Principles of Speech Writing c.
interviewing expert people on the topic
1. Choosing the Topic
When selecting your topic, consider the following:
a. It must be something you like to do.
b. It must be what you have learned to do.
c. It must be one single idea or theme.
d. It must be something you think others would like to
know how to do or know about you.
e. It must be timely and seasonal.
f. It must be something interesting and worthwhile to
you and your audience.
2. Analyzing the Audience
Here are some tips to consider your audience:
a. Never ridicule or discriminate any group, religion,
race, economic levels, and physical abilities.
b. Be sensitive to the cues that indicate boredom,
restlessness, or lack of understanding in order to
make necessary adjustments to maintain your
listeners’ interest.
3. Sourcing the Information
You can gather information by exploring the following:
a. reading books and periodicals (such as magazines
and journals)
b. searching for information on reliable websites on
the internet
c. interviewing expert people on the topic
d. drawing from your own personal experiences
 Testimony- the expression of an opinion on a topic
d. drawing from your own personal experiences
e. using visual aids to help the audience understand
and remember key points of your speech.
4. Organizing and Outlining the Speech Contents
A speech is usually outlined into three major parts: the
introduction, body, and conclusion.
a. The Introduction captures the attention of the audience.
It introduces the central idea of the speech and appeals to
the interests of the audience. To do so, you might begin
your speech by:
• challenging them with a question
• recounting a personal experience or telling a story
• using an appropriate poem or quote
• referencing a common experience with humor
• revealing statistics or known facts
• The first thirty seconds of your speech are probably
the most important. In that period of time you
must grab the attention of the audience, and
engage their interest in what you have to say in
your speech.
b. The Body presents the major parts through the
discussion and examples. This is the longest section of
the speech. It is the portion of your speech where you
support the main points of your topic. The material
supporting main points may be classified into three
general types.
by any person
 Statistics-quantitative information produced by
organizing data and analyzing data collected and
the relationships among them.
 Examples include personal experience interviews
with knowledgeable and experienced people,
documents and library resources.
c. The Conclusion restates the central thought of the major
highlights of the speech. This is the “final thought”, the
high thought, and the last chance to impress the audience.
You should view the closing of your speech as an
opportunity to:
 Summarize the main points of your speech
 Motivate your audience to action
 Provide some food for thought to your audience
 End with a final thought or emotion
Ending your speech maybe accomplished by returning to
the focus of the introduction, ending with a powerful and
appropriate quotation, or concluding your own assessment
of the importance of the topic.
5. Proofread, Edit and Finalize
Check your spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Are
all the paragraphs indented? Is the verb tense consistent?
Are all names spelled correctly and capitalized? Have you
avoided run-on sentences and sentence fragments?
 Three Types of Speech Acts * stating an opinion, confirming, or denying * stating an opinion, confirming, or denying

Three Types of Speech Acts something; something;

1. Locution * making a prediction, a promise, a request; * making a prediction, a promise, a request;

2. Illocution persuasion persuasion

3. Perlocution * issuing an order or a decision; or * issuing an order or a decision; or

1. Locutionary Speech Act * giving advice or permission, threat (banta) or * giving advice or permission, threat (banta) or

 This act happens with the utterance of a sound, a word, warning (babala) warning (babala)
or even a phrase or clause.
Examples: Examples:
 It should have an utterance that has sense, , and mostly,
“Red Ribbon’s cakes are more delicious than “Red Ribbon’s cakes are more delicious than
for communication to take place it has meaning to both
Goldilocks’.”(opinion) Goldilocks’.”(opinion)
the Speaker and the Listener.
“I’ll do my homework later.” (promise) “I’ll do my homework later.” (promise)
 Examples:
“Go do your homework!” (order) “Go do your homework!” (order)
“What!?” (when someone is surprised)
 Although sometimes, misunderstanding takes place  Although sometimes, misunderstanding takes place
“to the canteen” (when telling where someone is
because of the different interpretation of the statement. because of the different interpretation of the statement.
going)
Examples: Examples:
“It is a bird!” (when someone sees a bird)
“I am going to do it” “I am going to do it”
“Shhhhhhhh…” (used when telling someone to keep
quiet) It may be interpreted as a promise, a threat or a warning, It may be interpreted as a promise, a threat or a warning,
and so forth. and so forth.
“Really!?” (when someone feels unbelievable)
“Stop!” “Stop!”
“She is absent.” (when telling someone is absent)
This may express an order or a warning. This may express an order or a warning.
2. Illocutionary Speech Act
“Go ahead!” “Go ahead!”
 In an illocutionary Speech Act, it is not just saying
something itself but the act of saying something with This may express an intention of permission or a threat. This may express an intention of permission or a threat.
the intention of:
Activity 1: Identify the illocutionary act (intention). Write your Example: 1. Consoling a friend who is feeling down
answer in your notebook. Choose from the following: 2. Cheering yourself up before an important contest.
* stating an opinion, confirming, or denying something; Sandra: “Don’t leave your room.” 3. Delivering a Valedictory speech to your fellow graduates
* making a prediction, a promise, a request 4. Discussing ideas about a project with your group mates
What is the locutionary act?
* issuing an order or a decision; or 5. Articulating your stand on a current issue in the editorial page
* giving advice or permission, a threat or a warning Telling someone not to leave the room Choices:
1. A father to his son, “Why don’t you spend less time Communication in public
watching t.v.?” What is the illocutionary act? Communication with self
2. A doctor to his patient, “Stop smoking.” Communication between two persons
3. “My daughter’s getting married this December.” To advise, to order, a warning, a threat Communication using the media
4. “It’s going to be a windy day.” Communication in one group
What is the perlocutionary act?
5. “I swear I won’t see Martha again.”
6. A judge says to the happy couple, “I now pronounce you Not leaving the room 1. Intrapersonal- this is a kind of communication that
husband and wife.” occurs within us. It involves our thoughts and feelings.
7. A buyer to the seller, “I agree with your terms.”  The thoughts, feelings or behavior of others are - It involves thinking, remembering, and feeling- all the
8. A parent to her child, “I forbid you to leave your room.” frequently affected by our utterances. In saying things you do internally.
An umpire says, “Strike three!” ‘Don’t do it’ (a locutionary act), I could be advising - The individual becomes his/ her own sender and
A girl says to her friend, “It looks good on you.” receiver.
you not to do it (an illocutionary act)
3. Perlocutionary Speech Acts - It is the most basic system of human communication
 And if you are persuaded by me not to do it, that is - Use Intrapersonal communication in your own
 The results or effects produced by means of a
the perlocutionary effect of my illocutionary act. advantage through motivating yourself and self-
speaker’s illocutionary acts.
My utterance may not achieve the intended effect. reflection.
Example: For example, you refuse to obey my command. - Do not overdo intrapersonal communication. When you
Hence, the intended effect is one thing, the actual talk mostly to yourself, you would feel that you have no
Sandra: Can you pass the salt? other to talk to. Thus, this may create a barrier for you
effect is another."
What is the locutionary act? to socialize with other people.
Types of Speech Context - Examples:
The literal meaning concern’s the listener’s ability to pass - *reviewing by yourself
Context refers to the setting or the situation in which
the salt - *making decisions or choices
communication takes place. Context helps to establish
What is the illocutionary act? meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said. 2. Interpersonal- refers to interaction between two people
or relatively small group but not more than twelve people
To request the listener to pass the salt Context may also refer to the number of people involved in engaging in a face to-face interaction to achieve a desired
a communicative scenario. goal.
What is the perlocutionary act?
- It includes dyadic communication and small group
The passing of the salt by the listener to the sender
communication.
- There is an exchange of verbal and non verbal
symbols. Feedback is possible because of the
participants processing the communication.
Thus, making it a two-way process of
communication.
- In group comm., there is an active process which
involves all the elements and it is complex since it
functions to obtain facts and share information.
- Listen carefully.
- Ask questions to clarify things.
- Be an active participant in the process.
- Check your tone and body language.
- Be prepared especially in a formal context.
- Examples:
- *Job interview
- *Committee planning
- 3. Public- this is the most complex level of
communication since it involves a large group of
listeners listening to a speaker who delivers the
message.
- The voice is louder and gestures and body language
are more expansive.
- The speaker acts as the source of information and
intends to intensify his skills with the aim of
informing the audience or persuading them.
- Receiver responses to the message are often
limited to nonverbal forms such as laughers,
applause, facial expressions, and bodily movement.
-  Speech style is the level of formality with whom
- When one receiver perceives that other receivers  Different situations and people call for different
are responding to the speaker in a certain way, the speech style.
person tends to responds in the same manner. This
Intimate
is called “social facilitation.”
- language used by family members, very closed
- Stage fright, on the other hand, is the fear of
friends and lovers
talking or facing before large audience.
- Uses personal language codes like jargons (private
4. Mass communication vocabulary)
- Grammar is unnecessary
This refers to communication that takes place through
- Is private
television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books,
- often requires significant amount of history,
billboards, internet, and other types of media.
knowledge , and experience
- Oral mass communication includes the transmission - Examples:
of messages, via radio, television, and motion - *talking about future plans between couples
pictures. - *telling your best friend about your deepest and
darkest secret
Classify the following situations as intrapersonal, interpersonal
or public communication, mass communication. - *asking your family for advice about serious
_______________1. Romantic relationship matters
_______________ 2. Facebook feeds
_______________ 3. Mother-daughter conversation Casual
_______________ 4. Contemplating
- Language that is used in conversation with friends,
_______________ 5. Brainstorming
_______________ 6. Writing a diary family, or loved one
_______________ 7. Billboard ads and announcements - Often relaxed
_______________ 8. Group critiquing - This style is used in informal situations
_______________ 9. Politician’s caucus - Slangs are often used
_______________ 10. Job vacancies in classified ads - Examples:
- *Casual conversations with friends or family
speech styles members or loved one
- *chats or phone call messages
What is speech style? -
you speak ,words you use, and the way you
approach and talk to the people.
Consultative
- Known as the third level of language
- Semi-formal or formal approach is used in
conversations
- Students often used it in their interactions in
the classroom as well as employees in their
work place.
- Act of consulting or inquiring
- Examples:
- *regular conversations at school and
companies, etc.
- *doctor-patient
Formal
- Speech is expected to be presented in complete
sentences with specific word usage.
- Examples:
- *job interview
- *business trip
- *prestigious ceremony
- *meeting
- *when a club president in school makes a room
to room campaign about the club’s project
- *when a school principal talks to the students
after flag ceremony about important reminders
Frozen
- Also known as fixed speech
- Reserved for traditions in which the language
does not change
- Does not require any feedback from the audience Types of Speech According to Delivery
- Examples: 1. Reading from a Manuscript
2. Memorized
*Pledge of Allegiance
*marriage ceremonies
3. Extemporaneous - done with a limited-preparation. The
*anthem
extemporaneous speech is different from a prepared
oration because the speaker does not have any written
notes in advance. Instead, he speaks as his thoughts come
up and go off on tangents without preparation at all.
- Moreover, the extemporaneous speech focuses on
persuading or informing an audience about a particular
topic and can usually be presented as part of a public
speaking competition.
- The extemporaneous speaker must organize his thoughts
quickly and then present them extemporaneously, in an
organized manner.
4. Impromptu - Impromptu Speech is speech delivered
with little or no preparation for it. In simple terms, it is
when you speak in front of public about a random topic
with some prior knowledge about it.