TAXONOMY &

SYSTEMATICS
LEARNING COMPETENCY
1. Explain how the structural and developmental
characteristics and relatedness of DNA sequences are
used in classifying living things.
2. Identify the unique/distinctive characteristics of a
specific taxon relative to other taxa.
3. Describe species diversity and cladistics, including the
types of evidence and procedures that can be used to
establish evolutionary relationship.
R E C A P
  ather of
F
Taxonomy
A swedish named Carlous Linnaeus is
considered the Father of Taxonomy
since 1700's
His two most important contributions
to Taxonomy where:

1. A hierarchy classification system

2. The system of binomial
nomenclature
Homosapiens
Genus Species
 STUCTURAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL characteristics and
relatedness of DNA sequences
Anatomy and Embryology:
Anatomical features shared between organisms (including ones
that are visible only during embryonic development) can indicate
a shared evolutionary ancestry. There are more closely related
species groups with more recent common ancestors, and each
group would appear to share the characteristics that were present
in their last common ancestor.
Homologous:
If a particular physical feature, such as a complex
bone structure or a body plan, is shared by two or
more animals, they may all have inherited this
feature from a common ancestor. It is said that
physical characteristics shared due to
evolutionary history (a common ancestor).
 Analogous:
Not all physical traits that appear identical are
indicators of shared ancestors. Instead, some
physical similarities in different species, they
developed independently because the organisms
lived in similar environments or encountered
similar selective pressures
 Molecular biology
Structural homologies, similarities may
reflect shared evolutionary ancestry
between biological molecules.
Similarities and variations in various
species between the "same" gene (that
is, a pair of homologous genes) will
help us decide how clusely the
organisms are related..
 DNA evidence for evolutionary relationships
All living organisms share the same genetic material (DNA),
identical genetic codes, and the same basic gene
expression mechanism at the most basic level (transcription
and translation). The sequences of associated (or
homologous) genes are also contrasted by biologists. If the
"same" gene is found in two animals, it is because they
inherited it from a shared ancestor. In general, the more
DNA similarities between the two species in homologous
genes, the more closely related the species is.
 Taxonomy vs. Systematics
Systematics is the study of the diversification
of life forms over time, both past and present,
and their relationships between other species.
On the other hand, taxonomy ("which literally
means arrangements law ")is the science of
organizing and categorizing living organisms
into classes called taxa.
 Taxonomic Classification
The method of taxonomic classification (also
referred to as the Linnaean system after the
Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, Zoologist, and
doctor) uses a hierarchical model. Moving from
the point of origin, the groups become more
precise until the branch terminates as a single
species. For a start, scientists. split species into
three large groups after the usual beginning of all
life.
Figure 2:
The taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model
to organize living organisms into increasingly specific
categories. The common dog Canis lupus familiaris, is a
subspecies of Canis lupus, which also inchides the wolf and
dingo. (eredit "dog": modification of work by Janneke
TABLE OF FOUR SPECIES CLASSIFIED BY THE
LINNAEAN SYSTEM
Phylogeny:

Phylogeny is the study of relationships

and their evolutionary development
among different groups of organisms. .
An early example of a phylogenetic
tree is the "Tree of Life" by Darwin
(Figure 4)
Figure 4:
Darwin's Tree of Life This branching diagram repress the evolutionary histories of different species. It is
the only diagram that originally appeared in Darwin's famous 1950 book, On the Origin of Species by
Natural Selection.
 The ancestor to .
which two
descendant
species shared
before they took
separate
evolutionary paths
is a common
ancestor.
Many phylogenetic trees have . a single lineage at the base
representing a common ancestor. Scientists call such trees
rooted, which means there is a single ancestral lineage
(typically drawn from the bottom or left) to which
allorganisms represented in the diagram relate. Notice in
the rooted phylogenetic tree that the three domains —
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya — diverge from a single
point and branch off. The small branch that plants and
animals(including humans) occupy in this diagram shows
how recent and miniscule these groups are compared with
other organisms. Unrooted trees do not showa common
ancestor but do show relationships among species
(Figure 6).
BRANCH POINT:
Represents where a single lineage evolved into a distinct
new one.
BASAL TAXON :
We call a lineage that evolved early from the root that
remains unbranched.
SISTER TAXA:
We call two lineages stemming from the same branch
point.
POLYTOMY:
A branch withmore than two lineages and serves to
illustrate where scientists have not definitively determined
all of the relationships.
Figure 7:
A phylogenetic tree's root indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to
all organisms on the tree. A branch point indicates where two lineages
diverged. Alineage that evolved early and remains unbranched is a basal
taxon. When two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are
sister taxa. A branch with more than two lineages is a polytomy.
 Cladistics
The most common way to integrate information into
phylogenetic trees is called cladistics. Based on features
of ancestor and descendant species, cladistics explains
theories about how organisms are linked. In the 1950s,a
scientist named Willi Hennig established cladistics.
Cladistics is derived from the term clade. A clade is a
collectionof organisms that include an ancestor species
and all of their descendants.
 A monophyletic group (clade) can be
separated from the root with asingle cut,
whereas a non-monophyletic group (not
a clade) needs two or more cuts. In Figure
9, grouping 1 - monophyletic; grouping 2 -
paraphyletic gouping 3 - polyphyletic.
 That’s all
and Thank
you!!!