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Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perikanan dan Kelautan dalam Rangka Memperingati Hari Ikan Nasional (HARKANNAS) Tahun 2021
ISBN: 978-602-72784-5-5
© 2022 Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Brawijaya
MULTITEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST)

USING GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE (GEE) IN SOUTHERN MALANG SEA
Alfi Nur Rusydia,*, Ferryati Masitohb, Tasya Salsabila Adzkiyaa

a
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas
Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
b
Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia
*email: alfi.nurrusydi@ub.ac.id
Abstrak
Anomali temperatur permukaan air laut (Sea Surfae Temperarure/SST) dapat terjadi karena pemanasan global
dan perubahan iklim. Perairan laut Malang Selatan mempunyai banyak potensi pariwisata dan ekonomi yang
dapat terganggu akibat anomali temperature permukaan air laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis SST
secara multitemporal untuk mengobservasi dan memastikan bahwa kondisi SST di perairan Malang selatan
telah terdampak oleh pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim. SST dapat diidentifikasi dengan memanfaatkan
Google Earth Engine (GEE). GEE adalah teknologi pengolahan data penginderaan jauh terkini yang berbasis
komputasi awan (cloud computing). GEE mempunyai kemampuan yang sangat baik untuk pemrosesan data
berukuran sangat besar (big data) dan mempunyai media penyimpanan data yang sangat efisien, sehingga
GEE sangat sesuai digunakan untuk kajian multitemporal SST. Citra satelit yang digunakan adalah citra satelit
Ocean Color SMI: Standard Mapped Image MODIS Aqua Data level 3 dengan spesifikasi resolusi spasial
4616-meter sehingga sangat sesuai untuk analisis daerah yang sangat luas seperti di perairan laut selatan
Malang. Data hasil pengolahan citra satelit dengan GEE menujukkan bahwa telah terjadi dua periode
kenaikan SST secara signifikan, yakni pada tahun 2002-2010, dan tahun 2011-2020. Kedua periode tersebut
menunjukkan anomali suhu permukan laut yang cenderunh positif. Tren kenaikan SST ini dimungkinkan
akan terus mengalami kenaikan apabila tidak ada penanganam yang intensif untuk mengantisipasi fenomena
ini.
Kata kunci: GEE, multitemporal, SST, temperatur
Abstract
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly could be occurred by global warming and climate change. Southern
Malang Sea has huge potencies in tourism and economic which can be disturbed by that anomaly. This
research tried to analyze multitemporal SST for observing and ensuring that SST in southern Malang sea has
been impacted by global warming and climate change. SST could be identified using Google Earth Engine
(GEE). GEE is recent cloud computing based- technology of remote sensing data processing. GEE has better
ability in big data processing and more efficient data storing. It made GEE become appropriate application of
multitemporal SST analysis so far. Satellite imagery used in this research was Ocean Color SMI: Standard
Mapped Image MODIS Aqua Data level 3 which has 4616 meters in spatial resolution to capture wider
observation area, such as Southern Malang Sea and were collected for more than 15 years (2002-2020). GEE
data results showed that there were two kinds of significantly increasing SST period starting from 2002-2020.
First anomaly occurred in period of 2002-2010, and second one occurred in period of 2011-2020. Both those
periods tended to be positive SST anomaly. Increasing SST trend might be going on as long as no intensive
anticipation efforts for this more serious phenomenon.
Keywords: GEE, multitemporal, SST, temperature
BACKGROUND located in Malang Regency has huge potencies

of tourism and economic. Sea surface
Global warming increasing sea surface temperature (SST) in Southern Malang Sea
temperature was caused by carbon dioxide might be changed as the global warming
increase and other greenhouse gases impact. Previous research showed that there
concentration [1], [2]. Southern Malang Sea was SST trend changes in some earth surface
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areas caused by global warming. Northeast recent cloud computing based-remote sensing
Mexico Gulf temperature changed to be cooler technology developed by Google for
during more than three decades, but there was optimizing earth analysis [16]. GEE could cope
also dominantly increasing temperature in with limited a platform capability in data
western one and Karibia for that period [3]. downloading, data storing, data processing
Increasing sea surface temperature also [17]. There are two main components in GEE
occurred in southeast Vietnam sea during the which are Google Earth Engine Explorer (EE)
period of 2003-2017 [2]. Sea surface (for data presentation) and Google Earth
temperature anomaly occurred in Black Sea for Engine Playground (EEP). For big data
four seasons [4]. downloading and analyzing, Google EEP
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) changes applied Application Programming Interfaces
were actually very dangerous for marine (API) Javascript. It could handle more complex
biodiversity [5]. In other cases, it could also process in geostatistical and geospatial
increase biodiversity of certain location, such operation [17].
as Gaeta Gulf [5]. A related previous research This research tried to analyze
showed clearly that temperature as climate multitemporal SST for observing and ensuring
factor actually influenced ecosystem diversity that in southern Malang sea had been impacted
[6]. Another research related to an organism by global warming and climate change.
Siphonophores explained that organism
abundance would increase in lower sea METHOD
temperature degree [7]. SST also had effect to
increase number of species Ommastrephes Field surveying was held to observe the
bartramiiin in northwest Pacific Ocean [8]. sea and its coastal areas condition in Malang
SST changes was able to rise phytoplankton Regency (see Figure 1). Observed SST
abundance and marine productivity [9]. influence parameters were sea wave, air
SST anomaly actually taken effect to temperature, and general land use condition
fishermen live. Impact of SST changes was felt around coastal area. Those data were used for
seriously by fishermen in Tami Nadu coast, determining satellite imagery retrieval by GEE
India [10]. Proper SST was main success factor catalogues.
for lobster fishing in Maine Gulf [11]. SST also Secondary data was also collected
became prediction factor for Scomber including Ocean Color SMI: Standard Mapped
japonicus fish catching in Yellow Sea and Image MODIS Aqua Data level 3. It was
Eastern China Sea [12] appropriate data for supporting research related
SST observation and identification could to biology and hydrobiology of coastal zone,
be done effectively and efficiently using diversity changes, spatial coastal marine
remote sensing technology. Remote sensing habitats distribution, biogeochemical fluxes,
had been applied for SST identification using climate and its impact to ocean environmental
SPOT satellite imagery for sea shell catching variability.
[13]. SST analysis had also been implemented Twenty years period Ocean Color SMI:
using MODIS satellite imagery. Appropriate Standard Mapped Image MODIS Aqua Data
type of MODIS satellite imagery used was level 3 had been downloaded starting from
MODIS-Terra with spatial resolution of 1000 2002-2020. They were downloaded from GEE
meter for marine and coastal analysis in Bohai data catalog and were used to generate spatial
Gulf, China Sea [14]. Another appropriate information in southern Malang sea. They were
satellite imagery used was MODIS-AQUA chosen as main spatial data since it had 4616
which had 250 meters to 1000 meters in spatial meters in spatial resolution (low spatial
resolution for SST and chlorophyl analysis resolution), so the wider research area of
involving 22th spectrum and 2nd spectrum [15] southern Malang sea could be processed and
SST is part of the earth science analysis analyzed.
object. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is one of
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Figure 1. Research location in southern Malang sea (source: Google Satellite Hybrid)
Ocean Color SMI: Standard Mapped 18 years daily SST data. It was probably
Image MODIS Aqua Data level 3 were difficult to do by field surveying which have to
processed to extract daily SST for each month measure SST directly in the sea. It would
starting from 2002-2020 using GEE require much more working times, resources,
application. It was further analyzed to depict and costs. GEE applied JavaScript
graphical SST trend along that period. SST programming language to perform and to
data was also represented spatially using generate SST from MODIS satellite imagery
Quantum GIS software as data processing (see Figure 2). The GEE scripts were executed
tools. to generate daily SST from period of 2002-
There were two kinds of analysis which 2020 represented as graphical diagram. By
had been applied. First, it was multitemporal using JavaScript, GEE could also process
SST analysis and second, it was continued in spatial data into raster data for easier further
SST trend analysis, then. More completed analysis by other application. GEE seemed to
multitemporal SST information was able to be provide more flexible data process and easier
represented through those analyses. data conversion/dissemination [18]. For SST
data in 2002, Ocean Color SMI: Standard
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Mapped Image MODIS Aqua Data level 3
could provide data staring from July-December
GEE technology had better performance (not from January as other observation years)
in big SST data analysis for long time series only.
[18]. In this research, GEE was able to analyze
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Figure 2. GEE scripts sample to generate SST in 2003 (source: Data processing, 2021)
Figure 3 showed that daily SST In December, January, and February, SST
fluctuation during years period of 2002-2020. became warmer since it was influenced by
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monsoon wind from Asia to Australia. During condensation process. It contributed to higher
those months, higher sun radiation intensity rainfall intensity of those months [19]–[21].
caused higher evaporation intensity followed SST was about 28°C to 31°C in southern
by higher water vapor concentration during Malang sea.
Year 2002 Year 2003
Year 2004 Year 2005
Year 2006 Year 2007
Year 2008 Year 2009
Year 2010 Year 2011
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Year 2012 Year 2013
Year 2014 Year 2015
Year 2016 Year 2017
Year 2018 Year 2019
Year 2020
Figure 3. Sea Surface Temperature in Southern Malang during 2002-2020 (source: Data processing, 2021)
In March, April, and May, SST tended to rainy season to dry season (transition season).
be erratic because of season changes from Relative warmer SST was about 27°C to 30°C.
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Temperature changes was starting to be SST occurred in September. SST tended to

identified clearly in May, since there was increase in November as the end months of
influence of east wind. SST seemed to be transition season.
decrease and air temperature was to be cooler. Figure 4, 5, 6, and 7 showed that mean
In Juni, July, and August, air pressure had SST in period of 2002-2020 tended to be
been changed in Australia and Asia. High and fluctuating. There were years along that period
low air pressure occurred in Australia and Asia, which SST was increasing. In 2002-2020, SST
respectively. It triggered east wind from increased significantly. In 2010, the weather
Australia to Asia. It contained lower rainfall. was in the most extreme condition for the last
SST tended to be cooler since of low sun 12 years [24] (see Figure 4 and 5). There was
radiation intensity and low ambient air La Nina phenomenon with moderate intensity
temperature followed by low evaporation. It indicated by higher rainfall intensity [25]. It
caused low rainfall intensity [19], [22], [23]. was influenced by increasing SST and
SST was about 24°C to 27°C in those months. evaporation intensity. The consequence was
In September, October, and November, cloud formation process tended to be intensive
there was transition from dry season to rainy followed by higher rainfall intensity, then.
season. SST was about 24°C to 29°C and low
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Figure 5. Sea Surface Temperature changes in Southern Malang during 2003-2010 8 years)
(source: Data processing, 2021)
WMO also explained that in period of warmest years of the history. In 2010,
1971-2010, concentration of greenhouse temperature was up to 0,54°C higher than mean
emission was increasing [24]. In period of temperature in period of 1961-1990. In 2005,
2001-2010, mean land and sea surface the almost similar condition was also occurred.
temperature had increased about 0,47°C higher Based on WMO data, about 94% of world
than mean temperature in period of 1961-1990 countries reported that the warmest years
and 1991-2000 (the variance was ± 0,1°C) occurred in period of 2001-2010 and there was
Meanwhile, increasing earth surface no report regarding to decreasing temperature
temperature per decade between 1971-2010 along that period at all [24].
was up to 0,17°C. It was higher than that in Annual air temperature anomaly was a
period of 1880-2010 which was 0,062°C per relative comparison of air temperature in
decade. Mean earth surface temperature for certain period to mean temperature in normal
every single decade in period of 2001-2010 period (1981-2010). Based on 91 observation
was up to 0,21°C and 0,14°C warmer than that stations, normal air temperature in Indonesia
in period of 1991-2000 and 1981-1990, for period of 1981-2010 was 26.6 °C and mean
respectively [24]. air temperature in 2010 was 27.3°C.
In period of 2001-2010 (see Figure 4 and
5), every single year, excluding 2008, was the
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Figure 7. Sea Surface Temperature changes in Southern Malang during 2011-2020 (10 years)
(source: Data processing, 2021)
In period of 2011-2020 (see Figure 6 and and 0.6 °C, respectively. As comparison,
7), year 2016 is the warmest temperature with WMO data had also placed the year 2016 as the
anomaly value of 0.8 °C during observation warmest temperature year [24] and the
period of 1981-2020 (see Figure 4). In 2020 temperature in 2020 was still increasing to be
and 2019, the temperature anomaly was 0.7 °C the warmest temperature instead of year 2016.
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[4] V. V. Efimov and O. I. Komarovskaya,

CONCLUSION “Spatial Structure and Recurrence of
Large-Scale Temperature Anomalies of
GEE technology provided better the Sea Surface Temperature in the Black
performance for big SST data processing. Sea,” Oceanology, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 155–
Image processing result using GEE showed 163, 2018.
that there was two significantly increasing SST
periods which were period of 2002-2010 and [5] M. Gentilucci, C. Parisi, M. R. Coppola,
period of 2011-2020. Both periods indicated F. Z. Majdoubi, A. Madonna, and G.
positive SST anomaly. Guerriero, “Influence of Mediterranean
Increasing greenhouse emission was the Sea Temperature Increase on Gaeta Gulf
main influencing factor for increasing SST (Tyrrhenian Sea) Biodiversity,” Proc.
significantly. It led the more serious impacts Zool. Soc., vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 91–103,
such as extreme rainfall, flooding, drought, 2021.
organism diversity changes, and human live
disturbance. Increasing SST trend will be more [6] Y. Tokarev and G. Shulman,
significant if there is no intensive anticipation “Biodiversity in the Black Sea: Effects of
effort. Involving longer duration observation climate and anthropogenic factors,”
data for further research will probably provide Hydrobiologia, vol. 580, no. 1, pp. 23–33,
more distinct SST trend and are able to model 2007.
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SST anomaly will be more anticipated as early [7] S. Palma, F. Cabello, N. Silva, and A.
as possible. Canepa, “Siphonophores of the Chiloé
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT distribution and environmental
association,” Mar. Biodivers., vol. 48, no.
We are thankful to BPPM (Badan 4, pp. 1731–1742, 2018.
Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat)
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, [8] J. Xu, X. Chen, Y. Chen, Q. Ding, and S.
Universitas Brawijaya who has provided Tian, “The effect of sea surface
research funding through Hibah Penelitian dan temperature increase on the potential
Pengabdian Dosen scheme of 2021. habitat of Ommastrephes bartramii in the
Northwest Pacific Ocean,” Acta Oceanol.
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Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perikanan dan Kelautan dalam Rangka Memperingati Hari Ikan Nasional (HARKANNAS) Tahun 2021

MULTITEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST)

Alfi Nur Rusydia,*, Ferryati Masitohb, Tasya Salsabila Adzkiyaa

Kata kunci: GEE, multitemporal, SST, temperatur

Keywords: GEE, multitemporal, SST, temperature

BACKGROUND located in Malang Regency has huge potencies

Year 2002 Year 2003

Year 2004 Year 2005

Year 2006 Year 2007

Year 2008 Year 2009

Year 2010 Year 2011

Year 2012 Year 2013

Year 2014 Year 2015

Year 2016 Year 2017

Year 2018 Year 2019

Temperature changes was starting to be SST occurred in September. SST tended to

[4] V. V. Efimov and O. I. Komarovskaya,

[1] S. Levitus, J. Antonov, and T. Boyer, [9] S. N. N. Jaiganesh, R. K. Sarangi, and S.

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