3rd Quarter Health 9 Notes 3. Incision – is a cut caused by a knife, broken glasses or any sharp objects.

UNINTENTIONAL INJURY, PREVENTION, SAFETY AND FIRST AID 4. Laceration – is a blunt breaking or tearing of soft tissues usually resulting from
mishandling tools and other accidents.
The Basic of First aid 5. Avulsion – is a forcible tearing or partial tearing away of tissues.

First aid Carrying and Transporting an Injured Person

- is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets
ill or injured. Anyone who gives first aid is a first aider. Types of Transporting an Injured Victim:
One- Man Transport
Roles of a first aid: 1. Fireman’s Carry – the easiest way to transport a light and smaller victim
1. It is a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician. 2. Piggy Back – when the victim is conscious.
2. It is not intended to compete with or to take the place of the services of the 3. Pack Strap Carry – when the victim is smaller than the first aider.
physician. 4. Shoulder Drag – used when the floor is smooth, short distance transport.
3. It ends when the services of the physician begins. 5. Fireman’s Drag or Tied-Hands Crawl – used when the first aider and victim must
crawl underneath a low structure or smoky room.
Objectives of First Aid 6. Blanket Drag – used when the victim is seriously injures and should not be lifted.
1. To save lives.
2. To prolong life. Two- Man Transport
3. To alleviate suffering. 1. Chair Carry – when there are two first aiders and a chair is available.
4. To prevent further injury.
Three or More- Man Transport
Characteristics of a Good First Aider 1. Hammock Carry – when there are three first aiders.
1. Gentle- does not cause pain and panic. 2. Bearer Alongside Carry – carries will stay on the uninjured side of the victim.
2. Observant – notices all signs. 3. Six Man Lift and Carry – when there are six first aiders.
3. Resourceful – makes the best use of things at hand.
4. Tactful – does not frightened the victim. First Aid for Common Unintentional Injuries
5. Sympathetic – comforts and reassures the victim.
1. Fracture – is a break or crack in a bone. An open fracture pierces the skin surface
Principles of First Aid while in a closed fracture, the skin above is intact.
1. Do stay calm. - First Aids: Check vital signs. Do not move the injured part. Stop bleeding if there is
2. Do reassure and comfort the victim. any. If you have to move the person, immobilize the broken parts by splinting.
- Seek medical help immediately.
3. Do check for medical bracelet indicating a
2. Dislocation – is a partial or complete displacement of the bones.
condition such as epilepsy or diabetes. - First Aid: Call for help immediately. Splint the affected part. Do not try to move the
4. Do loosen any tight clothing. dislocated part or force it back into place. Apply ice on the injured part to reduce
5. Do keep the victim covered to reduce shock. swelling.
6. Don’t give food and drinks to an unconscious person. 3. Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments of a bone due to accidental tearing or
7 . Don’t move an injured person unless you need to place him in the recovery overstretching.
position. Strain – is an injury on the muscles which is a result of improper use of the
muscles.
Survey of the Scene and the Victim - First Aid:. Rest the injured part. Apply ice. Compress the injured part. Elevate the
- Vital signs are measures of various Physiological statistics taken in order injured part.
to assess the most basic body functions. 4. Heat Exhaustion – is caused by loss of salt and water due to excessively high
- The act of taking the vital signs normally entails recording body temperature. This may lead to heatstroke and even death.
temperature, pulse rate or heart rate, blood pressure and - First Aid: Transport the victim to a cool place. Give him/her plenty of water. Check
for vital signs. Seek medical help.
respiratory rate.
5. Food Poisoning – is caused by consuming food or drink that is contaminated
with bacteria or viruses.
Difference Between Signs and Symptoms
- First Aid: Help the person to lie or rest.
- Signs are details discovered by applying your senses- touch, hearing, and - b. Give him/her plenty of flavorless fluids to drink and a bowl to use if he/she vomits.
smell during the course of examination. Call medical help if the condition worsens.
Example: bleeding, swelling, deformities 6. Choking – results when a foreign objects block the throat.
- Symptoms are sensations that the victim feels or experiences and may - First Aid:Ask the person if he is choking. Encourage him/her to cough. Give him five
be able to describe: Example: Nausea, Vomiting back blows. If back blows fail, try abdominal thrust. Check his mouth.
- f. If obstruction still has not cleared, call for an ambulance. Continue until help arrives.
Two Ways to Conduct Physical Examination when giving First Aid 7. Drowning – happens when air cannot get into the lungs because of water. It can
1. Primary Survey cause death when taken for granted.
- is used when the victim is unconscious and to find out and immediately treat - First Aid: Lay the person down on his back/her back. Check breathing and open the
airway.. Give rescue breaths and chest compression is necessary.
life-threatening conditions. Check for Consciousness Open the Airway, Check for
- d. If the person is breathing, place him/ her in the recovery position.
Breathing , Check for Circulation - e. Treat for hypothermia by removing wet clothing and covering him/her with a dry
2. Secondary Survey blanket.
- is used when the victim is conscious or has revived. It aims to 8. Heart Attack – is caused by a sudden obstruction of blood supply to the part of
detect everything about the patient’s condition. the heart muscles.
< History Taking > First Aid: Help the person sit or lie down with head elevated. Call for a medical help.
SAMPLE PAIN is the mnemonic in order to perform the steps more c. If the person is conscious, give him/her a full-dose aspirin and advise him/ her to
easily. S – ymptoms ,A- llergy ,M- edication ,P- revious illness ,L- ast meal E- vents prior to chew it slowly. Constantly monitor the vital signs. Be prepared to give rescue
what happened ,P- eriod of pain ,A- rea ,I- ntensity N- ullify breaths and chest compression.
< Checking for Vital Signs > 9. Electrical burns – may occur when electricity passes through the body.
-Pulse rate :
Brachial – inner side of upper arm
Carotid – side of the neck, in the hollow axillary 10. Burns – are often due to domestic incidents such as touching a hot iron, friction
Wrist -Femoral- thigh, lower leg or foot or spilling boiling water on the skin.
Temporal- temple or scalp - First Aid: For minor, flood the injured area with cold water. Put on gloves and cover the
Temperature, Rectum (rectal) ,Oral ( mouth ), Axillary, Respiration area with sterile non-adhesive dressing or bandage. For severe burns, help the person to
Skin Color (Head to toe Examination),Eyes, Chest, Abdomen ,Back lie down and prevent the burnt area from coming into contact with the ground. Seek for
medical assistance. Do not delay medical help. Carefully remove any burnt clothing,
Dressing and Bandage unless it is sticking to the skin. Continue vital signs. Reassure casualty and treat for
shock.
- Dressing is a piece of sterile cloth that covers a wound to prevent
11. Heat Stroke – is caused by a failure of the “thermostat” in the brain to regulate
infection or to stop bleeding.
body temperature
- Cold compress is used to reduce swelling and relieve pain, especially
- First Aid: Remove the person immediately in a cool place. Remove as much of his
used for sprain and strains. outer clothing as possible. Call for medical help.
- Bandages are used to apply pressure to bleeding, for covering wounds 12. Stroke – is a condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is
and burns and providing support for immobilization for broken bones. suddenly and seriously impaired by a blood clot or ruptured blood vessels.
Two Phases of Bandaging - First aid; If the person is conscious, help him to lie down with his head and
1. An open phase bandage is used for wounds on top and back of the head, shoulders slightly raised and supported. Incline his head to the affected side and
chest, hand, and foot and as an arm sling. place a towel on his shoulder to absorb any dribbling. Call for help. Loosen any tight
2. Cravat phase bandaging is used for wounds that need extra support like clothing. Monitor vital signs and reassure the victim.
wound on the eye, forehead, ear, cheek, jaw, shoulder, hip, arm, leg,
elbow, knee and palm and for a sprained ankle.

Wounds
- are breaks in the continuity of a tissue in the body. It may be closed in
which there is no break or damage in the skin. I is also called hematoma
or contusion. A wound may also be an open wound in which there is a
break in the skin.
Kinds of Open Wounds
1. Puncture – is a piercing wound caused by nails, needles and other pointed
objects.
2. Abrasion – is caused by rubbing or scraping the skin against a rough surface.