%!%%%edej" V8ZhVgZVcYZa^kZgnlVhcdiVedhh^W^a^inVii]ZEVbeVh
aVi^dc!i]Vi^ihZgkZhCZkZgi]ZaZhh!jedc;gVcX^hXVÉh ]ZVai]XZciZg#I]ZcZVgZhi[VX^a^inVil]^X]V8ZhVgZVc
Vgg^kVaVii]Z]ZVai]XZciZgidYZa^kZg]ZgX]^aY!fjVa^in hZXi^dcXdjaY]VkZWZZceZg[dgbZYlVh=jVcXVnd#=VY
:bD8lVhcdiVkV^aVWaZ# ;gVcX^hXVWZZchiVW^a^oZY^bbZY^ViZanVcYVeegdeg^ViZan
;^ghi!i]ZhiV[[Vii]Z[VX^a^inVeeVgZcianaVX`ZYi]Z l^i]BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZ!h]ZXdjaY]VkZÅVcYh]djaY
gZfj^h^iZigV^c^c\idgZXd\c^oZVcY^bbZY^ViZanigZVi ]VkZÅWZZc^bbZY^ViZanigVch[ZggZYid=jVcXVnd[dgV
]ZgegZ"ZXaVbeh^Vhd^ildjaYcdiegd\gZhhidZXaVb" 8"hZXi^dc#>chiZVY!i]ZbZY^XVaiZVblV^iZY]djghÅjci^a
he^V#I]ZWZhilVnidegZkZciZXaVbeh^V^hWnYZiZXi^c\ h]ZlVhWgV^cYZVYÅidgZXdbbZcYigVch[Zg#
egZ"ZXaVbeh^VVcYigZVi^c\^iVeegdeg^ViZan#>ci]^hXVhZ! CdidcanlVhi]ZcZXZhhVgnYZX^h^dcidigVch[Zg]Zg
i]ZbZY^XVaiZVb[V^aZYidVYb^c^hiZgVcVci^"XdckjahVci idi]Z]dhe^iVa^c=jVcXVndbVYZ[VgiddaViZ!^ilVh
hjX]VhBV\cZh^jbHja[ViZ!l]^X]ldjaY]VkZegZkZciZY egd]^W^i^kZanXdhianVcYad\^hi^XVaanY^[ÒXjai[dg6bVcX^d#
ZXaVbei^XhZ^ojgZh# 6bVcX^dlVh[dgXZYidÒcY]^hdlcigVchedgiVi^dc!Vh
=dlZkZg!i]ZYZÒX^ZcX^Zh^cXVgZXVcWZigVXZYidbdgZ i]Z]ZVai]XZciZgÉhVbWjaVcXZlVhcZ^i]ZgVYZfjViZan
higjXijgVa[VXidgh!VhlZaaVhidi]ZcZ\a^\ZciXdcYjXid[ bV^ciV^cZYcdgVkV^aVWaZ[dgi]Zadc\ig^e#6hcdiZY^c
i]ZhiV[[d[i]Z]ZVai]XVgZXZciZg#BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZ di]ZgXVhZh!i]^hed^cihidi]Zh^\c^ÒXVciegdWaZbh[VXZY
^hhi^aacdil^YZanjhZY^cEZgj!aZiVadcZVii]Zi^bZd[ WngjgVa]ZVai]XZciZgh^cÒcVcX^c\i]ZbV^ciZcVcXZd[
;gVcX^hXVÉhYZVi]^c'%%)#>c'%%)!i]ZjhZd[BV\cZh^jb Zfj^ebZcihjX]VhVbWjaVcXZh#>i^hVahd^cZmea^XVWaZ
Hja[ViZ WZXVbZ eVgi d[ i]Z ]ZVai]XVgZ cdgbh d[ i]Z i]Vi V gZ[ZgZcXZ XZciZg! hjX] Vh i]Z EVbeVh ]ZVai]
Xdjcign!VcY^cijgc!lVhVkV^aVWaZi]gdj\]i]ZB>CH60 XZciZg!ldjaYcdi]VkZhdbZXdci^c\ZcXneaVc^ceaVXZ!
i]^hlVhlZaaV[iZgi]Z^ciZgcVi^dcVaXdchZchjhi]Vi^i ^cXajY^c\[jcYhidWZbVYZVkV^aVWaZidi]ZeVi^Zci!^c
lVhi]ZWZhilVnidigZViegZ"ZXaVbeh^VVcYZXaVbeh^V# i]ZZkZcid[VcZbZg\ZcXnigVch[Zg#
L]Zci]ZcdgbhÒghiZciZgZY^cid[dgXZ!i]ZgZlVhXadhZ I]Z^cY^k^YjVahiV[[bZbWZghVcYi]Z^chi^iji^dclZgZ
id%jhZd[i]ZYgj\#'(&6ai]dj\]i]ZjhZd[BV\cZh^jb gZhedch^WaZ[dgcdi]Vk^c\YdcZl]ViZkZglVhcZXZh"
. ) 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
hVgnidÒcYi]Z[jcYhgZfj^gZYidigVchedgi;gVcX^hXV DkZgVaa!i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb[V^aZYWZXVjhZ^iY^Ycdi
id=jVcXVnddcVi^bZanWVh^h#NZi]ZgZV\V^c!hnhiZb^X gZXd\c^oZdgVX`cdlaZY\Zi]ZhZkZg^ind[;gVcX^hXVÉh
eda^XnYZX^h^dchbVn]VkZeaVnZYVgdaZ#I]ZH>Hegdk^YZh XdcY^i^dc#7ZXVjhZd[i]^hdkZgh^\]i!Veegdeg^ViZXVgZ
.%nuevos solesVeegdm^bViZanJH9'+[dgigVch[Zgh lVhcdiegdk^YZY^ci]Z[dgbd[Vci^"XdckjahVcihdgigVch"
^ci]ZXVhZhd[ZbZg\ZcXn#=dlZkZg!i]ZH>HYdZhcdi edgiidVWZiiZg"Zfj^eeZY[VX^a^in#:kZc^[]ZghZkZg^in
XdciZbeaViZY^[[Zg^c\Xdhih[dgigVch[Zgh^cgjgVaVgZVh VcYi]Vid[i]Z[ZijhlVhYZiZXiZYZVga^Zg!i]Z]ZVai]
l]ZgZY^hiVcXZhVgZadc\#>ci]^hXVhZ!\Vhda^cZ[dgV XZciZg^cEVbeVhldjaYcdi]VkZWZZcVWaZidegdk^YZ
kZ]^XaZid\did=jVcXVndVcYWVX`ldjaY]VkZXdhi VYZfjViZXVgZ!Vhi]ZnaVX`ZYcZZYZYgZhdjgXZhhjX]
hZkZgVa]jcYgZYnuevos solesVeegdm^bViZanJH9&%%# VhbV\cZh^jb!8ZhVgZVcYZa^kZgnXVeVW^a^i^Zh'()VcY
;jgi]ZgbdgZ!igVch[ZghVXgdhhYZeVgibZciVaa^cZhVgZ igVchedgiVi^dc#
cdiXdkZgZYWni]ZH>H# 6WgdVYZg[V^ajgZl^i]i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZblVhbVc^"
>c i]^h XVhZ! i]Z XadhZhi iZgi^Vgn XVgZ [VX^a^in lVh [ZhiZY^ci]Z^chZch^i^kZVcYY^hXg^b^cVidgnigZVibZci
=jVcXVnd! ^c i]Z YZeVgibZci d[ ?jc^c! gVi]Zg i]Vc gZXZ^kZY Wn ;gVcX^hXV VcY 6bVcX^d# I]gdj\]dji i]Z
=jVcXVkZa^XV!i]ZXVe^iVad[i]ZYZeVgibZcid[i]ZhVbZ Xg^h^hVcYV[iZglVgY!i]Z]ZVai]hiV[[igZViZY;gVcX^hXV
cVbZ#I]Z[VXii]Vii]Z[VX^a^inldjaYcdi]VkZWZZcgZ^b" VcY6bVcX^dVhi]dj\]i]ZnlZgZgZXZ^k^c\X]Vg^inVcY
WjghZY[dgZmeZchZhheZcidci]ZigVch[ZgbVnlZaa]VkZ h]djaYWZ\gViZ[jaidi]Zb#6cnYZbVcY[dgViiZci^dc
eaVnZYVgdaZ^ci]ZYZX^h^dchbVYZWn]ZVai]eZghdccZa id]^hl^[ZlVhbZil^i]gZegdVX]Zh!VcY6bVcX^dlVh
^ci]^hXVhZ#9g#BViVbdgdhcdiZYi]ZhZkZgZegdWaZbh dgYZgZY VgdjcY id dWiV^c egZcViVa gZXdgYh VcY hZZ`
l^i]gZ^bWjghZbZcih[gdbi]ZH>H[dghjeea^ZhVcYhVaV" igVchedgiVi^dcÅl]^aZ]^hl^[ZlVhYn^c\#I]^hheZV`h
g^Zh^c]^h^ciZgk^Zll^i]E=G#'(' idV[jcYVbZciVaegdWaZb^ci]ZgZaVi^dch]^eWZilZZc
>ilVhdcanV[iZg^iWZXVbZVeeVgZcii]Vi;gVcX^hXV i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbVcYi]ZeVi^ZciedejaVi^dc!l]ZgZWn
lVh\d^c\idY^Zi]Vii]ZhiV[[YZX^YZYidigVch[Zg]Zg eVi^ZcihÉg^\]ihVgZcdiVX`cdlaZY\ZY#
id=jVcXVnd#I]^h^hcdijcXdbbdc!Vh]ZVai]ZhiVW" Dci]ZXdcigVgn!E=G]ZVgYgZeZViZYani]VieVi^Zcih
a^h]bZcihYdcdilVciidWZVhhdX^ViZYl^i]bViZgcVa VgZigZViZYVhdW_ZXihd[egd\gVbh!VcYVgZd[iZcVgZ
YZVi]h#E=GlVhgZeZViZYanidaYi]Vi^cEZgjbdg^WjcY bVc^ejaViZY^cidWZ]Vk^c\^cXZgiV^clVnh^cdgYZgid
ldbZcVgZgdji^cZanigVch[ZggZYid]dhe^iVahhdi]Vii]Z bZZi kZgi^XVaan ^bedhZY fjdiVh dg cjbZg^XVa \dVah!
YZVi]^hcdiÆXdjciZYV\V^chii]Z]ZVai]XZciZg#Ç'(( hjX]VhcjbWZghd[^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]h#9g#BViVbdgdh
>cV]ZVai]hnhiZbi]VihZZ`hidhXVeZ\dViVcnVhhd" ^c[dgbZYE=Gi]Vi!jci^agZXZcian!^cY^\ZcdjhldbZc]VY
X^Vi^dcl^i]bViZgcVaYZVi]!hiV[[]Vh^cXZci^kZhidign WZZcgZajXiVciid\^kZW^gi]^c]ZVai]XZciZgh#=dlZkZg!
idVkd^YgZhedch^W^a^in^cVcnlVni]ZnXVc#>ci]^hXVhZ! h^cXZi]Zn]VYWZ\jcidjhZeda^XZidi]gZViZcid^cXVg"
6bVcX^dlVhWaVbZY[dg;gVcX^hXVÉhYZVi]#E=GlVhidaY XZgViZi]ZbVcY$dgi]Z^g]jhWVcYh!i]ZgZ]VYWZZcV
i]Vi6bVcX^dÉh^cVW^a^inidÒcYigVchedgiVi^dclVhiV`Zc ]^\]ZggViZd[^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]h^ci]ZXViX]bZciVgZV
VhVÆgZ[jhVaÇidigVch[Zg]Zg#6XXdgY^c\id9g#BViVbdgdh! d[i]ZEVbeVh]ZVai]XZciZg#'(*HjX]eda^X^ZhXVaadji[dg
i]^hÆgZ[jhVaÇlVh^cijgcjhZYidZmdcZgViZi]ZViiZcY^c\ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc#>ca^\]id[i]ZhXVcYVadjh]^hidgnd[i]Z
H:GJB^hiV!9g#B^nV]^gV![gdbVcnWaVbZ^ci]ZXVhZ CVi^dcVa;Vb^anEaVcc^c\Egd\gVbÉh^ckdajciVgnhiZg"
^ci]ZVYb^c^higVi^kZ^ckZhi^\Vi^dci]VilVhXVgg^ZYdji# ^a^oVi^dch!^i^heVgi^XjaVganh]dX`^c\i]VihjX]XdZgX^kZ
>ilVhVahdZk^YZcianjhZYidZmdcZgViZVaad[i]Zdi]Zg bZVhjgZh!l]^X]ÓV\gVciank^daViZldbZcÉhg^\]ih!VgZ
YdXidgh!^cXajY^c\9g#BViVbdgdh]^bhZa[# hi^aaWZ^c\jhZYidYVn^cEZgjÉh]ZVai]hnhiZb#'(+
86H:HIJ9>:H.*
Dej[i ^cJC;E6EZg#ÆGVocYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!hZ\cYZeVgiVbZcidh
&..(!&..,!'%%%#Ç6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jc[eV#dg\#eZ$^c[dhY$
&
L=D!&..)#>cY^XVidghidBdc^idgBViZgcVa=ZVai]<dVah/GZedgid[
bdgiVa^YVYTbViZgcV$bdgTbViT%)#]ib#6XXZhhZYBVn&%!'%%,#
VIZX]c^XVaLdg`^c\<gdje!<ZcZkV!-"&'CdkZbWZg&..(#<ZcZkV/
L=D!L=D$;=:$BHB$.)#&)0JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6#UN Guidelines
'%
]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$
'
7VhZYdci]Z\dkZgcbZciÉhW^gi]Ò\jgZhVcYBBGZhi^bViZh# “Personal por grupos ocupacionales: Departamento Puno/Año 2004.”
6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$
(
B>CH6#Mujeres de negro: La muerte materna en zonas rurales del
gZXjghdh$%('%%'9E'&#]ib#6XXZhhZY?VcjVgn'.!'%%,#
Perú. Estudio de casos. A^bV0&...0AdnVoV8dcYdg^;#KdXZhYZ
bj_ZgZhYZ=jVcXVkZa^XV/<cZgdnhVajYgZegdYjXi^kV#BVcjZaV
''
B>CH6#“Población estimada por grupos de edad y edades puntuales,
*
BZhVYZXdcXZgiVX^ceVgVaVAjX]V8dcigVaVEdWgZoV#ÆGZ\^c
Nacidos vivos registrados e informados, por persona que atendió el
ÄEjcd#ÇEgZhZciVi^dc\^kZcWn9>G:H6^cEjcdDXidWZg'%"'&! parto, sitio de ocurrencia y peso del recién nacido, según lugar de
'%%+# inscripción 2003.” 6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiVY^h"
i^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$CVX^b^Zcidh$%)'%%&9E'&#]ib#6XXZhhZY?jan
+
<dW^Zgcd GZ\^dcVa Ejcd# Gerencia Regional de Planeamiento,
&(!'%%,#
Presupuesto y Acondicionamiento Territorial: Plan de Desarrollo
Regional Concertado 2006 y Presupuesto Participativo. 9ZXZbWZg
'-
>C:>#Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2000 (ENDES IV) /
'%%,# \VaandWiV^cZY#>ca^\]id[i]^hegdWaZb!EZgjÉhB^c^hignd[=ZVai]
VccdjcXZYi]Z[dgbVi^dcd[V\gdje!8dcigV[VabZ!^cBVnd['%%+!
.
>C:>$JC>8:;#Encuesta Demografica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES IV)
l]^X]l^aaYZkZadeVCVi^dcVaEaVc6\V^chi8dcigVWVcY!>aaZ\Va
/ Departamento de Puno. A^bV0'%%&/&'#
8dbbZgXZ!VcY;Vah^[^XVi^dcd[E]VgbVXZji^XVahVcYGZaViZY
&%
Gerencia Regional de Planeamiento, Presupuesto y Acondicionamiento EgdYjXih#H^cXZ'%%*!&-idchd[e]VgbVXZji^XVah]VkZWZZcXdcÒh"
Territorial: Plan de Desarrollo Regional Concertado 2006 y Presupuesto XViZY^cEZgj!kVajZYViVeegdm^bViZanJH9*b^aa^dc#6ai]dj\]
Participativo. 9ZXZbWZg'%%*0cdiZ+# bjX]d[i]^hXdcigVWVcYZciZghi]gdj\]Ejcd!dcan&%d[i]ZhZ
&&
BZhVYZXdcXZgiVX^ceVgVaVAjX]V8dcigVaVEdWgZoV#ÆGZ\^c
^bedgihgZbV^c^ci]ZYZeVgibZci!VcYi]ZbV_dg^inXdci^cjZhdcid
ÄEjcd#ÇEgZhZciVi^dc\^kZcWn9>G:H6^cEjcdDXidWZg'%"'&! bV_dgX^i^ZhhjX]VhA^bVdg6gZfj^eV#HZZ/>ciZgcVi^dcVaBZY^XVa
'%%+# EgdYjXih 6ci^"8djciZg[Z^i^c\ IVh`[dgXZ >beVXi# Counterfeit
&' Medicines: an update on estimates. CdkZbWZg&*!'%%+#6kV^aVWaZ
Gerencia Regional de Planeamiento, Presupuesto y Acondicionamiento
Vi/]iie/$$lll#^[ebV#dg\$>hhjZh$8dciZci$eY[h$>BE68ITXdjciZg"
Territorial: Plan de Desarrollo Regional Concertado 2006 y Presupuesto
[Z^iTZhi^bViZT&*Cdk%+#eY[#6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn-!'%%,#
Participativo. 9ZXZbWZg'%%*0cdiZ+!eVgV+#
(&
HjeZg^ciZcYZcX^VCVX^dcVa9Z6Yb^c^higVX^cIg^WjiVg^V#>CH
&(
Censos Nacionales 2005: X de Población y V de Vivienda, cdiZ-#
Ä<ZgZcX^VYZ:hiVYhi^XV#Una posible aproximación del nivel del
&)
Gerencia Regional de Planeamiento, Presupuesto y Acondicionamiento contrabando en el Perú: 2001: &+#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#VYjVcZi#
Territorial: Plan de Desarrollo Regional Concertado 2006 y Presupuesto \dW#eZ$VYjVcVh$^c[dVYjVcVh$XdcigVWVcYd#eY[#6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn
Participativo. 9ZXZbWZg'%%*0cdiZ+!eVgV+# ,!'%%,#
&*
Censos Nacionales 2005: X de Población y V de Vivienda, cdiZ-# ('
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj#6eg^a
&+
>Y# &(!'%%,#
&,
Gerencia Regional de Planeamiento, Presupuesto y Acondicionamiento ((
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dhZ[V8VWVcV^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!EZgjBVn
&-
>C:>#Puno: Población, Mujer y Salud, Resultados de la encuesta
BVn.!'%%,#
demográfica y de la salud familiar, 1996. 6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#^cZ^# (*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]<Zgdc^bd?dkZ8VaX^cV^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
\dW#eZ$W^Wa^d^cZ^ejW$WVcXdejW$:hi$A^W%'(+$A^Wgd#]ib#6XXZhhZY EZgjBVn.!'%%,#
;ZWgjVgn,!'%%,# (+
:g\digViZWZadc\hidVXaVhhd[Ygj\hXVaaZYZg\diVa`Vad^Yh!l]^X]
&.
HZZ/:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H
VgZjhjVaan\^kZcidhideZmXZhh^kZWaZZY^c\i]VihdbZi^bZhdXXjgh
>>&..&VcY>>>&..+!&..-#LViVcVWZKVgVI#Tendencias, Niveles y V[iZgVWdgi^dcdgVWVWn^hYZa^kZgZY0i]Znldg`WnXVjh^c\i]Z
Estructura de la Mortalidad Materna en el Perú, &..'"'%%%#>C:>#'%%' bjhXaZd[i]ZjiZgjhidXdcigVXi#
. + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
(,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]=ZgbZa^cYV6kVYdHjXVejXV^c=VcV_fj^V!EZgj
*,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dhZEVWad<dbZo"BZoV!HZc^dg:Xdcdb^hi[dg
BVn&%!'%%,# =ZVai]!LdgaY7Vc`VcYA^k^V7ZcVk^YZh!HZc^dgHdX^VaHZXidg
(-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]A^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZV^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
HeZX^Va^hi!LdgaY7Vc`eVgi^X^eViZY^c^ciZgk^Zlk^Vk^YZdXdc[Zg"
EZgjBVn.!'%%,# ZcXZ[gdbA^bV^cLVh]^c\idc!98#;ZWgjVgn',!'%%,#
(.
>ciZgk^Zlhl^i]AdgZcodFj^heZKVg\Vh^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
*-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]:jad\^VBVbVc^>c`V]jVcVXd^cEjfj^h!EZgjBVn
EZgjBVn.&%!'%%,# &(!'%%,#
)%
@ZiVb^cZ^h\ZcZgVaanjhZYVhi]ZVcVZhi]Zh^V!l]^X]^hVYgj\id
*.
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dk^iVNjXgVEVg^hjVcV^cEjfj^h!EZgjBVn&(!
l]^X]i]ZbV_dg^ind[XdXV"jh^c\ldbZc^ci]ZgZ\^dcVgZgZh^hiVci# '%%,#
AVg\ZYdhZhd[@ZiVb^cZXVcYg^kZjeldbZcÉhWaddYegZhhjgZ +%
>ciZgk^Zll^i];gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgV^cEjfj^h!EZgj#BVn&'!
VcYcZlWdgchXVcWZWdgcYZegZhhZY!VcdXXjggZcXZl]^X]^hcdi '%%,#
^c[gZfjZciVXXdgY^c\idcjghZhE=G^ciZgk^ZlZY# +&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dk^iVNjXgVEVg^hjVcV^cEjfj^h!EZgjBVn&'!
)&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]=ZgbZa^cYV6WVYdHjXVejXV^c=VcV_fj^V!EZgj
'%%,#
BVn&%!'%%,# +'
>ciZgk^Zll^i];gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgV^cEjfj^h!EZgjBVn&(!
)'
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dhZ[VEVXXd^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!EZgjBVn
'%%,#
.!'%%,# +(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dk^iVNjXgVEVg^hjVcV^cEjfj^h!EZgjBVn&(!
)(
>Y# '%%,#
))
>ciZgk^Zll^i]AdgZcodFj^heZKVg\Vh^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
+)
>ciZgk^Zll^i]<ZgVgYd=VaaVh^Fj^heZVcY;gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgV
EZgjBVn.!'%%,# ^cEjfj^h!EZgjBVn&(!'%%,#
)*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]A^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZV^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
+*
>ciZgk^Zll^i];gVcX^hXdNjXgVNjXgV^cEjfj^h!EZgjBVn&(!
EZgjBVn.!'%%,# '%%,#
)+
>ciZgk^Zll^i]AdgZcodFj^heZKVg\Vh^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
++
E=GÉhiZVbiZaZe]dcZYVcYZkZclZciid]Zg]dbZVcYhed`Z
EZgjBVn.!'%%,# l^i] ]Zg ]jhWVcY! Wji h]Z cZkZg gZhedcYZY id gZfjZhih [dg
),
>ciZgk^Zll^i]A^hGdhVcVFj^heZFjZV^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
^ciZgk^Zlh#
EZgjBVn.!'%%,# +,
?jZoB^midYZaVEgdk^cX^VYZ=jVcXVc!:meZY^ZciZCd'%%)"%.&0
)-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6WZaBViZdFj^heZ^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!EZgj
Y^XiVbZceVgX^VaCd#&+"'%%*"BE";EB"=#'*YZbVndYZ'%%*#
BVn&%!'%%,# +-
:me#'%%)"%.&!9^XiVbZceVgX^VaCd#&+"'%%*"BE";EB"=Ejcd
).
>ciZgk^Zll^i]AdgZcodFj^heZKVg\Vh^cIdXdXdg^8]dfjZX]VbW^!
'*YZbVndYZ'%%*#
EZgjBVn.!'%%,# +.
>Y#
*%
?VgVb^aadB#Does public health insurance secure access to care?
,%
ÆCdZm^hiZYdXjbZcidVa\jcdfjZ^cY^fjZfjZaVV\gVk^VYVhZ
*&
9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad#Supervisión a los servicios de planificación
'%%,#
familiar IV: Casos investigados por la Defensoría del Pueblo. '%%*# ,'
>c[dgbZgZb^i^Yd!=dhe^iVa8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd!DÒX^dCd#'&("
6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#dbWjYhbVc#\dW#eZ$bdYjaZh$9dlcadVYh$ 9<"=8BB"G:9:H"HG"?'%%)#
^c[dgbZh$YZ[Zchdg^VaZh$^c[dgbZT.%#eY[#6XXdgY^c\idi]VigZhd"
aji^dcejWa^h]ZY6eg^a'%%)!ÆaVZmeZY^X^cYZaXZgi^ÒXVYdYZa
,(
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] 9g# 8Vgadh 7Vgg^Zcidh! 9^gZXidg 8Vgadh Bdc\Z
cVX^Ydk^kdZh\gVij^iVZcidYdhadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYYZa BZYgVcd=dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
eVh!eWa^Xdhneg^kVYdh!VhXdbdadhfjZhZVcZmeZY^Ydhedgadh ,)
>Y#
egd[Zh^dcVaZhdeZghdcVaYZhVajYfjZ]VnVWg^cYVYdaVViZcX^c#Ç ,*
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] 6g^Za ;g^hVcX]d! CVi^dcVa 8ddgY^cVidg [dg i]Z
GZhdajX^cB^c^hiZg^VaPB^c^hignGZhdaji^dcRCd(-."'%%)$B>CH6! Egd\gVbdci]ZG^\]iid=ZVai]Vi86G:"EZgj^cA^bV!EZgj#BVn
6eg^a'(!'%%)# -!'%%,#
*'
6bcZhin>ciZgcVi^dcVa#Peru: Poor and excluded women – Denial
,+
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6\jhicA^bV]jVnVFj^heZ^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!
'%%,#
*(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#?jVc8Vgadh8VaaV6eVoV^c6o{c\Vgd!EZgjBVn
.!'%%,#
,.
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>hVWZaFjZciV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
*)
6o{c\Vgd^hi]ZadXVi^dcd[dcZd[i]ZÒghiWViiaZh[dg^cYZeZcYZcXZ
-%
Æedg\jhidÇ>ciZgk^Zll^i]>hVWZaFjZciVVcYNVcZi]6gVj_d8]Vc
[gdbHeV^c!VcYlVhVahdV]diWZYd[VXi^k^inWnH]^c^c\EVi]^chjg" ^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
\ZcihYjg^c\i]ZX^k^aXdcÓ^Xid[i]Z&.-%Éh# -&
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] NVcZi] 6gVj_d 8]Vc ^c GVb^h! EZgj BVn &&!
**
B^c^hiZgdYZHVajY!EZg#CdgbViXc^XVeVgVaVViZcX^cYZaeVgid
'%%,#
kZgi^XVaXdcVYZXjVX^c^ciZgXjaijgVa#C#I#C%(("B>CH6$9<HE" -'
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#HVci^V\dFj^heZK^aXV^c?ja^VXV!EZgjBVn&(!
K#%&#A^bV/B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY0'%%*# '%%,#
*+
>ciZgk^Zll^i]VldbZcÉh]ZVai]ZmeZgi^cEjcd!EZgj#BVn&)!
-(
E=GidjgZYeVgihd[i]Z]dhe^iVadcildhZeVgViZYVnh/BVn&&VcY
'%%,# BVn&(!'%%,#
86H:HIJ9>:H.,
-)
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>hVWZaFjZciV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,# &&%
HZZ I]Z 6aVc <jiibVX]Zg >chi^ijiZ 6<> '%%%! '%%)! '%%+ ^c
-*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6\jhicA^bV]jVnV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,# ;ZggVcYd9#Æ:a6WdgidZcZaEZgj#ÇJornada Feminista.;ZWgjVgn
'%%,#
-+
>ciZgk^Zll^i];Za^mNjXgVNjXgV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
&&&
HZZ/HVcYdkVa?!EVoE#Æ:aVWdgid/6c{a^h^hYZaVh^ijVX^caZ\VaV
-,
>Y# egdeh^idYZaVVcZcXZ[Va^V#Ç=dhe^iVaCVX^dcVaÆHZg\^d:7ZgcVaZhÇ
--
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6\jhicA^bV]jVnV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,# YZ8daa^fjZ!Jc^kZgh^YVYCVX^dcVaBVndgYZHVcBVgXdh^cHdX^ZYVY
-.
Æ6a\gViZ!ZhkVgdc#Ç>ciZgk^Zll^i];Za^mNjXgVNjXgV^cGVb^h!
EZgjVcVYZDWhiZig^X^Vn<^cZXdad\VlZWeV\Z#6kV^aVWaZVi/
EZgjBVn&&!'%%,# ]iie/$$lll#hed\#dg\#eZ$Vgi^Xjadh#e]e4Vgi^Xjad2)-#6XXZhhZY?jan
&%!'%%,#
.%
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] BVg^V GdhVg^d Fj^heZ ^c GVb^h! EZgj BVn &&!
'%%,#
&&'
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#Aj^h:cg^fjZo!8]^Z[d[DWhiZig^XhVcY<ncZXdad\n!
GZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVa^cEjcd!EZgjBVn&)!'%%,#
.&
>ciZgk^Zll^i];Za^mNjXgVNjXgV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
&&(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]VhZc^dgD7<NC^cEjcd!EZgjBVn&)!'%%,#
.'
I^bZZhi^bViZhkVg^ZYWZilZZcZnZl^icZhhZh#
&&)
9Za^X^V;ZggVcYd!ZbV^aXdbbjc^XVi^dcl^i]6a^X^VNVb^c#
.(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>hVWZaFjZciVVcYNVcZi]6gVj_d8]Vc^cGVb^h!
EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
&&*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]VhZc^dgD7<NC^cEjcd!EZgjBVn&)!'%%,#
.)
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>hVWZaFjZciV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
&&+
>Y#
.*
>ciZgk^Zll^i];Za^mNjXgVNjXgV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
&&,
8:96L#8dcXajY^c\XdbbZcihd[i]Z8dbb^iiZZdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dc
d[9^hXg^b^cVi^dcV\V^chiLdbZc/EZgj#8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+#
.+
>ciZgk^Zll^i]:jXZk^d8VaaViVGVb^h!EZgj0BVn&&!'%%,#>ciZgk^Zl!
;ZWgjVgn'%%,#eVgV')#
;Za^mNjXgVNjXgV^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
&&-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#Aj^h:cg^fjZo!8]^Z[d[DWhiZig^XhVcY<ncZXdad\n!
.,
ÆIdYdhcdhZX]VgdcaVXjaeV!VXVhdY^_ZgdcfjZaVeVX^ZciZ[jZVa
GZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVa^cEjcd!EZgjBVn&)!'%%,#
]dhe^iVanedgcZ\a^\ZcX^VYZZaadhaVgZ\gZhVgdcVaVeVX^ZciZZhd
c^h^fj^ZgV]VWaVgdcnVb^bZY^_Zgdccd]VWaZhcVYVbVh!cd
&&.
HZZ I]Z 6aVc <jiibVX]Zg >chi^ijiZ 6<> '%%%! '%%)! '%%+ ^c
FjZciV^cGVb^h!EZgj6eg^a&,&-!'%%,# DWhiZig^XVcY<ncZXdad\n^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a&'!'%%,0>ciZgk^Zl
.-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]BVg^VGdhVg^dFj^heZ>d^cGVb^h!EZgjBVn&&!
l^i]8ZX^a^V!DaZV!Egd\gVb8ddgY^cVidg[dgHZmjVa=ZVai]G^\]ih!
'%%,# VcYE^aVg6gXZ=Zgc{cYZo!HZmjVa=ZVai]G^\]ihEgd\gVb!;adgV
Ig^hi{c^cA^bV!EZgj6eg#&(!'%%,#HZZVahd/;ZggVcYd9#Æ:a
..
>Y#
VWdgidZcZaEZgj#ÇJornada Femenina. ;ZWgjVgn'%%,#
&%%
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] 9g# 8Vgadh 7Vgg^Zcidh! 9^gZXidg 8Vgadh Bdc\Z
&'&
;ZggVcYd9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Femenina.;ZWgjVgn
BZYgVcd=dhe^iVa^c?ja^VXV!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
'%%,#
&%&
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] NVcZi] 6gVj_d 8]Vc ^c GVb^h! EZgj# BVn &&!
&''
>c[dgbZC+.#AV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad0ÆHjeZgk^h^cVadhhZgk^"
'%%,#
X^dhYZE;Ç9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad#?VcjVgn'%%*06aZgiVHVajY
&%'
?VgVb^aadB#Does public health insurance secure access to care?
C&,#8ZcigdYZHVajYGZegdYjXi^kVn9ZhVggdaad#:kVajVX^cYZ
Economic and non-economic barriers to prenatal care among Peruvian adhhZgk^X^dhYZHH#GGnE;ZcZaXdcdHjgYZA^bV0:aGZ\^dcVa
mothers: race, geography and power relations within the household. 8dcigVXZei^kZ HZXjg^in ;ZVh^W^a^in HijYn! gZVa^oVYd Zc Za '%%(
<gjedYZ6c{a^h^heVgVZa9ZhVggdaad<G69:#HZeiZbWZg'%%+/)# JH6>9!9:A>K:G!EDA>8N#
6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$Xidda#\YcZi#dg\$Xdc[TYdXh$?VgVb^aadTeVeZgT &'(
>C:># Perú: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar :C9:H
eVgVaaZaT'#&#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan&%!'%%,#
8dci^cjV'%%)#CdkZbWZg'%%*/&+.#HZZVahd8dciZmihZXi^dcd[
&%(
9^ZgcVG!CVXXVgVidE!HVaVoVgM!KVg\VhG#Salvarse con bien: El
gZedgi#
parto de la vida en los andes y amazonía del Perú. EgdnZXid'%%%# &')
HZZ/:hi^bVX^dcZhYZhVggdaaVYVhedg<j^aaZgbdKVaaZcVh!:C9:H
B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY0A^bV/&+#
>>&..&VcY>>>&..+!&..-#LViVcVWZKVgVI#Tendencias, Niveles
&%)
>Y#!eVgV&,# y Estructura de la Mortalidad Materna en el Perú, 1992-2000. >C:>#
&%*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#?jVc8Vgadh8VaaV6eVoV^c6o{c\Vgd!EZgjBVn
'%%'!^cJC;E6EZg#ÆGVocYZbdgiVa^YVYbViZgcV!hZ\cYZeVg"
.!'%%,# iVbZcidh&..(!&..,!'%%%#Ç6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#jc[eV#dg\#
eZ$^c[dhY$bdgiVa^YVYTbViZgcV$bdgTbViT%)#]ib#6XXZhhZYBVn
&%+
6aaeZghdchVcY^c[dgbVcih^ci]^hcVggVi^kZ]VkZWZZcYZ"^YZci^"
&%!'%%,#
ÒZYidegdiZXii]Z^gXdcÒYZci^Va^in0i]ZXdbbjc^in]VhVahdWZZc
YZ"^YZci^ÒZY#I]^hXVhZdXXjggZY^c'%%+# &'*
B^c^hiZg^dYZ8dbZgX^d:miZg^dgnIjg^hbd#Plan Estratégico Regional
. - 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
&('
>Y#!eVgV&+# muertes maternas y perinatales en Churcampa. 8VaVcYg^V$HVajY
&((
JXXZaa^;6#Poverty Alleviation in Peru: The search for sustainable
H^cA^b^iZh'%%*#
social development. &..,/&kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$&(+#&)'#&*-#&%*$ &*-
Mujeres de negro: La muerte materna en zonas rurales del Perú.
A6H6.,$JXZaa^#eY[# Estudio de casos.A^bV0&...0cdiZ(!eVgV)(#
&()
Plan Estratégico de Desarrollo Regional Concertado y Participativo &*.
>C:># Perú: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar :C9:H
&(+
>Y#!eVgV(# ,!'%%,#
&(,
Plan Estratégico Regional Exportador: Región Huancavelica. DXidWZg
&+&
HZZe.g., AdnVoV8dcYdg^;#Voces de mujeres de Huancavelica: Género
%IgVch[Zg^Yd'%'%%*#eY[# YZÒc^i^kZanl]Zi]Zgh]ZlVhÒgZYdgbZgZanigVch[ZggZY#
&)'
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] \dkZgcbZci ZbeadnZZ ^c A^bV! EZgj 6eg# &&!
&+)
Mujeres de negro: La muerte materna en zonas rurales del Perú.
'%%,# Estudio de casos. A^bV0&...0cdiZ(!eVgV+%0HZZVahd!Informe de
&)(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]d^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc,!
la Encuesta. Percepciones, conocimientos y prácticas para la dismi-
'%%,# nución de muertes maternas y perinatales en Churcampa.8VaVcYg^V$
HVajYH^cA^b^iZh'%%*/&(#
&))
6a^X^VE^co{h!Jerarquias de género en el mundo rural. 8ZcigdYZaV
Bj_ZgEZgjVcV!Æ;adgVIg^hi{cÇ/'%%&!e#,.#
&+*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#Ndh]^gVOVbdgVHVaVh^c8Vg]jVeViV!EZgj?Vc#
,!'%%,#
&)*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]d^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc,!
'%%,#
&++
>C:># Perú: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar :C9:H
8dci^cjV'%%)#CdkZbWZg'%%*/&-#
&)+
:kVg^hiVEVfj^nVjg^Dhdg^d!egZcViVagZXdgYh#
&+,
GZeWa^XV YZa EZg# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de
&),
>ciZgk^Zll^i]<dY^[gZYd=j^cX]d^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc#,!
Desarrollo del Milenio en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para
'%%,#
acabar con la pobreza, la desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)/
&)-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cXd^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc,!
+)#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#XZe^h#deh"dbh#dg\$WkhV^g$Z$gZe^cYZm$
'%%,# gZe^-($b^aZc^d$^c[dgbZh$eZgj"dYb#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan(!'%%,#
&).
>ciZgk^Zll^i]BVjg^X^V^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc#,!'%%,# &+-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]<dY^[gZYd=j^cX]d^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc#,!
&*%
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6aZ_VcYgdCdV=j^cX]d^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc#,!
'%%,#
'%%,# &+.
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#Ndh]^gVOVbdgVHVaVh^c8Vg]jVeViV!EZgj?Vc#
&*&
>Y# ,!'%%,#
&*'
>Y# &,%
>ciZgk^Zll^i]BVjg^X^V^c8^ZcZ\j^aaV!EZgj?Vc#,!'%%,#
&*(
>Y# &,&
KZa{ofjZoI#Vivencias diferentes: La indocumentación entre las
86H:HIJ9>:H..
&,*
>Y# '%*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
&,+
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] IdbVhV VcY AjX^d ^c IVciVXXVid! EZgj ?Vc# -!
'%%,#
'%%,# '%+
>Y#
&,,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]IdbVhVIVaeZKVg\Vh^cIVciVXXVid!EZgj?Vc#-!
'%,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh!EZgj
'%%,# ?Vc#&%!'%%,#
&,-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]AjX^d^cIVciVXXVid!EZgj?Vc#-!'%%,# '%-
>Y#I]ZH:GJBlVhaViZgZmdcZgViZY#
&,.
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] IdbVhV VcY AjX^d ^c IVciVXXVid! EZgj ?Vc# -!
'%.
:bZg\ZcXngddbbZY^XVagZXdgYh#
'%%,# '&%
9Zhe^iZ]Vk^c\V[jaa"iZgb)%lZZ`egZ\cVcXnWnYViZh!jaigV"
&-%
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] IdbVhV VcY AjX^d ^c IVciVXXVid! EZgj ?Vc# -!
hdjcYZkVajVi^dcVii]Vii^bZgZkZVaZYV[Zijhd[Veegdm^bViZan(*
'%%,# lZZ`hh^oZVcYhjWhZfjZcian!i]ZegZ\cVcXnlVhYViZYl^i]i]Vi
&-&
>Y#
^c[dgbVi^dc#
&-'
>ciZgk^Zll^i]:a^oVWZi]6eda^cVg^d^cIVciVXXVid!EZgj?Vc#-!
'&&
I]^h^c[dgbVi^dc^hXdcÒgbZYWni]Z^cfj^gngZedgiVhlZaa#
'%%,# '&'
>c[dgbZCd#%'&"'%%)$8HEI^c[dgbZYZ9g#8ZhVgKZgV9dcVngZh
&-(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#?Vk^ZgL^a[gZYdIVhVnXd^c8XVhhVeViV!EZgj?Vc#
gZ/bjZgiZBViZgcV!EVbeVh!6eg^a'&!'%%)#GZedgiCd#%'&"'%%)$
-!'%%+# 8HEIWn9g#8ZhVgKZgV9dcVngZhgZ\VgY^c\VbViZgcVa9ZVi]^c
EVbeVh!BZY^XVagZXdgYh#
&-)
>ciZgk^Zll^i]IdbVhVIVaeZKVg\Vh^cIVciVXXVid!EZgj?Vc#-!
'%%,#
'&(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
'%%,#
&-*
>Y#
'&)
>Y#=dlZkZg!9g#BViVbdgdhhVnhi]Vih]Zejh]ZYidd[Vhi#=ZVahd
&-+
>ciZgk^Zll^i]:a^oVWZi]6eda^cVg^d^cIVciVXXVid!EZgj?Vc#-!
hV^Yi]Vii]ZWVWnlVhWdgcVa^kZ#
'%%,#
'&*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
&-,
>c[dgbVi^dc[gdbi]ZbZY^XVaYdXjbZcih# '%%,#
&--
>ciZgk^Zll^i]IdbVhVIVaeZKVg\Vh^cIVciVXXVid!EZgj?Vc#-!
'&+
BZY^XVagZXdgYh#
'%%,#
'&,
>Y#6i./%%Vb!i]ZgZ^h[jgi]ZgYdXjbZciVi^dcWndc"XVaa9g#>hV^Vh
&-.
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj?Vc#&'!
BViVbdgdh8jg^eVXdi]Vi;gVcX^hXVlVhcdigZhedcY^c\idfjZh"
'%%,# i^dchdghi^bja^#=Zgeje^ahY^YcdigZVXiida^\]iVcYl^i]eV^c[ja
&.%
>Y# hi^bja^h]Zdcanh]dlZYh^\chd[YZXZgZWgVi^dc#=ZgeViZaaVggZÓZm
&.&
KZgYZ 8;# “En la repartija ¡compañeros” Correo. BVn '(! '%%,#
lVh]neZgVXi^kZ#
6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#XdggZdeZgj#Xdb#eZ$XdggZdcdgiZ$igj_^aad$ '&-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
Xdajbc^hiVcdiV#e]e4XdaT^Y2'&^YTcdiV2'%XXZhhZYBVn'(! '%%,#
'%%,# '&.
HZZ >c[dgbZ GZedgi %'&"'%%)$8HEI! eVgV\gVe] ) BZY^XVa
&.'
6a66#ÆHdWgZkVadgVgdcVa\jcVhXdbegVh#ÇEl Comercio.BVgX]&.!
gZXdgYh#
'%%,# ''%
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
&.(
>Y# '%%,#
&.)
7ZX`ZgL#ÆEZgj/;^ghii]Zeda^XZXVghXVcYVa!cdlVbWjaVcXZh#Ç
''&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh!EZgj
=ZVai]! EZgjk^Vc B^c^hign d[ =ZVai] ^c A^bV! EZgj 6eg^a &'! GZ\^dcVa9ZHVajY=jVcXVkZa^XVÇXdcÒgbhYViZd[YZVi]Vh6eg^a
'%%,# )!'%%)l^i]Vi^bZd[&%/&*Vb#8VjhZhd[YZVi]lZgZX^iZYVh&
&.+
>ciZgk^Zll^i]>VcBVX6gi]jg!HZXidgVaHeZX^Va^hi!>ciZg"6bZg^XVc
>cigVXgVc^Va]Zbdgg]V\Z!':XaVbeh^VVcY(EgZ\cVcXn^cYjXZY
9ZkZadebZci7Vc`!A^bV!EZgj6eg#&&!'%%,# ]neZgiZch^dc#
&.,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj?Vc#&'!
''(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
'%%,# '%%,#I]^h^hkZg^ÒZY^c]Zg]ZVai]gZXdgYh#=dlZkZg!VXXdgY^c\
id9g#BViVbdgdh!cdVjidehnlVheZg[dgbZY#>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#
&.-
>Y#!6eg^a&(!'%%,#
>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh!EZgj?Vc#&%!'%%,#
&..
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dhZEVWad<dbZo"BZoV!HZc^dg:Xdcdb^hi[dg
I]ZgZVgZcdVjidehngZXdgYhVkV^aVWaZ#
=ZVai]!LdgaY7Vc`VcYA^k^V7ZcVk^YZh!HZc^dgHdX^VaHZXidg '')
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
HeZX^Va^hi!LdgaY7Vc`eVgi^X^eViZY^c^ciZgk^Zlk^Vk^YZdXdc[Zg"
'%%,#
ZcXZ[gdbA^bV^cLVh]^c\idc!98#;ZWgjVgn',!'%%,#
''*
>Y#
'%%
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
'%%,#
''+
>Y#
'%&
>Y#
'',
>ciZgk^Zll^i]K^g\^cV^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!'%%,#
'%'
Eg^dgegZcViVagZXdgYh#I]Zn^cY^XViZVWaddYegZhhjgZd[&*%$,%
''-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#&%!
bb=\ViVeegdm^bViZan(,"(.lZZ`h\ZhiVi^dc# '%%,#
'%(
EgZcViVagZXdgY#
''.
>Y#
'%)
GZedgi %%' G:9 >>> IVnVXV_V"9>H6! =K86 Wn 9g# 6aZm OVcYgd
'(%
>c]^h^ciZgk^Zll^i]E=G!9g#BViVbdgdhXaV^bZYi]Vi]ZY^Y
6hXZcX^d# eZg[dgbX"hZXi^dch!YZhe^iZcdi]Vk^c\gZXZ^kZYigV^c^c\^cVYb^c^h"
iZg^c\VcZhi]Zh^V0]ZVahdXaV^bZYideZg[dgbÒhijaVgZeV^gh!l]^X]
XVcWZXdbea^XViZYhjg\Zg^Zh!Vai]dj\]]Z]VYcZkZggZXZ^kZYVcn
YZa^kZgnVcYcZkZgViiZbeiZYideZg[dgbhjg\Zgndc;gVcX^hXV 8ZhVgZVchZXi^dchgdji^cZanVii]ZEVbeVh]ZVai]XZciZg!YZhe^iZ
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh!EZgj i]Z[VXi]Z]VYcZkZggZXZ^kZYigV^c^c\^cVYb^c^hiZg^c\VcZhi]Zh^V
?Vc#&%!'%%,# VcYi]ZXZciZglVhcdiXZgi^ÒZYidYdhd#
'(&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj?Vc#&'!
'(*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh!EZgj
'%%,# ?Vc#&%!'%%,#
'('
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh!EZgj
'(+
HZZ8]VeiZg>Kd[i]^hgZedgi#
?Vc#&%!'%%,#
'((
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#Aj^h:cg^fjZo!8]^Z[d[DWhiZig^XhVcY<ncZXdad\n!
GZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVa^cEjcd!EZgjBVn&)!'%%,0>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#
8Vgadh7Vgg^Zcidh!9^gZXidg8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd=dhe^iVa^c
?ja^VXV!EZgjBVn&&!'%%,#
86H:HIJ9>:H&%&
& % ' 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
K>>>#6EEAN>C<6=JB6CG><=IH"76H:9
6EEGD68=ID699G:HHB6I:GC6A
BDGI6A>IN>CE:GJ
J Cdc"gZigd\gZhh^dcVcY6YZfjViZ
]Z EZgjk^Vc \dkZgcbZci ]Vh VhhjbZY dWa^\V"
i^dchgZaViZYidVYYgZhh^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in
jcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVa]jbVcg^\]ihaVl!VhhZidji
Egd\gZhhidi]ZBVm^bjb:miZcid[
^c8]VeiZgK>#EjghjVciidi]ZB9<h!^i]VhVahdVhhjbZY 6kV^aVWaZGZhdjgXZh
VheZX^ÒXdWa^\Vi^dcidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^inWn,* >caVc\jV\Zi]Vi^hZX]dZY^ci]Zegdk^h^dchd[di]ZgigZV"
[gdb&..%aZkZahWni]ZnZVg'%&*#I]ZB^aaZcc^jbEgd_ZXi i^Zh!i]Z>8:H8GdWa^\ViZhEZgjVcYdi]ZgHiViZheVgi^Zh
IVh`;dgXZGZedgidc8]^aYVcYBViZgcVa=ZVai]bV`Zh idÆiV`ZhiZehÇidlVgYi]ZÆegd\gZhh^kZgZVa^oVi^dcÇd[Vaa
^iXaZVgi]Vi]jbVcg^\]ihl^aaWZ^ciZ\gVaidVX]^Zk^c\ d[i]Zg^\]ihXdciV^cZY^ci]Z8dkZcVci!^cXajY^c\]ZVai]
i]Vi\dVa#& idi]ZÆbVm^bjbÇd[^ihÆVkV^aVWaZgZhdjgXZh#Ç(6ai]dj\]
6hhZidji^cYZiV^a^ci]ZcVggVi^kZh^c8]VeiZgK>>!EZgj i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]XVccdiWZ^beaZbZciZY[gdbdcZYVn
^hcdiXjggZcianegdk^Y^c\:bD8i]Vi^hVkV^aVWaZ!VXXZh" idi]ZcZmi!^i]VhWZZcgZeZViZYanZhiVWa^h]ZYWnigZVin"
h^WaZe]nh^XVaanVcYZXdcdb^XVaan!dcVcdc"Y^hXg^b^cV" bdc^idg^c\Xdbb^iiZZh!VhlZaaVhWdY^Zhd[ZmeZgih!
idgnWVh^hVcYl^i]gZheZXiid^c[dgbVi^dc!VXXZeiVWaZ i]Vi\dkZgcbZcih]VkZVcdWa^\Vi^dcidYZbdchigViZ
XjaijgVaanVcYZi]^XVaanVcYd[VYZfjViZfjVa^in#E=G VYZfjViZegd\gZhh^c[jaÒaa^c\VaaigZVing^\]ihidl]^X]
YdXjbZciZY]dli]^haVX`d[:bD8dckVg^djhY^bZc" i]Zn ]VkZ hjWhXg^WZY! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z g^\]i id ]ZVai]#)
h^dchaZVYhidYZaVnh^cldbZcYZX^Y^c\idhZZ`XVgZ! I]Z:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ]VhXaVg^ÒZYi]ViVYZfjViZ
Vgg^k^c\ViXVgZ!VcYgZXZ^k^c\Veegdeg^ViZXVgZdcXZVi egd\gZhh!l]^aZi]ZgZ^hcddcZhiVcYVgY!bZVchZhiVW"
V]ZVai][VX^a^in#I]ZhZYZaVnh!^cijgc!`^aaldbZc!VcY a^h]^c\gZVa^hi^XiVg\Zih!WZcX]bVg`hVcYi^bZiVWaZh!
aZVkZbVcnbdgZl^i]a^[Zadc\Y^hVW^a^i^Zh# VcYbV`^c\Veegdeg^ViZZ[[dgihÅi]gdj\]aVlh!eda^X^Zh!
>cVYY^i^dcid]^\]a^\]i^c\i]ZXZcigVa^ind[EZgjÉh VYb^c^higVi^kZVcYWjY\ZiVgnbZVhjgZhÅidgZVX]i]dhZ
dWa^\Vi^dchidegdk^YZVkV^aVWaZ!VXXZhh^WaZ!VXXZeiVWaZ iVg\Zih#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!i]ZgZ^hVhigdc\egZhjbei^dci]Vi
VcYfjVa^in:bD8!]jbVcg^\]ihaVlXdciV^cheg^cX^eaZh gZigd\gZhh^kZbZVhjgZhVgZ^cXdch^hiZcil^i]^ciZgcV"
i]ViXVcWZjhZYidZkVajViZEZgjÉhZ[[dgihidVYYgZhh i^dcVaaVl#*>cVYY^i^dc!VhY^hXjhhZY^c8]VeiZgK>!i]Z
bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!VcYXVcVahd\j^YZ[jijgZeda^Xn" EZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZciYdZhcdi]VkZjca^b^iZYY^hXgZi^dc
bV`^c\ VcY egd\gVbb^c\# I]ZhZ eg^cX^eaZh! iV`Zc ^cXdchigj^c\l]ViXdchi^ijiZh^ihÆbVm^bjbVkV^aVWaZ
id\Zi]Zg!XVc]^\]a^\]iXdcXZgchVcY^c[dgb VXi^dch gZhdjgXZhÇi]ViXVcWZYZkdiZYidi]ZgZVa^oVi^dcd[i]Z
iV`ZcWngZ\^dcVa\dkZgcbZcihVcYi]ZcVi^dcVa\dkZgc" g^\]iid]ZVai]jcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVaaVl#
bZci!VhlZaaVhi]^gY"eVgin\dkZgcbZcihÅhjX]Vhi]Z EZgj ]Vh cdi bZi i]ZhZ Xg^iZg^V# I]ZgZ ^h cdi Vc
Jc^iZYHiViZhÅVcYi]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>97!l]^X]eaVn VYZfjViZCVi^dcVaEaVcd[6Xi^dcidGZYjXZBViZgcVa
VaVg\ZgdaZ^ci]ZVW^a^ind[ldbZc^cEZgjidgZVa^oZ BdgiVa^indgidVYYgZhh]ZVai]XVgZldg`[dgXZgVi^dcVa^oV"
i]Z^gg^\]ihidhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddY#>i^hcdll^YZanV\gZZY i^dc#I]ZVeegdeg^ViZ^cY^XVidghVcYWZcX]bVg`h]VkZ
i]Vi]jbVcg^\]ih"WVhZYVeegdVX]Zhid]ZVai]eda^Xn cdiWZZcjc^kZghVaanVeea^ZY#I]ZgZ]VhWZZcgZigd\gZh"
^cXajYZViaZVhii]Z[daadl^c\eg^cX^eaZh/cdc"gZigd\gZh" h^dcl^i]gZheZXiidi]Z[Vb^aneaVcc^c\egd\gVbVcY
h^dcVcYVYZfjViZegd\gZhh0cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcY i]ZVkV^aVW^a^ind[XdcigVXZei^dc0XdkZgV\Zd[i]Zeddg
ZfjVa^in0eVgi^X^eVi^dc0VXXdjciVW^a^in!VcY^ciZgcVi^dcVa jcYZgi]ZH>H0VcYegdk^h^dchd[i]Z<ZcZgVa=ZVai]AVl
Vhh^hiVcXZVcYXddeZgVi^dc#'I]^hX]VeiZgZmVb^cZhi]Z gZaVi^c\idVWdgi^dc#BdgZdkZg!i]Z\dkZgcbZciYdZhcdi
gZXdgYd[i]ZEZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZciVcYdi]ZgVXidghl^i] gZÓZXi]ZVai]VhVeg^dg^in^c^ihWjY\ZiVcYYdZhcdijhZ
gZheZXiidi]ZhZXg^iZg^VVcYhj\\ZhihbZVhjgZhidVYdei ^ihÒhXVaedlZgidXdaaZXigZkZcjZhhj[ÒX^Zciid^cXgZVhZ
^cejhj^c\Vg^\]ih"WVhZYVeegdVX]idgZYjX^c\bViZgcVa i]ZÆZmiZcid[^ihVkV^aVWaZgZhdjgXZh#Ç
bdgiVa^in#
&%(
FbWdie\7Yj_ed0CWj[hdWbCehjWb_joWdZ ]ZVai]hnhiZb!i]ZaVWdggZ\^bZegdbdiZh^cZfj^i^Zhl^i]
>[Wbj^YWh[Meha\ehY[ gZheZXiidXVgZ!aZVY^c\id]^\]hiV[[ijgcdkZgeVgi^Xj"
6ai]dj\]EZgjk^VcaVl\jVgVciZZhi]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]! aVgan^cgjgVaZhiVWa^h]bZcih!jcYZgb^c^c\i]Zedhh^"
i]ZheZX^ÒXhiZehcZXZhhVgn[dg^ihgZVa^oVi^dc]VkZcdi W^a^ind[[dhiZg^c\^begdkZbZcih^c:bD8VcYgZVa^o^c\
WZZc[jaanYZkZadeZY#CdiVWan!YZhe^iZg]Zidg^XVahiViZ" V[jcXi^dc^c\gZ[ZggVacZildg`#<^kZci]^hh^ijVi^dc!hjX]
bZcihWnEgZh^YZci<VgXVVcYcjbZgdjhdi]Zgd[ÒX^Vah! ÆhigZc\i]Zc^c\ÇXVaah[dgVhnhiZbVi^XgZk^Zld[aVlhVcY
EZgjaVX`hVCVi^dcVaEaVcd[6Xi^dcidGZYjXZBViZgcVa eda^X^ZhgZaVi^c\id]ZVai]XVgZldg`[dgXZ!VcYi]ZYZY^XV"
BdgiVa^in!^c`ZZe^c\l^i]^ihXdgZdWa^\Vi^dchVhVHiViZ i^dcd[eVgid[VCVi^dcVaEaVcd[6Xi^dcdc=ZVai]dgi]Z
eVginidi]Z>8:H8G#I]VihdbZd[i]Zeda^X^Zhd[i]Z XgZVi^dcd[VhZeVgViZcVi^dcVaeaVcd[VXi^dcheZX^ÒXVaan
HiViZ(Políticas del Estado del Acuerdo Nacional) WZVgdc VYYgZhh^c\]jbVcgZhdjgXZh]ZVai]!l]^X]iV`Zh^cid
bViZgcVabdgiVa^in^hcdihj[ÒX^Zci# VXXdjcigZ\^dcVakVg^Vi^dc#HjX]VeaVch]djaYWZYZk^hZY
>cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]eVgV\gVe])([d[:H8G^\]ih ^cVeVgi^X^eVidgn[Vh]^dcVcY^cXajYZ^ceji[gdb]ZVai]
8dbb^iiZZ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)!i]^hcVi^dcVaejWa^X egd[Zhh^dcVah!VhlZaaVh]ZVai]hnhiZbjhZgh#
]ZVai]higViZ\nVcYeaVcd[VXi^dc!Æh]djaYWZYZk^hZY
?dZ_YWjehi
dci]ZWVh^hd[Ze^YZb^dad\^XVaZk^YZcXZ!VYYgZhh^c\i]Z
]ZVai]XdcXZgchd[i]Zl]daZedejaVi^dc0i]ZhigViZ\nVcY >cdgYZgidigVX`i]ZVYZfjVXnd[egd\gZhh!i]ZEZgjk^Vc
eaVcd[VXi^dch]VaaWZYZk^hZY!VcYeZg^dY^XVaangZk^ZlZY! \dkZgcbZcil^aagZfj^gZWdi]gZa^VWaZYViVVcYi]Zg^\]i
dci]ZWVh^hd[VeVgi^X^eVidgnVcYigVcheVgZciegdXZhh0 ^cY^XVidgh#D[ÒX^VaZhi^bViZhd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^dh
i]Znh]Vaa^cXajYZbZi]dYh!hjX]Vhg^\]iid]ZVai]^cY^" ^cEZgjVgZl^YZanXdch^YZgZYidWZjcgZa^VWaZ#.>ci]Z
XVidghVcYWZcX]bVg`h!Wnl]^X]egd\gZhhXVcWZXadhZan \dkZgcbZciÉhdlcegd\gZhhgZedgidci]ZB9<h^c'%%)!
bdc^idgZY0i]ZegdXZhhWnl]^X]i]ZhigViZ\nVcYeaVc ^icdiZhi]ViÆ^cVYY^i^dcPid]Vk^c\dcZd[i]Z]^\]Zhi
d[VXi^dcVgZYZk^hZY!VhlZaaVhi]Z^gXdciZci!h]Vaa\^kZ bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^dh^cAVi^c6bZg^XV!i]ZcjbWZghR
eVgi^XjaVgViiZci^dcidVaakjacZgVWaZdgbVg\^cVa^oZY gZkZVa\gVkZegdWaZbhd[jcYZg"gZXdgY^c\½HjX]hjW"
\gdjeh#Ç+ gZ\^higVi^dc^beZYZhi]ZYZh^\cVcY^beaZbZciVi^dc
I]jh!idWZXdch^hiZcil^i]i]Z:H8G^\]ih8dbb^iiZZÉh d[eda^X^ZhVcYegd\gVbhi]ViZ[[ZXi^kZanVYYgZhhi]Z
hiViZbZcid[HiViZheVgi^ZhÉdWa^\Vi^dch!i]ZCVi^dcVa egdWaZb½Ç&%
EaVcd[6Xi^dci]ViEZgjÉh\dkZgcbZciYZk^hZhh]djaY ;dg^iheVgi!8:96L]VhXg^i^X^oZYi]ZaVX`d[Y^hV\"
WZWVhZYjedcZe^YZb^dad\^XVaZk^YZcXZgZ\VgY^c\Z[[ZX" \gZ\Vi^dc^cEZgjÉh^bedgiVci]ZVai]^cY^XVidgh!hjX]
i^kZ^ciZgkZci^dchidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!VcYi]Z VhbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!WngjgVaVcYjgWVcVgZVhVcY
egdXZhh[dgYZk^h^c\i]VieaVch]djaYWZeVgi^X^eVidgn WnZi]c^X^inVhlZaaVh\ZcYZgl]ZgZgZaZkVci#>c^ih
VcYigVcheVgZci# gZhedchZidEZgjÉhh^mi]eZg^dY^XgZedgi^c'%%,!^icdiZY
I]^heaVch]djaYWZYZk^hZYVheVgid[dg^cgZaVi^dc ÆI]Z8dbb^iiZZ^hXdcXZgcZYi]Vii]Za^b^iZYVkV^aVW^a^in
idi]ZCVi^dcVaEaVcd[6Xi^dcdc=ZVai]XVaaZY[dgjcYZg d[hjX]YZiV^aZYYViVbVnVahdXdchi^ijiZVc^beZY^bZci
i]ZCVi^dcVaEaVcdc=jbVcG^\]ih'%%+"'%&%!l]^X] idi]ZHiViZeVgin^ihZa[^cYZh^\c^c\VcY^beaZbZci^c\
hi^ejaViZYi]VihjX]VeaVclVhidWZegZeVgZYVcY^beaZ" iVg\ZiZYeda^X^ZhVcYegd\gVbbZh!VcY^cbdc^idg^c\
bZciZYÆXdch^YZg^c\i]ZZmegZhh^dchVcY^ciZgZhihd[ i]Z^gZ[[ZXi^kZcZhh^cgZ\VgYidi]Z^beaZbZciVi^dcd[
adXVaedejaVi^dch!l^i]heZX^VaZbe]Vh^hdci]ZeddgZhi i]Z8dckZci^dc#Ç&&
VcYbdhikjacZgVWaZedejaVi^dchd[i]ZXdjcignÇVcYl^i] L^i]gZ\VgYid^cY^XVidgh!i]ZJCHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjg
VÆXgdhh"Xjii^c\[dXjhdc]jbVcg^\]ih!ZfjVa^inWZilZZc ]Vh cdiZY i]Vi ÆV g^\]i"id"]ZVai] VeegdVX] gZfj^gZh
bZcVcYldbZc!^ciZgXjaijgVa^in#Ç, Veegdeg^ViZ^cY^XVidghidbdc^idgegd\gZhhbVYZVcYid
I]ZCVi^dcVaEaVcd[6Xi^dcdc=jbVcG^\]ihVahdXVaaZY ]^\]a^\]il]ZgZeda^XnVY_jhibZcihbVnWZcZZYZY#Ç&'
[dgÆhigZc\i]Zc^c\]jbVcgZhdjgXZhV^bZYVi^begdk^c\ 6ai]dj\] bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in gVi^dh h]dl dkZgVaa
XdbeZiZcX^ZhVcYldg`XdcY^i^dchd[i]Zldg`Zgh^ci]Z igZcYh!egdXZhh^cY^XVidghXVcWZbdc^idgZYXdci^cj"
]ZVai]hZXidg!^cdgYZgid^begdkZi]ZfjVa^ind[i]ZeZg[dg" djhanVcYVgZd[\gZViZggZaZkVcXZ^ciZgbhd[bV`^c\
bVcXZd[Vhh^\cZY[jcXi^dchVcYegdbdiZVcYegdiZXii]Z Æeda^XnVY_jhibZcihl]ZgZcZZYZYidgZYjXZbViZgcVa
g^\]iid]ZVai]d[i]ZedejaVi^dc#Ç-E=GYdXjbZciZYi]Z YZVi]h#Ç6XXdgY^c\idVc>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci
\gdhh^cZfj^i^Zhi]ViZm^hiWZilZZcVeed^ciZYe]nh^X^Vch 7Vc`gZedgi!ÆPbRdc^idg^c\hZaZXiZYegdXZhh^cY^XVidgh!
VcY]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahVcYi]dhZldg`^c\dcY^[[ZgZci [dgZmVbeaZi]Zegdedgi^dcd[W^gi]hjcYZg^chi^iji^dcVa
h]dgi"iZgbXdcigVXihl^i]cdWZcZÒih!l]dVgZhjW_ZXi XVgZ!XVch]dlbdgZgZa^VWanl]Zi]Zgdgcdii]ZPH>HR
idhjbbVgnY^hb^hhVa#>cVYY^i^dcid^cZfj^inl^i]^ci]Z ^hldg`^c\!h^cXZi]Z\gZViZgi]ZjhZd[\ddYbViZgcVa
&%%
6XXdgY^c\idVJCgZedgi!EZgjÉheZgXVe^iV]ZVai]XVgZ
^ckZhibZciYZXa^cZY[gdb.*nuevos soles^c'%%&id,- -%
nuevos soles^c'%%([gdbVeegdm^bViZanJH9'-idJH9
+%
'(#()=dlZkZg!i]^hYZXgZVhZ^c]ZVai]XVgZheZcY^c\lVh
VXXdbeVc^ZYWnVedh^i^kZ<9E\gdli]!(*^cY^XVi^c\i]Vi )%
i]ZVkV^aVW^a^ind[gZhdjgXZhlVhcdii]ZhdjgXZd[hjX]
YZXgZVhZh#L]ZcXdch^YZg^c\i]ZeZg^dYWZilZZc'%%% '%
VcY'%%*!Vai]dj\]i]Z]ZVai]hZXidgÉhVccjVaWjY\Zi %
^cXgZVhZY^cVWhdajiZiZgbh!^iYZXgZVhZY^cgZaVi^kZ (&&' (&&( (&&) (&&* (&&+
iZgbh!YZhe^iZ\dkZgcbZciXdbb^ibZcihid^cXgZVhZ HdjgXZ/ PERU - National Expenditure on Health. '%%,#6kV^aVWaZVi/
hdX^Va heZcY^c\ Vh eVgi d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa 6\gZZbZci ]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$c]V$Xdjcign$E:G":#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jcZ',!'%%,#
9dZhH>H>beaZbZciVi^dc8gZViZ9^hXg^b^cVi^dc4
E=GaZVgcZYd[Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcV\V^chieVi^Zcihl^i]H>H _jhi\^kZcW^gi]idVkZgnegZbVijgZ^c[Vci^cViVm^!i]Z
XdkZgV\Z^cjgWVcVcYeZg^"jgWVcVgZVhl]ZgZcdiVaa eaVXZciVhi^aaViiVX]ZYid]Zg#
eVi^Zcih]VkZH>HXdkZgV\Z#>cZ[[ZXi!ldbZc^cV[dXjh HigjXijgVa ^cXZci^kZh [VXidg ^cid Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc
\gdje^c8VgVWVnaadYZhXg^WZYVild"i^ZgZYhnhiZb V\V^chiH>HeVi^Zcih#>cVYZfjViZVcYhadlgZ^bWjghZ"
d[]ZVai]XVgZ!l]ZgZWnldbZcl^i]di]Zg[dgbhd[ bZcibZVchi]Vii]Z]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcihadhZbdcZn
eVnbZcilZgZigZViZYÒghiVcYWZiiZgi]Vci]dhZl]d dcH>HeVi^Zcih#=ZVai]egdbdiZgh^ci]Z[dXjh\gdje
dcan]VYhdX^Va^chjgVcXZ#BVcnldbZcidaYE=Gd[ hiViZYi]Vi]ZVai]XZciZgh^ceZg^"jgWVcVgZVhhjX]Vh
]Vk^c\idlV^i]djghViegZcViVaVeed^cibZcih!l]Zc Egd\gZhd!cdgi]d[A^bV!VgZjcYZgegZhhjgZidignid
ldbZcl]d]VYeg^kViZ^chjgVcXZdglZgZeVn^c\^c b^c^b^oZH>HeVi^Zcih!WZXVjhZi]ZB>CH6YZiZgb^cZh
XVh]lZgZjh]ZgZY^c]djghV]ZVYd[i]ZbVcY\^kZc ]dlbVcnhadihVgZVaadXViZY[dgeVi^Zcih^cEA6C8
bdgZXdbeaZiZZmVb^cVi^dch# d[i]ZH>H^cadXVa^i^Zhl^i]aZhhi]Vc+*eZgXZcid[
HjX]Y^hXg^b^cVidgnigZVibZciZmiZcYZYiddWhiZig^X i]ZedejaVi^dcXaVhh^ÒZYVh^cY^\Zci#=dlZkZg!hjX]
ZbZg\ZcX^Zh#;dgZmVbeaZ!dcZ[dXjh\gdjeeVgi^X^" VaadXVi^dchgVgZanXdggZaViZl^i]gZVacZZYh#
eVcigZXdjciZYVgZXZcihidgnd[]Vk^c\WZZcbVYZid 6cdi]Zg[dXjh\gdjeeVgi^X^eVcihV^Y!Æ>cEZgj!]ZVai]
lV^iViaZVhiilZcinb^cjiZhVii]ZZbZg\ZcXngddb XVgZ^hl]VindjXVceVn[dgVcYl]dndj`cdl#=Vk^c\i]Z
Yddgd[i]Z=dhe^iVa8daa^fjZl]Zch]ZVgg^kZY!]Vk^c\ H>HbZVchndjXVcÉieVnVcYndjYdcÉi`cdlVcndcZ#Ç
(%% &%%
d[W^gi]hViiZcYZYWn
]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVa
.%
'*% BViZgcVabdgiVa^ingVi^deZg
&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h -%
,%
H`^aaZY7^gi]6iiZcYVcXZ
'%%
BViZgcVaBdgiVa^inGVi^d
+%
&*% *%
)%
&%%
(%
'%
*%
&%
% %
i^
W
W
We
?YW
b_
ei
k[
hW
d
dd
Ye
WY
kW
YW
e
iYe
de
i
dW
kY
X[
Yd
k_f
WhY
h[j
Y^
hjW
oW
Whj
F_k
[b_
_c
:_
YW
Wbb
[]
Fk
[g
@k
FW
9k
|d
JW
WYk
Wpe
W
c
Be
X[
Wg
`Wc
7d
KY
YWl
kh
dC
Z[
gk
Wo
W#9
Jk
>k
B_
7h
7c
7o
7f
cX
Ce
Zh[
Wd
9W
IW
B_c
BW
BW
>k
CW
i^Zh^ci]ZbdgZjgWVc^oZYVgZVhd[i]ZhZYZeVgibZcih d[i]ZedejaVi^dc^c=jVcXVkZa^XVa^kZ^cgjgVaVgZVh0nZi
VcY[ZlZgidgjgVaVgZVh!l]ZgZi]Z^cY^\ZcdjhedejaV" i]Z\dkZgcbZci^hgZhedch^kZcdiidi]Z^gcZZYhWjiid
i^dchdkZgl]Zab^c\angZh^YZ#6ai]dj\]YZXZcigVa^oVi^dc i]dhZd[jgWVcZa^iZh#
d[i]Z]ZVai]hZXidg]Vh\^kZc\gZViZgedlZgidgZ\^dcVa >cEjcd!i]Z:C9:H'%%%[djcY\aVg^c\Y^heVg^i^Zhi]Vi
\dkZgcbZcih!bVcnd[i]ZgjgVaeddg!l]dVgZdkZg" b^ggdgZYgjgVaÄjgWVcY^heVg^i^ZhVii]ZcVi^dcVaaZkZa#+)
l]Zab^c\an^cY^\Zcdjh!VgZcdigZegZhZciZY^cgZ\^dcVa ;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZhijYnh]dlZYi]VildbZc^cjgWVc
YZX^h^dchgZaViZYidi]Z^gdlc]ZVai]#;dgZmVbeaZ!E=G VgZVhVcYi]dhZl^i]]^\]ZgZYjXVi^dcVgZbdgZa^`Zan
dWhZgkZYi]Vii]ZGZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVa^ci]ZXVe^iVaX^in id]VkZgZXZ^kZYbdgZi]dgdj\]egZcViVaXVgZ!^cXajY^c\
d[=jVcXVkZa^XV]Vhi]ZXVeVX^inideZg[dgbaVeVgd" WaddYVcYjg^cZiZhihYjg^c\i]Z^gZmVbh#+*>cVYY^i^dc!
hXde^Xhjg\Zg^Zhl^i]]^\]"iZX]Zfj^ebZci!VcYldbZc 8VZhVg^Vc hZXi^dch lZgZ i]gZZ i^bZh bdgZ [gZfjZci
gdji^cZangZXZ^kZi]gZZjaigVhdjcYh^cZkZgnegZ\cVcXn! Vbdc\ldbZcl^i]]^\]ZgZYjXVi^dci]VcVbdc\i]dhZ
l]^aZ^cY^\Zcdjhcampesinas^cgjgVaVgZVh\dl^i]dji l^i]dcaneg^bVgnZYjXVi^dcdgWZadl!l]dlZgZY^hegd"
VXXZhhidZkZci]ZbdhiWVh^X:bD8^cbVcnXVhZh#+( edgi^dcViZan[gdbgjgVaVgZVh#++
I]^h^heVgi^XjaVganhig^`^c\\^kZci]VidkZgild"i]^gYh EZgjÉhdlcegd\gZhhgZedgidci]ZB9<hVX`cdla"
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & & &
ZY\Zhi]ZXdci^cjjbd[bVg\^cVa^oVi^dcd[gjgVa!Y^hegd" d[ ldbZc Vh XVgZ\^kZgh VcY hZmjVa dW_ZXih! gVi]Zg
edgi^dcViZan^cY^\ZcdjhldbZc/Æi]ZYViVgZÓZXii]Z i]Vc[dhiZg^c\\ZcYZgZfj^inVcYigZVi^c\ldbZcVh
eZgh^hiZcXZd[Zcdgbdjh^cZfj^i^Zhi]VieZgbZViZi]Z g^\]ih"]daYZgh#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]Z?JCIDHegd\gVb!V
Xdjcign#Ç+, _d^ciegd\gVbXddgY^cViZYWni]ZB>CH6!i]ZB^c^hign
d[ :YjXVi^dc! VcY i]Z B^c^hign d[ LdbZc VcY HdX^Va
=[dZ[h?d[gkWb_j_[iWdZ:_iYh_c_dWj_ed 9ZkZadebZciB>B9:H!Ministerio de la Mujer y Desarrollo
<ZcYZg ^cZfjVa^in ^c EZgj ^h ^cZmig^XVWan a^c`ZY l^i] Social! bV`Zh XVh] igVch[Zgh XdcY^i^dcVa dc XZgiV^c
Zi]c^XY^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcYgjgVaedkZgin#>c^ih8dcXajY^c\ WZ]Vk^dgh0 i]Z egd\gVb deZgViZh l^i] V hjWhiVci^Va
8dbbZcih dc EZgjÉh h^mi] eZg^dY^X gZedgi jcYZg WjY\Zid[Veegdm^bViZan&%%b^aa^dcnuevos solesVnZVg
i]Z LdbZcÉh 8dckZci^dc! 8:96L hiViZY i]Vi ^i lVh Veegdm^bViZan JH9 (% b^aa^dc# 6XXdgY^c\ id GdXd
ÆXdcXZgcZYVWdjii]Zh^ijVi^dcd[gjgVa!^cY^\ZcdjhVcY <ji^ggZod[BVcjZaVGVbdh!?JCIDHgdji^cZanbV`Zh
b^cdg^inldbZcl]^X]^hX]VgVXiZg^oZYWnegZXVg^djh V^YidldbZcXdcY^i^dcVadci]Z^g\^k^c\W^gi]^c^chi^ij"
a^k^c\XdcY^i^dchVcYaVX`d[VXXZhhid_jhi^XZ!]ZVai]XVgZ! i^dchdgdcaZVk^c\]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcil^i]hdbZ[dgb
ZYjXVi^dc!XgZY^i[VX^a^i^ZhVcYXdbbjc^inhZgk^XZh#I]Z d[W^gi]Xdcigda#,'6YY^i^dcVaan!ldbZcÅl]dVgZVhhjbZY
8dbb^iiZZ^hXdcXZgcZYi]Vil^YZhegZVYedkZginVcY id]VkZÆ[gZZi^bZÇÅVgZgZfj^gZYWn?JCIDHidXdbean
eddghdX^d"ZXdcdb^XXdcY^i^dchVgZVbdc\i]ZXVjhZhd[ l^i]XZgiV^ciVh`hl^i]^cXZgiV^ci^bZiVWaZh!^cXajY^c\
i]Zk^daVi^dcd[ldbZcÉh]jbVcg^\]ihVcYY^hXg^b^cVi^dc Wg^c\^c\X]^aYgZc^c[dgkVXX^cVi^dcVcYZcgdaa^c\i]Zb
V\V^chigjgVa!^cY^\ZcdjhVcYb^cdg^inldbZc#Ç+- ^chX]dda#L]Zci]ZnYdcdiXdbean!i]ZnVgZgZbdkZY
E=GdWhZgkZY^cEjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XVi]VildbZc [gdb?JCIDH!ViaZVhiiZbedgVg^an#,(
Xdci^cjZidgZbV^cY^hZbedlZgZYVhYZX^h^dc"bV`Zgh <ZcYZgY^hXg^b^cVi^dc^hVahdgZÓZXiZY^caVlhVcYeda^"
^ci]Z^gdlcg^\]iidhZZ`]ZVai]XVgZ#>cY^[[ZgZcilVnh! X^Zhi]Vi]VkZVYZig^bZciVa^beVXidcldbZcÉh]ZVai]#
8Vgda^cV!:kVg^hiV!EVWaV!IdbVhVVcY6cidc^VVaaaVX`ZY ;dg ZmVbeaZ! jcYZg EZgjk^Vc aVl! VWdgi^dc ^h ^aaZ\Va
XdcigdadkZgYZX^h^dchgZaVi^c\idi]Z^gWdY^an^ciZ\g^inVcY ZmXZeil]ZccZXZhhVgnidegZhZgkZi]Za^[Zdg]ZVai]d[i]Z
gZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]#:kZc^cXVhZhd[ZbZg\ZcXn!E=G bdi]Zg#7di]i]ZldbVcl]djcYZg\dZhi]ZegdXZYjgZ
[djcYi]Vii]ZbZc^ci]Z[Vb^anbV`Za^[Z"X]Vc\^c\]ZVai] VcYi]Z]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahl]deZg[dgb^iVgZhjW_ZXi
YZX^h^dch[dgi]Z^gl^kZhdgdi]Zg[ZbVaZgZaVi^kZh!Vh^c idhVcXi^dch^cVaaXVhZhZmXZeii]ZgVeZji^XVWdgi^dch#,)
i]ZXVhZd[:kVg^hiVÉhYZVi]^c=jVcXVkZa^XV#I]ZVW^a^ind[ =dlZkZg!i]ZYZÒc^i^dcd[hjX]Æi]ZgVeZji^XVWdgi^dchÇ
ldbZca^k^c\^c8VgVWVnaadVcYhjggdjcY^c\eZg^"jgWVc ]VhWZZc^ciZgegZiZYcVggdlanidZmXajYZh^ijVi^dchl]ZgZ
VgZVhdjih^YZd[A^bV!l]d]VYVXXZhhidgZhdjgXZhid i]ZldbVcÉhbZciVa]ZVai]^hVig^h`#I]ZJc^iZYCVi^dch
bV`Zi]Z^gdlc]ZVai]XVgZYZX^h^dch!XdcigVhiZYh]Vgean =jbVcG^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ[djcY^ci]ZXVhZd[Karen
l^i]i]ZWZ]Vk^dgd[^cY^\ZcdjhldbZc^ci]ZSierra.+. Llantoy v Peru, ^ckdak^c\ViZZcV\Zgl]dlVh[dgXZYidXVggn
HijY^ZhYdcZZahZl]ZgZ^cEZgjVbdc\cVi^kZVcY^cY^\" VcVcZcXZe]Va^X[ZijhidiZgbVcYhj[[ZgZY\gVkZehnX]d"
ZcdjhedejaVi^dch]VkZVahd[djcYi]VibZcVhhjbZi]Z ad\^XVaYVbV\ZVhVgZhjai!i]Vii]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]^cXajYZh
YZX^h^dc"bV`^c\gdaZ#,% Wdi]e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]VcYi]ViEZgjÉhaVllVh
K^gijVaanVaad[i]ZXVhZhijY^Zh^cXajYZY^ci]^hgZedgi dkZgangZhig^Xi^kZVcYk^daVi^kZd[ldbZcÉh]jbVcg^\]ih#,*
gZÓZXii]Z^cZajXiVWaZXdccZXi^dchWZilZZci]ZaVX`d[ I]^hYZX^h^dc^hW^cY^c\jedci]ZEZgjk^Vc\dkZgcbZci#
V\ZcXnldbZc]VkZ^ci]Z^geg^kViZa^kZhÅgZaVi^c\id BdgZ\ZcZgVaan!V'%%)"%*hijYnYdcZWni]ZEZgjk^Vc
WdY^an^ciZ\g^in!X]d^XZd[hZmjVagZaVi^dch!W^gi]heVX^c\! HdX^Zind[DWhiZig^XhVcY<ncZXdad\n[djcYl^YZhegZVY
ZiXÅVcY i]Z aVX` d[ V\ZcXn i]Zn ]VkZ ^c i]Z ejWa^X Xdc[jh^dc VWdji i]Z aZ\Va hiVijh d[ VWdgi^dc Vbdc\
he]ZgZ#I]ZgZaVi^dch]^e\dZh^cWdi]Y^gZXi^dch#;dg \ncZXdad\^hihVcYVcZZYidgZ[dgbi]ZaVl#,+I]ZhijYn
ZmVbeaZ!^cZfjVa^i^Zh^cZYjXVi^dcWZilZZcbZcVcY XdcXajYZhi]ViÆgZhig^Xi^kZaVlhdcVWdgi^dc]VkZcdi
ldbZcigVchaViZ^cidbdgZldbZcWZ^c\bdcda^c\jVa Y^b^c^h]ZY^ihegVXi^XZ#>cA^bV!dcZYZcjcX^Vi^dc^h
VcY ^aa^iZgViZÅZk^YZcXZY ^c ZkZgn XVhZ E=G hijY^ZY bVYZdjid[ZkZgn&%-%VWdgi^dch#<ncZXdad\^hih]VkZcd
ZmXZeii]Vid[8Vgda^cVÅVcYi]ZgZ[dgZ]Vk^c\\gZViZg `cdlaZY\Zd[i]ZaZ\Vah^ijVi^dc#I]ZgZ^hVaZ\Va\Vedg
WVgg^ZghidVXXZhhid]ZVai]XVgZVcY\gZViZgYZeZcYZcXn YdjWaZ^ciZgegZiVi^dcdci]ZegZ\cVci[ZbVaZigZVibZci
dci]Z^g]jhWVcYh#,&<gZViZgYZeZcYZcXndcbVaZeVgi" l^i]VcVcZcXZe]Va^X[ZijhPh^XR#>i^hcZXZhhVgnidbdY^[n
cZghXgZViZhbdgZWVgg^ZghidXVgZ!VhcdiZYVWdkZ# i]ZEZcVa8dYZWn^cigdYjX^c\i]ZiZgbd[egZ\cVcXnd[
;jgi]ZgbdgZ!\dkZgcbZci]ZVai]VcYdi]ZghdX^Va VcVcZcXZe]Va^X[ZijhVhi]ZgVeZji^XVWdgi^dc!dgaZ\Va"
egd\gVbhV^bZYViegdk^Y^c\Vhh^hiVcXZidldbZcVcY ^o^c\Zj\Zc^XVWdgi^dc#Ç,,
X]^aYgZc^cedkZginiZcYidgZ^c[dgXZhiZgZdineZYgdaZh 8:96L]VhhiViZYi]ViÆaVlhi]ViXg^b^cVa^oZbZY^XVa
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & & (
VW^a^inVhWZ^c\idi]ZXdbbjc^in^ihZgkZh!i]ZgZhjai l]Zi]ZgVeZghdcYdZhb^a^iVgnhZgk^XZ#.(>c8V_VbVgXV!
l^aaWZsustained]^\]fjVa^in!gZhedch^kZ!g^\]ih"hZch^" i]Z eZgXZciV\Zh lZgZ ), VcY -%! gZheZXi^kZan#
i^kZhZgk^XZh#Ç--6XXdgY^c\idbjai^eaZ`Zn^c[dgbVcih! 8dchZfjZcian!VhbVcnVh.-d[ldbZchjgkZnZYY^Y
i]Z gZVa egdWaZb l^i] i]Z 8A6H ]Vh WZZc ^c ^beaZ" cdi]VkZVcYXdjaYcdidWiV^c9C>Éh!i]jhegZXajY^c\i]Z
bZciVi^dc#JcYZgi]ZIdaZYdVYb^c^higVi^dc!i]Z8A6H ZmZgX^hZd[X^k^XeVgi^X^eVi^dcVcYa^b^i^c\i]Z^gVW^a^in
bZX]Vc^hblVhbdY^ÒZYVcY[VX^a^i^ZhYZcdb^cViZYVh idVXXZhhXZgiV^chdX^VaWZcZÒihVcYhZgk^XZh!^cXajY^c\
8A6HlZgZ^cXgZVhZYl^i]djiViiZcY^c\idi]ZXdbbj" i]gdj\]i]ZhdX^Va^chjgVcXZhX]ZbZ#.)
c^ineVgi^X^eVi^dcgdaZ#H^cXZ'%%'!i]Z8A6H]VkZVahd I]ZgZVhdchjcYZgan^c\i]^haVX`d[^YZci^inYdXj"
WZZchnhiZbVi^XVaanjcYZg"[jcYZY!aZVk^c\[ZlgZhdjgXZh bZcih[dggjgValdbZc^cXajYZZXdcdb^XWVgg^Zgh!aVX`
[dgi]ZXdbbjc^inbZbWZghideg^dg^i^oZdgVaadXViZ# d[VkV^aVW^a^inVcYXdkZgV\Zd[hZgk^XZhWni]ZG:C>:8!
;jgi]Zg!VhYdXidghldg`dcXdcigVXihl^i]i]ZB>CH6! XjaijgVa WVgg^Zgh VcY b^higZVibZci Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc
i]ZnVgZ^cXgZVh^c\anaZhhVXXdjciVWaZidi]ZXdbbj" V\V^childbZcVcYV\V^chiX]^aYgZcWdgcidjclZY
c^inbZbWZghl]dh^idci]ZXdjcX^a!VcYgVi]Zg!WZ]VkZ bdi]Zgh!VcYYZhigjXi^dcd[gZ\^hig^ZhYjZidi]ZX^k^a
VhldjaYVcndi]ZgB>CH6ZbeadnZZ#I]Z]^hidgnd[i]Z k^daZcXZ^cXZgiV^cYZeVgibZcih#.*L^i]djii]ZVW^a^in
b^Yl^[Z[gdbi]Z8A6HEjfj^h^cEjcd!^cBZaVc^VÉhXVhZ! idkdiZÅVcYl^i]djidi]Zg[dgVidVhhZgii]Z^gkd^XZhÅ
YZbdchigViZhl]Vi]VeeZchl]ZcV8A6H^hcdadc\Zg i]ZhZgjgVagZh^YZcihVcY^ceVgi^XjaVgldbZcVgZ
gZhedch^kZidi]ZXdbbjc^in# aZ[i^ck^h^WaZVcYjcXdjciZYl]Zceda^X^ZhVcYWjY\Zi
VaadXVi^dchVgZbVYZ#Dg\Vc^oZYeda^i^XVaeVgi^X^eVi^dc
Feb_j_YWbFWhj_Y_fWj_ed";if[Y_WbboXoHkhWbMec[d i]gdj\]Y^gZXikdi^c\!VhlZaaVhi]gdj\]i]ZXgZVi^dcd[
I]ZVW^a^inideVgi^X^eViZ^ceda^i^XVaegdXZhhZh!^cXajY^c\ [dgV[dggjgValdbZcidcZ\di^ViZdci]Z^gdlcWZ]Va[!
Wjicdia^b^iZYidkdi^c\!^hVcZXZhhVgnXdcY^i^dcid VgZ^bedgiVcihiZeh^cVcYd[i]ZbhZakZhVcYVhbZVch
ZmZgX^h^c\VXi^kZX^i^oZch]^e!l]^X]^hXadhZani^ZYid id[dhiZgbdgZgZhedch^kZ\dkZgcbZciVaeda^X^ZhVcY
i]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]#6hi]ZLdgaY7Vc` VaadXVi^dc d[ ]ZVai]XVgZ WjY\Zih! ^cXajY^c\ i]dhZ
gZXd\c^oZh! ÆVXi^kZ X^i^oZch]^e [VX^a^iViZh XdaaZXi^kZ gZaVi^c\id:bD8#
VXi^dc!l]^X]XVcn^ZaYbdgZZ[[ZXi^kZVcYWZiiZgiVg\ZiZY I]^h^heVgi^XjaVganigjZ^ci]ZXdciZmid[YZXZcigVa^oV"
ejWa^XhZgk^XZh#8dbbjc^in^ckdakZbZci^heVgi^XjaVgan i^dc!l]^X]]VhWZZcZcYdghZYWni]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY
Z[[ZXi^kZ^cbVcV\^c\hjX]adXVaejWa^X\ddYhVhlViZg >97#>cEZgj!i]ZYdlch^YZd[YZXZcigVa^oVi^dc]VhWZZc
hjeean!hVc^iVi^dc![dgZhih!gdVYh!hX]ddahVcY]ZVai] i]ZgZea^XVi^dcd[eViiZgchd[ZmXajh^dcWZilZZcjgWVc
Xa^c^Xh#Ç-.I]ZJCHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjg]VhhiViZYi]Vi VcYgjgVaVgZVhi]ViVagZVYnZm^hidcVcVi^dcVaaZkZa#
Æi]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]^cXajYZhVcZci^iaZbZciideVgi^X^eViZ GZ\^dcVa\dkZgcbZcihVgZZVh^anXVeijgZYWnadXVaZa^iZh!
^c]ZVai]eda^XnbV`^c\Vii]ZadXVa!cVi^dcVaVcY^ciZg" l]dVabdhi^ckVg^VWangZh^YZ^cadXVaXVe^iVahdgbV_dg
cVi^dcVaaZkZah#EVgi^X^eVi^dcWngZaZkVcihiV`Z]daYZgh! X^i^Zh^cYZeVgibZcih!l]^aZgZh^YZcih^cgjgVaVgZVh
^cXajY^c\ldbZc!l^aa]ZaeYZkZadebdgZZ[[ZXi^kZVcY Xdch^hiZcian[V^aid]VkZi]Z^gkd^XZh]ZVgYWZXVjhZi]ZgZ
hjhiV^cVWaZegd\gVbbZh!gZYjXZZmXajh^dcVcYZc]VcXZ VgZcddg\Vc^oZY[dgV^cl]^X]idZmegZhhi]Z^g^ciZgZhih!
VXXdjciVW^a^in#Ç.% VcYi]ZnVgZjca^`ZanidkdiZ#.+
=dlZkZg!cjbZgdjhhijY^Zh]VkZ[djcYi]VibVcn GZ\^dcVa\dkZgcbZcihh]djaYZcXdjgV\Zi]ZVXi^kZ
gjgVaEZgjk^Vch!VcY^ceVgi^XjaVgcampesinaldbZc! eVgi^X^eVi^dcd[gjgValdbZc^ceda^XnY^hXjhh^dchVcY
YdcdiedhhZhhi]Z^YZci^inYdXjbZcihgZfj^gZYidkdiZ eZgb^i eVgi^X^eVi^dc d[ V WgdVY Y^kZgh^in d[ ldbZcÉh
dgeVgi^X^eViZ^cegd\gVbh#.&I]Z=jbVcG^\]ihDbWjYh \gdjeh^ceda^XnbV`^c\egdXZhhZh#I]ZcVi^dcVa\dkZgc"
D[ÒXZ9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWadZhi^bViZhi]VibdgZi]Vc bZcicZZYhidZchjgZi]ViVaaX^i^oZch]VkZVeegdeg^ViZ
i]gZZb^aa^dceZdeaZYdcdi]VkZi]ZCVi^dcVa>YZci^in ^YZci^inYdXjbZcihVcYXVcZmZgX^hZi]Z^gg^\]iideda^i^XVa
9dXjbZcih9C>hcZXZhhVgnidkdiZVcYid\V^cVXXZhh eVgi^X^eVi^dc#I]^hgZfj^gZhiV`^c\V[ÒgbVi^kZdjigZVX]
iddi]Zgegd\gVbh#.' bZVhjgZhid^cXgZVhZVXXZhh^W^a^inVcYVkV^aVW^a^ind[
GZXZcihijY^ZhYdcZWni]Z8ZciZg[dgi]ZEZgjk^Vc gZ\^higVi^dc!VcYZchjg^c\i]VidWhiVXaZhiddWiV^c^c\
LdbVcÆ;adgVIg^hi{cÇVcYi]Z\dkZgcbZciVaCVi^dcVa hjX]YdXjbZcihVgZgZbdkZY!^cXajY^c\^aaZ\VaY^hXg^b^"
GZ\^hign d[ >YZci^[^XVi^dc VcY 8^k^a HiVijh G:C>:8! cVi^dcV\V^chiX]^aYgZcd[jclZYeVgZcih (convivencias)!
Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado CivilgZkZVa Xdbbdc^ci]ZSierraVcYdi]ZgeVgihd[gjgVaEZgj!VcY
i]Vi![dgZmVbeaZ!^cE^jgV!*.d[ldbZchjgkZnZYY^Y i]Z^bedh^i^dcd[de factoÒcZh[dghZZ`^c\W^gi]XZgi^Ò"
cdi]VkZVW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZVcY-.Y^Ycdi]VkZVb^a^" XViZh[dgX]^aYgZcWdgcVi]dbZ!VegVXi^XZE=GYdXj"
iVgn^YZci^ÒXVi^dc!l]^X]^hjc^kZghVaVcYjcgZaViZYid bZciZY^c=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYEjcd#
FWhj_Y_fWj_edXoD=EiWdZ9_l_bIeY_[jo=hekfi I]ZLdgaY7Vc`\dZh[jgi]Zg!Vg\j^c\i]Vii]ZaVX`
d[XaVg^in^cgdaZhVcYi]Z\gZViZcZg\n^ckZhiZY^ci]ZhZ
I]ZÆZci^iaZbZciideVgi^X^eViZ^c]ZVai]eda^XnbV`^c\Vi
VXi^k^i^Zh XdjaY WZ egdYjX^c\ ÆeVgi^X^eVi^dc [Vi^\jZ!Ç
i]ZadXVa!cVi^dcVaVcY^ciZgcVi^dcVaaZkZahÇVcYÆeVgi^X^eV"
dgldghZ!i]ViVaaZ[[dgihVgZ[dXjhZYdci]ZYZh^\cd[
i^dcWngZaZkVcihiV`Z]daYZghÇXVaaZY[dgWni]ZJCHeZX^Va
WjY\ZihVcYeaVchl^i]cdViiZci^dceV^Yidbdc^idg^c\
GVeedgiZjgbjhi\dWZndcYkdi^c\id^cXajYZdi]ZgbdgZ
d[^beaZbZciVi^dc#&%'>ci]^hgZ\VgY!9g#6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!
Y^gZXi[dgbhd[eVgi^X^eVi^dc#.-;dgZmVbeaZ!i]Z:H8G^\]ih
;dgdHVajY CVi^dcVa 9^gZXidgViZÉh bZbWZg VcY X^k^a
8dbb^iiZZXVaah[dgVcVi^dcVahigViZ\nVcYeaVcd[VXi^dc
hdX^ZingZegZhZciVi^kZ^ci]ZCVi^dc=ZVai]8djcX^a^c
idWZÆYZk^hZY!VcYeZg^dY^XVaangZk^ZlZY!dci]ZWVh^hd[
A^bV!cdiZhi]Vi;dgdHVajY!VcC<DXdbeg^h^c\bVcn
VeVgi^X^eVidgnVcYigVcheVgZciegdXZhh#Ç..
H^cXZi]ZZcYd[i]Z;j_^bdg^gZ\^bZ!EZgj]VhhZZcV ^cY^k^YjVah VcY ^chi^iji^dch ldg`^c\ dc ]ZVai]! ]VY
WgdVYVggVnd[egdXZhhZhVcY^chi^iji^dchV^bZYVi[dhiZg^c\ egdeZaaZYY^Vad\jZhdc]ZVai]eda^X^Zh^cilZakZgZ\^dch
eVgi^X^eVi^dc!eg^cX^eVaani]ZMesa de Concertacion para d[i]ZXdjcign#=dlZkZg!i]ZgZlZgZlZV`bZX]Vc^hbh
el Alivio de la Pobreza 8dcXZgiZY Ldg`^c\ <gdje [dg [dg[daadl"jeVcYVhVgZhjaii]ZgZ]VhWZZck^gijVaancd
EdkZgin6aaZk^Vi^dc!Consejos de Coordinacion Regional y ^beaZbZciVi^dc#&%(
I]ZLdgaY7Vc`^ihZa[!id\Zi]Zgl^i]i]Z>97!lVh
Local GZ\^dcVaVcYAdXVa8dddgY^cVi^dc8djcX^ah!VcY
]ZVk^anXg^i^X^oZYWncjbZgdjh`Zn^c[dgbVcih[dgi]Z
i]Z Presupuesto Participativo EVgi^X^eVidgn 7jY\Zi#
aVX`d[igVcheVgZcXnVcYeVgi^X^eVi^dc^cE6GHVajY>#
I]ZhZXdjcX^ahVgZbVYZjed[VXdbW^cVi^dcd[ZaZXiZY
HjhVcI]daaVj\!D[ÒXZ8]^Z[[dgi]ZJH6>9EZgj8djcign
gZegZhZciVi^kZhVcYX^k^ahdX^Zindg\Vc^oVi^dch#@Zn^c[dg"
D[[^XZ! hiViZY i]Vi E6GHVajY ]VY ldg`ZY kZgn a^iiaZ
bVcihcdiZ!]dlZkZg!i]ViWnVcYaVg\Z!ldbZcY^Ycdi
l^i]di]ZgV\ZcX^Zh!hjX]Vh6>9VcYJC;E6#&%)K^Xidg
eVgi^X^eViZ^ci]ZhZegdXZhhZh!VcYi]VildbZcÉh^hhjZh!
OVbdgV![dgbZg6hh^hiVciGZegZhZciVi^kZ[dgEZgjVi
^cXajY^c\hZmjVaVcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]!lZgZVWhZci
JC;E6!VYYZYi]ViÆ^[E6GHVajYY^YVX]^ZkZVYkVcXZh!
[gdbi]ZhZV\ZcYVh#&%%
>YdcÉiWZa^ZkZ^iXVch]dli]ZbWZXVjhZ^i]VhcdiYdcZ
Di]ZgcZildg`h]VkZWZZcXgZViZYZmXajh^kZanVbdc\
hd#Ç&%*EZYgd;gVcX`Z![dgbZg8ddgY^cVidgd[;dgdHVajY
X^k^ahdX^Zindg\Vc^oVi^dch#I]ZaVg\ZhibVnWZi]Z8^k^a
eji^ih^b^aVgan/Æ^[E6GHVajYlVhhjXXZhh[ja!cddcZ
HdX^Zin;dgjbdc=ZVai](Foro de la Sociedad Civil en
`cdlhVWdji^i#Ç&%+6h[VgVhE=GXdjaYaZVgc!i]ZgZ
Salud, Foro Salud)!l]^X]^hbVYZjed[&,gZ\^dcVa;dgV
lVhcdX^k^ahdX^ZineVgi^X^eVi^dc^ci]ZZkVajVi^dcd[
VcY]Vh[jcXi^dcZYVhVc^bedgiVciVXidg^cbdc^idg^c\
E6GHVajY>#
]ZVai]eda^XnVikVg^djhaZkZah#Di]ZgcZildg`hi]Vi[jcX"
E6GHVajY>ÉhZbe]Vh^hdc;D:ÉhVcYgZ[ZggVahnhiZbh
i^dc!d[iZc^cXdaaVWdgVi^dcl^i];dgdHVajY!^cXajYZi]Z
lVhZmigZbZan^bedgiVciVhVhiZeidZcVWaZi]ZYZiZgb^"
8dVa^i^dc[dgi]ZG^\]iid=ZVai](Coalición por el Derecho a
cVi^dcd[i]ZZfj^iVWaZVaadXVi^dcd[:bD8#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!
la Salud),l]^X]]VhegdedhZYeVi^ZcihÉg^\]ihaZ\^haVi^dc!
9dc^h`VIVgXd!V[dgbZgXdchjaiVci[dgE6GHVajY!hiViZY
VcYi]ZGdjcY"IVWaZidBdc^idgHZmjVaVcYGZegdYjXi^kZ
i]ViE6GHVajY>]VYVX]^ZkZYhdbZegd\gZhhi]ViXdjaY
=ZVai](Mesa de Vigilancia de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva),
WZZk^YZcXZY^chdbZgZ\^dch!Wjii]ZYdXjbZcihlZgZ
l]^X]]Vh[dXjhZYdcXdjciZg^c\^YZdad\^XVaVhhVjaihdc
ejWa^h]ZY ^ciZgcVaan VcY cdi `cdlc ejWa^Xan#&%, Aj^h
[Vb^aneaVcc^c\VcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]#
8dgYZgd!Vcdi]ZgXdchjaiVci[dgE6GHVajYVii]ZcVi^dcVa
CZkZgi]ZaZhh!YZhe^iZi]ZhZegdXZhhZh!X^k^ahdX^Zin
aZkZa!VahdVg\jZYi]ViE6GHVajY]VYVX]^ZkZYegd\gZhh
^chi^iji^dchZmZgX^hZa^iiaZedlZgdkZgeda^XndgWjY\ZiVgn
dcXZgiV^c^cY^XVidgh#&%->ibVnWZi]ViejWa^h]^c\VcY
YZX^h^dch#I]ZLdgaY7Vc`XdbbZcihi]Vi/
ejWa^X^o^c\i]ZVX]^ZkZbZcihY^YcdidXXjgWZXVjhZi]Z
8dbbdcan!i]ZeVgi^X^eVidgnWjY\ZiZcYhjel^i] ZcYd[i]Zegd\gVbXd^cX^YZYl^i]VX]Vc\Z^ceda^i^XVa
VegdedhVai]VigZÓZXihi]Z^ciZgZhihd[i]ZeVgi^X^" VYb^c^higVi^dc#>cVcnXVhZ!^i^hXaZVgi]ViEVgHVajY>
eVcih#I]ZegdedhVa^hhjWhZfjZcianXjiYdlcWn b^hhZYVcdeedgijc^inidaZkZgV\ZZk^YZcXZd[ejWa^X
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & & *
]ZVai]VX]^ZkZbZcih^cidi]ZWVh^h[dgWgdVYZgY^Vad\jZ ?d\ehcWj_ed
VcYeda^i^XVaXdbb^ibZciWn[daadl^c\VXadhZYegdXZhh >cdgYZg[dgeZdeaZideVgi^X^eViZVcYZkVajViZegd\gVbh
aVX`^c\igVcheVgZcXn# VcYeda^X^ZhidgZYjXZbViZgcVabdgiVa^in!^il^aaWZ
6hd[6eg^a!'%%,!l]ZcE=GbZil^i]>VcBVX6gi]jg! cZXZhhVgn[dgi]Zbid]VkZVXXZhhidVYZfjViZ^c[dg"
HZXidgHeZX^Va^hid[i]Z>97!cdXdchjaiVi^dch]VYWZZc bVi^dc!^cXajY^c\WjY\ZicjbWZghVcY]ZVai]hiVi^h"
]ZaYl^i]JCV\ZcX^Zh!jhZg\gdjeh!dgC<Dhdci]Z i^XhÅbV`^c\ ^i VeeVgZci i]Vi i]Z g^\]i id ]ZVai]
YZh^\cd[E6GHVajY>>#&%. ^h ^ciZgYZeZcYZci dc i]Z g^\]i id ^c[dgbVi^dc# &&&
>c[dgbVi^dcgZ\VgY^c\]ZVai]Vii]Z^cY^k^YjVa!^chi^ij"
FWhj_Y_fWj_edM_j^_dj^[>[Wbj^I[Yjeh
i^dcVadghnhiZb^XaZkZa^hcdil^YZanVXXZhh^WaZ^cEZgj!
EZgjÉh]ZVai]hZXidg^h]^\]anVjidXgVi^XVcYkZgi^XVa!
VcYZkZcbjX]aZhhhdideZghdch[dgl]dbHeVc^h]^h
VcY gZiV^ch ]^\]an XZcigVa^oZY eaVcc^c\ YZhe^iZ i]Z
cdii]Z^gÒghiaVc\jV\Z#
YZXZcigVa^oVi^dc egdXZhh# >c Vc ^ciZgk^Zl l^i] E=G!
JcYZg EZgjk^Vc aVl! V ldbVcÅdg ^c i]Z XVhZ d[
i]Zc K^XZ b^c^hiZg d[ =ZVai] ?dh 8VaYZgc NWZg^Xd
]Zg YZVi]! ]Zg [Vb^anÅ]Vh i]Z g^\]i id ]Zg bZY^XVa
Xg^i^X^oZYi]ZPlanes Concertados8dcXZgiZYEaVch[dg
gZXdgY#=dlZkZg!^cY^k^YjVaZhiVWa^h]bZcihd[iZcbV`Z
=ZVai]#=ZVg\jZYi]Vii]ZB>CH6h]djaYÆhiVgil^i]
^iZmigZbZanY^[ÒXjai[dgi]ZhZgZXdgYhidWZdWiV^cZY#
l]VilZYZiZgb^cZidWZcVi^dcVaeg^dg^i^ZhÇgVi]Zgi]Vc
;jgi]Zg!bZY^XVagZXdgYhVcYdi]Zg]ZVai]YdXjbZcih!
XdaaZXi^c\gZ\^dcVaeg^dg^i^Zh#8VaYZgchV^YÇi]ZB>CH6
hjX]VhH>H^chXg^ei^dch!VgZZheZX^VaanY^[ÒXjaiiddWiV^c
XVcÉiWZcZ\di^Vi^c\l^i]adXVa\dkZgcbZcih#Ç &&%E=G
l]Zc^ci]ZXdciZmid[VXaV^bdgY^hejiZ#I]ZXVhZd[
[djcYi]Vii]^hVjidXgVi^XVii^ijYZVcYeda^Xn"bV`^c\
BZaVc^V^cEjfj^h!Ejcd!hVYan^aajhigViZh]dlbZY^XVa
^hgZegdYjXZYl^i]^ci]ZgZ\^dcVaY^gZXidgViZhd[]ZVai]
gZXdgYhVgZhdbZi^bZhbVYZidY^hVeeZVgl]ZcV[Vb^an
VhlZaa#
^hejghj^c\aZ\VagZYgZhh#
=ZVai] egd[Zhh^dcVah l]d ldg` ^c ZhiVWa^h]bZcih
6ii]ZhdX^ZiVaaZkZa!eda^X^ZhbV`Z^iY^[ÒXjaiiddWiV^c
]VkZa^iiaZXdcigdaVhid]dl[jcYhVgZidWZheZcidg
VXXZhhid^c[dgbVi^dc^c^chi^iji^dchdgl^i]gZheZXiid
l]Vieda^X^Zhi]Z^gZhiVWa^h]bZcih[daadl#E=GZcXdjc"
heZcY^c\VcYeda^X^Zh#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]ZLdgaY7Vc`cdiZh
iZgZY cjbZgdjh ]ZVai] egd[Zhh^dcVah ^c Ejcd VcY
i]Vii]ZZa^\^W^a^inXg^iZg^VVcYWZcZÒieVX`V\ZhjcYZg
=jVcXVkZa^XVÅViVaaaZkZahÅl]dlZgZYZZean[gjhigViZY
i]ZH>HÆcdlVeeZVgidWZVlZaa"\jVgYZYhZXgZi#Ç&&'6h
WnYZX^h^dchi]Vi]VYWZZciV`ZcgZ\VgY^c\i]ZVaadXVi^dc
i]Z7Vc`hj\\Zhih!i]^h^c[dgbVi^dch]djaYWZl^YZan
d[[jcYhl^i]djigZ\VgYidi]ZcZZYhd[i]Z^geVi^Zcih#
Y^hhZb^cViZYVcYVkV^aVWaZ^cZkZgnXa^c^XVcY]dhe^iVa#
=ZVYhd[YZeVgibZcihVcY]dhe^iVaY^gZXidgh^cWdi]
I]Zegd\gVbeaVcc^c\\dVahVcYZkVajVi^dc^cY^XVidgh
EjcdVcY=jVcXVkZa^XV]VYbVYZegdedhVah[dg[jcYh
jhZY^cZVX]gZ\^dch]djaYWZejWa^h]ZYdcVfjVgiZgan
[gdbE6GHVajY>Wjii]Z9>G:H6]VYX]Vc\ZYi]dhZ
dgeZg^dY^XWVh^hVcYbVYZejWa^XanVkV^aVWaZVhlZaa#&&(
egdedhVahl^i]djiXdchjaiVi^dc#
HdbZgZXZciaVlhb^\]iegdk^YZigVcheVgZcXnVcYVXXZhh
I]ZgZVgZhnhiZb^Xeda^X^Zhi]Vi^cÓjZcXZi]ZVW^a^ind[
idejWa^X^c[dgbVi^dc#>c'%%&!i]ZigVch^i^dc\dkZgcbZci
[gdci"a^cZ]ZVai]ldg`Zghid]VkZVkd^XZ^c]dlYZX^h^dch
d[KVaZci^cEVc^V\jV^hhjZYVc:mZXji^kZ9ZXgZZgZfj^g^c\
VgZbVYZVhlZaa#;dgZmVbeaZ!YZhe^iZi]ZY^hVhigdjh
i]ViVaaejWa^XV\ZcX^Zhd[i]Z:mZXji^kZ7gVcX]^cXdgedgViZ
XdchZfjZcXZhd[fjdiVhl]Zc^bedhZY^ci]Z[Vb^an
Jc^ÒZYIZmihdc6Yb^c^higVi^kZEgdXZYjgZhTextos Unicos de
eaVcc^c\egd\gVbjcYZg;j_^bdg^^ci]ZaViZ&..%Éh!i]Z
Procedimiento Administrativo,IJE6h^cidi]Z^ggZ\jaVi^dch
B>CH6hi^aa^bedhZhfjdiVh[dg^chi^iji^dcVaW^gi]hVcY
^cdgYZgid[VX^a^iViZVXXZhhid^c[dgbVi^dc#&&)AZnC°',-%+!
egZcViVaXdcigdahdc[gdci"a^cZ]ZVai]ldg`Zgh#I]ZjhZ
i]ZLey de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública
d[cjbZg^XVaiVg\Zih!^[cdifjdiVhi]ZbhZakZh!^hViaZVhi
AVld[IgVcheVgZcXnVcY6XXZhhidEjWa^X>c[dgbVi^dc
iVX^ianZcYdghZYWni]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>97VhVbZVch
lVhaViZgZcVXiZYVcY]VhWZZcbdY^ÒZYidZmiZcYVXXZhh
d[bZVhjg^c\]ZVai]ldg`ZghÉÆegdYjXi^k^in#Ç
idejWa^X^c[dgbVi^dc#6XXdgY^c\idi]^haVl!X^i^oZch]VkZ
>cVYY^i^dcidi]ZldbZc^ci]ZedejaVi^dcl]dWZVg
i]Zg^\]iidhda^X^iVcYgZXZ^kZ^c[dgbVi^dc[gdbVcnejWa^X
i]ZXdchZfjZcXZhd[i]ZeZgkZghZ^cXZci^kZhXgZViZYWn
VYb^c^higVi^dcVcYjcYZgcdX^gXjbhiVcXZhbjhii]ZnhiViZ
hjX]eda^X^Zh!i]Z]ZVai]egd[Zhh^dcVahdch]dgi"iZgb
i]Z^ggZVhdc[dgZmZgX^h^c\i]^hg^\]i#&&*
XdcigVXihl^i]djiWZcZÒihhj[[Zgbdhi[gdbhjX]fjdiVh#
Jc[dgijcViZan!^cegVXi^XZ!i]ZZm^hiZcXZd[i]ZLey de
=ZVai]ldg`ZghhjX]Vhi]dhZE=GbZiVii]Z=VcV_fj^V
Transparencia ]VhcdiWZZcbVYZl^YZan`cdlc0XdchZ"
]ZVai]edhi^cEjcdVgZaZ[il^i]jca^kVWaZhVaVg^Zh^[i]Zn
fjZcian!^i]VhcdihjWhiVci^Vaan^cXgZVhZYejWa^XVXXZhh
[V^aidbZZiVgW^igVg^an"hZiegdYjXi^k^infjdiVh!^cidl]^X]
id^c[dgbVi^dc#DcZd[i]Z\dVahhZidji^ci]ZCVi^dcVa
i]Zn]VkZ]VYcdhVndg^cejil]VihdZkZg#
EaVcd[6Xi^dcdc=jbVcG^\]ih!VYdeiZYWnHjegZbZ
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & & ,
]ZVai]hnhiZbjhZgh[djcYi]ViVYb^c^higVi^kZegdXZ" XdciZmid[hV[Zbdi]Zg]ddY#I]jh[Vg!i]Z9Z[ZchdgV]Vh
YjgZhVgZgVgZanji^a^oZY[dg^ckZhi^\Vi^c\eVi^ZciVWjhZ eaVnZYVc^bedgiVcigdaZ^c^ckZhi^\Vi^c\VcYWg^c\^c\
dgYZc^Vad[]ZVai]g^\]ih#&'*I]ZhijYnVh`ZYi]dhZ^c ida^\]i]jbVcg^\]ihVWjhZh!^cXajY^c\i]Zl^YZhegZVY
X]Vg\Zd[VYb^c^higVi^kZegdXZZY^c\h^ci]ZYZeVgibZcih egVXi^XZd[Òc^c\[Vb^a^Zhl]d\^kZW^gi]Vi]dbZl]Zc
d[6nVXjX]d!?jcc!HVcBVgic!VcYJXVnVa^idgZedgii]Z i]ZnhZZ`W^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZh[dgi]Z^gcZlWdgch#>ca^\]id[
cjbWZgd[deZcVYb^c^higVi^kZegdXZhhZh[dgb^higZVi" i]^h^ckZhi^\Vi^dc!i]Z9Z[ZchdgVlVhVWaZid^cÓjZcXZ
bZcid[eVi^ZcihVcY$dgi]ZYZc^Vad[g^\]ihideZghdch i]ZXgZVi^dcd[VcZlB>CH6cdgbdjiaVl^c\i]ZÒcZh#&'-
jh^c\i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb#>cVaad['%%+!i]ZgZlZgZcd Jc[dgijcViZan!VXijVa^beaZbZciVi^dcd[i]^hcZlcdgb
deZcegdXZZY^c\h#&'+ ]VhWZZc]Ve]VoVgY!]^\]a^\]i^c\i]Z9Z[ZchdgVÉhaVX`
I]ZjcYZg"ji^a^oVi^dcVcY^cZ[[ZXi^kZcZhhd[VYb^c" d[Zc[dgXZbZcibZX]Vc^hbh#&'.
^higVi^kZgZbZY^ZhidgZhdakZ]ZVai]g^\]ihk^daVi^dch I]Z9Z[ZchdgVXdjaYjhZ[jaan^ckZhi^\ViZdi]ZgegVX"
lZgZ^aajhigViZY^ci]ZXVhZhd[;gVcX^hXV^cEVbeVh! i^XZh[djcYWnE=G#;dgZmVbeaZ!WVhZYdcE=GÉh^ciZg"
=jVcXVkZa^XV VcY EVWaV ^c GVb^h! Ejcd# ;gVcX^hXV k^Zll^i]9g#>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh
gZXZ^kZYa^iiaZ!^[Vcn!ViiZci^dc[gdbi]ZYdXidgdcYjinVi ^ci]ZYZeVgibZcid[=jVcXVkZa^XV![jgi]Zg^ckZhi^\V"
i]Zi^bZd[]ZgZbZg\ZcXn#I]ZhjWhZfjZci^ckZhi^\Vi^dc! i^dc^hcZXZhhVgngZ\VgY^c\i]ZjhZd[eda^XZXdZgX^dcid
]dlZkZg!XaZVgZYi]ZYdXidgd[VcngZhedch^W^a^inWZXVjhZ [dgXZldbZcidjhZ]ZVai]XVgZ[VX^a^i^Zh#6XXdgY^c\id9g#
dhiZch^Wan6bVcX^d!;gVcX^hXVÉh]jhWVcY!]VYcdiV\gZZY BViVbdgdh!i]ZgZ^ha^iiaZY^[ÒXjain^c\Zii^c\^cY^\Zcdjh
id]VkZ]^hl^[ZigVch[ZggZYid=jVcXVnd#>c[VXi!i]Z ldbZcidXdbZ^cidi]Z]ZVai]XZciZg[dgXVgZWZXVjhZ
bZY^XVagZXdgYhh]dli]Vii]^hhj\\Zhi^dclVhbVYZ i]ZadXVaeda^XZ]VkZV\gZZYidi]gZViZci]Z^g]jhWVcYh
V[iZg;gVcXZhXVlVhVagZVYnWgV^cYZVY#;jgi]ZgbdgZ! dg[Vb^a^Zh^[i]ZnYdcdihZZ`XVgZ#&(%>[i]^hegVXi^XZ
6bVcX^dVXi^kZanhdj\]iWjilVhjcVWaZiddWiV^cigVch" d[eda^XZXdZgX^dc^hl^YZhegZVY!^i^hXVjhZ[dghZg^djh
edgiVi^dc[dg]^hl^[ZWZXVjhZcddcZldjaYV\gZZid XdcXZgc#6cnjhZd[eda^XZidi]gZViZcdgXdZgXZldbZc
igVchedgi]Zgl^i]djiWZ^c\eV^Y!VcY6bVcX^dXdjaYcdi ^cid\^k^c\W^gi]ViZhiVWa^h]bZcihXdchi^ijiZhV]jbVc
V[[dgYideVnVcni]^c\WjiVcdb^cVaVbdjci#&',>cEVWaVÉh g^\]ihk^daVi^dc#H^b^aVgan!^ci]ZgZ\^dcVa=dhe^iVa^c
XVhZ!E=GlVhcdi^c[dgbZYd[VcnVYb^c^higVi^kZ^ckZh" Ejcd!E=GYdXjbZciZYi]ZegVXi^XZd[YZiV^c^c\ldbZc
i^\Vi^dci]Vi]VYZkZgWZZcaVjcX]ZY^cidi]Zedhh^WaZ l]dXVccdiV[[dgYideVn[dghXgZZc^c\[dgWaddYigVch[j"
XjaeVW^a^ind[i]ZYdXidgl]dhZci]Zg]dbZl]Zch]Z h^dchi]ZngZXZ^kZl]Zc]Zbdgg]V\^c\#I]^hYZiZci^dc
]VYWZZcY^V\cdhZYl^i]egZ"ZXaVbeh^V$ZXaVbeh^V# k^daViZh]jbVcg^\]ihjcYZg^ciZgcVi^dcVaVcYEZgjk^Vc
6ii]ZhVbZi^bZVhi]ZgZVeeZVghidWZa^iiaZgZVa aVlVcYVc^ckZhi^\Vi^dc^cid]dll^YZhegZVYi]ZegVXi^XZ
VYb^c^higVi^kZVXXdjciVW^a^inl^i]^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb ^hVeeZVghidWZXaZVganlVggVciZY#
^ihZa[! i]ZgZ ^h b^hY^gZXiZY ejc^h]bZci d[ [gdci"a^cZ >cVYY^i^dcid^ihdlc^ckZhi^\Vi^dch!i]Z9Z[ZchdgV
]ZVai]ldg`Zghl^i]^ci]ZB>CH6l]ZcbViZgcVaYZVi]h XVcWZ^chigjbZciVa^c[VX^a^iVi^c\aZ\VaXVhZhgZaVi^c\
dXXjg# E=G aZVgcZY i]Vi ]ZVai] ldg`Zgh l]d Yd cdi idbViZgcVa]ZVai]i]gdj\]i]Z_jY^X^VahnhiZb#>cYZZY!
Zc_dn_dWhZXjg^inWZXVjhZi]Znldg`dcXdcigVXiVgZ VhZk^YZcXZY^ci]ZXVhZd[BZaVc^V^cEjcd!XVbeZh^cdh
iddd[iZchjbbVg^anY^hb^hhZYl]ZcVbViZgcVaYZVi] hZZ`^c\ VXXZhh id _jY^X^Va gZbZY^Zh [VXZ i]Z hVbZ
^hgZXdgYZYVh]Vk^c\dXXjggZY^ci]Z^gZhiVWa^h]bZci# ]jgYaZhÅZXdcdb^X! \Zd\gVe]^XÅVh i]Zn Yd l^i]
>ci]ZXVhZd[:kVg^hiV^c8Vg]jVeViV!i]ZcjghZÉhV^YZ gZheZXiid]ZVai]XVgZ#>ci]ViXVhZ!BZaVc^VÉh]jhWVcY!
lVhÒgZY#>cGVb^h!i]ZcjghZVcYb^Yl^[Z]VYWZZc ;gVcX^hXd!a^fj^YViZY]^hVhhZihidejghjZVXVhZ^cl]^X]
Zmea^X^iani]gZViZcZY^[i]ZnY^YcdihiVnfj^Zil^i]gZ\VgY i]Zb^Yl^[ZVeeZVghid]VkZWdj\]i]ZgZmdcZgVi^dc#
idi]ZYZVi]d[EVWaV^cGVb^h!ZkZci]dj\]i]Zn]VY EdiZci^Vaan gZaZkVci _jY^X^Va gZbZY^Zh [dg VXih
XdggZXianY^V\cdhZY]Zgl^i]egZ"ZXaVbeh^VVcY[daadlZY gZaVi^c\id]ZVai]g^\]ih^cXajYZi]ZamparoegdiZXi^dc
jeVeegdeg^ViZan#I]^hjcYZgb^cZhigjZVXXdjciVW^a^in lg^i0i]Zacción popularedejaVgVXi^dc0i]Zacción de
VcYXgZViZheZgkZghZ^cXZci^kZh^ci]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb[dg cumplimientoXdbea^VcXZVXi^dc0X^k^ahj^ih[dgYVbV\Zh
ldg`ZghidVkd^YigZVi^c\ldbZcZmeZg^ZcX^c\dWhiZig^X (daños y prejuicios),VcYXg^b^cVaXdbeaV^cih[dgcZ\a^"
ZbZg\ZcX^Zh# \ZcXZ!cZ\a^\Zci]db^X^YZ!VcYVWVcYdcbZci#HdbZd[
I]Z9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad^hVXg^i^XVaan^bedgiVci i]ZhZgZbZY^ZhXVaa[dgheZX^ÒXgZfj^gZbZcihi]VibVn
^chi^iji^dc^cgZaVi^dcidi]ZZc[dgXZVW^a^ind[i]Zg^\]i a^b^ii]Z^gVeea^XVW^a^inVcYVXXZhh^W^a^in^cegVXi^XZ#;dg
id]ZVai]!VcY^iXVcVcYdj\]iideaVnVaVg\ZggdaZ^c ZmVbeaZ!X^k^ahj^ih[dgYVbV\Zhi]Vi^cXajYZi]ZB^c^hiZg
bV`^c\]ZVai]XVgZegdk^YZghVcYi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb^ihZa[ d[=ZVai]dggZ\^dcVaY^gZXidgd[]ZVai]VhYZ[ZcYVcih
VXXdjciVWaZidi]ZedejaVi^dci]ZnhZgkZ!^cXajY^c\^ci]Z \ZcZgVaan gZfj^gZ averguaciones previas, V Y^hXdkZgn
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & & .
Y^gZXianVcYVhbZbWZghd[^ciZgcVi^dcVadg\Vc^oVi^dch! aVlgZ[dgb!dgZkZcegdk^YZ^c[dgbVi^dc!XdjchZa^c\dg
hjX]Vhi]ZLdgaY7Vc`!>B;VcY>97#>ci]^haViiZggZ\VgY! bZY^XVagZ[ZggVahgZ\VgY^c\VWdgi^dc#I]^heda^XnXaZVgan
i]Z :H8 G^\]ih 8dbb^iiZZ ]Vh V[[^gbZY i]Vi ÆHiViZh ^ciZg[ZgZhl^i]i]ZVW^a^ind[C<Dhidegdk^YZ^c[dgbVi^dc
eVgi^Zh]VkZVcdWa^\Vi^dcidZchjgZi]Vii]Z^gVXi^dchVh i]Vib^\]igZYjXZi]Z^cX^YZcXZd[jchV[ZVWdgi^dchVcY
bZbWZghd[^ciZgcVi^dcVadg\Vc^oVi^dchiV`ZYjZVXXdjci VWdgi^dc"gZaViZYbViZgcVaYZVi]h^cEZgj#
d[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]#6XXdgY^c\an!HiViZheVgi^Zhl]^X]VgZ >cVYY^i^dc!JH6>9]VhViiZbeiZYidXjgiV^aZkZci]Z
bZbWZghd[^ciZgcVi^dcVaÒcVcX^Va^chi^iji^dch!cdiVWani]Z egdk^h^dcd[hZgk^XZhi]ViVgZeZgb^iiZY!^cXajY^c\i]Z
>ciZgcVi^dcVaBdcZiVgn;jcY!i]ZLdgaY7Vc`!VcYgZ\^dcVa Y^heZch^c\ d[ ZbZg\ZcXn XdcigVXZei^dc# :bZg\ZcXn
YZkZadebZciWVc`h!h]djaYeVn\gZViZgViiZci^dcidi]Z XdcigVXZei^dc VXih id egZkZci egZ\cVcXn VcY ^h cdi
egdiZXi^dcd[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]^c^cÓjZcX^c\i]ZaZcY^c\ VcVWdgi^[VX^Zci#CZkZgi]ZaZhh!i]Z8ZciZg[dg=ZVai]
eda^X^Zh!XgZY^iV\gZZbZcihVcY^ciZgcVi^dcVabZVhjgZh VcY<ZcYZg:fj^in8=6C<:VcYi]ZEZgjk^VcC<D!
d[i]ZhZ^chi^iji^dch#Ç&(.I]ZJCHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjg]Vh 8ZciZg[dgi]ZEgdbdi^dcVcY9Z[ZchZd[HZmjVaVcY
VahdVhhZgiZYi]ViYdcdghiViZhcZZYidÆZchjgZi]Vii]Z^g GZegdYjXi^kZG^\]ihEgdbHZm!YdXjbZciZYVY^hijgW^c\
VXi^dchVhbZbWZghd[^ciZgcVi^dcVadg\Vc^oVi^dchiV`Z eViiZgcd[VXi^dchWnJH6>9^cEZgjV[iZgi]ZaZ\Va^oV"
YjZVXXdjcid[i]Zg^\]iid]ZVai]#Ç&)% i^dcd[ZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dc#>cCdkZbWZg'%%*!i]Z
I]ZXdcidjghd[dWa^\Vi^dchd[Æ^ciZgcVi^dcVaVhh^h" JH6>9d[ÒXZ\VkZdgValVgc^c\hidildadXVa\gVciZZh!
iVcXZVcYXddeZgVi^dcÇVgZhi^aacdilZaa"YZÒcZYjcYZg i]Z9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWadVcYi]ZBdk^b^ZcidBVcjZaV
^ciZgcVi^dcVa]jbVcg^\]ihaVl#>i^hXaZVg!]dlZkZg!i]Vi GVbdh![dghjeedhZYanjh^c\l^i]djiVji]dg^oVi^dci]Z
HiViZheVgi^ZhVcYZkZcÅVh^hi]ZXVhZl^i]i]ZJc^iZY [jcYh[gdbJH6>9^cZYjXVi^dcVaVXi^k^i^Zhi]Vi^cXajYZY
HiViZhÅh^\cVidg^Zhidi]Z>8:H8G!VhhjbZdWa^\Vi^dch ZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dc#DcCdkZbWZg(%!'%%*!JH6>9
^cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]i]ZK^ZccV8dckZci^dcdci]ZAVld[ EZgjhZciVaZiiZgid^ihadXVa\gVciZZhhiVi^c\i]ViZbZg"
IgZVi^ZhÆidgZ[gV^c[gdbVXihi]VildjaYXdcigVkZcZi]Z \ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dc^hÆVXdcigdkZgh^VahjW_ZXiÇ^cEZgj
dW_ZXiVcYejgedhZÇd[i]ZigZVin!VcdWa^\Vi^dcl]^X] VcYegd]^W^i^c\i]ZjhZd[^ih[jcYhid^c[dgbldbZc
gZbV^ch^c[dgXZjci^ahjX]i^bZVhi]ZHiViZbV`ZhXaZVg gZ\VgY^c\ZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dcVhVbZi]dYd[[Vb^an
^ih^ciZci^dccdiidWZXdbZVeVginidi]Z>8:H8G#&)& eaVcc^c\VkV^aVWaZi]gdj\]i]ZB>CH6#H]dgiani]ZgZV[iZg!
JH6>9hdj\]igZ^bWjghZbZci[gdbBVcjZaVGVbdhVcY
I[nkWbWdZH[fheZkYj_l[>[Wbj^?iik[i i]Z9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad[dg[jcYhjhZYidegdbdiZ
I]ZJCHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjggZXd\c^oZhZmea^X^iani]Vi ZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dc#&)(E=GaZVgcZYi]ViBVcjZaV
YdcdgXdjcig^ZhÆegdk^YZ^bedgiVci[jcY^c\[dghZmjVa GVbdh ]VY id gZijgc i]Z bdc^Zh heZci VcY JH6>9Éh
VcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]XVgZ^cbVcnadl"^cXdbZXdjc" edhijgZ]Vh]VYVX]^aa^c\Z[[ZXidcVXi^k^i^ZhgZaVi^c\
ig^ZhÇVcYjg\Zhi]dhZXdjcig^Zhegdk^Y^c\Vhh^hiVcXZ idZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dcXdcYjXiZYWn\gVciZZh#&))
idVYdeiVg^\]ih"WVhZYVeegdVX]idi]Z^geda^X^ZhVcY JH6>9Éh^ciZg[ZgZcXZl^i]i]Zg^\]id[ldbZcidgZXZ^kZ
egd\gVbbZh#;dgZmVbeaZ!i]Z^g[jcY^c\h]djaYegdbdiZ [Vb^aneaVcc^c\!^cXajY^c\ZbZg\ZcXnXdcigVXZei^dc!
VXXZhhidVl^YZgVc\Zd[hZgk^XZhcZZYZY[dgi]ZZc_dn" jcYZgb^cZhi]Zg^\]ihid]ZVai]VcYhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddY
bZcid[i]Zg^\]iidhZmjVaVcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]! d[EZgjk^VcldbZc#
^cXajY^c\hZgk^XZhVcY^c[dgbVi^dci]VigZYjXZi]Z^cX^" I]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>97]VkZcdi^bedhZYbZVhjgZh
YZcXZd[jchV[ZVWdgi^dch#&)' i]ViY^gZXian^ciZg[ZgZl^i]ldbZcÉhVXXZhhid]ZVai]"
I]ZJH6\ZcXn[dg>ciZgcVi^dcVa9ZkZadebZciJH6>9 XVgZ^c[dgbVi^dcdghZgk^XZh#=dlZkZg!jc[dgijcViZan!
]Vh ]^hidg^XVaan egdk^YZY V h^\c^[^XVci eZgXZciV\Z d[ E6GHVajY>Y^Ycdi^cXajYZ[Vb^aneaVcc^c\#>cVc^ciZg"
[jcY^c\[dgEZgjÉhhZmjVaVcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]VcY k^Zll^i]E=G^c6eg^a!>VcBVXVgi]jgd[i]Z>97XVaaZY
[Vb^aneaVcc^c\egd\gVbh!i]gdj\]i]Z\dkZgcbZciVh i]ZhjW_ZXiXdcigdkZgh^Va!hVn^c\i]ZgZ[dgZ^ih^cXajh^dc
lZaaVhi]gdj\]C<Dh#=dlZkZg!dc?VcjVgn''!'%%&! ^cE6GHVajY>>ÆldjaYWZVhigZiX]#Ç&)*
EgZh^YZci 7jh] ^hhjZY Vc :mZXji^kZ BZbdgVcYjb
Y^gZXi^c\JH6>9ÆidgZ^chiViZ^c[jaaVaad[i]ZgZfj^gZ" :[Xj
bZcihd[i]ZBZm^Xd8^inEda^Xn^cZ[[ZXidc?VcjVgn&.! I]ZZ^\]iB9<h!l]^X]]VkZWZZcZcYdghZYWni]ZJc^iZY
&..(Ç dc JH6>9Éh edejaVi^dc egd\gVb# I]^h eda^XnÅ HiViZh\dkZgcbZci!XVaa[dgV\adWVaeVgicZgh]^e[dgYZkZa"
XdbbdcangZ[ZggZYidVhi]Z<adWVa<V\GjaZÅegd]^W^ih debZcii]ViÆbV`ZhXaZVgi]Vi^i^hi]Zeg^bVgngZhedch^"
[dgZ^\cC<Dhi]VigZXZ^kZJH6>9[Vb^aneaVcc^c\[jcYh W^a^ind[eddgXdjcig^Zhidldg`idlVgYhVX]^Zk^c\i]ZÒghi
[gdbjh^c\i]Z^gdlc!cdc"JH[jcYhidegdk^YZaZ\VaVWdg" hZkZc<dVah#I]ZnbjhiYdi]Z^geVgiidZchjgZ\gZViZg
i^dchZgk^XZh!adWWni]Z^gdlc\dkZgcbZcih[dgVWdgi^dc VXXdjciVW^a^inidX^i^oZchVcYZ[ÒX^ZcijhZd[gZhdjgXZh#
jcb^aaZcc^jbegd_ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY"XdbeaZiZ#eY[# YdX#:$&..&$'(!6ccZm>>>!VieVgV#('#P:H88dbb^iiZZ<ZcZgVa
6XXZhhZY?jan.!'%%,# 8dbbZci(R#HZZVahd/ÆI]ZBVVhig^X]i<j^YZa^cZhdcK^daVi^dch
d[:Xdcdb^X!HdX^VaVcY8jaijgVaG^\]ih#ÇHuman Rights Quarterly
'
HZZ!e.g:Jc^iZYCVi^dch9ZkZadebZciEgd\gVbbZ!Poverty Reduction
Kda-'%0&..-/+.&!+.)#eVgV#,ÆBVVhig^X]i<j^YZa^cZhÇ0Limburg
and Human Rights.CZlNdg`!?jcZ'%%(!e#*VkV^aVWaZVilll#
Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on
jcYe#dg\$\dkZgcVcXZ$YdXh$=GECTedkZgin:c#eY[0;dgVY^hXjh"
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, JC9dX#:$8C#)$&.-,$&,!
h^dcd[]dli]ZhZXg^iZg^VgZaViZidbZVhjgZbZcid[egd\gVbh!hZZ
6ccZmgZeg^ciZY^c.=jb#GihF&''!&'*&.-,#
JC:Xdcdb^XVcYHdX^Va8djcX^a#HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgÉhGZedgidc
i]ZG^\]id[:kZgndcZidi]Z:c_dnbZcid[i]Z=^\]Zhi6iiV^cVWaZ
*
>Y#
HiVcYVgYd[E]nh^XVaVcYBZciVa=ZVai]#:$8C#)$'%%+$)-!eVgV'*# +
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%/eVgV
(
>8:H8G#'&<#6#GZh#''%%MM>!JC<6DG!Hjee#Cd#&+).!JC
)([#
9dX6+(&+&.++!6gi#'0HZZVahd6gi^XaZ')'Y!Convention on ,
9ZXgZidHjegZbdhC%&,"'%%*"?JH#EaVccVX^dcVaYZYZgZX]dh
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & ' &
.
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj6eg#
'-
8:96L#Æ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dcCd#')#Ç&.../eVgV&'Y#
&(!'%%,0>ciZgk^Zll^i]6g^Za;g^hVcX]d!CVi^dcVa8ddgY^cVidg[dg '.
7VggcB!7Vo{cB!VcY8Vhi^aadG#Barreras económicas en al
Æ:aVWdgidXaVcYZhi^cdZcZaEZg/CjZkVhZk^YZcX^Vh#ÇEVi]ÒcYZg I]ZcVijgZd[HiViZheVgi^ZhdWa^\Vi^dch6gi#'!eVg#&#&)$&'$.%#
>ciZgcVi^dcVaVcY;adgVIg^hi{c#'%%,# 8:H8GÆ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci(Ç#;^[i]HZhh^dc&..%!eVgV&%#
&%
GZeWa^XV YZa EZg# Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de
(&
B>CH6#“Biblioteca Virtual Salud Perú – Indicadores Nacionales, Gasto
Desarrollo del Milenio en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para per Cápita en Salud.”6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#b^chV#\dW#eZ$ZhiV"
acabar con la pobreza, la desigualdad y la exclusión.>c[dgbZ'%%)/ Y^hi^XVh$ZhiVY^hi^XVh$^cY^XVYdgZhCVX$\Vhid#Vhe#6XXZhhZY?VcjVgn
+)#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#XZe^h#deh"dbh#dg\$WkhV^g$Z$gZe^cYZm$ '%!'%%,#
gZe^-($b^aZc^d$^c[dgbZh$eZgj"dYb#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jan(!'%%,# ('
>Y#
&&
Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of ((
:8A68#HdX^VaEVcdgVbVd[AVi^c6bZg^XV'%%*#BVgX]'%%*#
ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcY GVeedgiZjgÉhGZedgidci]ZG^\]id[:kZgndcZidi]Z:c_dnbZci
bZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-#HZeiZbWZg'%%+/eVgV'-Z# d[i]Z=^\]Zhi6iiV^cVWaZHiVcYVgYd[E]nh^XVaVcYBZciVa=ZVai]/
&(
>97#Health Sector Development Program Maternal and Child Health
B^hh^dcidEZgj#:$8C#)$'%%*$*&$6YY#(;ZWgjVgn'%%*/&'#6kV^aVWaZ
Care Coverage (PE-0146), 6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#^VYW#dg\$Zmg$ Vi/]iie/$$lll#l]d#^ci$Zci^in$bZY^X^cZhTiZX]cdad\^Zh$<%*&%+)*#
YdX.-$Veg$eZ&'%-Z#eY[# eY[6XXZhhZY;ZWgjVgn&'!'%%,#
&)
E6GHVajY!Principales indicadores de resultados y desempeño con
(*
>Y#
los que trabaja el PARSalud: Indicadores de la Demanda. 6kV^aVWaZVi/ (+
HdX^ZYVYCVX^dcVaYZB^cZgV!EZigaZdn:cZg\V#Reporte Canon
de la SNMPE. 9ZXZbWZg'%%)/&"(#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#hcbeZ#
&,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcidÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj6eg#&(!
dg\#eZ$eY[h$>c[dgbZTFj^cXZcVa$:::H">F"%."'%%)">6#eY[#
'%%,0;^X]VhYZ>ckZhi^\VX^cZe^YZb^da\^XVYZaVbdgiVa^YVY
bViZgcVaÄ9^gZXX^c<ZcZgVaYZ:e^YZb^dad\VÄB>CH6#
(-
>Y#
&-
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dhZEVWad<dbZo"BZoV!HZc^dg:Xdcdb^hi[dg
(.
>Y#
)%
=ZVai]!LdgaY7Vc`VcYA^k^V7ZcVk^YZh!HZc^dgHdX^VaHZXidg Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
HeZX^Va^hi!LdgaY7Vc`eVgi^X^eViZY^c^ciZgk^Zlk^Vk^YZdXdc[Zg" en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
ZcXZ[gdbA^bV^cLVh]^c\idc!98#;ZWgjVgn',!'%%,# desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ&%!eVgV&&0HdX^ZYVY
&.
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9g#>hV^Vh?dhBViVbdgdh8j^eVXd^cEVbeVh!EZgj
CVX^dcVaYZB^cZgV!EZigaZdn:cZg\V#>c[dgbZFj^cXZcVaYZaV
?Vc#&%!'%%,# HCBE:#9ZXZbWZg'%%)/(#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#hcbeZ#dg\#
eZ$eY[h$>c[dgbZTFj^cXZcVa$:::H">F"%."'%%)">6#eY[#
'%
ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVaigVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]Z
HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[
)&
JC8:H8G#>8:H8G#&.++/Vgi#&''#
i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-! )'
6gi''EZgjk^Vc8dchi^iji^dc#
cdiZ&'/eVgV'.# )(
ÆI]ZBVVhig^X]i<j^YZa^cZhdcK^daVi^dchd[:Xdcdb^X!HdX^VaVcY
'&
HiZe]Vc^ZGdjhhZVjgZedgihi]Vi8VgWdcZÆViiZbeiZYidVaiZgi]Z
8jaijgVaG^\]ih#ÇeVgV#&&#
a^hid[XdcigVXZei^kZbZi]dYhVXXZeiZYWnB>CH6Éh[Vb^aneaVcc^c\ ))
Jc^iZYCVi^dch<ZcZgVa6hhZbWan#ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVa
egd\gVb!Vg\j^c\Vbdc\di]Zgi]^c\hi]Vii]Z>J9lVhVWdgi^kZ#Ç igVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[
HiZe]Vc^ZGdjhhZVj!I]ZEda^i^Xhd[gZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]^cEZgj/ ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcY
\ZcYZgVcYHdX^VaEda^Xn^ci]Z<adWVaHdji]#Heg^c\'%%,!HdX^Va bZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-#HZeiZbWZg'%%+/eVgV'-W#
Eda^i^Xh/>ciZgcVi^dcVaHijY^Zh^c<ZcYZg!HiViZHdX^Zin'%%,0 )*
GZedgiWnEVja=jci!HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgidi]Z8dbb^hh^dcdc
eVgV&&(#
=jbVcG^\]ih!dcÆI]ZG^\]id[:kZgndcZidi]Z=^\]Zhi6iiV^cVWaZ
''
>ciZgk^Zl!K^XidgOVbdgVVcY:hiZWVc8VWVaaZgd!JC;E6!6eg^a&'!
HiVcYVgYd[E]nh^XVaVcYBZciVa=ZVai]!ÇhjWb^iiZY^cVXXdgYVcXZ
'%%,# l^i]8dbb^hh^dcgZhdaji^dc'%%)$',#JC9dX#6$*.$)''#DXidWZg
'(
HZZ/>C:>#:C9:H&.-+!&..&".'!&..+!'%%%VcY:C9:H8dci^cjV
-!'%%)!eVgV*-#
'%%)^c;ZggVcYd9#Æ:aVWdgidZcZaEZg#ÇJornada Feminista.;ZW# )+
6bcZhin>ciZgcVi^dcVa#Peru: Poor and Excluded Women – Denial
YZaV9^gZXX^cGZ\^dcVaYZHVajYYZEjcd^cEjcd!EZgjBVn&)!
',
AZn<ZcZgVaYZHVajYP<ZcZgVa=ZVai]AVlR&,-!AZnCd#'+-)'
'%%,
&..,!6gi(%#
).
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
prácticas para la disminución de muertes maternas y perinatales en
&'W# Churcampa. HVajYH^cA^b^iZh$8VaVcYg^V#DXidWZg'%%*/&(#
*%
Jc^iZYCVi^dch<ZcZgVa6hhZbWan#ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVa
,&
8:96L#8dcXajY^c\XdbbZcihd[i]Z8dbb^iiZZdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dc
*&
>ciZgk^Zll^i]GdXd<ji^ggZo!9^gZXidgd[Egd\gVbdcHZmjVa
VcYGZegdYjXi^kZG^\]ih!BVcjZaVGVbdh^cA^bV!EZgj6eg#&'!
VcYGZegdYjXi^kZG^\]ih!BVcjZaVGVbdh^cA^bV!EZgj6eg#&'! '%%,
'%%, ,(
8A69:B$;adgVIg^hi{c$BVcjZaVGVbdh$9:BJH# Informe Alternativo
*'
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dh8VaYZgcNWZg^Xd!K^XZB^c^hiZgd[=ZVai]^c
al Sexto Informe Periódico del Estado Peruano al Comité de la CEDAW.
A^bV!EZgj6eg#&'!'%%, A^bV/CdkZbWZg'%%+/',#
*(
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV
,)
8Y^\dEZcVa#9ZXgZidAZ\^haVi^kdC+(*#&..&0Vgih&&)!&&*#
))Z# ,*
JC=jbVcG^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ=G8#@VgZcCdZa^VAaVcidn=jVb{c
*)
B^c^hiZgdYZHVajY!EZg#CdgbViXc^XVeVgVaVViZcX^cYZaeVgid
k# EZgj! 8dbbjc^XVi^dc Cd# &&*($'%%(! JC 9dX# 88EG$8$-*$
kZgi^XVaXdcVYZXjVX^c^ciZgXjaijgVa#C#I#C%(("B>CH6$9<HE" 9$&&*($'%%(#'%%*#
K#%&#A^bV/B^c^hiZg^dYZHVajY0'%%*# ,+
DcZdjid[)\ncZXdad\^hihhjgkZnZYWZa^ZkZYi]ViVWdgi^dclVh
**
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?V^bZB^gVcYV^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a&'!'%%, ^aaZ\Va^cVaaXVhZh!l]^aZÒ[ineZgXZciWZa^ZkZYi]ViVWdgi^dc^ci]Z
XVhZd[VcZcXZe]Van^haZ\Va#'(d[i]Z\ncZXdad\^hihhjgkZnZY
*+
9g#6a[gZYdIdggZh7VhjgXd!9^gZXidgYZHVajY>cY^k^YjVa0GdZa
WZa^ZkZYi]ViVWdgi^dch]djaYWZaZ\Va^oZYVcY,*[Zaii]Vi^i
DgFj^heZ!GZhedchVWaZHVajYHZmjVanGZegdYjXi^kV#9gAj^h h]djaYWZaZ\Va^oZY^chdbZXVhZh!^cXajY^c\VcZcXZe]Van#
6cidc^dBVaYdcVYdCZngV!9^gZXidg<ZcZgVa!9>G:H6!>ciZgk^Zl
l^i]9>G:H6EjcdBVn&)!'%%,
,,
?dhHVcYdkVaEVgZYZh#El aborto: análisis de la situación legal.
Del Sector Público De Salud 2000 – 2005,8>:H!VkV^aVWaZVi]iie/$$lll# k# EZgj! 8dbbjc^XVi^dc Cd# &&*($'%%(! JC 9dX# 88EG$8$-*$
XdchdgX^d#dg\$dWhZgkVidg^d$VaZgiVh$YdXh$6A:GI6T%&#eY[# 9$&&*($'%%(#'%%*#
+&
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgV&-#
-%
HZZ]iie/$$YZ[Zchdg^V#\dk#Vg$VgZVhiZbVi^XVh$YdX$hVajY%'#YdX[dg
+'
;gZZYbVcA#ÆH]^[i^c\K^h^dch/È9ZaZ\Vi^dcÉEda^X^ZhVcYi]Z7j^aY^c\
VgZedgidci]ZeZgi^cZciaZ\^haVi^dc^c6g\Zci^cVVcYi]ZX^ind[
d[VÈG^\]ih"7VhZYÉ6eegdVX]idBViZgcVaBdgiVa^in#ÇJournal of the 7jZcdh6^gZh#
American Medical Women’s Association?6BL6#Kda*,(#HjbbZg -&
JC8:H8G<ZcZgVa8dbbZciGZaVi^c\idi]ZG^\]iidi]Z=^\]Zhi
'%%'/&**# 6iiV^cVWaZ HiVcYVgY d[ =ZVai]! '% i] HZhh^dc #BVn '%%% :H8
+(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]V[dgbZg\dkZgcbZcid[ÒX^Va^cA^bV!EZgj?Vc#&'!
8dbb^iiZZ<ZcZgVa8dbbZciCd#&)!eVgV&,#
'%%,# -'
8dbbjc^XVi^dc l^i] =Zcgn 6gbVh! ?9! Jc^kZgh^YVY EZgjVcV
+)
>C:>#Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2000 (ENDES IV) $
8VnZiVcd=ZgZY^V!DXidWZg!'%%+#
9ZeVgiVbZcidYZEjcd#A^bV0'%%&/&',# -(
>AD8dckZci^dc&+.!Vgi'*#
+*
>Y#!eVgV&'*# -)
=jciE#ÆI]ZG^\]id[:kZgndcZidi]Z:c_dnbZcid[i]Z=^\]Zhi
++
>Y#!eVgV&'.# 6iiV^cVWaZ HiVcYVgY d[ E]nh^XVa VcY BZciVa =ZVai]#Ç HeZX^Va
+,
GVeedgiZjgd[i]Z8dbb^hh^dcdc=jbVcG^\]ihdci]Zg^\]id[
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#HjWb^iiZY^cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]8=G
desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ&%!eVgVeVgV+)#
gZhdaji^dc'%%)$',!JC9dX#6$*.$',/HZeiZbWZg'%%)VYkVcXZ
+-
8:96L#8dcXajY^c\XdbbZcihd[i]Z8dbb^iiZZdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dc
ZY^iZYkZgh^dc0eVgV#*-W#
d[ 9^hXg^b^cVi^dc V\V^chi LdbZc/ EZgj# 8:96$8$E:G$8D$+# -*
Jc^iZYCVi^dchHjW"8dbb^hh^dcdcEgZkZci^dcd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc
;ZWgjVgn'%%,0eVgV(+#
VcYEgdiZXi^dcd[B^cdg^i^Zh#Æ9gV[i9ZXaVgVi^dcdci]ZG^\]ihd[
+.
6 gZXZci hijYn Wn <G69: Xdc[^gbh i]ZhZ [^cY^c\h/ ÆZbe^g^XVa
>cY^\ZcdjhEZdeaZh#ÇJC9dX#:#8C#)#HJ7#'#G:H#&..)#)*#&..(0
Zk^YZcXZh]dlhi]VildbZcl^i]a^iiaZedlZg^c]djhZ]daYYZX^" Vgi#(&#
h^dchYZbVcYaZhh]ZVai]hZgk^XZh#I]^h^hWZXVjhZi]ZbVaZ]Vh -+
HZZe.g. 8]g^hi^cV:l^\!Gender Equity and Neoliberal Social Policy:
VYdb^cVciedh^i^dc^ci]ZYZX^h^dc"bV`^c\egdXZhhVcYkVajZh]^h
Health Sector Reform in Peru.E]99^hhZgiVi^dc!Eda^i^XVaHX^ZcXZ#
l^[ZÉhgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]aZhhi]Vch]Z!]ZghZa[!YdZh#8dcigVhi^c\an!
Jc^kZgh^ind[Cdgi]8Vgda^cVVi8]VeZa=^aa!e#*('%%&#
ldbZcl^i]hdbZh]VgZd[]djhZ]daYVhhZih]VkZ\gZViZg^cÓj"
ZcXZdcgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]YZX^h^dchXdbeVgZYl^i]ldbZcl^i]
-,
HZZ!e.g., 9;>9!Alliances Against Poverty: DFID’s Experience in Peru
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & ' (
.%
ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVaigVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]Z
&&(
>Y#
HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[ &&)
>cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]i]ZIJE6h!VcnX^i^oZcXVcYZbVcYgZaZkVci
i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-! ejWa^X^c[dgbVi^dc[gdbi]ZB>CH6dgVcndi]ZgejWa^XV\ZcXn#
cdiZ&'/eVgV'-X >ci]ZZkZcii]VihjX]VgZfjZhi^hYZc^ZY!i]ZeZghdcXVc\did
.&
KZa{ofjZoI#Vivencias diferentes: La indocumentación entre las
i]Z9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWaddgidi]Z_jY^X^VahnhiZbWnÒa^c\V
mujeres rurales del Perú. 9:BJH!9;>9!Dm[Vb0'%%)/('# lg^id[=VWZjh9ViV#HZZ/9ZXgZidHjegZbdCd#%&-"'%%&"E8B!
.'
9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad#El Derecho a la Identidad y la Actuación de
PI#'.,!'+%R',[ZWgZgd'%%&#
la Administración Estatal: Problemas verificados en la supervisión &&*
AZnYZIgVcheVgZcX^Vn6XXZhdVaV>c[dgbVX^cEWa^XV#AZnC°
.*
KZa{ofjZoI#'%%)0cdiZ.&!eVgV&(# &&-
ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVaigVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]Z
.+
HZZe.g., ;dgdHVajY!Derechos Humanos en Salud en el Perú: Balance
HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[
2004-2006 desde la sociedad civil, a dos años de la visita del Sr. Paul i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-!
Hunt, Relator Especial de Naciones Uidas sobre el derecho de toda cdiZ&'/eVgV'-Y#
persona al disfrute del más alto nivel possible de salud física y mental &&.
:bV^aXdbbjc^XVi^dc!cVi^dcVa]ZVai]eda^XnVYkdXViZ!?jan'(!
*('%%+# '%%,#
.,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]?dhZEVWad<dbZo"BZoV!HZc^dg:Xdcdb^hi[dg
&'%
Jc^iZYCVi^dch#Jc^kZghVa9ZXaVgVi^dcdc=jbVcG^\]ih#<6gZh
=ZVai]!LdgaY7Vc`VcYA^k^V7ZcVk^YZh!HZc^dgHdX^VaHZXidg '&,6>>>#9ZXZbWZg&.)-/Vgi#-#
HeZX^Va^hi!LdgaY7Vc`eVgi^X^eViZY^c^ciZgk^Zlk^Vk^YZdXdc[Zg" &'&
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci.Ç#:$8#&'$&..-$')#&..-/eVgV(#
ZcXZ[gdbA^bV^cLVh]^c\idc!98#;ZWgjVgn',!'%%, &''
>Y#! eVgV *)! JC 9dX# :$8#&'$&..-$') &..-0 Æ<ZcZgVa
.-
ÆCdiZWni]ZHZXgZiVgn"<ZcZgVaigVchb^ii^c\i]ZgZedgid[i]Z
GZXdbbZcYVi^dc')#ÇÇLdbZcVcY=ZVai]Ç'[ZW#&...#'%i]
HeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]ZZc_dnbZcid[ hZhh^dcd[i]Z8dbb^iiZZdci]Z:a^b^cVi^dcd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc
i]Z]^\]ZhihiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa]ZVai]#Ç6$+&$((-! V\V^chiLdbZc#eVgV&,P8:96LÆ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')ÇR#
cdiZ&'/eVgV'-X# eVgV!&*#
..
JC8:H8G#Æ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)#Ç:$8#&'$'%%%$)#'%%%0eVgVh
&'(
:H88dbb^iiZZÆ<ZcZgVa8dbbZci&)Ç!eVgV*.#
)([# &')
8:96LÆ<ZcZgVaGZXdbbZcYVi^dc')Ç#eVgV!&*#
&%%
>ciZgk^Zll^i]GdXd<ji^ggZo!9^gZXidgd[Egd\gVbdcHZmjVa
VcYGZegdYjXi^kZG^\]ih!BVcjZaVGVbdh^cA^bV!EZgj6eg#&'!
&'*
BVg^dGdh7Vgg^Zcidh!HZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaYZ6E9H!8dchjaidgYZa
'%%,0>ciZgk^Zll^i]8ZX^a^VDaZVBVjaZc!Egd\gVb8ddgY^cVidg EgdnZXidÆH^hiZbVhGZ\^dcVaZhYZEgdiZXX^cYZ9ZgZX]dhYZaVh
[dgHZmjVa=ZVai]G^\]ih!VcYE^aVg6gXZ=Zgc{cYZo!HZmjVa=ZVai] EZghdcVhJhjVg^VhYZadhHZgk^X^dhYZHVajYÇ#
G^\]ihEgd\gVb;adgVIg^hi{c!A^bV!6eg^a&(!'%%, &'+
>Y#
&%&
LdgaY7Vc`#A New Social Contract: An Agenda for Improving Education,
&',
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6bVcX^d8dh^X]^Fj^heZ!^c6]jVnX]V!EZgj?Vc#
&%(
>ciZgk^Zll^i]6g^Za;g^hVcX]d^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a&'!'%%,
[Vb^a^Vg>K/8Vhdh^ckZhi^\VYdhedgaV9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad'%%*
VkV^aVWaZVi]iie/$$lll#dbWjYhbVc#\dW#eZ$bdYjaZh$9dlcadVYh$
&%)
>ciZgk^Zll^i]HjhVcI]daaVj\!D[ÒXZ8]^Z[!JH6>9EZgj8djcign
^c[dgbZh$YZ[Zchdg^VaZh$^c[dgbZT.%#eY[#6XXdgY^c\idi]VigZhd"
D[ÒXZ^cA^bV!EZgj?Vc#&'!'%%,# aji^dcejWa^h]ZY6eg^a'%%)!ÆaVZmeZY^X^cYZaXZgi^ÒXVYdYZa
&%*
>ciZgk^Zll^i]K^XidgOVbdgV!6hh^hiVciGZegZhZcVi^kZ[dgEZgj!
cVX^Ydk^kdZh\gVij^iVZcidYdhadhZhiVWaZX^b^ZcidhYZhVajYYZa
JC;E6^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a&'!'%%, eVh!eWa^Xdhneg^kVYdh!VhXdbdadhfjZhZVcZmeZY^Ydhedgadh
&%+
>ciZgk^Zl l^i] EZYgd ;gVcX`Z! Egd[Zhhdg! Edci^[^XV 8Vi]da^X
egd[Zh^dcVaZhdeZghdcVaYZhVajYfjZ]VnVWg^cYVYdaVViZcX^c#Ç
Jc^kZgh^ind[EZgj!^cA^bV!EZgj6eg^a&&!'%%, GZhdajX^cB^c^hiZg^VaPB^c^hignGZhdaji^dcRCd(-."'%%)$B>CH6!
6eg^a'(!'%%)#
&%,
>ciZgk^Zll^i]9dc^h`VIVgXd![dgbZgXdchjaiVciidE6GHVajY!^c
A^bV!EZgj6eg^a&&!'%%,
&'.
6bcZhin>ciZgcVi^dcVa#Peru: Poor and excluded women – Denial of
&(!'%%,# b^aaZcc^jbXVbeV^\c#dg\$h^iZ$ee#Vhe4X2\g@KA'CA:W2&-+(-.#
&('
?jan(&!'%%,ZbV^aXdggZhedcYZcXZl^i]BVg^dGdh7Vgg^Zcidh!
&),
>Y#
HZXgZiVg^d<ZcZgVaYZ6E9H! &)-
Hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
&((
8dgXjZgVG!=^YVa\d8!Fj^ciVcV6#Exigibilidad del derecho a la
en el Perú: Un compromiso del país para acabar con la pobreza, la
salud: Acceso a atención, tratamiento e insumos en salud sexual y desigualdad y la exclusión. >c[dgbZ'%%)0cdiZ&%!eVgV&(#
reproductiva y VIH-sida. 8dchdgX^dYZ>ckZhi^\VX^c:Xdcb^Vn &).
>Y#!eVgV&)#
HdX^Va!DWhZgkVidg^dYZa9ZgZX]dVaVHVajY#A^bV0'%%+/&)# &*%
>Y#
&()
>ciZgk^Zll^i]Ajo:hi]Zg=Zgfj^c^d6aVgXc!9Z[ZchdgVYZaEjZWad
&*&
K{hfjZo!:#'%%)/')Presupuesto público y gasto social: La urgencia
^cEjcd!EZgj#BVn&'!'%%,
del monitoreo y evaluación. A^bV/8ZcigdYZ>ckZhi^\VX^cYZaV
&(*
8dgXjZgVG!=^YVa\d8!Fj^ciVcV6#Exigibilidad del derecho a la
Jc^kZgh^YVYYZaEVX^ÒXdÄHVkZI]Z8]^aYgZcHlZYZc#
salud: Acceso a atención, tratamiento e insumos en salud sexual y &*'
<#=jiidc#Charting the path to the World Bank’s “no blanket policy on user
reproductiva y VIH-sida. 8dchdgX^dYZ>ckZhi^\VX^c:Xdcb^Vn
fees.”9ZeVgibZci[dg>ciZgcVi^dcVa9ZkZadebZci=ZVai]HnhiZbh
HdX^Va!DWhZgkVidg^dYZa9ZgZX]dVaVHVajY#A^bV0'%%+/',#
GZhdjgXZ8ZcigZ#'%%)/)+#6kV^aVWaZVi/]iie/$$lll#ZaY^h#dg\$Yh$
&(+
>Y# YdXY^heaVn#X[b4YdX29D8&.***gZhdjgXZ2]ZVai]hnhiZbh#
&(,
JC8:H8G#>8:H8G#&.++!Vgi#'&# &*(
ÆBVXgdZXdcdb^Xh VcY =ZVai] 8dbb^hh^dc [^cY^c\h WZXdbZ
&(-
GZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]Z
gZVa^in!Ç-'7jaaZi^cd[i]ZLdgaY=ZVai]Dg\Vc^oVi^dc.*,'%%)#
Zc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa &*)
EgZhhGZaZVhZ!>ciZg"6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`!Æ>97<dkZgcdgh
]ZVai]!EVja=jci!=jbVcG^\]ih8djcX^a!+%i]HZhh#!6\ZcYV>iZb VeegdkVa )#) W^aa^dc ^c YZWi gZa^Z[ [dg 7da^k^V! <jnVcV! =V^i^!
&%!JC9dX#:$8C#)$'%%)$).'%%)!eVgV)*# =dcYjgVhVcYC^XVgV\jV#ÇBVgX]&+'%%,#
&(.
>Y# &**
EV`^hiVc!@ZcnV!VcY>cYdcZh^VVgZi]Zdi]Zgi]gZZXdjcig^Zh#
&)%
>Y#!eVgV)+# 8dbbjc^XVi^dcl^i]9Vk^Y7gnYZc!8dbbjc^XVi^dch9^gZXidg[dg
&)&
K^ZccV 8dckZci^dc dc i]Z AVl d[ IgZVi^Zh! BVn '(! &.+.! Vgi#
i]Z<adWVa6>9H6aa^VcXZ#
&-!&&**J#C#I#H#((&!()%!->#A#B#+,.!+.'P]ZgZ^cV[iZgK^ZccV &*+
I]Z&.EVg^h8ajWbZbWZghVgZ\dkZgcbZcihl^i]hjWhiVci^Va
8dckZci^dcR# XaV^bhdckVg^djhdi]Zg\dkZgcbZcihi]gdj\]djii]ZLdgaY#I]Zn
&)'
GZedgid[i]ZHeZX^VaGVeedgiZjgdci]Zg^\]id[ZkZgndcZidi]Z
]VkZVeea^ZYi]ZiZgbhd[i]ZEVg^h8ajWV\gZZYb^cjiZhidi]Z^g
Zc_dnbZcid[i]Z]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[e]nh^XVaVcYbZciVa XaV^bh^ci]ZeVhi#I]ZEVg^h8ajWXdjcig^Zh^cXajYZ/6jhig^V!
]ZVai]!EVja=jci!=jbVcG^\]ih8djcX^a!+%i]HZhh#!6\ZcYV>iZb 6jhigVa^V!7Za\^jb!8VcVYV!9ZcbVg`!;^caVcY!;gVcXZ!<ZgbVcn!
&%!JC9dX#:$8C#)$'%%)$).'%%)!eVgV)*# >gZaVcY!>iVan!?VeVc!CZi]ZgaVcYh!CdglVn!Gjhh^V;ZYZgVi^dc!
HeV^c! HlZYZc! Hl^ioZgaVcY! Jc^iZY @^c\Ydb! VcY i]Z Jc^iZY
&)(
8ZciZg[dg=ZVai]VcY<ZcYZg:fjVa^in8]Vc\Z#La extrema derecha,
HiViZh#
USAID y anticoncepción oral de emergencia en el Perú. 8ZcigdYZ
EgdbdX^cn9Z[ZchVYZadh9ZgZX]dhHZmjVaZhnGZegdYjXi^kVh
6 E E AN > C < 6 = J B 6 C " G > < = I H " 7 6 H : 9 6 E E G D 6 8 = I D 6 9 9 G : H H B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J & ' *
& ' + 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
>M#8DC8AJH>DCH
B
VX` d[ VkV^aVWaZ! VXXZhh^WaZ! VXXZeiVWaZ VcY X^i^oZch^cEZgjk^VchdX^Zin#I]ZcVi^dcVagZXdcX^a^Vi^dc
fjVa^in]ZVai]XVgZ!^cXajY^c\:bD8!^hVeg^bVgn d[VhdX^Zinhd[gV\bZciZYVadc\XaVhh!Zi]c^XVcY\ZcYZg
lVn ^c l]^X] ldbZc ^c EZgjÅVcY ZheZX^Vaan a^cZhÅl]^X]i]ZIgji]VcYGZXdcX^a^Vi^dc8dbb^hh^dc
gjgVa! ^cY^\Zcdjh ldbZcÅZmeZg^ZcXZ edkZgin VcY XVaaZY [dg V[iZg i]Z XdjcignÉh WgjiVa ^ciZgcVa XdcÓ^Xi
ZmXajh^dc#>i^hVahdV[V^ajgZidje]daYi]Z^gg^\]iidi]Z `^aaZY cZVgan ,%!%%% eZdeaZ l]d lZgZ dkZgl]Zab^c\an
]^\]ZhiViiV^cVWaZhiVcYVgYd[]ZVai]!jcYZgigZVi^Zhid gjgVa campesinosÅ]Vh cdi dXXjggZY ^c EZgj# EViiZgch
l]^X]i]Z\dkZgcbZcid[EZgj]VhkdajciVg^anVY]ZgZY#& d[bViZgcVabdgiVa^inegdk^YZVk^k^Y^aajhigVi^dcd[i]Z
I]Z VWhZcXZ d[ VkV^aVWaZ! VXXZhh^WaZ! VXXZeiVWaZ VcY eVi]dad\^Zhd[edlZgi]ViXdci^cjZideaV\jZEZgjk^Vc
fjVa^in:bD8aZVYhidYZaVnh^cYZX^h^dchidhZZ`XVgZ! hdX^Zin! VcY d[ i]Z [V^ajgZ d[ i]Z \dkZgcbZci! i]gdj\]
YZaVnh ^c Vgg^k^c\ Vi XVgZ! VcY YZaVnh ^c gZXZ^k^c\ i]Z i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!idgZbZYni]Zb#(
Veegdeg^ViZigZVibZcidcXZViV]ZVai][VX^a^in!l]^X]^c I]Vi^h!\ZcZgVahdX^ZiVagZhdjgXZhVgZcdiY^gZXiZY
ijgcaZVYhidldbZcYn^c\# VYZfjViZanid]ZVai]^cEZgj!cdgidbViZgcVa]ZVai]^c
E=G [djcY ^c Ejcd VcY =jVcXVkZa^XV i]Vi i]Z gjgVa eVgi^XjaVg#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!i]dhZgZhdjgXZhi]ViVgZheZci
^cY^\ZcdjhldbZcl]dY^ZVcYi]Z[Vb^a^Zhi]ZnaZVkZ dc]ZVai]VgZY^hig^WjiZY^cZfj^iVWanl^i]gZheZXiidWdi]
WZ]^cYVgZ^cZ[[ZXid[iZcWaVbZY[dgi]Z^gYZVi]hWZXVjhZ jcbZiWVh^XcZZYhVcYgjgVa"kZghjh"jgWVcedejaVi^dch!
i]ZgZ^hVYZaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZVcYi]ViYZaVn gZhjai^c\ ^c V Y^hegdedgi^dcViZ ^beVXi dc ^cY^\Zcdjh
^hVhXg^WZYidÆXjaijgVaegZ[ZgZcXZhÇdgÆ^YdhncXgVh^Zh#Ç edejaVi^dch#:[[dgihidVbZa^dgViZZmXajh^dcd[egZ\cVci
Jedc XadhZg ZmVb^cVi^dc! ]dlZkZg! Vaa d[ i]ZhZ YZVYan ldbZcWVhZYdc^cXdbZ!hjX]Vhi]gdj\]i]ZH>H!]VkZ
YZaVnh!^cXajY^c\i]ZYZaVn^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZ! cdiVYZfjViZanVYYgZhhZYXjaijgVaWVgg^ZghidXVgZ#I]Z
VgZ gZaViZY id hnhiZb^X ^cZfj^i^Zh ^c EZgjk^Vc hdX^Zin XdjciZg"egdYjXi^kZVcYejc^i^kZeda^X^ZhVYdeiZYWni]Z
VcY ^c i]Z EZgjk^Vc ]ZVai] XVgZ hnhiZb# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! ]ZVai]hZXidgl^i]gZheZXiidegZ\cVcildbZcVcYi]Z^g
YZaVnh^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZXVcWZViig^WjiVWaZ [Vb^a^ZhVcY[gdci"a^cZ]ZVai]eZghdccZa!]VkZegdYjXZY
id i]Z ^cZfj^iVWaZ Y^hig^Wji^dc d[ ]ZVai]XVgZ [VX^a^i^Zh! eZgkZghZ ^cXZci^kZh0 i]Zn jcYZgb^cZ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[
\ddYh VcY hZgk^XZh i]Vi bV`Z :bD8 Wdi] jcVkV^aVWaZ hjhiV^cZY^begdkZbZcih^c:bD8VcYk^daViZi]Zg^\]ih
VcYe]nh^XVaan^cVXXZhh^WaZ#I]^h^ckZhi^\Vi^dc[djcYi]Vi d[Wdi]eVi^ZcihVcY]ZVai]XVgZldg`Zgh#
^iXVcVahdWZViig^WjiVWaZidZXdcdb^XWVgg^ZghidVXXZhh 6[iZgnZVghd[^cZ[[ZXijVacZhh!E6GHVajY>Veegdeg^ViZan
[dgi]ZhZ^bedkZg^h]ZY[Vb^a^Zhi]VieZgh^hi^che^iZd[ Zbe]Vh^oZYi]ZZk^YZcXZ"WVhZY^ciZgkZci^dchd[:bD8
i]ZH>H!^cXajY^c\i]ZXdhihd[igVchedgiVi^dc#E=GVahd VcYgZ[ZggVacZildg`h!l]^X]h]djaYgZbV^ci]Z[dXjhd[
YdXjbZciZY]dli]ZaVX`d[XjaijgVahZch^i^k^in^cXajY^c\ E6GHVajY>>#=dlZkZg!higjXijgVadWhiVXaZhidgZYjX^c\
aVc\jV\Z WVgg^Zgh VcY aVX` d[ gZheZXi [dg igVY^i^dcVa VcYegZkZci^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!cdi_jhiVhVejWa^X
W^gi]^c\ Xjhidbh Vi ]ZVai] [VX^a^i^Zh! [VXidg ^cid YZaVnh ]ZVai]^hhjZWjiVhV]jbVcg^\]ih^beZgVi^kZ!gZbV^c
^ci]ZYZX^h^dcidhZZ`XVgZ#EZgXZei^dchd[eddgfjVa^in id WZ iVX`aZY# 6YYgZhh^c\ i]Z egdWaZbh ^c i]Z ]ZVai]
XVgZXVcVahdegdYjXZYZaVnh^cYZX^Y^c\idhZZ`:bD8 hnhiZb i]Vi gZaViZ id bViZgcVa bdgiVa^inÅ^cXajY^c\
Vi]ZVai]ZhiVWa^h]bZcih# ^cZfj^iVWaZ VXXZhh id :bD8 VcY gZ[ZggVa hnhiZbh!
6h i]Z JC B^aaZcc^jb Egd_ZXi IVh` ;dgXZ GZedgi XjaijgVa VcY ZXdcdb^X WVgg^Zgh! VcY ^ggVi^dcVa VcY
dc 8]^aY =ZVai] VcY BViZgcVa =ZVai] hiViZh! Æ]ZVai] ^cZfj^iVWaZ]jbVcgZhdjgXZgZ\^bZh!ldjaY\dVadc\
XaV^bhÅXaV^bh d[ Zci^iaZbZci id ]ZVai] XVgZ VcY lVn idlVgY higZc\i]Zc^c\ i]Z ]ZVai] hnhiZb dkZgVaa#
ZcVWa^c\ XdcY^i^dchÅVgZ VhhZih d[ X^i^oZch]^e#Ç' I]Z >i ldjaY Vahd eZgb^i i]Z ]ZVai] hnhiZb id [jcXi^dc ^c
[V^ajgZidegdk^YZVXXZhhidVYZfjViZ:bD8VcYgZaViZY ^ihXVeVX^inVhVXdgZhdX^VahnhiZbidegdbdiZ\gZViZg
gZegdYjXi^kZ VcY hZmjVa ]ZVai] hZgk^XZh ^h V edlZg[ja YZbdXgVXn VcY ZfjVa^in ^c i]Z dkZgVaa hdX^Zin! VcY
^cY^XVidgd[]dlgjgVacampesinasVgZcdiigZViZYVh[jaa [VX^a^iViZEZgjÉhadc\"hdj\]icVi^dcVagZXdcX^a^Vi^dc#
&',
Dej[i _ZXi#dg\$YdXjbZcih$bViZgcVaX]^aY"XdbeaZiZ#eY[#6XXZhhZY?jcZ
''!'%%,#
&
Jc^iZYCVi^dch8dbb^iiZZdc:Xdcdb^X!HdX^VaVcY8jaijgVaG^\]ih
7
YYgZhh^c\bViZgcVabdgiVa^ingZfj^gZhXdcXZgiZY ^cXgZVhZY gZkZcjZh id hjhiV^c ^cXgZVhZh ^c hdX^Va
VXi^dch id higZc\i]Zc EZgjÉh ]ZVai] hnhiZb0 heZcY^c\!^cXajY^c\]ZVai]heZcY^c\#
Y^hXgZiZ VXi^k^i^Zh dg kZgi^XVa VeegdVX]Zh ]VkZ
'# > cXgZVhZ eZgXZciV\Z d[ cVi^dcVa WjY\Zi YZkdiZY
cdiegdkZchjXXZhh[ja^ci]ZeVhi^cEZgjdgZahZl]ZgZ#
id ]ZVai]XVgZ heZcY^c\! ^cXajY^c\ heZcY^c\ dc
I]Z gZXdbbZcYVi^dch id i]Z \dkZgcbZci d[ EZgj
bViZgcVa ]ZVai] XVgZ! id Wg^c\ EZgj ^c a^cZ l^i]
VcY di]Zg VXidgh [Vaa ^cid XZgiV^c dkZgVgX]^c\ i]ZbZh
di]Zgb^YYaZ"^cXdbZXdjcig^Zh^ci]ZgZ\^dc0bV`Z
i]Vi XdggZhedcY id ]jbVc g^\]ih eg^cX^eaZh hZi dji ^c
heZcY^c\ VaadXVi^dc ^c[dgbVi^dc [gZZan VkV^aVWaZ id
8]VeiZghK>VcYK>>>#>ch]dgi!^cXgZVhZY[jcY^c\cZZYh
i]ZejWa^X#
idWZY^gZXiZYidi]Z]ZVai]hnhiZb!VcYi]ZgZhdjgXZh
heZci cZZY id WZ VaadXViZY Zfj^iVWan l^i] gZ\VgY [dg (# E
gdk^YZ Zmea^X^i ^ciZgegZi^kZ \j^YVcXZ gZ\VgY^c\
]^hidg^XY^hVYkVciV\ZVhlZaaVhjcbZicZZYh#6heVgid[ i]Z jhZ d[ iVm egdXZZYh [gdb ZmigVXi^kZ ^cYjhig^Zh
i]^hgZVaadXVi^dc!eg^dg^in^c[jcY^c\cZZYhidWZeaVXZY Canon Minero VcY Canon Petrolero id ZchjgZ
dc bV`^c\ fjVa^in :bD8 VkV^aVWaZ VcY VXXZhh^WaZ i]Vi ÆhdX^Va ^ckZhibZciÇ ^h XdchigjZY id ^cXajYZ
e]nh^XVaan VcY ZXdcdb^XVaan dc V cdc"Y^hXg^b^cVidgn egd_ZXih id ^begdkZ i]Z gZ\^dcVa ]ZVai] hnhiZb!
WVh^h#IgjZVkV^aVW^a^in!VXXZhh^W^a^inVcYfjVa^ingZfj^gZ ^cXajY^c\i]ZgZ[ZggVahnhiZb[dgdWhiZig^XVcYdi]Zg
bdgZ i]Vc higjXijgZh VcY Zfj^ebZci0 i]Zn gZfj^gZ ZbZg\ZcX^Zh0VcYZchjgZVYZfjViZbdc^idg^c\VcY
igV^cZY eZghdccZa! ') ]djgh V YVn! VcY VYZfjViZ VXXdjciVW^a^ind[hjX]egd_ZXih!l]^X]WnaVlh]djaY
Xdbbjc^XVi^dch VcY igVchedgiVi^dc! Vh lZaa Vh i]Z ]VkZÆYZeVgibZciVaVcYgZ\^dcVa^beVXi#Ç
Za^b^cViVi^dc d[ aVlh VcY eda^X^Zh i]Vi Y^hXg^b^cViZ
V\V^childbZc#8VgZVahdcZZYhidWZVXXZeiVWaZ!l]^X] :[cedijhWj[7Z[gkWj[Fhe]h[ii07ZefjWdZ
gZfj^gZheg^dg^i^oVi^dcd[egd\gVbhVcYbdY^ÒXVi^dch^c ?cfb[c[djFbWdie\7Yj_ed
Xjgg^XjaVidegdbdiZ^ciZg"XjaijgVajcYZghiVcY^c\VcY )# 6
Ydei Wn HjegZbZ 9ZXgZZ VcY ^beaZbZci V
i]Zg^\]ihd[eVi^Zcih#;^cVaan!VXXdjciVW^a^inÅÒcVcX^Va! CVi^dcVa 8dcXZgiZY EaVc d[ 6Xi^dc id GZYjXZ
eda^i^XVa!VcYaZ\VaÅcZZYhidWZ^begdkZY[dgi]Zg^\]i BViZgcVa BdgiVa^in! WVhZY dc i]Z WZhi VkV^aVWaZ
idhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddYidWZXdbZVgZVa^in^cEZgj# Ze^YZb^dad\^XVa Zk^YZcXZ gZaVi^c\ id i]Z `ZnhidcZ
I]Z [daadl^c\ gZXdbbZcYVi^dch! Vai]dj\] cdi ^ciZgkZci^dch id gZYjXZ bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in! VcY
Vaa"^cXajh^kZ! ViiZbei id VYYgZhh bVcn d[ i]Z [VXidgh YZk^hZYVcYeZg^dY^XVaangZk^ZlZYdci]ZWVh^hd[V
jcYZgan^c\ bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in ^c EZgj# E=G ]deZh eVgi^X^eVidgnVcYigVcheVgZciegdXZhhi]Vi^cXajYZh
i]Vi i]Z XdbegZ]Zch^kZcZhh VcY heZX^ÒX^in d[ i]Z ^cY^XVidgh VcY WZcX]bVg`h Wn l]^X] egd\gZhh
gZXdbbZcYVi^dchl^aa[VX^a^iViZVeegdeg^ViZVXi^dchid XVc WZ XadhZan bdc^idgZY VcY i]Vi eVnh eVgi^XjaVg
WZiV`ZcWni]ZgZaZkVciVXidgh!^c`ZZe^c\l^i]Vg^\]ih" ViiZci^dc id i]Z cZZYh d[ bVg\^cVa^oZY \gdjeh!
WVhZY VeegdVX] id VYYgZhh^c\ bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in# ^cXajY^c\^cY^\ZcdjhedejaVi^dch#
HdbZgZXdbbZcYVi^dchVgZY^gZXiZYVibjai^eaZVXidgh
VhgZhedch^W^a^in[dgi]Z^g^beaZbZciVi^dc^hh]VgZY# *# > beaZbZci i]Z CVi^dcVa EaVc d[ 6Xi^dc dc =jbVc
G^\]ih! eVhhZY Wn HjegZbZ 9ZXgZZ %&,"'%%*"?JH!
VcY ^c eVgi^XjaVg Ed^ci (#'#( gZaVi^c\ id i]Z g^\]i
Idi]ZEZgjk^Vc<dkZgcbZci! id ]ZVai]! l]^X] ^cXajYZh higZc\i]Zc^c\ ]jbVc
>cXajY^c\i]Z:mZXji^kZVcY gZhdjgXZh#&
AZ\^haVi^kZ7gVcX]Zh!Vh6eegdeg^ViZ/ +# > cgZaVi^dcidi]ZCVi^dcVaEaVcd[6Xi^dcdc=jbVc
:[lej[CWn_ckc7lW_bWXb[H[iekhY[i G^\]ih!VYdeiWnHjegZbZ9ZXgZZVcY^beaZbZciV
&# B
dY^[n aZ\^haVi^dc! gZ\jaVi^dch VcY Zc[dgXZbZci CVi^dcVa8dcXZgiZYEaVcd[6Xi^dcid6YYgZhh=jbVc
id ^cXgZVhZ iVm gZkZcjZh id Vi aZVhi &* d[ <9E! GZhdjgXZh ^c =ZVai] i]Vi XVaah [dg bdY^ÒXVi^dc
^c `ZZe^c\ l^i] >B; gZXdbbZcYVi^dch! VcY jhZ d[ aZ\^haVi^dc VcY eda^X^Zh gZaVi^c\ id ]ZVai]XVgZ
&'.
ldg`[dgXZidZchjgZgZheZXi[dgWdi]eVi^ZcihÉVcY ;b_c_dWj[:_iYh_c_dWj_ed8Wi[Zed=[dZ[h
ldg`ZghÉ g^\]ih VcY egdbdiZh Zfj^iVWaZ VaadXVi^dc WdZ;j^d_Y_jo"WdZFhecej[;gkWb_joWdZ
d[hZgk^XZhi]Vi^cXajYZh/ Mec[dÊiH_]^ji
V# b
dY^[n^c\i]ZLey de Nombramiento MédicoAVl .# > c `ZZe^c\ l^i] i]Z '%%+"'%&% CVi^dcVa EaVc d[
d[BZY^XVaVeed^cibZcih!i]ZLey de Trabajo de =jbVcG^\]ih!(^chi^ijiZXgdhh"Xjii^c\]jbVcg^\]ih
la Obsteriz AVWdgAVld[B^Yl^kZh!i]ZLey del VeegdVX]Zh VcY igV^c^c\ i]gdj\]dji \dkZgcbZci
Trabajo de la Enfermera(o) PeruanoAVWdgAVld[ b^c^hig^Zh0 i]ZhZ VeegdVX]Zh VcY igV^c^c\h h]djaY
EZgjk^VcCjghZh!VcYdi]ZggZaViZYaZ\^haVi^dcid Zmea^X^ianVYdeiV\ZcYZgeZgheZXi^kZi]VigZXd\c^oZh
ZchjgZfjVa^ind[XVgZ[dgeVi^ZcihVcYY^\c^ÒZY i]Z^ciZgVXi^dchWZilZZc\ZcYZg^cZfjVa^i^Zh!Zi]c^X
aVWdgXdcY^i^dch[dg]ZVai]eZghdccZa Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcVcYgjgVaedkZgin^cEZgj#
W# Z
a^b^cVi^c\ eZghdcVa hZgk^XZh XdcigVXih i]Vi Yd &%#<^kZc i]Vi Xdbea^XVi^dch [gdb ^aaZ\Va VWdgi^dch VgZ
cdiegdk^YZWZcZÒihVcYVaadliZgb^cVi^dcVil^aa VaZVY^c\XVjhZd[bViZgcVabdgiVa^in!gZk^hZ6gi^XaZ
(servicios no personales) [dgVaa]ZVai]eZghdccZa &&. d[ i]Z EZcVa 8dYZ id egdk^YZ [dg ZmXZei^dch id
YdXidgh!cjghZh!b^Yl^kZh!VcYiZX]c^X^Vch i]Z Xg^b^cVa^oVi^dc d[ VWdgi^dc ^c XVhZh l]ZgZ i]Z
egZ\cVcXn^hVegdYjXid[hZmjVak^daZcXZ!^c`ZZe^c\
X# ^cigdYjX^c\eZg[dgbVcXZXg^iZg^V[dgVaa]ZVai]XVgZ l^i]i]ZXdcXajY^c\gZXdbbZcYVi^dchd[8:96LVcY
eZghdccZai]ViVYYgZhhjhZghÉcZZYh!ZmeZXiVi^dch i]ZÒcY^c\hd[i]ZJC=jbVcG^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ#)
VcY egZ[ZgZcXZh VcY egdbdiZ jhZg X]d^XZ VcY
Vjidcdbn &&#IgVch[dgb ?JCIDH [gdb V kZgi^XVa ]VcY"dji
egd\gVb id V \Zcj^cZan ^ciZg"hZXidg^Va egd\gVb
Y# e
gdk^Y^c\ hjWhiVci^Va ÒcVcX^Va VcY ZYjXVi^dcVa B>CH6!B^c^hiZg^dYZ:YjXVX^cVcYB>B9:Hi]Vi
^cXZci^kZh [dg ]ZVai] eZghdccZa id hZgkZ ^c XdaaVWdgViZhl^i]C<Dh^cdgYZgidZbedlZgldbZc
gjgVa VgZVh! l^i] XdbeZchVi^dc VcY ed^cih [dg ZXdcdb^XVaanVcYZYjXViZi]Zb^cgZaVi^dcidi]Z^g
gZh^YZcXnVeea^XVi^dchiV^adgZYegdedgi^dcVaanid hZmjVa VcY gZegdYjXi^kZ ]ZVai]! ^cXajY^c\ [Vb^an
i]ZYZ\gZZd[^hdaVi^dc eaVcc^c\!YdbZhi^Xk^daZcXZ!VcYhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddY!
Z# g Zfj^g^c\e]nh^X^VchideZg[dgb'"(nZVghd[gjgVa VhlZaaVhX]^aY]ZVai]#
hZgk^XZWZ[dgZWZ^c\Za^\^WaZ[dgheZX^Va^oVi^dc
Fhecej[7YYekdjWX_b_joWdZ;\\[Yj_l[H[c[Z_[i
[# Z
meadg^c\ i]Z jhZ d[ VaiZgcVi^c\ gdiVi^dch &'#Hjeedgi ZmeVcYZY eVgVbZiZgh [dg Sistema
e.g., ild e]nh^X^Vch VaiZgcVi^c\ ' lZZ`h ^c V Defensorial de Supervisión de la Salud Materna d[
gjgVa ]dhe^iVa0 ' lZZ`h ZahZl]ZgZ [dg hdbZ i]Z9Z[Zchdg^VYZaEjZWadDbWjYhÉHnhiZb[dgi]Z
heZX^Va^hih!hjX]VhVcZhi]Zh^dad\^hih HjeZgk^h^dcd[BViZgcVa=ZVai]!id^cXajYZ/
-# :
cY i]Z egVXi^XZ d[ gZiV^c^c\ ldbZc ^c ]dhe^iVah X# e
gdk^Y^c\ BV\cZh^jb Hja[ViZ! VcY Xdci^cjVa
l]d ]VkZ gZXZ^kZY WaddY igVch[jh^dch jci^a i]Z^g igV^c^c\ dc ^ih Veegdeg^ViZ jhZ! Vh eVgi d[
gZaVi^kZhYdcViZWaddY# XdkZgV\Z ^c i]Z ZkZci d[ egZ"ZXaVbeh^V VcY$dg
ZXaVbeh^V
.# 9
ZkZade V cVi^dcVa XVbeV^\c id dWiV^c VcY hidgZ
hj[ÒX^ZciWaddYVi;D:h# &+#8dch^YZgZa^b^cVi^c\VaaXd"eVnbZcih[dgegZ\cVci
ldbZc jcYZg i]Z gZ"YZh^\cZY hdX^Va ^chjgVcXZ
&%#8gZViZ V iVh` [dgXZ id hijYn [ZVh^W^a^in VcY hX]ZbZVcY!ViVb^c^bjb!ZchjgZi]ViZmZbei^dch
Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ igV^c^c\ egdk^YZgh ^c VcY d[[Zg^c\ VgZ egdk^YZY VXXdgY^c\ id hiVcYVgY^oZY Xg^iZg^V
Vhh^hiZYkV\^cVaYZa^kZgnVi;D7h# i]Vi Yd cdi egZhZci jcYjZ WjgYZch id [Vb^a^Zh id
&&#GZfj^gZ kZ]^XaZ ejgX]VhZh id Xdbean l^i] XZgiV^c YZbdchigViZ^cY^\ZcXZ!l]^X]XdjaYY^hXdjgV\ZjhZ
Xg^iZg^VidbV`Zi]Zbhj^iVWaZ[dgadXVaiZggV^c!hjX] d[i]Z]ZVai]hnhiZbWnegZ\cVcildbZc#
Vh [djg"l]ZZa Yg^kZ VcY ]ZVkn"Yjin hjheZch^dc ^c &,#8aVg^[n ^c i]Z gZk^hZY hdX^Va ^chjgVcXZ hX]ZbZ
i]ZSierra,VcY^cXajYZWjY\ZiZYbdc^Zh[dggZ\jaVg gZ\jaVi^dch i]Vi ÆdWhiZig^X ZbZg\ZcX^ZhÇ ^cXajYZh
bV^ciZcVcXZVcY[jZa# Xdbea^XVi^dch[gdb^cXdbeaZiZVWdgi^dch#
&'#<^kZc i]Z aVX` d[ VkV^aVW^a^in d[ VbWjaVcXZh! &-#:chjgZ i]Z hiZVYn VkV^aVW^a^in i]gdj\] i]Z hdX^Va
YZk^hZ eaVch ^c Xdc_jcXi^dc l^i] Vji]dg^i^Zh [gdb ^chjgVcXZ hX]ZbZ dg di]Zgl^hZ d[ V [jaa gVc\Z d[
VcY bZbWZgh d[ gjgVa Xdbbjc^i^Zh [dg VaiZgcViZ XdcigVXZei^kZ dei^dch! ^cXajY^c\ ^c_ZXiVWaZh VcY
igVchedgiVi^dc^ci]ZZkZcid[ZbZg\ZcX^Zh!^cXajY^c\ ZbZg\ZcXn XdcigVXZei^dc! ZheZX^Vaan id gjgVa!
edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg gdiVi^c\ [jcYh! ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc d[ ^cY^\ZcdjhldbZc!VcYVYdaZhXZcih#
dlcZgh d[ eg^kViZ igVchedgi! VcY gZ^bWjghZbZci
bZX]Vc^hbh[gdbi]Z]ZVai]hZXidg#
& ( ' 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J
&.#:meVcYXdkZgV\ZjcYZgi]ZgZk^hZYhdX^Va^chjgVcXZ Fhecej[C[Wd_d]\kbFWhj_Y_fWj_edWdZ
hX]ZbZ id ^cXajYZ XdjchZa^c\ [dg VYdaZhXZcih dc :[ceYhWj_p[>[Wbj^I[Yjeh
hZmjVa^inVcYhZmjVaVcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]# '*#IV`Z hiZeh id ZcY i]Z Vji]dg^iVg^Vc VcY ejc^i^kZ
'%#GZ^ck^\dgViZgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]VcY[Vb^aneaVcc^c\ XjaijgZ ^c i]Z ]ZVai] hZXidg i]Vi jcYZgb^cZh Wdi]
hZgk^XZh! ^cXajY^c\ bdgZ [jcY^c\! XdcXZgiZY egdk^YZghÉVcYeVi^ZcihÉg^\]ihVcYXgZViZheZgkZghZ
higViZ\^Zh!igV^c^c\[dgegdk^YZgh!VcYhiV[Òc\# ^cXZci^kZh#I]ZhZhiZehh]djaY^cXajYZ/
)# E
g^dg^i^oZ ejgX]VhZh d[ gVY^dh VcY$dg XZaa e]dcZh X# e
gdbdiZ Zfj^in ^c gZbjcZgVi^dc! WZcZÒih VcY
l]ZgZVeegdeg^ViZ[dg]ZVai]edhihVcYXdbbjc^i^Zh ldg`]djghVbdc\]ZVai]XVgZldg`Zgh
VcY Xdch^YZg XgZY^i hX]ZbZh i]Vi ZcVWaZ ldbZc Y# e
gdk^YZÒcVcX^Va^cXZci^kZh!_dWgZXd\c^i^dcVcY
^c Xdbbjc^i^Zh id Xdcigda XZaa e]dcZh VcY X]Vg\Z VYkVcXZbZci [dg ]ZVai] ldg`Zgh l]d hZgkZ ^c
hbVaa[ZZh[dgi]Z^gjhV\Z# gjgVaVcY^hdaViZYVgZVh
*# 7
jY\Zi bdc^Zh [dg VbWjaVcXZh i]Vi VgZ hig^Xian Z# h nhiZbVi^XVaan egdbdiZ ^begdkZY gZaVi^dch]^eh
YZY^XViZY [dg gZ\jaVg bV^ciZcVcXZ VcY [jZa! VcY l^i]Xdbbjc^in]ZVai]egdbdiZgh
gZfj^gZ ad\h id WZ `Zei [dg b^aZV\Z! [VX^a^iVi^c\ &&#JhZi]ZH>H[dgbhi]ViVagZVYnZm^hiidXdci^cjdjhan
XVaXjaVi^dch d[ l]Zc VcY ]dl bVcn ZbZg\ZcX^Zh XdaaZXiYViVVii]Z[VX^a^inaZkZagZ\VgY^c\Veegdeg^ViZ
VgZViiZcYZY# jhZd[dmnidX^Xh!BV\cZh^jbHja[ViZVcYVci^W^di^Xh!
+# :
meVcYi]ZjhZd[i]ZcZlB>CH6<j^YZhid8a^c^XVa VcYji^a^oZhjX]YViV[dg^begdk^c\egd\gVbb^c\#
EgVXi^XZ [dg DWhiZig^X VcY CZdcViVa :bZg\ZcX^Zh
Fhecej[C[Wd_d]\kbFWhj_Y_fWj_ed
(Guías de Práctica Clínica para la Atención de las
Emergencias Obstétricas y Neonatales). &'#:chjgZeVgi^X^eVi^dcd[ldbZcVcYldbZcÉh\gdjeh
^cMesas Concertadas8dcXZgiZYLdg`^c\<gdjeh^c
,# 8
dci^cjZ VcY ZmeVcY i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z 8dYZ hnhiZb dgYZgidegdbdiZldbZcÉh]ZVai]^hhjZhVcY^ciZgZhih
[dg ZbZg\ZcXn `^ih! l]^X] ]Vh WZZc YZkZadeZY id ^ci]Zeg^dg^i^ZhVcY^cY^XVidghhZaZXiZY[dgVaad[i]Z
gZhedcYid]Zbdgg]V\Z!hZeh^hVcYZXaVbeh^V# Planes Concertados 8dcXZgiZYEaVchd[6Xi^dc#
G : 8 D B B : C 9 6I > D C H & ( *
&(#8dcYjXiVcZYjXVi^dcVcYgZ\^higVi^dcXVbeV^\cid 6YY^i^dcVaan!idi]ZGZ\^dcVa
ZchjgZi]ViXVbeZh^cdh!VcYZheZX^VaanXVbeZh^cV
ldbZc! ]VkZ 9C>h VcY VgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id kdiZ ^c
<dkZgcbZcid[EjcdVcYi]Z
adXVa ZaZXi^dch VcY eVgi^X^eViZ ^c gZ\^dcVa eda^i^XVa 9>G:H6Ejcd/
egdXZhhZh# &# E
jgX]VhZ V lViZg iVc` VcY ejbe [dg GZ\^dcVa
=dhe^iVad[EjcdidZcVWaZi]ZDWhiZig^X8ZciZgdc
&)#Egdk^YZ hjeedgi [dg adXVa dg\Vc^oVi^dch VcY C<Dh
i]^gYÓddgid[jcXi^dcegdeZgan#
id XdcYjXi \gVhh"gddih ldg`h]deh VcY Xdbbjc^in
djigZVX] [dg ldbZc VcY bZc dc \ZcYZg VcY '# E
jgX]VhZ Zfj^ebZci cZXZhhVgn id eZgb^i i]Z
]ZVai]# >ciZgbZY^ViZ 8VgZ Jc^i (Unidad de Cuidados
Intermedios, UCI) ^c8VgadhBdc\ZBZYgVcd=dhe^iVa
&*#>cXajYZi]ZhigZc\i]Zc^c\d[8A6HbVcV\^c\XdjcX^ah
^c?ja^VXVidWZXZgi^ÒZYWnH>HVhVcd[ÒX^VaJ8>!hd
VcY iZX]c^XVa Vhh^hiVcXZ [dg 8A6H VhhdX^Vi^dc
i]ViXVgZXVcWZgZ^bWjghZY#
bZbWZghdc`ZnbViZgcVaVcYgZegdYjXi^kZ]ZVai]
^hhjZh^cadXVa]ZVai]eaVch# (# 8
Vggn dji [jaa ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch ^cid i]Z edhh^WaZ
cZ\a^\ZcXZVcYVWVcYdcbZci!gZheZXi^kZan!d[
&+#EgdbdiZi]Z^ckdakZbZcid[bjc^X^eVa^i^Zh^c]ZVai]
hnhiZb!e.g.,WnZmeVcY^c\i]Z]ZVai]nbjc^X^eVa^i^Zh V# B
^Yl^[Z BVg^V BV\YVaZcV 8dcYdg^ 6eVoV ^c i]Z
^c^i^Vi^kZ (Muncipios Saludables) [gdb egZkZci^dc id XVhZd[BZaVc^VNjXgV<dcoVaZh!VcY
XVgZ!l^i]i]ZXdcY^i^dci]VildbZcVgZVYZfjViZan
W# 9
g#:b^a^dBVX]^XVd^ci]ZXVhZd[EVWaVGdWZgiV
gZegZhZciZY#
6g^oVcXV 7Vgg^Zcidh! VcY bV`Z i]dhZ ÒcY^c\h
Fhecej[7YYekdjWX_b_joWdZ7YY[iije;\\[Yj_l[ ejWa^XVcYVkV^aVWaZidi]Z[Vb^anbZbWZgh#
H[c[Z_[i )# > hhjZ V egdidXda [dg i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z
&,#>begdkZ bdc^idg^c\ VcY VXXdjciVW^a^in hnhiZbh B>CH6cdgbgZaVi^c\idkZgi^XVaW^gi]^c\#
[dg i]Z ejgX]VhZ d[ bZY^X^cZh VcY ^beaZbZci
Vc VjidbViZY hnhiZb [dg ejgX]VhZh d[ bZY^XVa 6YY^i^dcVaan!Idi]ZGZ\^dcVa
Zfj^ebZci!inter alia, Wnbdc^idg^c\i]ZjhZd[H><6
(Sistema de Información de Gestión Administrativa)
<dkZgcbZcid[=jVcXVkZa^XVVcYi]Z
VcY ^ih ^ciZ\gVi^dc l^i] H>6; (Sistema Integral de 9>G:H6=jVcXVkZa^XV/
Administración Financiera). &# 8
Vggn dji V [jaa ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc ^cid i]Z edhh^WaZ
&-#6hhZhh i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ d[ i]Z GZ\^dcVa =ZVai] cZ\a^\ZcXZ VcY VWVcYdcbZci ^c i]Z XVhZ d[
8djcX^ah! ^cXajY^c\ Vc VcVanh^h d[ i]Z cjbWZg ;gVcX^hXV 8XZciZ Fj^heZ Vi i]Z EVbeVh =ZVai]
VcY XdciZci d[ egdedhVah bVYZ VcY Vcn [daadl"je 8ZciZgVcYbV`Zi]dhZÒcY^c\hejWa^XVcYVkV^aVWaZ
VXi^k^in!VhlZaaVhZmiZcid[[ZbVaZgZegZhZciVi^dc idi]Z[Vb^anbZbWZgh!VcY
VcYeVgi^X^eVi^dc# '# > hhjZ V egdidXda [dg i]Z ^beaZbZciVi^dc d[ i]Z
&.#>ckZhi^\ViZ VcY hVcXi^dc! VYb^c^higVi^kZan dg B>CH6cdgbgZaVi^c\idkZgi^XVaW^gi]^c\#
_jY^X^Vaan!VhXVaaZY[dgWnaVl/
V# i ]ZjhZd[eda^XZidXdZgXZldbZcidYZa^kZgVi Idi]ZLdgaY7Vc`VcY>ciZg"
^chi^iji^dch 6bZg^XVc9ZkZadebZci7Vc`/
W# i ]Z^bedh^i^dcd[de factoÒcZh[dgW^gi]XZgi^ÒXViZh &# > ch^hijedciZX]c^XVaVcYcdieda^i^XVaXg^iZg^V^ci]Z
l]ZcX]^aYgZcVgZcdiWdgc^cVc^chi^iji^dc YZh^\cd[E6GHVajY>>!VcY^ch^hijedci]Z^cXajh^dc
d[Zk^YZcXZ"WVhZY^ciZgkZci^dchdcan#
X# Y
Zc^Vah d[ XVgZ ^cXajY^c\ gZ[ZggVa VcY igVch"
edgiVi^dcYjZidVaVX`d[VW^a^inideVn '# > cXajYZ [jcYh ^c E6GHVajY >> [dg i]Z GZ\^higd
CVX^dcVaYZ>YZci^ÒXVX^cn:hiVYd8^k^aG:C>:8id
Y# i ]Z YZiZci^dc d[ ldbZc [dg [V^ajgZ id eVn [dg
Y^hig^WjiZ!VcYZchjgZi]ViZkZgndcZ^cgjgVaVgZVh
WaddYigVch[jh^dchVcYhXgZZc^c\h
]VhV9C>XVgYVhV]ZVai]"egdbdi^c\bZVhjgZ#
Z# V
cnVXid[Y^hXg^b^cVi^dcV\V^chieVi^ZcihWVhZY
(# J
hZ djiXdbZ bZVhjgZh e.g., BV\cZh^jb hja[ViZ
dc\ZcYZgdgZi]c^X^in
jhV\Z! 8"HZXi^dc gViZh! dmnidX^c jhV\Z! Zm^hiZcXZ
G : 8 D B B : C 9 6I > D C H & ( ,
i]Z VgZV d[ ]ZVai] g^\]ih! gZegdYjXi^kZ VcY hZmjVa eVgVbZiZgh id ^YZci^[n bZX]Vc^hbh id egdk^YZ
g^\]ih!VcYhV[Zbdi]Zg]ddY^ceVgi^XjaVg# ^cXgZVhZY hjeedgi! gVi]Zg i]Vc l^i]YgVl [gdb
[jcY^c\[dgEZgjÉh]ZVai]hZXidg#
*# G
ZXdch^YZg ^ih gdaZ ^c gZaVi^dc id hjeedgi^c\
EZgjÉh ]ZVai] hnhiZb jcYZg JH6>9Éh cZl [jcY^c\
Dej[i )
HZZ 8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+! eVgVh ')"'*#0 88EG$8D$,%$E:G!
8dcXajY^c\DWhZgkVi^dchd[i]Z=jbVcg^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ/EZgj#
&
EaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh'%%+"'%&%ZaVWdgVYdedgZa
CdkZbWZg'%%%/eVgV'%#
8dchZ_dCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh#9ZXgZidHjegZbdCd#
%&,"'%%*"?JH#I]ZCVi^dcVa=jbVcG^\]ihEaVcXdciV^ch!^cidiVa!
*
I]ZXVhZd[@AkEZgj^ckdakZYVldbVcl]dlVh[dgXZYidXVggn
Ò[iZZcgZXdbbZcYVi^dchY^gZXiZYidlVgYhegdiZXi^c\i]Zg^\]iid idiZgbVcVcZcXZe]Va^X[ZijhVcYhj[[ZgZY\gVkZehnX]dad\^XVa
]ZVai]# Y^higZhhVhVgZhjai#=jbVcG^\]ih8dbb^iiZZ!8dbbjc^XVi^dc
Cd# &&*($'%%(! JC 9dX# 88EG$8$-*$9$&&*($'%%( '%%*# HZZ
'
8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+#8dcXajY^c\8dbbZcihd[i]Z8dbb^iiZZdc
8:96L$8$E:G$8D$+#8dcXajY^c\8dbbZcihd[i]Z8dbb^iiZZdc
i]Z:a^b^cVi^dcd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc6\V^chiLdbZc/EZgj#;ZWgjVgn
i]Z:a^b^cVi^dcd[9^hXg^b^cVi^dc6\V^chiLdbZc/EZgj#';ZWgjVgn
'%%,/eVgV((#
%,!eVgVh')"'*#
(
EaVcCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh'%%+"'%&%ZaVWdgVYdedgZa
+
JC>8:;$L=D$JC;E6#UN Guidelines on Monitoring the Use and
8dchZ_dCVX^dcVaYZ9ZgZX]dh=jbVcdh#9ZXgZidHjegZbdCd#
Availability of Essential Obstetric Care.6j\jhi&..,#
%&,"'%%*"?JH#
&(.
VcYdmnidX^c0egdk^Y^c\WVh^XbZY^XVaViiZci^dcidWVW^Zh0 FWh[dj[hWb06Yb^c^hiZgZY^cigVkZcdjhandgWn^c_ZXi^dc#
gZ[Zgg^c\ldbZc^ci]ZXVhZd[dWhiZig^XXdbea^XVi^dch!
F7HIWbkZ?0(Programa de Apoyo a la Reforma del Sector
VcYegdk^Y^c\W^gi]XdcigdaV[iZgYZa^kZgn#
Salud) I]Z Òghi e]VhZ d[ V _d^ci LdgaY 7Vc`$>ciZg"
@KDJEI0 6 ejWa^X lZa[VgZ egd\gVb ^c^i^ViZY ^c '%%* 6bZg^XVc 9ZkZadebZci 7Vc` adVc egd\gVb V^bZY Vi
i]Vi iZbedgVg^an egdk^YZh &%% nuevos soles eZg bdci] ^begdk^c\EZgjÉh]ZVai]hZXidg#I]ZgZ\^dchiVg\ZiZYWn
id egZ\cVci ldbZc! l^YdlZY [Vi]Zgh! VcY Veed^ciZY E6GHVajY>lZgZ6bVodcVh>>!=jVcjXd!=jVcXVkZa^XV!
\jVgY^VchXVg^c\[dgX]^aYgZcWZadli]ZV\Zd[[djgiZZc! 6nVXjX]d! 6ejg^bVX >! 6ejg^bVX >>! 8joXd VcY Ejcd0
^c ZmX]Vc\Z [dg XZgiV^c WZ]Vk^dgh! hjX] Vh Wg^c\^c\ i]ZnlZgZhZaZXiZYWVhZYdci]Z^g]^\]aZkZahd[bViZgcVa
X]^aYgZcidWZkVXX^cViZYdglZ^\]ZYVcYbZVhjgZY# VcY^c[VcibdgiVa^in#
CW]d[i_kc Ikb\Wj[0 6c Vci^XdckjahVci Ygj\ jhZY ^c F7HIWbkZ??0I]ZhZXdcYigVcX]Zd[i]ZLdgaY7Vc`$>97Éh
dWhiZig^Xh id egZkZci egZ"ZXaVbeh^V [gdb WZXdb^c\ adVcidEZgjidgZ[dgb^ih]ZVai]hZXidg!l]^X]^hhaViZY
ZXaVbeh^Vdgidhidei]ZXdckjah^dchd[ZXaVbeh^V# [dg ^beaZbZciVi^dc hdbZi^bZ ^c '%%-# I]^h hZXdcY
e]VhZ^hZmeZXiZYid[dXjhdci]ZgZ\^dchd[6bVodcVh!
CWj[0]ZgWVaiZV
8V_VbVgXV!=jVcjXd!JXVnVa^!=jVcXVkZa^XV!6nVXjX]d!
C:=0 B^aaZcc^jb 9ZkZadebZci <dVa# I]ZgZ VgZ Z^\]i 6ejg^bVX!8jhXd!VcYEjcd#
B9<hidWZVX]^ZkZYWn'%&*i]VigZhedcYidhdbZd[
F>H0E]nh^X^Vch [dg =jbVc G^\]ih# GZ[ZgZcXZh id i]Z
i]Z ldgaYÉh bV^c YZkZadebZci X]VaaZc\Zh# I]Z B9<h
ÆE=G iZVbÇ ^cXajYZ eZdeaZ [gdb djg adXVa eVgicZg!
VgZ YgVlc [gdb i]Z VXi^dch VcY iVg\Zih XdciV^cZY ^c
86G:EZgj!l]deVgi^X^eViZY^ci]ZÒZaYldg`#
i]ZB^aaZcc^jb9ZXaVgVi^dcVYdeiZYWn&-.cVi^dch!VcY
h^\cZYWn&),]ZVYhd[hiViZVcY\dkZgcbZcih!Yjg^c\ FbWY[djWWYYh[jW06XdcY^i^dcYjg^c\l]^X]i]ZeaVXZciV
i]Z Jc^iZY CVi^dch B^aaZcc^jb Hjbb^i ^c HZeiZbWZg ViiVX]Zh idd YZZean ^c i]Z jiZg^cZ lVaa Wji YdZh cdi
'%%%#B9<*^hid^begdkZbViZgcVa]ZVai]l^i]ViVg\Zi eZcZigViZi]ZjiZg^cZbjhXaZ#I]^hXdcY^i^dcd[iZcaZVYh
d[ gZYjX^c\ aZkZah d[ bViZgcVa bdgiVa^in Wn ,* [gdb idegZbVijgZYZa^kZg^Zh#HZkZgZ]Zbdgg]V\^c\XVcVahd
&..%aZkZahWni]ZnZVg'%&*# dXXjgh^cXZi]ZeaVXZciV]VhY^[ÒXjainhZeVgVi^c\[gdb
i]ZjiZg^cZlVaaVcYbjhiWZYZiVX]ZYbVcjVaan#
C;<0 (Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas) B^c^hign d[
:Xdcdb^XhVcY;^cVcXZ# FeijfWhjkc^[cehh^W][0:mXZhh^kZWaZZY^c\[daadl^c\
i]ZYZa^kZgnd[VWVWn#>[jcigZViZY!WaddYadhhXVcXVjhZ
C?C:;I0 (Ministero de la Mujer y Desarrollo Social)
V hZkZgZ Ygde ^c WaddY egZhhjgZ VcY aZVY id h]dX`
B^c^hign[dgLdbZcVcYHdX^Va9ZkZadebZci
VcY YZVi]# EdhieVgijb ]Zbdgg]V\Zh XVc dXXjg je id
C?DI70(Ministerio de Salud) B^c^hignd[=ZVai]# h^m lZZ`h V[iZg YZa^kZgn VcY d[iZc dXXjg ^[ i]Z jiZgjh
C_iefheijeb06Ygj\i]VilVhVeegdkZYWni]Z;96[dg YdZhcdiXdcigVXihigdc\anZcdj\]V[iZgi]ZeaVXZciV^h
i]ZegZkZci^dcd[\Vhig^XjaXZghWji^hXdbbdcanjhZY YZa^kZgZYdg^[i]ZeaVXZciV^hgZiV^cZY#
VcYVeegdkZY^cdi]ZgXdjcig^Zhid^cYjXZaVWdgVcY[dg Fh[#[YbWcif_W%[YbWcfi_W0EgZ"ZXaVbeh^V^hVXdcY^i^dc
bZY^XVaVWdgi^dch# i]Vi dXXjgh V[iZg i]Z '%i] lZZ` d[ egZ\cVcXn l]ZgZ^c
CCH0 BViZgcVa BdgiVa^in GVi^d! bZVhjgZY Vh YZVi]h ldbZcYZkZadeZaZkViZYWaddYegZhhjgZVcYegdiZ^c^c
eZg&%%!%%%a^kZW^gi]h# i]Z^gjg^cZ#I]^hXdcY^i^dc^hVahd`cdlcVhidmZb^Vdg
egZ\cVcXn"^cYjXZY]neZgiZch^dc#
EnojeY_Y :hk]i0 9gj\h jhZY id ^cYjXZ jiZg^cZ
XdcigVXi^dch! l]^X] VgZ VYb^c^hiZgZY id ZmeZa i]Z FkjkYe0 6 gdjcYZY VYdWZ higjXijgZ Xdbbdcan [djcY
eaVXZciV ^[ ^i ^h gZiV^cZY dg id XdbegZhh WaZZY^c\ ^c XZgiV^c eVgih d[ i]Z EZgjk^Vc 6ai^eaVcd! l]^X] ^h
kZhhZah ^c i]Z VgZV l]ZgZ i]Z eaVXZciV lVh ViiVX]ZY# igVY^i^dcVaan i]Z lVgbZhi eVgi d[ i]Z ]djhZ# LdbZc
I]ZhZbZY^X^cZhVgZjhZ[ja^cegZkZci^c\VcYigZVi^c\ l]dYZa^kZgi]Z^gWVW^ZhVi]dbZ^cXZgiV^cVgZVhd[i]Z
edhi"eVgijb ]Zbdgg]V\Z# I]Z L=D$JC;E6$JC>8:; \ZcZgVaan XdaY 6ai^eaVcd igVY^i^dcVaan \^kZ W^gi] ^c i]Z
Guidelines for Monitoring the Availability and Use of ejijXd#
Obstetric Services gZfj^gZ WVh^X ZbZg\ZcXn dWhiZig^X Gk[Y^kW0 6c ^cY^\Zcdjh \gdje ^c Hdji] 6bZg^XV# I]Z
XVgZ[VX^a^i^Zh:bD8[VX^a^i^Zhid]VkZi]ZXVeVX^inid bV_dg^ind[EZgjÉhFjZX]jVedejaVi^dca^kZh^ci]ZSierra
VYb^c^hiZg>Kdg^c_ZXi^dcdmnidX^XYgj\h# gZ\^dc#
Dej[i (
7VggcB!7Vo{cB!VcY8Vhi^aadG#7VggZgVhZXdcb^XVhZcVa
VXXZhdVhZgk^X^dhYZhVajYYZXVa^YVY/Y^V\chi^Xdnedai^XVheVgV
&
>cVgZk^hZY!hddc"id"WZejWa^h]ZYkZgh^dcd[i]ZhZ\j^YZa^cZh!i]Zn
hjhjeZgVX^c#8>:H!86G:#A^bV/?jan'%%+/+%#
gZ[ZgidZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZgVi]Zgi]VcZhhZci^VadWhiZig^X
XVgZ#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]^hgZedgigZ[ZghidZbZg\ZcXndWhiZig^XXVgZ
)
ÆHZ\jgd eVgV idYdh adh eZgjVcdh#Ç :a EZgjVcd# BVgX] &,!
:bD8i]gdj\]dji# '%%,#
'
;VX^a^i^ZhVgZh^bjaiVcZdjhanXaVhh^ÒZYVXXdgY^c\idi]Z^gcZdcViVa
[jcXi^dch!YZcdb^cViZYWnVcÈC#ÉI]jh!V[VX^a^inl^aaWZXViZ\dg^oZY
VhV;DC7!;DC:DG;DCE!l]ZcgZ[Zgg^c\idVaad[^ih[jcXi^dch#
<ADHH6GND;I:GBH6C968GDCNBH&)&
& ) ' 9 : 6 9 AN 9 : A 6 N H / B 6I : G C 6 A B D G I6 A > I N > C E : G J