Global Transitions Proceedings 2 (2021) 323–329

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Global Transitions Proceedings

journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/global-transitions-proceedings/

3D-FDTD analysis of fractal antenna using PML boundary conditions

Arieb Ashraf Sofi∗, Swetha Amit, B K Sujatha
Ramaiah institute of technology, MSR Nagar Mathikere, Bangalore 560054, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: In this paper, a rectangular fractal patch antenna for satellite communication is presented. The antenna is de-
Finite difference time domain(FDTD) method signed at frequency 20GHz. The antenna structure is depicted and inspected using 3-D finite difference time
Finite element method(FEM) domain (FDTD) method and the results are compared with obtained by commercial software Ansys HFSS and
High frequency structure
experimental results. It is found that FDTD simulation results along with fabricated and HFSS simulations are
simulator(HFSS);MATLAB
agreed adequately. The return loss of the antenna operating is -33.14 dB and gain is 17dB. These results infer
Method of moments(MOM);Microstrip patch
antenna that the proposed antenna is well suitable for Satellite communication at Ku band and has large bandwidth.
Perfectly matched layer(PML)

Introduction
Microstrip antennas are of great advantage might it be their low pro-
file, low cost or ease of fabrication, these benefits have made them very
popular and very inviting for scientific research. And microstrip fractal
antennas are nowadays leading in the field of research. The term fractal
was coined by Mandelbrot (1983) which insinuates broken or irregular
fragments [1] [2]. Fractals originally describe a family of shapes that
acquire self-similarity in their geometry. Fractals decrease the electrical
length of antenna therefore can be used as a liable miniaturization tech-
nique [3] [4]. The K-band, both Ku and Ka i-e 12GHz-40GHz is used for
satellite communication [5].The satellite uplink communication occurs
at 27.5-31.0GHz in Ka band and 14.0-14.5GHz in Ku band and downlink
communication occurs at 17.7-21.2GHz in Ka band and 11.7-12.2GHz
in Ku band.
In this paper a rectangular microstrip fractal antenna is proposed for
satellite communication working in K-band. Here FDTD method is used
for numerical analysis of antenna. FDTD method is very effective for
small scale problems, regardless of its memory usage and CPU-time in-
tensiveness[6].FDTD is time domain method hence easy to understand
and work with .After analysis in MATLAB using FDTD method,antenna is
also analyzed using HFSS .In HFSS parameters are also evaluated,HFSS
uses FEM/MOM method for electromagnetic computation. After the sim-
ulation is done in MATLAB and HFSS, the results for both MATLAB and
HFSS are compared with the test results of fabricated antenna. The pro-
posed antenna is designed for satellite communication and can be used
for broadcasting, VSAT, DTH transmission, Satellite TV transmission.
This antenna works on both uplink and downlink frequencies of satel-
lite communication.
Related works
In [7] a microstrip patch array having 40 × 30mm2 dimensions is
designed for satellite communication with single operating frequency
of 11.79GHz .The antenna can be used for X and Ku band applications.
Antenna analysis is done using HFSS 12.
In [8] the introduced antenna is simulated using Rogers RT-5880
substrate of having dimensions 21 × 16 × 0.507 mm 3 .The antenna op-
erates at 10GHz and has multiband frequencies. The resonating frequen-
cies are 10, 21, 30and 34 GHz with return loss -19 dB, - 12dB, -12dB,
-11 dB and VSWR 1.2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.82.
In [9] a wideband antenna is introduced covering 6-21GHz with cen-
ter frequency 9.75GHz.This antenna can be used for X, Ku and K-band
applications. The antenna provides a maximum gain of 5.3dB with ra-
diation pattern directional in E- plane.
In [10] a multiple slot planar antenna for X-band satellite mobile
communication is proposed. The antenna is designed using FR4 sub-
strate with dimensions 13 × 14 × 1.5mm3 .The antennas provides max-
imum gain of 2.6dB and efficiency of 79.6%.This antenna gives less re-
flection coefficient for 4-12.6GHz frequencies.
In papers [7-10], it is seen antennas designed for satellite communi-
cation mostly work in X-band. In [7] single resonant frequency is present
and size is large as compared to the antenna proposed in this paper.
In [8] multiple operating frequencies are there but return loss is more

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: arieb544@gmail.com (A.A. Sofi), swetha.amit@msrit.edu (S. Amit), bksujatha@msrit.edu (B.K. Sujatha).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gltp.2021.08.029
Received 16 June 2021; Accepted 5 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
2666-285X/© 2021 The Authors. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
A.A. Sofi, S. Amit and B.K. Sujatha Global Transitions Proceedings 2 (2021) 323–329

𝐴𝑐 𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑐 ℎ,

(𝐿) = 𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝑓 − (2 ∗ Δ𝐿) (5)

( )
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓 𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝐿 (6)

( )
𝑊 𝑖𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝑊 (7)

FDTD Analysis

In FDTD method, Maxwell’s curl equations are used and are con-
verted to finite difference equations with central difference approxima-
tion method, followed by discretization of space and time domain. This
method was introduced by Yee in 1966 [13]. Here the computation is
done in cells called YEE cells and the space is subdivided to achieve
spatial discretization. Each cell of the mesh is striked by indices (i,j,k)
Fig. 1. Proposed Antenna Structure. with respect to position and the cell dimensions i-e steps Δx, Δy and Δz
depend on the minor wavelength existing in the investigating frequency
Table 1 range of the sample structure under test. In FDTD code the object is
Proposed Antenna Dimen- first grid up and the size of the grid must be small enough such that the
sions.
fields are sampled precisely. Then the time step is determined according
Parameters Value in mm to the Courant-Stability condition to avoid numerical instabilities. Yee
cell follows a particular arrangement of magnetic and electric field such
L 9.2865
that each magnetic and electric node is circumjacent by four distinct
W 12.09
𝐿𝑔 22.65 electric and magnetic nodes. Therefore, to conjecture all spatiotempo-
𝑊𝑔 16.6 ral derivatives existing in the Maxwell’s equations centered derivative
𝑊1 4.03 approximation is used. The computational space consists of two portions
𝐿1 3.09 one for antenna design and other for PML. In PML the electric field must
W2 1.34
L2 1.03
be cipher which allows the upgrading of the fields in the computation
F 13.59 system. The width of the Gaussian pulse and the time delay are picked to
be convenient for the frequency bands of interest. The Courant Stability
condition [14] of FDTD algorithm is given in equation 8.
compared to the proposed antenna. In [10] antenna proposed is com- 𝜂𝑚𝑖𝑛
Δ𝑡 ≤ √ (8)
pact but gain and efficiency is low while the antenna proposed by this 𝑐0 Δ𝑥2 + Δ𝑦1 2 + Δ𝑧1 2
1
paper provides high gain and efficiency of 99.8%.
Where Δ𝒕 is the time step for simulation 𝜂𝒎𝒊𝒏 is the minimum refrac-
Proposed work tive index and Δx, Δy and Δz is the cell size of the Yee Grid in X, Y,
Z-axis respectively.
In this paper a rectangular microstrip fractal antenna for satellite The governing equations of FDTD method [15] are:
communication is proposed. The antenna works in Ku, K and Ka-band. ⃗
𝜕𝐻
The rectangular fractal inset fed antenna with two iterations is mod- ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = −[𝜇] (9)
𝜕𝑡
elled for satellite communication, using 3D-FDTD method in MATLAB
and the same is designed in Ansys HFSS. The substrate used is Rogers/RT
⃗ = [𝜖] 𝜕 𝐸⃗
Duroid with dielectric value=2.2, loss tangent=0.00041 and the thick- ∇×𝐻 (10)
𝜕𝑡
ness of substrate used here is 1.6mm. The fractal is designed using IFS In Eqs. 9 and 10, E stays electric field and H stays magnetic field and,
(Iterated Function System)[11] with the scaling factor r= 13 .The design 𝜇 is the magnetic permeability and 𝜖 is the electric permittivity
of offered antenna is shown in Fig. 1 and the dimensions for same are For the Fractal antenna EM-fields are computed in MATLAB using
given in Table 1. The thickness of feed is 1.66mm and slot for inset feed 3D-FDTD equations. The update equations [16] used are given below:
is 1.359 × 2.13mm.The antenna is designed using the below Eqs. (1-7) [ 𝑛
[12]: 𝑛+ 12 𝑛− 12 Δ𝑡 𝐸𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 + 1) − 𝐸𝑦𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)
𝐻𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) = 𝐻𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) +
𝑐 𝜇(𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) Δ𝑧
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ (𝑊 ) = √ ; (1)
𝜖𝑟 +1 ]
2𝑓0 2
𝐸𝑧𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗 + 1, 𝑘) − 𝐸𝑧𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)
− (11)
Δ𝑦
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚∕𝑠
[ 𝑛
𝐸𝑓 𝑓 𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑛+ 12 𝑛− 12 Δ𝑡 𝐸𝑧 (𝑖 + 1, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐸𝑧𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)
𝐻𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) = 𝐻𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) +
𝜖𝑟 + 1 𝜖𝑟 − 1 [ ℎ
] − 12 𝜇(𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) Δ𝑥
𝜖𝑒𝑓 𝑓 = + 1 + 12 (2) ]
2 2 𝑤 𝐸𝑥𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 + 1) − 𝐸𝑥𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)
− (12)
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, Δ𝑧
( )( )
𝜖𝑒𝑓 𝑓 + 0.3 𝑊ℎ + 0.264 [ 𝑛
Δ𝐿 = 0.412ℎ ( 𝑛+ 12 𝑛− 12 𝐸𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗 + 1, 𝑘) − 𝐸𝑥𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)
)( ) (3)
𝐻𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) = 𝐻𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) +
Δ𝑡
𝜖𝑒𝑓 𝑓 − 0.258 𝑊ℎ + 0.8 𝜇(𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) Δ𝑦
]
𝐶 𝐸𝑦𝑛 (𝑖 + 1, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐸𝑦𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘)
𝐸𝑓 𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝑓 = √ (4) − (13)
2𝑓0 𝜖𝑒𝑓 𝑓 Δ𝑥

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1 1
⎡ 𝑛+ 2 𝑛+ 2
Δ𝑡 ⎢ 𝐻𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐻𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗 − 1, 𝑘)
𝐸𝑥𝑛+1 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) = 𝐸𝑥𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) +
𝜖(𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) ⎢ Δ𝑦
⎣
𝑛+ 12 𝑛+ 12 ⎤
𝐻𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐻𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 − 1) ⎥
−
Δ𝑧 ⎥ (14)
⎥
⎦

1 1
⎡ 𝑛+ 2 𝑛+ 2
Δ𝑡 ⎢ 𝐻𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐻𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 − 1)
𝐸𝑦𝑛+1 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) = 𝐸𝑦𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) +
𝜖(𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) ⎢ Δ𝑧
⎣
𝑛+ 12 𝑛+ 12
𝐻𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐻𝑧 (𝑖 − 1, 𝑗, 𝑘) ⎤⎥
− (15)
Δ𝑥 ⎥
⎦

⎡ 𝑛+ 12 𝑛+ 12 Fig. 2. (a): Ez field pattern and structure of proposed antenna at t=120ps. (b):
Δ𝑡 ⎢ 𝐻𝑦 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐻𝑥 (𝑖 − 1, 𝑗, 𝑘)
𝐸𝑧𝑛+1 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) 𝐸𝑧𝑛 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) + Ez field pattern and structure of proposed antenna.
𝜖(𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) ⎢⎢
=
Δ𝑥
⎣
𝑛+ 12 𝑛+ 12
𝐻𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘) − 𝐻𝑥 (𝑖, 𝑗 − 1, 𝑘) ⎤⎥
− (16)
Δ𝑦 ⎥
⎦
Eqs. (11-16) are the E-field and H-field update equations. This pro-
posed antenna is analyzed in MATLAB using 3D-FDTD method. So we
have to solve above six operating Eqs. (11-16) of FDTD method to get
the field components of electric flux density, electric field, magnetic flux
density and magnetic field namely D, E, B and H in X,Y and Z direction.
The assessment space consists of two parts: one where the antenna is po-
sitioned and second is the PML region.PML provides the boundary con-
ditions to the antenna i-e to allow refurbishment of fields here electric
field must be zero. Here the perfect absorbing conditions are set to trun-
cate the simulation space. The problem space consists of 90 × 120 × 36
cells grid with grid dimensions Δx=0.2372mm, Δy=0.2265mm and
Δz=0.1000mm.Out of total cells we have PML =10 cells on all the six
faces of 3D grid. Number of cells used to make grid in X-axis, y-axis and
Z-axis respectively are Nx = 70; Ny = 100; Nz = 16; After this time step
Fig. 2. Continued
and total time of simulation is calculated, this depends on CFL condition
and width of Gaussian pulse that is used as source for simulation. Δ𝑡=
2.844223546651108 × 10−13 sec; 𝜏 = 15.0 × 10−12 seconds The result
of the model is reflection coefficient ‘S11 ’, the value of the coefficient
S11 was estimated by assessing incident and reflected wave components
given by the Ez . The reflected power was calculated by removing inci-
dent power from total power at port.
S11 =FFT(reflected signal)/FFT(incident signal) (17)

Results

Simulation results are calculated in MATLAB and HFSS. S11 is cal-

culated in both softwares and for fabricated antenna and the results are
compared.

MATLAB Results

In MATLAB, S11 is calculated using equation (17) by using FFT (Fast

Fourier Transform) function to change incident and reflected field to
frequency domain [17,19]. Fig. 2a and b shows the proposed antenna
design and the field pattern Ez of antenna at time t = 120ps and 160ps.
The return loss (S11 ) of antenna is revealed in Fig. 3.The S11 param-
eter for frequency 17.18GHz,24.49GHz, 27.49GHz and 29.64GHz are
-9.97dB,-12.53dB, -14.259dB and -12.47dB respectively. Fig. 4 shows
the incident and reflected signals at port. It can be seen the antenna
covers both uplink and downlink frequency of satellite communication.
The simulations show multiband response of antenna hence the antenna
can be used for varied number of applications.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 3. Return loss of antenna in MATLAB.
HFSS Results
The proposed antenna was designed in Ansys HFSS also which uses
MOM and FEM as the numerical solver. The design of antenna is shown
in Fig. 5. The parameters S11 and
VSWR were measured here. The results showed S11 for frequency
17.3689GHz, 24.0711GHz and 27.3578GHz is -24.4733dB, -14.6230dB
and -15.4475dB respectively as shown in Fig. 6. The VSWR value for fre-

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Table 2
S11 and VSWR in HFSS.

Frequency(GHz) S-parameter(dB) VSWR

10.86 -15.69 1.39

13.05 -26.53 1.12
14.34 -34.33 1.19
17.43 -15.17 1.42
19.81 -23.64 1.14
24.78 -28.68 1.08

Table 3
S-parameter of fabricated an-
Fig. 4. Incident and Reflected Signal in MATLAB. tenna.

Frequency (GHz) S11(dB)

17.4 -33.18
18.8 -43.53
20.6 -36.69
21.9 -34.37
23.07 -42.22
24.65 -30.97
26 -30.9

substrate of thickness 1.6mm.After fabrication the port is soldered and

Fig. 5. HFSS Antenna model.
quency 17.8844GHz, 24.0067GHz and 27.100GHz is 1.35, 1.45 and1.43
respectively as shown in Fig. 7. Table 2 shows the VSWR and S11 of the
corresponding frequencies.
Test Results
The proposed antenna was fabricated and the antenna obtained is
shown in Fig. 8.The antenna is fabricated using Roger’s RT Duroid 5880
the antenna is tested in anechoic chamber in CARFS (Centre for antennas
and radio frequency systems) of Ramaiah institute of technology.
The radiation pattern of the fabricated antenna was also evaluated.
Both E-plane and H-plane 2D-radiation patterns were seen and the re-
sults can be seen in Fig. 9 for H-plane radiation pattern and Fig. 10 for
E-plane radiation pattern.
Gain of fabricated antenna was also computed and it was seen gain
was high for frequency range between 17GHz to18GHz as shown in
Fig. 11 and around 5.7dB for other resonating frequencies. It can be
seen gain is very high i-e around 17dB for frequency 17-18 GHz, hence
this antenna can perfectly be used for satellite downlink communication
as proposed by Federal Communication Commission in 2020. Return
loss for the fabricated antenna is also computed and it is seen for fre-
quencies 17.4GHz, 18.8GHz, 20.6GHz, 21.9GHz, 23.07GHz, 24.65GHz
and 26GHz, S11 is -33.18dB,-43.53dB, 36.69dB, 34.37dB, -42.22dB and
-30.97dB respectively as shown in Fig. 12.Table 3 shows the S11 values
for corresponding frequencies.

Fig. 6. Return loss-S11of antenna in HFSS.

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Fig. 7. VSWR in HFSS.

Fig. 9. 2D-radiation pattern of H plane.

Fig. 8. Fabricated Antenna.

4. Discussion

The proposed antenna is validated both in HFSS and MATLAB. It be-

haves adequately at multiple frequencies both in MATLAB and HFSS i-e
with FDTD method and FEM method. The results match creditably with
the fabricated antenna also. The comparison of S11 parameter is shown
in Fig. 12. Direct comparison of proposed antenna with some similar
antenna was not possible because of the specific design and operating
frequency, so here a comparison is shown in Table 4 with different an-
tennas proposed so far for satellite communication. It can be seen our
proposed antenna has high gain and compact size with simple geometry
which is easy to fabricate. The proposed antenna can be used in varied
applications in X, Ku, K and Ka band. The bandwidth of the proposed
antenna is also very large. Fig. 10. 2D-radiation pattern of E plane.

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Table 4
Comparison with the state of art literature.

Author Frequency Size(mm) Gain Application

(GHz) (in band)

Borel et al.(2019) 11.79 40 × 30 8.9dB X, Ku

Mudda et al. (2021) 10 21 × 16 - X
Saini et al.(2021) 9.75 - 5.3dB X,Ku,K
Yadav et al.(2020) - 13 × 14 2.6dB X
Zheng et al.(2019) [18] 2.15 - 11.91dBic S,L
Proposed antenna 20 12.0 × 9.28 17dB X,Ku,K,Ka

5. Conclusion

Fig. 11. Gain of fabricated antenna.
The developed antenna works in Ku, K and Ka- band, it can traverse
both the downlink frequency (DF) as well as uplink frequency (UF) range
of SATCOM, and can be used as the usual antenna for satellite commu-
nication. The size of antenna is also very small i-e 2.2 × 1.6cm.The an-
tenna results are better as compared to [14-17] as the size of antenna is
very small and gives multiple operating frequencies, hence can be used
in many applications. The gain of antenna is also very high 17dB for
frequencies between 17-18GHz and 5.7dB for other resonating frequen-
cies. Also the bandwidth achieved is large as can be seen from Fig. 12.
The model outcomes acquired from simulation models both in HFSS and
MATLAB and the fabricated concur competently [20-22]. It is seen from
Fig. 12, S11 has more dip for resonant frequencies as compared to sim-
ulated ones. Also we observed that simulation of same antenna design
using FDTD method and FEM method don’t have indistinguishable re-
sults, slight variations of S11 can be seen from the Fig. 12. The variation
of test results comes due to many reasons like measurement imprecision,
contact with stand during testing etc.

5. Future work

In future the gain of fabricated antenna can be increased for other

resonant frequencies and also AI can be applied to get the slot size so
that antenna performs better. Also new antenna designs can be proposed
to cover full K band.

Acknowledgments

To complete this project we are thankful to Ramaiah institute of tech-

Fig. 12. S11 of fabricated antenna nology for providing facility of fabrication and testing of antenna.

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