. Outline of Aristotle's Politics Paul Bullen September 18, 1994 Book |: The Polis, Human Nature, and Types of Rule |. Natural growth of the pois... : ‘Pols as comprehensive association wi highest good as end B. Growth ofthe pols. 2 I. Types of rule: one unites and two : to ‘A Plato's wrong view that al forms of rule are the sam@ = 10 'B Basis for finding the right view: analyze the elements ofthe polis = ml C.HOUSEMOI wna . ae vr 1. Types of rue wihin the household. 2 ‘a. Household management’ thee parts = 12 '. Rule over the uiee (s1aV@8) nines oo ct ©. Fue over free (wives and chidren) : — a 2. Areé in the household : wn 8 ‘Appendix: Wealth-making and household management oo a7 |. NATURAL GROWTH OF THE POLIS ‘A. POLIS AS COMPREHENSIVE ASSOCIATION WITH HIGHEST GOOD AS END Chap 1 “Eneib4 nacay mdkw Spdpey xawuawigy Tivé oboay Kai niga gauuiay éya0% “voc tvexev ovveornxviay (1252a1-2) + Si om tion, and ir the sake of some good lyrteled x yar Boxoivr0¢ aya800 yépwv névra npérroue) névred). (1252823) ((for everyone does everything for the sake of what is thought to be good).? of I 224s 6 coshhitn a be fo Fe eusuve Lom hae VA Aov dg nda pv &ya80U Ives oToXéLovTAN, pAAIOTA BE ald bsvecd boens fs r xai Tod eypuarétou névra 4 naody eupeaTérn Kai néoaG ryt Limes Tepiéxovoa Tag &AAas. (1252a3-6) ., itis clear that mnost kyevos- kyriobetou ‘tay, Mer" «all associations? aim at some good, and pss ba + the association that is most authoWustive of all and GROARLS perchousa) al the thers C5, oxkia) * does so particularly, and + aims at the most authoritative good of all Seofis has jurisdiction: ever to oh 19 8 dotiv A xahoussivn TSM ashtiig 4 Uthas the 0} A gawd nonrrnA, (25206-7) TP Theve is noha tah + This is what is called the polis or ion, wgher ead _foak path Maybe this should be: “for everything has an end." “”"**’* | 2polises? There seems to be a logical problem, a ‘syllogism failure. This section is either illogical or incoherent as a piece of reasoning. There would bea syllogism if one were to substitute ‘pli for ‘association’ here: But then one seems to have & fallacy of composition. One cannot deduce collective ends from individuals ones (if thats what he is ying to do), Ars= totl himself says at 1252424 thatthe pols comes into being for reasons (iving") diferent than the ends uimately serves ("ving wel. All we can conclude is that Aristotle believes thatthe polis the most comprehensive human association, which has a its ‘end’ the highest human good. Based on the Ehic—-an integral companion tothe Potce— there is no doubt that this end is eudaimona (human Howrishing), which feo the subject mater ofthe master ar or Science of potics. See a similar argument in Neomachean Ethic for why the potical techn isthe highest and mest comprehensive ar, Like the polis itself, the art of things related to the polis, i. the politcal art, has eudalmonia ast end 3See NE 1.2 and politké as the techné whose end perieichei those of all the other technai. Richard Kraut, Aristotle on the Hu- ‘man Good (Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press, 1989) discusses its usage in the NE, Manin: "most authoritative” supreme: kyrios = abe to decide for itself assembly was fra. cout were Kyriot-made inal decisions, autonomous, self guiding. See also Yl INN, 1287 b23 Cperilépthdna'): sings tor Cannet be embraced by law a 4Here are some attempts to make sense of this section: Whenever a person acts he does 30 forthe sake of a good,ok Oy Bes fab, Bost _ rm 8, GROWTH OF THE POLIS 1. Method of analysis: observing natural growth from origins Chap 2 9) Ei Bf nic £8 bp 1 mpsypare gudpeva Brdgeey, 6 : cattgn®) onep ty roig ehhors xo fu ToUTox wéahT By ofr What ie tie «pore ie Seciphoniy (12202426) a aT «sete ps elsewhere the best approach (kallst’ an hout6theoréseien) is A Gbeipseien) Ga page hyomers) Cex archiés) 2 is 7 z to look at;how things deVeiop natura fom their origing 2. Necessary conjunctions dvésyen 84 npdrov awBudeodai robs dveu EAM Nev ph Buvaysvous elven, (1252226-27) + First, then, there is necessarily a conjunction of those who cannot exist without one another:® (synduazestha) female Kp oo Phas 0 ke |v bev xo Bppev Tg iov ou Yewvhogiye tvexey (1252027-28) gennbses heneka Ao and félfifle—for the sake of reproduct To Gal robro obk te posiptonac, EAN Boned" Gai toig ddAoIg (Go1g Kai quToic guomey 15 tgitoda prysiken 6. To1ou Tov Karahiisiv Erapo\).(1252026-30) i is occurs not from choice oar ‘but from 5 b. preservation: master and slave hon de physei ke Pays) ) &pxov 84 pices eal Ga ‘pxSuevov Bia tiv owropiav. (1252880-31) as a walrtaae rulers by nature and the Taled by nature-n account of preservation. cia tin SetEri 78 piv (fap) Suvdevoy 7H 3 ese" ao) : ssn, 220 fpr log notre the eration: mal RKA ? + [All Koinonia’are established by persons acting) All Koinonia are established (by persons acting] for the sake of a good. ‘A polis isa species of koinonia + Allpolises are established [by persons acting] forthe sake of a good. © {Koinoniai can be ranked according to comprehensiveness] + [Goods can be ranked according to height } + [The persons acting to establish a more comprehensive koinonia do so for the sake ofa higher good than the good for the sake of which persons acting to establish a less comprehensive Koinonia do 0.) + [The persons acting to establish the most comprehensive koinonia do so forthe sake of the most comprehensive ‘g00d) + [he village is akoinonia that is more comprehensive than that ofthe household Koinonia] + [The good that persons act forthe sake of when establishing village is higher than the good that persons act for the sake of when establishing a household] + The polis is the most comprehensive komonia + The persons acting to establish a polis do so forthe sake ofthe highest good, 5see the verb ply (related to plysis}—grow, bring forth, beget, be so by nature, ete 8see the verb bled, look. Tis this a different method from the one just announced? Is the frst structural and the second genetic? Is either really sed? 1 take it that this is the ‘origin’ from which polis naturally develops. Why no mention ofthe father/chld relationship, ‘which is central later in the chapter? This is evidence that chapter 2 does not follow from chapter 1 or properly ft with the rest of book IPaul Bullen Sept. x, 57 3 7888 Suvapevoy [radra] 10 cdyar noveiv épxéuevov Kai @uae! ae BodAov: (25 20gRA—gi 32-3 —— + ghatwhich can cary. out [what the other plans] with its body is miled’by naturé)and'the slave o — B18 Seong ei Souk rads ovpmtpe, (282,68) + hence jhe sam rand th ue C 5 Ad tauty Symphere: — “clespete —douls 681 piv - Oi Bxbpyayay 18 Bid xa 18 BoDhov 1scha4-35) +The female is istiflshed by nature from the slave 10 (oisev ye) A Tow Voiot Tov clay ol xadxorGmor Thy Aehguciy pSyo1pav. eva, 48 ty npde tv (5283) + Gopnanyre; in ynomizing spirit like the smith who fashions the Del- phian Bi Tormdny uses, olite yah By anorehoitd xéh Nora TG doiyévav feaoTou, yi, noAAcT! Yoyo BAN’ bv gov) (125283-6) = 'N He For dvd every tool id best made}when intended for ‘one and not for many uses. Av BE To’g BopBpoig 16 BFAy Kai 73 Sodkov Thy cxdriy Eyes 78E. (125285-6) lox) + But barbarians have the same arrangement for females as for slaves. sinioy 6 611 76 ioe! Bpyov ot Exou" ots BPTI eaesats oben elon fos, SAZ9E-7 + RR er elggn LAER RCA Inert tier «4gmale and male barbarian] is that of % le slave and male slave. ayod> 4 Hr xaw of nomrei "BopBipav 8 “EANqvas Spyew cet” ac 7878 og WspBaoov xa SoU i25287-9) Grchein) + ~The poets: Gis is why'they say “it is fitting for Greeks to rule barbarians,” implying that barbarian and slave are by nature one.!3 a symm aC, Cthe same, 2. Household?" 9 de? bf bez a) ca ly i 1 te(ea) Siu 00 Camanans fy ** rnasley awel slave? / uk tov Tv Bio Sy olkia: mpdi7q. (125289-10) OK: : these two associatidhs! the household ist li a ai 698¢ ‘HoioBog oiKia Ine novjoog ‘sico(eiy)rosrove yuvaied Te Boiv 1! &po- ipa" 8 Gan)Bove Sv? oméros roe némoty Lori, (25281012) + Hesiod: his verse is rightly spoken: “first a house, and a woman, and ox for ploughing"—for poor persons have an ox instead of a servant. There is no mention of the father-son relationship. 1Ofor the treatment due a free wife, se Aristotle, eonomic I3.148.25 (between a fee woman and her awful spouse there shouldbe reverent and modest mingling of ove and fea) and in general I.2 & 3 a8 wellas 3 ‘Maristotle also says that Persian father treat their sons like slaves (Nicomachean Ethics VIII.10.1161227 ‘mney need Greek despotic leadership? Its my contention that for Arstte barbarian nations are on the pola level _ what slaves are on the household level. In adtion is the barbarian individuals that make natural slave for the house. hold. See NE VII10.1160b28: children treated like slaves among the Persians. ~~~ ay (Ci3ts this the political point of the notion of masterly rule introduced in tis chapter? «f. JASDE2S-2b ~ nabwre! tt ‘Mmale and female and naturally ruling and naturally ruled. Why no mention of the father-son relationship? 4+! 4 bool Wey gine+ 270k we Be a , -ouveornesia couuwiosoriciidil, So z restety ines sith pe 2°” Phe household (01K)! isthe assaciatian osfaieptyed ty piature Tor daly Ineeds} (es pasan ‘hémerar). consid og XKapavSac piv Kone? dyoomsoug, "Emuevibnc 82 & Kpig Spoxérovc: (12528415) + Its members are cal Ls + Charondas: “peers of the mess” (homokapous)_ <—— + Eldeminides of Crete "peers of the mange” (homospyus)- 3.Village —y monarehica| 4B dx merdvov oleidv agian se ie a a Ae A eri en, (5286-6) + The village (koma is the first, ag . pe -veral households ek Peter 21k iBn) + for the sake of nondaily needs (chréseds heneka ephémerou)'6 pédioTa BE Capeikia oi kias) ga7& guow foney * xdyn BORE) oixiog elvan, (1252B16-17) * The village seems to be above allan’ ‘extension’? hold cording to nature. oc xa aia) od! Twec Suoyshaerac, nolBic Te xa naib naa, (1252817-18) ‘= Its members are called by some + “milkppeers” (homogalakias) + “children and children of children"¢} las te Kas paid npridas) ov éBaoiNedovro gi utc. oi viv Env Te cbosileyen!) ig vq, (12521 ) + This is WHY “Seon ns toe pcbrron Got ETSI ‘uyyévesav. (125282022) Pear + Forthgg who gined tonetber wee EOE easel snes In id so were the dxterts fons (of the housel(ld constituting the village] as -- “result of kinship, ceyngerse > or coluts wv efahusts coi tobT' torive Kye Ounpoc ‘Beworeser Bemistovei Bé BeaoTo¢ TaiBaov AB’ Bddeeav~ (1252822-23) Geol, Homer: this is what he means when he says [of the Cyclopes] that “each acts as law‘to his children and wives.” . head) oapdbec G8) xai oro caorembc bo HA seared souintom ils Grom pel ‘Te dpyaiov Gkouv. (12528: Des) + Forthey™ were scone fH tam averth this manner in ancient times. Kai Toic Ocoig 8 BiB TOUTO Havre gad! BaotAeieotan, Sri koi adrol oi piv Er kai wiv of BE 73 Gpyatav Fasid«sovro,(1252824-26) ba ilewosthai + This is why all humans assert that the gods areundst'a king because humans themselves A af are under kings now or were in ancient times. ebisiledonto Uetoarehaion {Sip moat places Ano wer ‘oki, 4,70 the prone sew bce 16th pots another one. ue offre 1? his could be translated as ‘colony, From the multiplication of a family came the union of many families—an extended family and a village. ‘8including the Macedonian ethnos 19cyclopes or humans? On the Cyclopes, see footnote to 1253a5 below.rs g 8 - Gonep 8 Kai té £i8q Lavtoig dp a ) oporwiiqy of SyBowro1, ol Tw Kai Tovc Bioug Taw Bediv. (1252B26-27) + Humans, ‘he themselves not only the look ofthe gods but their lives as well 20 = Ch s ; hot antiyoper faedé 4. Pols q 1. Components and end of the polis AS te — TAeibvov Koudv.sowmuavia Téheioc néItc, ABN Mong Exousa > “Bipas Tig obtapeelac dog tmoc eine, yivouévn' ~~ ify Evexey. o§0d 88 yrou €0 Av. (1252827-30) Thepal = * ‘our of~ Nina t 2 S tewenew tier scveral villages BRE Teaches the 608 of self-sufficiency, so to speak of liv ts for the ying well (eu zén) 2. Naturalness of the polis iS nda Shs poe! ory, 3 cinep kai al mpd@Tar Keweavian. (1252B30°31) : 7 : ass 21 exist through nature, so do polises. add. fe nts tees j 1 eR ae oe doncaster dg urbe! ? qe ed TadtaV pauty Tv gio elves fxéoTe ig33) ed -oiow elva ExéoTop a ‘ao Forfhe polish nd gman ah ig ten 3. \ Gortep B Fes genesess telestheisés) L Svopesnou in Bete 52889 34) : 1g ee Tima Mosel os erore lahat man oy eabion base < pnumang on A me. + orseshippeur *Boyplefe a hex ae + households kins SN in 8. site ai 79 1éhos BEA ee Tovey: 8 ebrépetia noi hoc kal BéNrierow. (125289412590 - Besides that eee ot See (a Ee ore 252098 2S enact and self is sufficiency is Gites) X an end Thab for the calee if sehesh tan bts his tr 2 bis chi g + the chief good. geret Gaunt.) ae povepey 11 zy oboe 4.8 ct mohirinbv [G0v" ot ig, Fro A Co eenatt 4 ae aiBErson without a polis by nature (dia physis} and not chance is either } +" bad (phaulos) u \ 3 + superior to humans “he opis, ol Ps ms) 3 Gg ara on meh wae abe lie unt ote mein pn cain ge pte an Son a 2nouscholdy AMMvilages, rem vawin, west “Slave 22physel is the instrumental dative of physis. [ Sifa polis is natural and is an aggregation of humans, humans are naturally political. ‘Political’ here probably means no 3 y ‘more than ‘social’. The tendency to live in polises isa species of sociability, being a political animal does not mean living ) aol. Rise that fone natural ves in pots, oneis natal poi animal Pola sa gents of which ing in polises isa species. ie tig Wit Sic ng me mammbet tai ‘patanto ton at east wabrene Unk donat hel he Tenyoith ohne ood Rae gia Mm Rtltenn iin Ne es ef of Cot Peens don he Kook af ‘reo Figur oly on ashy sre teh ra, 4 JoO + @Rature does nothing in vain, and, sega Th bee ny ‘viv abv ged 108 poke a uc Pies 4 A cme ty he Potton : mL é w at bivinsh [Plea Asin éonep Kai 6 Ug’ ‘Opfpou AoiSopn Brig beer ope SBE uioTo¢ &véoTIO$” (125304-5) + Homer: he reproved such a person as one without “ pa yap pdoe To10dTe¢ Kei MoAguoU EmBypaTAc, &TE NEP. lug dv donep ty nerroic. (125304-7) + For he who is like this through nature has by this fact an appetite for war?5 like an isolated piece in a game of chess.2 ‘BST BE HOAITIROY 6 &VOpaTIOG Lov néong pehitrag Kai navrés &yeAaiou (ou paidov. lan, without law, without hearth.”24 po Bere , A laa. iticaYhimal than any Man > 4m gninal wow phar itis B in ie lle erp bee geet a ary Ped So tat bene animal (agelaios?” fieibcnah Eg Eee ; rb Obsence, BE uovov évOpamoc Exe TeV Caray" (253a9-10) WRLYED cs gost, usrTaV A giorg OKT Adyov Lie, anime — Doyt we hut hin! or pe . « cers e Auminpod kai ABEos gor} onpicTov, Bid kai Toig &AAOIG On Hoonetaion nih pxes (Gong (1253010-12) echo ton wae, tert + The voice,indeed indicates the painful or pleasant, and hence is present in offer animals as ¢] Sore well, Ceph3ua) B ae (uéxpr yap TosrOU A @ior adrav EnAruBe, Tod Eel Exaw ofo8qa1 Aunqpol kai ABE0< Kol Tada aqpaivew 4A No), (1253a12-14) Cae fv to + For their nature has come this far, that they have a perception (aisthésis)?® of the painful Je and the pleasant and indicate these things to each other. lessne) (88 Abyos éni 1 Bqhodv Lor 78 uUpépov Kai eee) 78 Bhaepév, ove xoi 18 Bieioy aT Te Bboy (2530-6) Ue atoramn teak logos, — Bn sheen OD 20 dyssey 1K.105-115: “And we came to the land ofthe Cyclopes, a fierce, lawless people who never li hand to plant or plough but just leave everything to the immortal gods... The Cyclopes have not assembly forthe making of laws, nor tose itty pee pee any established legal codes, but live in hollow caverns in the mountain heights, where each man isa lawgiver to his own Es ghia, SOD children and women, and nobody has the slightest interest in what his neighbors decide.” Man - [4 Bk Ms : Men la AE Sophie ome sort (26. as lary ste eo we Tor ‘gregarious’ animal. For an animal to be ‘political ‘is not required that it live in polises or have the capacity to do so. See Aristotle, The Study of Animals (Historia 4nymalum)/487033~488a14: “The following differences are manifest in theit ‘modes of living and in their actions, Some. if (agelabia), some are solitary (monodika), whether they be furnished wit fet or wings o be fited or al ame ara of oh charac, Ad oti herding aan, some arepobitiealpolika), others Herding creatures are, among bids. such asthe pigeon, the crane, and the swan (no bird furnished with crooked talons is herding). Of creatures that live in water many kinds of fishes src mck sth sald agate aye pian brs Man pas tbe cascrs fi w; and this property is not common to all Pte ockivi mag — ; Bean alice ey Weta mee oN thebeaver” Agen of str itmce in aeaen oO arc gare, ‘again. both ot herding and of solitary animals, some are attached to a fixed home and others are nomadic." 2see Historia Animatium 488a31-b1; “Some animals emit sound while others are mute, and some are endowed with voice: ‘of these latter some have articulate speech, while others are inarticulate; some are noisy, some are prone to silence: some are musical, and some unmusical; but all animals without exception exercise their power of singing or chattering in ‘connection with the intercourse ofthe sexes. 294n Aristotle's offical terminology sense-perception (aisthési) is only of particular, as it seems to be here. But below at 1253a17 it seems to be used of universals too. We gernend hata7 fe dikaion whetis tosympbens whe is ubbis + But speech serves to revealaieedvantagleous and harmful, and hence” alsoa§e just and clabt BBunjust_(fo adi kon) ‘rod T0 Gps pds 18AMNe Loo Toc duOpsimors Toy, 76 psvov &yaG0d a} Kao «ai Gxaiou eal ABisay «oi Trav EARwv GioBqow Bye (531518) ) . istgudunns CA tkaios kai acu Koo) comedy BiyiptTov comavia nox’ alia coi néhw. (253016) : Acca in tiese things tis whalynakes + household o: i= pole + polis 3. Whole and part, prior and posterior rel un, Todtep0v 88 1H poe: ndhc A oltia xai eaoTor hav Lorw.(1253e18-19) : ature the polis is prior to the household and to each of us.* + Forthe wile 8 Srhecessy prior tthe oa en) ale mepoteos dvou (89) Tob Boy obx Foran nov od xp, HA taut Bonep ef re Myo1 Thy NGliny (BiagSapeion 6B Koran itn) (125301922) Ef the whole [body] is destroyed th eno foot or hand, except in name, as we might speak ofa hand made of stony batt thing itself wil be defective yo Go" She . wy nce TouaTa STS)O0 hexTéoy Ta aUTa evar GAN’ Sy “pthares DE Ail veya, (25302F A 4 hin caw uch, eas(heste) oe fe i en they are no longer the same in these Wr respects we oughynot say they are the same, but only that they have the same name. ey dt pty obv 4 néAc xa; gioe! Kai Mpsrepov Fi Fear Maw 1s defined, by ho Ponclin anal topaet ines) 30why “hence”? Aquinas has a suggestion: "For justice and injustice consist inthis, that some people ae treated equally or ‘unequally as regards useful and harmful things; thus speech is proper to men, because itis proper t them, a5 compared to the other animals, to have a knowledge ofthe good and the bad, the just and the unjust, and other such things that can be signified by speech,” Commentary, p. 310. 3the good and the bad, the just and the unjust, and the like? 32 yicomachean Ethics VIN.12.1162a16: “Man is through nature a pairing animal] more than [a] political [one}, inasmuch as the oikos is prior to the polis and more necessary, and child begetting more common to animals,” anthrdpas gar t@ ‘phusetsynduastikon malfoné poitikon, hos® proteron kai anankaicteron olka poléos, kai teknopotiakoinoteran tots zocis" Eudemian Ethics VU.10.1242822-2: “Man is anot only a political animal but also a household (odkonomikon) animal. His X, lunions are not, ike those of the other animals, confined to certain times, and formed with any chance partner, whether ‘male or female; but ..man has a tendency to association with those to whom he is by nature akin, There would be association and a kindof justice, even if there were no polis. The household is a kind of friendship, The relation of master and servant is that ofan art and its tools, a soul and its body; and these are not friendships, nor forms of justice, but ‘something similar to justige: jst as health is not justice, but something similar. The friendship of man and wife is a friendship based on uit sociation: that of lather and son i the same as that of god to man, ofthe benefactor tothe |r benefited, and in general S&sMe natural ruler tothe natural subject. That of brothers to one another is eminently that of comrades, inasmuch as it involves equality—or I was not declared a bastard brother to him: but the same Zeus, my king, ‘was called the father of both of us.’ For this isthe language of men that seek equality. In the household fist are found the origins and springs of pila, politeia, and dikaion.” See Metaphysics VIL 10.1035b38. Aquinas: “the whole i ie prior to the parts in matter even though the parts are prior in the order of generation" in Commentary on the PoticsinRalph x ) Lemer and Musin Mahl, ed., Medieval Political Philosophy (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963), p. 311. Mhnin: the footnoted passage means that the individual cannot exist without the pols.+ The polis exists through nature and isgrior to each [ofits parts} Hi ((&B wi abrapxng ExaoTos ywprobeic, dpoieng oie ENRoIg pépeaiv &Eer npos 16 Bhov. (1253025-26) + Forif the individual, when separated from the polis, is not self-sufficient, he will be ina condition similar to that of other paris in relation to a-hole. 6 Be ph Bows meres in Ys komavtiy i unBiv Beduevos Bi ausxépxsiay o8B2v utpog Mahia. Gore H Ongiow A Sede. 1253026-28) v + One who f¥incapable oto onan oF Mth need of nothing because he is sel y sufficient is ) of @ Comvuns sy "not a galls pois, and ola a + either bedgt or god osoe Aesjoov 4 Sopa fv wer Mow OV rhy oos Thy xouion (89 Yodros avorfiaas A eeks2 _ peyloray Sob ars Cabo Devagg ‘ ature ther exists in everyone an impulse (iomé) toward this ort of fe ae Stet constituted the the polis is responsible forthe greatest of go ees a rteute por aera roy 7 er. ean vvw oi wv. (259031-33) seh) vn — thouts kai) nen Pai ais), soChe 5S ie fn spared from law and adjudication cana sSuiogiansa She 8 BL veo @TaiJepovice ian ir Se eaaee es ears eee og 9874. of¢ i N tni tavavrja Ear, JGMOTC. rn See : te ee St ele ihe fa rr for ROWE, —_ possessing weapons (hopla), Dragana ate Sat av ry ee ible tgthet, a 8 et a heh opposites. “ben fol" contd be nabvaly wnat Os ew Ope ta ay TaTov Kai Gypustarov Bveu dpeTiic, Kai MSs ie Srhewt xa eBuaBiy xE"prorov.(1253035-37) + This is why, without areté, man is the most + unholy cev inprins) + savage #) [of animals] and the worst with respect to awe + sex (aphrodisia) he + food (hé edédé) a 484 Bixm008vq nod Tb: (1259037) + (Pastice (dikaiosynd is(g political thing. eee Sivan sowaniag is just kag hieis Brevietre 0 3Spresumably households and individuals as just mentioned above; or it could mean only individuals since just above Aristotle spoke of households and “each of us” referring to individuals as opposed to households, 4These two sentences indicate that the polis is a consequence of man’s industry as well as nature, See Aquinas, Com- ‘mentary, p. 312. Manin: Some ends, although natural, require zen to be achieved. See Physic. 192b20-23, Techne. ex- temal origin of change. Physi: internal origin of change. Teciiné can supplement physisin the latter's own direction, The po- ‘\_lisis both natural and a product of techne. Se also T1.2.199a15-17, Sinstitutions whose goal itis to secure justice: courts arbitrators.¢ perth — Soikonsenleoe Pel despotkes tikes a asi bkes tf than aw tthe, Il. TYPES OF RULE: ONE UNFREE AND TWO FREE i PLATO'S WRONG VIEW THAT ALL FORMS OF RULE ARE THE SAME. ~~ abil ee kev sai Sconoruxdy civar zév | fev tes | ‘ad Tév ob Kahde A€youaiy (125267-9) | io thpk these are the same;36 ‘scents A basilos— ba Ha Wee doin Ac > 4 Japon a —~Canate( 89) xa @ayysraT vouic Bey wth eae estan oO Gab. 29 specioe He me ovlesc ides, thei bai dligetibi > Fe not in ‘cided ouk exites id i omy in the multitude or fewness peony purpany "13, 126, oloy By wiv 1b eect ia, Beondray. bv 81 mhusinay, oxoviyo. By Bt, “39 ae maerdve BooiAsy,(1252aI0-12 nat: i be + For example, [the ruler off — + a few: despotés (master) bude. -+—“moré: oikonomas (household manager), . inte” ~+ still more: politikos or basitkos Politvcel sedenhst= dag oUBév Bia@pépoucas ueyahny cla | Hpay nAw:(1252a12-19) as if there were no difference between a =P isbak basis iin Averle.? jal ) + large household Cediaphereuseny in anda + small pais, kal noArrixéy BE Kai Baoidnév. Srav piv wWtd< egeorten, ‘361wo reasons to think that Aristotle isnot just taking about a political, kingly, or masterly person, but a politcal, kingly, ‘or masterly scientist are what he says two chapters later and the passages in Plato's Statesman that he seems to have in ‘mind, Politic 13.1259 18-23:“Itis thought by some that despotea isa kind of epistéme, and (as we said atthe beginning) that despotea,ofkonomia, politcal science (politike), and kingly science (basliké are the same.” Statesman 25Be-259e: "Shall we, then, in addressing the potirikos and the baslea and the degpotés and further, the olkonomos set them all down as one, Or are we to assert that there are as many ats (technai) as the names mentioned? ... The figure ofa large household orin ‘tum of a small pols—the pair of them will not at all differ in point of rule, will they? Then its evident in that which ‘we were just now examining that there is one epistémé that deals with all ofthese, And this epstéme, whether one names it basi poke, or oikonomiké let it not make for any difference between us. Nérspov ov Tov nodTixéy Ka BaorAéa xai Bconérny xai &1’ oixovéyow Bout dx Ev Néwvra TadTa MpeaayopLovTeC. | ToOBUTaG TéxveG aUTEG ver ipev Sounep Svipara éppiOn: paNAov BE wo! BeUpo trov...Kai pv olkovspoc ye Kal Brondmae TaUTov 1) BE veyains oxipa oixfotu F opiepac ad nBdeIng Bye0¢ HY TH NPde phy BiolgeTev... Odeodv. 8 vovbA, BeoKoTodpeOa, gavepev ac émovapn pia nepi névr' tori tadTar Tavrny BE cite Bocihiay eve mohrticiy ete olkovopicy Tic Syopeice. unBév aire BragepcueBa.) See also Xenophon, Oeconomicus 13.5 and Memorabilia 3.4.12 (ef. 6.14) 37 Poitkosis often translated as ‘statesman’, and sometimes as ‘politician’. Words ending in ~/os are ae the masculine adjectives corresponding to the feminine ie words and the neuter ikon words. In the appropriate words the ending -ikos indicates thatthe person possesses the corresponding ~iké. For example, the poltkos is the person with politike, The bast ‘ikosis the person with baste. An inappropriate word would be podagrkos, a person with gout, rather than a person with the gout teciné. There are usully similar words which do not indicate any proficiency at being or doing what the name in- icates. For example, polié is a citizen. A politkos isa glorified pols. Likewise a bases is aking, There is no indication ‘whether he competent or good. Basilikos suggests competence. Likewise for olkonomikos vs. otkonomos and despotkos. despots. os10 te seam f rales in accordance with logoi. of this science accesrdling to tir1g, x Be nate TOUg AdyoU 14g EMOTAENE The TOUTAD KATE pEpOS Gow cai boxSpevos, MOAITixey’ (1252a13-16) + “And as for [what distinguishes] the basilikos from the politkos, they think fit is the multitude or fewness of rulers): Quiws ephestékey . , + basiikas: when he himself is in charges® hi aL eanan tis rles il + politikos: when, according to th iYof this ort of, oe) Aetaendh nde entered inc En 15a vefevence fo Plah's epistenit oP raire Sodk Foriv athe) Yuling Ct 52a) la mes archon Jo echo menes) 7 + But these things are not true.4! B. BASIS FOR FINDING THE RIGHT VIEW: ANALYZE THE ELEMENTS OF THE POLIS42 Bfdov 8 EoTa! To Acysuevov émoxonodo: xatTé TAY Uo™ nynuduny péboSov. (125221718) a: Lyta|Haa Kn hp SZpBmnendo rnetindon + This willbe ear those investigating BERAEBRc with our Ke ‘Selig Soneg YB tv Tok Erno 19 de ve ay Geren Sowvgttay avayen Braipeiy (radra yap ihe fete NOTE pSpie Tov mavTée). ofreo roi Ubi EE dv obyxerT cromouvrec dydueBc kai népi ToUTIW pBAAOV. Ti 72 Bio" @fpouain BANA AoW Kal ef 71 Texvicdy Eeaoroy tev énQivrasy,(1252018-23) +__For just as it is necessary elsewhere fe cynics, ate ) to divide a Sdtivouma into its uncomipedsdied Gemante \pohepass of the whole} tn pas 2 el lech movin 2 0 too by Wasting ‘what polis is composed of ———> ive. ltassteolls yakertar Ops Src Meria, & these ae the smalest we shall gain a better view + concerning these [various kinds of rule] + as well [as about the polis), Meas become foe explecoudirs both as to Phy iacleel Fh cndhsg 1? 39pristotleis here separating what was just considered together as rule over a larger number, 40 The putative science that embraces all kinds of rule? There is quite a variety of translations. Some suggest the rule of Jaw is intended, some political scence. Arthur Adkins thinks Aristotle may be reminding his audience of that he has prece- dents, namely the important Greek notion of kata meras archén kai archomenos. Iso, ‘this’ does not refer to anything in the text 41This way of understanding how kingship, despotism, political rule, and household management differ is unsatisfactory, ‘which isnot to deny that there is any truth init. Contrary to what a fast reading of Aristotle's response might suggest its ‘not Aristotle's intent to focus on how household rule differs from rule in a political community. In fact. he will show tha the essential character of political, despotic, and kingly rule can be found in both the political community and the household. That is presumably how studying the parts ofthe polis (households) can help us answer questions about the ‘whole. The distinction he focuses on is not political community rule versus household rule but that between the three ‘snds of rule that can be found in both, Its my contention that ths serves asthe theoretical foundation for how Aristotle thinks the Greeks should relate to the Macedonian king (kingly rule), how the Greek polises should be arranged (political rule), and how the Persians should be treated under the combined hegemony of the Greeks and Macedonians (despotic rule). For the fist ofthese three see IIl14.1285b32. Pambasilia involves “an arrangement that resembles household man- ‘agement. For just as rule ofa household is a kind of kingship over the household, so [this kind of] kingship is household ‘management for a polis or an etinos or several ethné" For the first ofthese Uhre see Il. 14.1285b32, 42t4ow do we explain the contiguous presence of two methods. Is this another ease of disparate documents having been externally put together? Aquinas combines them: “in order to amtve at a knowledge of compounds, its necessary to use the resolutive way, namely, so that we may divide the compound int its elements, Afterwards, however, the compostive ‘way is necessary, so that from indivisible principles already known we may judge from these principles.” Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on ‘he Potts, trans. Emest L. Fortin and Peter D. O'Neil, in Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi, ed, Medieval Political Philosophy (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963), p. 303,“pia = Paseo im eleont= - fae ota a 1 = t aprkss bnsknetenlstos Ate Me Ae pe, + how [the kinds of rule] differ from one another * whether something in the manner of a techné (ti technikon) can. ae each [of the kinds of rule] mentioned. 0AN CAM HOUSEHOLDS MANAGEMENT / & Joes ‘nei 8¢ gavepiv 4E Sv wopiov A ndhic owcerqesy. wee Chap3 Sunysiay naa Mol eau (ir om yb Wy: v inter nhc olciav, (SOR + Since its evident out of what parts (morién te polis is PB rie necessary to SEER first of hoy enlcaaekaeed h + abe every polis is composed,out ofhouseholds (cikia## arb of polis: hovtcheld bes 4.Types of rule within the household 7" tata al Sv TéAty olKio. cuvéernney (5385 in palin? z +The prey of puree genoa cro the pal i or which he household oe) is cobipabke? eynecletan Somat ” a Household management’sthree parts (fe, y~ gctoall park oF househalt rub; d «ighséy park of houehold ‘Oikia: BE TENEIOG éx BoUAwy xai EMeUBEpIo. * The complete household is made up of 1. slaves couldn 2. free persons*® eleutherSn nei B ty wis avioias neGrov tegnrey Lpsnatey. wade BE sabddaxge 9! nario soi Tiaua, repictpray dv TovTow sgseOtéoy tin tikeaaroy Kai noigy ber 125384-8) 1. mash + Since h see smallest thugs sete 2 ach ing Le cough rt in hiemetng Se save shold Hee8 7 the primary and most clageniaiyparts of ahhousehold are 5 husband > plea 1. master (despotés) and slave tou 4. Wite . 2. husbany :) and wife (alochos}#9° ~~ pole de kaielachsty meré — $, fathey 3 nl children yy malt fini 6. eluldete _ Se aporiaon the table is how to conectly distinguished the diferent kinds of rule mentioned in book I, chapter 1:The » ge Felevance ofa srutiny of households can perhaps be divned from the folowing passages, Eudenian fics VIL®.1241b2T: ws : both the corect kinds and the deviations.” Nicomachean Eiies, : Vithio.tt6bat pattem ofthem-xcan by "a yt SC] In book Ile pats ofa pels are the ctizens. There he has a dferent apena. although am sila los to Low what 2+ Cae cule gain by his carefl detniton ofthat ‘par’ ther, other than setting up the good man/good citizen dichotomy. ee, MChaptertwo has the pois made up of villages as well. This is evidence thatch. 2 is originated asa separate document ee Aristotle will now se his announced method oflookng tthe elements ofthe obs (or political community to find out the correct way to distinguish kingly rule, despotic rule, polteal ue, and household management. tis nt clear to me why ’ done should assume asa matter of method that there would be thee kinds of rale within the household that ae anclogous (tothe kinds of rle within politcal communities, Economics 1343010. "A poss a compound made up of howehol 13 (gk land (chr) and possession (kemata seit suficent with regard te ving Well (e201) en? Aine topic of Potties 4-7 8p topic Pots 1.12 “ ristotles now using his structural method to analyze the household itself in terms ofits parts. Maybe he can ind the three kinds of ule thee too, He does actualy ind analogies within the individual and within the oul CL Artie, Eco. ‘omis12,1343a18-23, "The parts ofa household are humans and possessions, Since the nature ofa things ft to be Seen ints elements, this woud also apply toa household So, according to Hesiod it would be necessary for here to be ‘ist ahouse, a wile, and an ox forthe plow, forthe frst point concerns subsistence, the second fee mich” Ane topic of Polics 4-7 ) ne topic of the early part of Pos 12 S0tne topic ofthe ater par of Pots .12. Not mentioned inch 2's analysis of partscf kal younh (SvesvupovgySBY yuvairdc kai av- eukic) eal Tpirov Teevortoinrich (xai Gapavimn ov cxcuaatgy (Ee Sveyor). (253861 These are the is) ene (OD @rt stery (de pyzeuk' — te @ (3 marriage senor is no chi fopthierut Ron ren and woman) sles |e © att o)child-production ‘comers too has not been assigned a term of its own) nse, asks thir, “Eotwoav 84 altar (ai) tpeig fg elo” ) ev. (1253BIle i + So much then for the three we spoke of. vale: x Antciaten of a digression toms 84 11 ploos 8 Boxe! vols iv Tug olxovoyio. od yee Biaduates deat roe He Supt, “ay 0 BE mep, Tig eahounsine xpnueriaT Kc ae But ge certain payt OF tas Household wbllspeneat] which $218 either et not hewshte thes isn ve ‘ousehold or, oesangene e + to beits greatest part 7, el” rere Cea How the matter really stands basse be studied. I am speaking of the aif of wealth-making “*2"** (etrinets.® = be Rule aver. i “geht Ctivy ivjng epee: NM \ abaductim (2) "eiTOV Bi neo} Beonérov xoi 8 ey rept uray Buvaie8a ASBEW BERTiov Tov viv UnohapBavou- yay. (125384-18) + First, let us speak about master and slave, / may ‘idémnen —) DS said Bate ecessary wants {Gtinkaion chreians? )— hg Me gm Shes thE Se avid ane fara rae ma ere child producing is more literal. Translations I have seen are Uninspired: paternal, parent-child association (Apostle/Gerson), expertise in parental {rale] (Lord), parental association (Barker), the parental (Els), paternal relation ( (Jowett). The only person who seems to make any effort is Rackham: the progenitve relation. Even Liddell & Scott suggest (indirectly) production of children. Lord seems to think tena is from hé techng (at) rather that from to teknon (child) (see his footnote no. 13 on p. 248). Aristotle uses a cognate word at Nicomachean Ethic: VII.12.1162a16, where he says that y a oe erecater sane uae 2vealth-making techné? This justifies the large digression that is made up of chapters 8-11. Ihave put those chapters at epee of appendix. Aristotle is responding to common opinion that wealth-making is either synony- ‘mous with oikonomike, or atleast its primary part. Because it isa digression that could cause one to lose sight of the overall structure of book I, Ihave put these chapters atthe end of book I, as an appendix, Aristotle will say that wealth-making is ‘ota part of household management; its rather subordinate to it, acquiring and providing tools to be uzed in household ‘management. The primary parts of household management for Aristotle are management of slaves, the marriage relation, and child-rearing. 53Hlere is what is said about slavery in ch. 2 (1252a26-31): “Fist there must be a necessary conjunction of persons who ‘cannot live without each other: one the one hand, male and female for the sake of reproduction ....on the other, the rulers by nature and the ruled by nature, on account of preservation. For that which can foresee through dianoia's the raler by nature and mastering element. That which can carry out with its body [what the other plans] is ruled by nature and the ) slave. Hence the same thing is advantageous for the master and the slave.” There is also a brief comparison of women and slaves,ay pesnessic reicpobtuss! Ba satin nom lgexaava) rk nape tou TS Beondlei (vou Yap elvan Tov 8 ghee Eepov. gton 8 ote, Srserpew) ion O98E Bieaiov-Bicrov i fae (SB 2) iarery shal cry be uel Hep wik'cesahy* 2 forty eld by some that (cami, alsnd ees rola + (as.we said at the beginning) that see the ame! urpieds of i: lon (sshd mbm ta spoteia (mas whe 5 pole pote ; See Ge nak hale basiliké (kingly s« ene ( co ut ca televe that exeresing masts neay natural it is only agpatter of Coney sho js.a.slave and who is free, ie throu |physis there is no ditleren S50 itis not 12 i pleat re), te hofuve. Y rie vetnition of natural slave Prin Enel obv A eviote wlooe vic olcing tov} eal j err Sune a aypulac (12598282825) + possessio pot rouse (a) + the arofa iké) = part ofhousshold management (oneness a ae en UF). (125383 ae ac RB aoe Codoot) phate , + live 2) yor ri 2 ae x : ey “ta anankaie, ili apt ‘eia organa)>" if {have its proper othe oT eal ir ta ‘so too must household managem« Ciktisis ektetiteobis). potelesthethe ee (Hata albteh pe S Spyvay 38 uv yaya 1B Kaye (259827-28) wana wr some tools or ganey e * inanimate (apsycha) ennstb It animate (enfBoa Phonds (olov 1 pus Bepuira OSE yy o» CEDRDOTIS poor & re imma Sy ee ee eg.apilo’s Ckybe re + mudder = satenateioal] ee Pacem tne Yule yf Weeesty of scene for lies 1 pity toe Vale if MBceasly of ei e Bernsen wah a7 255020-97 EIN E ae Oap ee 2 Gta beg fem soem si 7 ee fl pnt mai cused for the politikos and basilikos only. S61f this is the political art, the Nicomachean Ethics gives no¢ suggestion of a contrast with a kingly art. Although most a trasetors have obscured te retrenee to the peal at nes lee Plogin tenes ese acurces poli” ‘ntote, Les Poss trans wt nreducton,bbography notes and index by Pree Pelepn ase: GF Aeragon, 1060 pube avec concous dy Care Naoal des Latics P85. Newman adves. tats Bonito foctawchg must 5? Lord translates this as instruments’ be supplied Col. 3, p 3)a 14 » 6 Ese = animate Fool} rdaBie-assistant (hypéretés)S® = kind of tool for technai obra el tot ees dill, beboute 78 etdua dpyavoy node Coy éors, Kai nyo he Ktesis + gutav £07, (1253830532) yp He Had) a -_ ian t00 = t00l for life ‘one ¥ Kt Ealtons = Roseblete phe tools) 4 khema 7 sa 11 Euuxov, (1259832) of the animate sort SEV TIDE EVETEDnac inngé mn, (1253832-33) + crete asctrt pe) = oldie ook epNBivaro Bo teadTov Tay Opyévay eehevollv A mpoaioBowspevov dor TeAciv 76 abTOU Epyov. (kai) Gorep Te AaiBéAou paciv A Tob¢ Tod “Hpaiatou tpinobac. og pnol 6 ToinTAg adTopdToUs Beiov, BicoBor dydve. ob'rag ai xepuiBec éxépxiov aural Kol Ta majerpa éeiOépilev. obBiv By fBe! obte Tole AurécTooW Papen cin rsis Beandtarg SouhavI253833-1254a) & . if each of the tools were able to perform its ergof on command of by anticipation + (as they assert those of Daedalus did, or the tripods of Hephaestus, which the poet says “of their own accord came to the gods’ gathering, so that shuttles would weave themselves and picks play the lyre) oa cA Bhor ct Famer? tayo + slaves by masters‘? Testy oby Revéuta fo ee monn bared ny. 8 crye-ngity (zt + tok mentioned roa ve ool ga san np = > i goad ecw poem) x 5 nll met of braktkonfi ol Prvachin —¢ pre) @ ba $22 arbac trope 1) yivetor napa zw pho. Be ig odjr0c ral Mien 4 pon on sta) + Eins: from 4% kerkides chvédin + shuttlecome jething apart from the use of it SGT RR se om #18 imei Bragéoe: 1 A Going, ies A nat BE, sal Slovror Syedtepe Sevavey, Susyin col TaGra Thy iudixew bagopey.(\2e405-7) + sing Rar the tools necessarily reflect this Gtrerence( de phos) . 6 88 fog mpiifsc. of moinarg, (pei ————__ bios SO of TEoRoTunpiras tov hyde ray nese. (1254a7-8) life = gevion « prpdyetion 58 under-tower, subordinate, servant, helper, underling, right-hand man, ete. 591 am assuming that the usage here is not metaphorical. Otherwise, one would want to translate architekton by master craftsman I suppose. 050: slave = animate tool that wields many tools. Slalthough itis at variance with contemporary English usage, Iam using ‘practical’ asthe adjectival form of action’15 + 50, slave = practical assistant yyrtwfec! hrwawd Getun Gen) 10 BE sangfTina Myera1 Gonep Kai 78 wépioy.(125408-9) + -pASLA Spoken in the same way as part. 16 Te(¥) wsdo0v 0 Lévov BNAou Earl pépiov. BANE Ka} Bheas BAAov" (1264a0-I) A pal octet + ofsomething else but also + wholly belongs toit by! rp : Suoling BE A i weStie tye arhle st eID ‘oohibg papel + Itis the same with a BUsSeSston, — B16 & piv Beonérng 708 BovAou Beonérag pS vor. éxcivou oox For" & Be Boies ob usvoy Beondrov Baie Aég tOTIv. BAAS Kal Bhoae éxeivou. (1254-13) + Accordingly, = + while the master is only master of the slave and does not belong to him + the slave is not only slave oj i ey ot hans 108 smsiicetece 0 Sovnou Kai Tic 4 Bivayis, é TobTwv Bf ov(I254a13~ + These things make clear a Slave’s + nature “cphyes) . capactyedy name's) eS ea oc oy oSto5 gpaer Boahéc éovw. KAROU Pictictndnanas 5 bv ctipe 4 svlooner ov. asters 10) For es os + slave through n Se afi eth pe ot 18 safe eine a . wae _ Baniosfhimseld ere arn Waa’ who Ws anomer’s pbiMion hut eae > servo BE hey Govavar noaxrixdy Kal ywo10TSv. (1254016-17) * possession = practical and®2 sgparpble tool® ©) Existence of natural slaves Chap 5 oe M6 . pice! o1odr0¢ fot. xai ndtepov BéATiov Kai Bi fj o¥, €AAG ndioa BovAcia naps edow fori. pe oxertréoy. (1254aI7°19) + Itmust next be investigated whether or not one is of this sort by nature is better and just for anyone to be a slave (or whether all slavery is rather against nature) ob yaheriéy Bé Kai TH Ady’p Bezapfigan ai tx ‘av yivopévav xarrapestiv. (1254a9-20) + [The answers to these questions are] not difficult either penne “rw Bounedery Son 68nd a slave is a practical and separate tool (see later ref). This summary does not explicitly mention his being an animate tool. A slave is both a species of human (one who naturally belongs to another human-—is his possession, and as such isa practical and separable tool) and a species of a species of tool—practical, rather than productive; animate rather than inanimate, human rather than animal, How separability is entailed in being a possession isnot clear to me. Also, why ) not being a productive too! is entailed in being a possession is not clear to me. By definition a shuttle cannot be a posses-en 16 = + 10 dba, HEBER be — Pheiedad « Heaveheof toa trom what actully happens a tamaflgin : eupirica rg inom, aternathcin : {8 he rere aly of ra andi ded ~~? pesca, bHA gr Hhaeae poral dermal Tyép Gouey x0! éoxeatas Atala) a leader Coat i Sain i wi Satria or ecessary faynanKar'sn) tutalso "mason so Blt yever fe Borne i) 38 Baga . a dency ater tig neti tgaehoats) Ee iphvedieee eed qenates), xai Ga re Parkas) * There gre. ae Seta, cotton desc x jgpnved — Enonuuan, ts Stow tusiattr oh os ce as Lol He poy. (12540; , — voi seta x 1A dndons efuuc wndoye Foie _ euviyon: (403163 > * Thisis metéxouan lore Fore, eee (1254052-33) ti We * eg, aap seas cea, eas tori axe san xieri Kotex + But these matters perhal ie fong to a more ext cage of coo x 78 Bi (Gov mparov auvéorngey éx wuxtis bv 18 piv Bpxoy éoTl guoe: 73 7 4 + Animals are the first things oe ‘out of soul and body, in which [it is possible to see that}6® Csyeste kon 4sinclair/Saunders and Barker suggest soul/body and master/slave as examples respectively of continuous and discrete things “constituted out of number of things” that become “a single common thing.” ©5Problems of doubted authenticity, devotes book 19 to music. Chapters 33, 36, and 44 of that book have comments on the mes or leader that may be relevant, ) S6The contents of the brackets are derived from what Aristotle says below (1254b2-3). Plants have ‘souls’ too, according to Aristotle. Maybe he thinks that in plants one cannot see the soul ruling the body’. Should zdon be here rendered “living17 ere ciget + the soul is the aeternl puler $a vor kT nacta ve + the body is the me Gcona/-vertura) Bi Bé gsonsi év Toic eax aaa, hou0r ja AKou Tagger Kai pr tv Toig SiepGappevoic (1254036-37) + tis Linn isaccandngsccanuce hat one ough Stary o EARREG ihe ‘what is natural, not in things that are defective. eal nov Bat Ca BERarynas (tet Phy) ora Bioxsiyevoy oi earé oda ai nove wun & @puanov Geispnréov. kv & ToUTo BAAov (1254a37-39) + Thus the human jagipg:to be studied is one whose state is best both in body and in soul- ear. ‘raw (p)uoxGnody 4 pox®apcie fySvTIv Bégciey Ev Bove moddduic 16 oGpa Tis wuxis Sie 16 ga hwe Koi ge guor ExeIv. (1254a39-B2) » iia pe ce Weed those na dennaued consion-he bodys often. yn account of their being in a condition that is bad and unnatural. a Cphaulés a We unbeG oiv. Sonep dNyopev. npdrov tv Lede Bewofoa xai Se a pysin a) Fags ne Me™ omotimiy Goxay Kai NOArTinAy: (1254B2-4) Gace! 7G + Its then in an afiimal,as we were saying, that one can first see He SV. despotic ru iespohikEn avchen) vies + political rule}? ¢poltiken ZrehEn]] (A viv Gap oxi Tod Gs Fa wore gone $eonotefy BpyAv, (125484-5) ood een) ctiken avelén) Sou] — bed a oe nana gt zuxy A Baoidverv"(125485°6) “ 3) (itellech 20S poiicalinte Ciclo, ermneneinaah a eae ‘iva ovpgtgey 10 Spyesbat 1S odor ind ye onan Xs. (125486-8) + And this makes it evident that itis ue + according to.nature advantageous, for thai + body tobe filed by soul funtreey” Kai TO MaBq THA Hopi Und Tod vod Kai 703 popiow Tod. being”? But even then what is meant? He repeats this point below (1254b2) and refers back to this passage. At the second location he says that it n animals that one can “first discem” certain things “as we were saying.” Perhaps the point is that although plants have a sou, it in animals that its influence is manifest. Could this be a Stoie interpretation? 7 Sometimes when I translate Aristotle's gar (fr) as ‘reason’ I am probably taking his words more seriously than he in- tends them. Sometimes the results that a proposition is both preceded and followed by a reason, By at least temporarily doing so one can atleast feret out what are supposed to be syllogisms or enthymemes what are not."The use of gar re- ‘minds me of the Japanese use of sore kara, which can mean no more than ‘and the next thing Iam going to say is." At ‘other times it can mean therefore” inthe logical sense, Bust above: 1254a34~36, But right below he ads kingly rule ‘According to De Anima the soul can be divided into thinking and desiring parts. The desiring part (to orektikon) can be farther divided into three parts: boulésis (rational wish), rhumas (pirtedness), and epithumia (appetite). Pathos (emotion, passion) is often linked with thumos and orgé (anger), but the exact connection is tricky. Immediately below Aristotle Substitutes ro pathetikon morion for ores.18 Aéyov #xovtos. 76 8 é€ icou f avérraAw BraBepdv naon. (1254B8-9) * passionate part (fo pathetikon morion) [of soul] by. Anfeliget and part having reason (/ogos) [free] cs) while it is harmful to both if the relation is equal or reversed. pe es | ame ne ee a im@-* The same holds with respect to man and the other animals: p, wid “uf @Nigxoa vu byotan edo ty eto. (548100 File i en TodToIg BE ‘ior Beh nov Spyto8a In’ évOpsimou- roy xdveC YEO" cA tegti ieee gyrinc + itis better forall of them to be y Mman,-simce in this way their preservation is ensured. CE sao ate Bin oO Tpeitrov 78 BE yeipov. cal TS viv Epxoy 70 8 boxduevow. zh’ saga ne anther, by nature the relation of + male—> female is that of * superior (to kreitton) —> inferior (to cheiron)"! _ {to archon) —> “(to archemenon) Fae See ee wie abrév 8 npr EoeprSSy eva cai én vray ves SVE ev. 1254p ptt ime necessarily holds in the case of humans generally: — 5001 piv ov Toooitov BieoTaow Boov yux ocuaT0s xal Gvopum0¢ Snpiow (25486-17172 + Those who are slaves through nature are those [humans] who are as different [ftom other hu- mans] asis + soul from body + man from beast (therion) fotiv Epyov A Tot odwartos xpriaIc. Kal ToT’ kor’ én! abrGy BédTIaToW), obTO1 HEV elot gdoe1 BOOK (1254817-19) ‘iThose who believe that Aristotle was an egalitarian with respect tothe sexes would like to point out that this could be translated as ‘stronger’ and ‘weaker’ But there other passages, especially in the Ethics, that make such an interpretation dubious. ) 72 This sentence is being artificially broken up. ‘Slaves through nature’ does not appear until near the end of the sentence in Greek.19 ,_, TelerSompsent 1 oxslance without 71 " Farka ts fs gine et cet ig fa + Aperson is in this state if + his ergonis the use of the body and + this the best that can coms / ol BeATiOv éoTiv, Hpyeo8a1 tavtay Tay doxty. einep Kai Toie Klpqudvor. + Bor, ‘f Such is the case for the other things mentioned tases 44 Slavish souls (lacking reason) Carcestha’) ton Ca) wise. Boiinos § Buvdwevos ddRov diva (618 xa &AROU Win), (1254B20-22) + Forheisa slave through nature who + is capable of belonging [wholly] to another [human] (which is also why he belangs to him)" Kai 8 xomavav MSyou TogeUToV S00) ajoSaveo8a, GAAS mi eachesia) roi yocia 8 nacadAsr re. yxpsy ss Fancy Rg iver nap rca wiv Sodkew ea Koay ov. wlsesds Oe Taf: he hoes trea) + MOR, the RACGP nem (natural stave See only slightiys bodily assistant in the neces- genuthingsis forthcoming from both + slaves + tame animals iti. Slavish bodies (strong) BovAera: piv ov A qdarg Kai Ta gtyara Biagipovra evOpuv Kai Tov BgGdav. (1254827-28) nv, (254828-29) iha view to necesary needs 3s xoi Gyonora mpd, 2 Tesfosirocoye03%, vi la rosa fe ma) ~ engasis Oe eles frou tala sha. at 5 parece * Seep S klonty Pile nina, sea a, (BID P AN : ee * pewoay wee Z GuuBaive: $8 MokAGKIG Kol TOU” pase -_wr vavtign, Tic GED TE oduata Eyeiv éeuBépav Toic BE Té¢ 73h person belongs to another because he is capable of doing so? poled life? peace, wav20 wyoxds:(1254832-34) Yet the opposite often results + some have the bodies of free persons : + others have the souls of free persons / 10076 ye gavepéy. dx ci TovODTOV yévowwTo Bid bn $0001 78 ofpa ydvoy Boov al Tov Gedy sive, Tos OMO- Aemopévous névres @aley By Afious elvan ToUToIG Bound. (1254834-36) * leis evden, at any rte that itthey were to be bom as diffrent ony in body a he images of “8 dni 70d odporor To8T Blake, TokD BwarSrepoy fr “Thc wuxiic Tore BuapiaBar: (1254837-28) ° + But if this is true in the case of the body, it is mych more justifiable to make this distinction in the case ofthe saul GAN 08x dpdiiag AGBi0v iciv 78 Te Tic WUXA KENAOG Kai 78 Tod ovpaTOs, (1254138-39) + Yet it is not as easy to see the beauty of the soul as it is that of the body. bri piv oivuy elol pice! Tivés of piv deGBepor of BE BoUAor. ga~ vepév. ol¢ xai ouupépe! 8 Bounevew kai Bixausy doriy, (1254839- 125501 + Thus some persons are free through nature and others are slaves through nature and for the latter slavery is + advantageous + just Aas Conventional slaves ‘chap 6 “On: 84 coigoLTOVOUTIE BSOEOTIR tpdnov Tw Ayovaw pig of xonerév Beiv. (125503-4) Vint tirantia.plrasbonkes + Itis not difficult to see, nonetheless, that those who assert the oppositeare ina certain manner corecs creer tag a suSeGapcyera 1 ahciey . m 16 Bitar _175504-5) Aceniss favery’ and ‘slave’ are spoken in a double sense ftom, Kai KoTa vouov 500A Kal eB 256056) [ou isa slave or enslaved person according to convention (nom« de 8 yap véyos, 6uohoyia.tic tory éy f 78 cara TBdevav kparoiyeva Tav cpaTosvtey eval aay. (125506-7) re dealos -TPhist con convention = agreement (lomologia) that things conquered ip war are said to A belong to the conqperors. kee eee atountin histor Je Bicaiov roddol Aaa chef Sonal voi ‘Povta gama ox Brvor (80 cru Brdonoter Bwartvov a soon bcs 18 Bact. (235a7-10_——— Fodthaion + legalljpriented persons?® many of these challenge ica eiien they would an were bringing a graphé payanomon"® against him) on the grounds that it is a terrible thing if what jtén en tois nop literally, many of those in the laws. Litigious types? 763 so-called indictment for illegality. Ifa person in Athens proposed a law that a jury later could be convinced (by anyone ) __whowantedtoproscite in) vas ot in harmony wih the pit of preening law hat person woul be comvecel oe crimes sniar tothe idea of uncontiaonaly inthe US excep teres no cme involve hr Inthe aan there21 rchomenen ~ yields to force is to be enslaved andTuled by what is able to apply force and is superior in power. a rail Toi piv ob rex Bonet Toic B éxeivis, cal Tay cogav.(1255all12) + intellectuals” even some of them hold this opinion, though some hold the other | U2 alnoy 88 adm Tk AuowBarhce (Wis sogho) noici rote Mayans tnondrew. & er Tuy wiuouca opis sone wert a5 fey ‘fice oS these, the same Toy King allflois rmasegy + suai political tote (rufef Wr—forche) pve nok fre scume as Ares all-sthassorts ofp to what some assert. a0) 1 eee) nketernar a enti sel 2p ts ‘BE HOAITIRh EAEUBLpeOV KOI Fouav Gy + Ss cover See eects cccaseivet dn Five . 1) one [political ea through nature + other [despotic rulé}"Glaves [through nature] — sacTopn fet a weed Se he 2) household mit Gement [rule]: monarchy" ify household is ruled by on¢ ‘Sephi [monarchetai)®® Cocaulel be tecwné becouse ot the Zeonomits samp eens ‘5cy,avstotle, Economics 1.1343a1—4 “The ar of household management and the political art ifr not only as widely ascii and poe abject mater with wich hey severly dea) bu akon hee tha othe wae mbar lor these ave ese subject walls) vecause ARs fram many le ckoe cm 4 allos OF atic one oi? Ocak SUAF™ * political rule|: [not a monarchy becausqrule isf by [a multitude which is both] free [(first point)} and equal persons eS Vi. Sciences of slavery piv obv Beoné= “ng of AyeTar xa" EmoTéuAY, AAA 1 TOISOB' Tver dpojusc 8¢ Kalb Soihac kai 6 EkeUPepoc. (1255820-22) + The master (despotés) is so called — + not by virtue of knowledge (kat’ epistémé)) [he possesses] but + through being a certain sort (t6 toiosd’ einai)®” and similarly with PERE Coe does) + free person® ch» elewheres imorayn 8 iv hy eal Seoriovix} wai Sound, (1255822-23) + Yet there could be a 1. science of mastery (despotiké, 2. science of slavehood (doulike) Bounii uiv olay nep 6 év Fupoxosoarc enaiBevev’ tect yp AopBSveov T1¢ Woy eBibaoKe TH éyKdeAIa BioxovApata Tov Naibac’ (1255823-25) 1. The science of slavehood (douliké) would be the sort of thing provided through the education offered by the fellow in Syracuse, where someone used to receive pay for teaching slave boys their regular serving chores. cin &v kai mi mAciov Tév TorodtIv pABq0%6, ofov SyorouK ai T8AAa 78 toIara yém vac Braxoviog, (1255825-27) + And there might be additional learning in such matters, e.g., + art of cooking (opsopoiiké) + other services of this type 2 toni Gad pple Putri toya CD bvayeasre, (1288827-26) ison: of tasks (erga) + some: more honored Ca enti matevay + others: more necessary (tet ananhaicteray bxoi KaTé Thy Mapoipiay "Bodho« mpd BoUou. Beondzng mpd Be condo" (1255828-30) + proverb: “slave before slave, master before master.” rulers, while oikonomiké is a monarchy (He oikonomiké kai politike digpherei ou monon tosouton hoson okia kai pols (tauta men ‘gar autais est a hypokeimena),alla kai hoti hé men politiké ek pollon archontdn estn, héoikonomiké de monarchia).” But why the ‘sudden introduction of household management? Is it because a generic quality of despotites is important here? Oris he suddenly bringing up another member of the original lst? The genus may be apt since gamiké and patriké (the two other parts of household management) are not on the list. Desporké is a monarchy in its own right: one permanent unequal ruler over a multitude of slaves. Household management is monarchical for different reasons. There is one person who rules all, household members—wife and children in addition to staves. 8c, either by nature free or unfree, a status not acquired by knowledge. Or either the head of a household or not. A {echnéis not required to warrant the title. This answers the question raised at 1.3.1253b18, Although this may appear to be a rejection the early pat of Plato's Statesman where he says that for someone to be a politkos or a baslikes tis not necessary for him to be ruling as long as they have the knowledge and are advising a ruler. But more likely this is saying that a person is a slave master simply by virtue of a position he occupies in society. One can bbe a bad slave master and stil be a slave master. One can be a despots without being a despotikos—without possessing a despotiké, a techné. Or, for that matter, a physi.25 ify obv Joaira: nda SUNKAEMoT Apa cio Scorer car lane donned Ss sspaoan_-~epohhe 2. While all'suckr things are slavehood sciences, the sciaice of mastery(Gemaaszs the using of slaves doulike epist ema, ondIMg obx tv 16 xTéioBo: Todc BovAous, AX’ év 7 xpiioBat Bounor, (1255831-33) + For the master is what he is * not in the acquisition (keasthai) of slaves but + in the use (chréstha of them. tori 8 ada. émor4in ovBtv piys txovea obBE ceuvéy & y8p tev Bovhoy énioTac®ar Bei nov, éxtivov Bei TadTe ériorooBar émvrérrew. (1255633-35) ee + his scence has nothing pat (mega) or dignified (senor) about ithe master must know how to commaf igs that the slave must know how to do. 816 Bo01c touais yn ob oic kaxona®ely, Titponds (11g) AayBaver TadTay Ty TysH. Urol BE mon TeGovTas fl grooogovoW. (755B35:30) As Lopattein) + Hence for those to whom it is onder be Gothred,wten such things, an over- _-7 seer assumes this prerogative, while they themselves engage in epi topet + politics Cpel‘tenorttai) or + philosophy. cphilesophousin) vi, Acquisitive art: preparation for digression (chapters 8-11) A BE ern tind Erépa Spo" Tépav Tootav. ofov / Sxaia, nohepixh Tic o80a H Enoeu “Ud, Nepl pv ov Bovkow kai Beoméroy ToUTOv Biapio8s Tay “TpéTiov, (255837-40) + Acquisitive art (lik) is different from both of these—that is, the just sort of acquisition, which is like a certain + fighting at (polemikg) + hunting art (thereutike} ton hepon) Conceming slave and master, then, let the discussion stand thus. 1g, ued tee ves ana chain hap 12 "Eni BE Tpia uépn TH Bikovowntis Av. eRe \onotixd. mepi Ac elpntar hedtepoy. év 8 NaTpWA. TpiToV" (esi @)ywvansde Sys eal teeveo, cg faevOE- Play nev ap. ob sae Wh aoe es oul if Rule aio fn ; a \GEMENT~ (KNOWLEDGE OF WEALTH-MAKING AJ—D Flor pole "22 “Ona 88 Tpi mong erfortas «Bi KpqparIoTIKAg Gees- paowpe x svov tpémay. éncinsp kai 6 Boi~ hog ric knot uéoos 1 fv. (2565-3) dla ton fy + But let us examine generally, in accordance with + possessions (kréses) as such : ‘+ wealth-making techné (chrématisti eedpin? since the slave too tured out to be lof one’s possessions, 130 Chaps TPaicoveune tow ry *_sameas aute * —— part of aes G morte nypace ble - rai ei Unqpernd, nérepov scpaBonone vf Yonvrid AS yoheoupyeh v4 dubor avroreiig ( 7A subordinate; sb + inthe-waglahe Shuttle-making agg (he hypéretika) iggdieastingeéto the weaving (hyphantiké) or < + tpanesntainste bronze-casting ats (chalchourgike) isegstamtastirs to sculpture (andriantopotia) @5 (ob yap dogirag innperotiow. adn’ 4 Sova senna SED ae ‘Gps iniy Winona i TBYOT lov bod ia fuck in ma ke Fe es ‘grt wesver a ae i wal for the sculptor G@ )A Wealth-making art and gastronomic determinism bn fev oby foo 4 adh A olko~ So ap the, oo TA equa TIOT KG, SMAOV (1256a10-I) o! pert of! ‘household management + art of making wealth A (ric 76 nopica- * one [art of wealth-making]: to supply (porisasthai) tato hyphégon ropon 1 a 8 fetrmnrrmenren EL | Baats 6 Kola lyphznerin eliacon Bauza. na beense posession ithe Cocarerntes see the beginning of ch.10. I take it that something cannot be a part of and ‘subordinate to’ atthe same time,37 + other [art of household management}: to use (chrésasthai) Tig (8B Foret 4 xonoouéva Toig rar Tiy oleiav naps Thy olcovoqsxty:):(1256012-13) + For whatartuses things in.the household ifnot the art.of household management? miTepov BE a ~ — sip0s autiic kori 11 A Erepov eTBoc, Exe! Biaypiofhrnow(1256aI3-H4) + But whether a Lacamabistike dom be bole 6 + it [wealth-making art] is apart of it fhousehold management art}, OYE go pte or, RY ae td (aad yor) + * dibitn dleamprsdsan, okonomike 2 oe is a matter of eispute. < i yép tori 705 worig0d Sewpoat néEY ypfuaTa Kal roi Covel FYE KEOGIE TOMAS nepieiaqge jépq Kot 6 THovTos. ddo7e Npatov A_yewpyKr) NdTepOV pEgoE TE TAG XEN- bonioriefs A frep6v 11 yévoc, xa EaBSROUM mepl Thy Ips. (giv Guida cai ethers: (125601418) spate oe oe elongs to the wealth-maker (chrématistikos) to discern how togely y and Stans edlneS =o? and Ute. HS revielephe mee (bs 2 Stns and Weal REALE BEE such tent Cheba et fone conse nthe pace wheberfamang atts PRras kt) . .wealth-making art ct oe ht genes + different in. . a i and \atholon 1" ocr unOiy wire &redze noi Are patQy.vayKaiov Tov @vopimiev Coessusdra névra Tenoineévai Tay @daw,(1256B20-22) + Tfnature:makes nathing + ingor je Cateles) + ee 51d Kol A moheyie doer xTaTiRA Teac Fora: (I256R23) kletke a + Hence the arta eanahu of dsaupiive. Porsernains ah (ktetiké) 6 @ar ELTA Hépos ab TAC. A Bei xovo8e) ny " Tv évipsoney S001 neoussres Eprectiay wh Sédousy. di ioe Bikaoy Totoy Gyro Tov ndhepov. (25662526) + ilearone part ofitis "mg ri which shout be used ta vi ot jd bo beasts ge | oat) * md sales aa Tee fed smal psy i. wig Natural art of acquisition: art of acquiring goods necessary for life and useful for the nh ’ be household and polis (with limits) ? fro! Unépyew h.mgoiley abr Sms imdpxn dv tor @q- Wed) ohss eee of acauistive ‘Lon ew\¢t —hemssieeomenasemmmeart, and must either be an + available to S + _ supplied by the latter so as to be available ylart of acquiring] those gogds astore of which is both ¢/ Syna hu + necessary for life + useful for. We outs, oi fowev 8 y #hqoveg A es , hgitos de ody sem, (1256890-3) \ise us‘ outof + At any raté; jEwould seem to be these things that malemp génui P Jc towairos snfoce Ro (die oaneniong dyaBiv Cory pix dmeipd¢ Lori, (125683-22) + "Yoasomsself-sufficiency in possessions of this sort with a view to algood jfelis “4 unitiesa ie) Gonep 36 ov ene noc0g“whoirow 8 oily népye megaouiov Spao1 Keira". (1256832-34) + Solon: he asserts this in his poem: “of wealth no boundary lies revealed to men.” vera repens ae rere is such @ boundary, just as in the other arts. OuBls yp Boyovy Breer obese Cov egy obte mAs et ore pey0er. (256835-36) “asses for thre so ar tha as tool without iit either in . me ~_feiles ?+6) bi scma? chor a 4 84 modroc Spyéwev mAiB6s tonw oi ghtr— unc gai nokta. (25663637) : (piowos\ i the multitude of tools of + oikonomikoi SS! potitikot* z SA) piv rol for! Ti ez — S Nath olow tai snore ier, col BL . Av aiviav, Bjpov. (256837 39)" Thus, itis clear iy F 1. that there is an axsfeaguisition (126 core Mure for 5 howscholdmeneate Diconom( kot [re yobigh C8 TROY + _ politieat persons Twat the cause of this C. Unnatural art of acquisition: making wealth through trade (no limit) Chap 9 "évos 8Nho eraTiefc fv widiota KahoGo, Kal Sixgiey a76 eadeiy, yonuarionnds, Br fy oubév Boxe) THépas tive mhobTou Kai xroEwG: fv di lay Kai Thy “eo TAy, I ApxSeia | wpyitovor Bié Thy yerrviaaw: (1256840-125762) + There is anothe eae it (ktetiké) which, * most people (justly) call wealth-making art (chrématistiké)!35 + _ is the reason there is thought to be no limit to wealth (ploutos) and possessions (ktése6s) + is considered by many to be one and the same as acquisitive art because of their resem- blance ton 8 ore A ovrA 74 elonyitua ore népow Exeiune. (125703) + And while it is not the same as the one spoken of, it is not far from it either. AGiy)aias.A 808 gdoes abriv, GARG 8° umeipiag, WC xal Téxwng yiveTar pBNAOV. (1256840-1257a3) + acquisitive art [of the kind discussed above] exists through nature * _ wealth-making art does not exist through nature,!36 but rather arises through a certain + experience Qe? + techné . two uses of possessions: consumption and exchange naBeopey 88 nepL adrrc Thy doxiw Evreddey_(125705-6) + Concerning this, let us take the following as our Whessiboyecng. touy, ange EDBAN 08 dpoieng xa6! ars, GAN’ f Ger alec 8 ode Saia to npdypoTos, 125706-8) Every possession has“ two uses, both of which belong to it esasseh, but not in the same waypoy F* > perce + bneis proper to the thing Cpr-ag maha) * other is not proper to it « 6 lon inobiuares 7 UndBeors eo A ueToBAqrih 125709) B., sandals are used for + wear (hypodégsymatys —¢ Let + exchange (metabletiké, ae — ——— a —_154So this artis subordinate to a part not only ofthe household but also the polis?” 135BUT THIS WAS INTRODUCED IN THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER 136put I thought it was a part of acquisitive art om beginning)42 6repar yap imoBiyaTos xpMoEIG (1257A9-10) + These are both uses of the sandals. vie esd naive be vyioues A ais robo OmdBqua. GAN ov Tiy olxe Xero (25710) Smeone who exchanges (allattomenos) sandals for money (nomistmatos) or food (trophé) with another person who needs sandals + uses them ger se (kath aufay~y > + but not in respect oF thelr prOper use i od yap &Mayac tvexey yéyove. 1257019) + For sandals do not come to be for the sake of exchange (allagé). , ‘The same “ase concerning other possessions as well. peTaBAqtieh mévrey, (1257a14-15) + ~teasbacthere is an trek art (metablétiké)'37 for everything apEapévg 7H fED)mparov ee 78 Kars pdows Tideian 78 Bé CATT Tay ieovv Iya ois Bonga 25705°17 + Itarises in the first place Bah imething that is according to nature: the fact that humangehins have either more things than adequate or fewer.138 (8 ai Bfhov B11 ove for! gioe! TAG ypnparioning 4 xaiqhue (1257a7-18) + Thus itis also clear that trade art (kapétiké}!99 does not belong through nature to wealth-making ) att (chrématiské), 40 Boov yap ikavev aioig, avay- Fye_Aaiov fv mowobas Thy éARayAv).(1257018-19) YESEBM. it was necessary to make an exchange (allagén) adequate for them. tv pav oby 14 mp, (robte totiv olxia) eavepdv é oS8iv tori tpyov l GAN’ AB MeiSveav Th ‘tong, (1257a19-2) a then that isl testa st ready become > yep % kxowesvouy névriev, of BE KeXwplopévor NOAGY order to obtain what was We 6 néAw xai éTépwv dv Kara Tag Serjaeic AvayKaiov tro1ei ol kig = o8ar Tag peTASdoEiG. KaGdTEp ET! TOAAG TOW! Kal Ta por Koinonia. BopBepici (rcv, cave iy ebdayiy. (57a21 25) iwever, andit was necessary to make transfers ofthese through exchange (llagen according to their needs, as many barbarian ethné still do. _ s many bao aura yap 7 XphoIVa pds aiTé KavONAsTTovTaN, eri Agov 8 oU8Ev. lov clvey mpac citov Si8évrec kai AapBavovrec, kai TOV 137parter in particular or exchange more generally? The former, I thought. 138supply and demand > 139salesmanship? art of retail trade? Lord: art of commerce. Should this be ‘barter’? 140but in a couple of pages Aristotle says that trade is another kind of wealth-making art.43 Aww Tay ToIOGTeV kxaoToV. (1257825-28) + For they exchange (katllattonti) useful things for one another and nothing besidesye.g., + giving wine and taking grain + simi] other such things — (piv siyproiairn peroBan- Te naps puoi olite yonpaTiotixic totiv eTBog obBEV YT) Geis bvamnfowow yap vic xare stay oizansting fy) (125702820) oF rt of ex ot me s kind of wealth- roy tairag. byéver kasivg tat Mbvov,f1257220-3) + However, the latter [wealth-making art] a3 fa mit (rade “1 reasonably(er@egh (kata Togon). sevmortoas vip oe eventing Tac Boning 79 iodo isbecig cot aes a dendumev dv émresvalov, €E Sudiyens 4 708 voployeroc éro- FFA pictn xprjaic. (1257031-34) +" Ywason! as the assistance of foreigners became greater in + importing what they were in need of + _ exporting what was in surplus, the use of money was necessarily devised. 08 yap eUBaTacrov éxaoTov Tay Kara guoW avayraiay: (1257034-35) + Forthe ing ton i 818 mpeg Tic BAAayic ToWoGTv Ti ouvdBevTo pc agiic adroic 6166v01 ral NayBavery. 8 TOV xpnoibaav aibvd Bv eye vay xpriov edperoxeipiovoy mpc 18 Cay. clov aBqp0¢ Kal tipyupos xv ci 11 TroUrov Erepow, (125763538) + Hence with a view to exchanges (allagas) they made compacts (syethento) with one another to give and accept something which was itself one of the useful things (chrésimén) and could be used flexibly to suit the needs of life, such as iron Hirer ‘whatever else might be of this sort 75 pa mp Tov &thac épiodiv peyéber xa oToUD. 78 Bé Teheura‘ov rai xepaeripa émPonddvrov. iva &mohion Te perpA ora avrov. (12570641) + At first this was something [with its value] determined simply by size and weight, but even- tually they impressed a mark on it in order to be relieved of having to measure it 8 yp yopaxtap &ré6n 00 9008 anpeiev. (257641) + The mark being put on as an indication of the amount pioBévTo¢ oby Abn vouiopaTos ée Tic Avayxaing &dAayAC Bérepov tbo Tig ypqwaTiorucig éyévevo. 76 xannedv.(1257eAl-B2) + Once a supply of money came into being as a result of such necessary exchange (allagés), then, the other Kind of wealth-making art (chrématistiké)arose—thatis, trade (to kapélikor) 41 SSS + at first: oe existed in a simplelfasisem tra BF guneipiag A8q 3) 41a couple of pages earlier he said the opposite44 TexyKsirepoy, moby ea ng peraBaNAdyevoy metosgy rroifjaei xépBoc. (125783'5) are + later: through experience it became morewrmnattes.Bf art (technikéteron}—[the art of discerning] what and how to exchange to make the greatest profit (ked’os) Bid Borel 4 xpnpaTionich wédiora Mepi 73 véprayea eva xai fpyov atic 76 BivaoBar Bwpijoar né- Oxy Forex mi}80« xpnpsrev:(1257B5-7) + _ Itis on this account that wealth-making art is held to be particularly connected with money (nomisma), and to have as its ergon the ability to discern what will provide a given amount [oft] rrointi yép tori Modtou ai xpnparav. (1257B7-8) acpi + Forit is held to be productive (poiétiké) of wealth (ploutos) andes (chrématos) xai(yp ov MAotTov moAAgKg 716001 vo vioparToc mABos, Bia 7 nepi TodT’ elvan Tay xeNvaTIOTIKAY al Ty KannhveGx )95788-I0) Fike they often define: SE Fron) as a given amount of money, since this is what wealth- Imaking art or trade art is connected with. 6rd BE m&dW AApos elvar BoKei 73 wépiopa Kai vépog navTémact, @uoe 8 oU8kv. B11 pera Bepévav re TOV ypwopevev OvBevée BEIov OUBE erowov Mpdg OUBEY Tay dvayxaiiey gor, (125781013) + At other times, however, money seems to be something nonsensical and {to exist] altogether [by] convention (nomes), and in no way by nature, because when changed by its users itis worth nothing and is not useful with a view to any of the necessary things. Kai vopiopatos MouTév Mohks- nig émopfoes Tig dvayeaiag tpo@ric: (1257813-14) * And itwill often happen that one who is wealthy in money will go in want of necessary food. Kaito! &tonoy To\odTov iva mobrov of eomopay Mus émodeiran, xaBmep «ai Tov Mibav éxcivov wuBoRoyot 818 Tay SmAnoTiay Tic eOyic navtav adT® yiyvonivey Tay nepaTiBepévey xpuoav. (1257B4-17) + Yet it would be absurd if wealth were something one could have in abundance and die of starvation—like the Midas of the fable, when everything set before him turned into gold on account of the greediness of his prayer. Be Unrotow trepéy 1 Téy modrov Kal FAV XoquaTIOTiRAy, bp8Kg Untobvrec. (1257817-19) + Hence they seek another [defnition] of wealth (fouts) ind wealth-makng art (chrématistt) and correctly so. for! yap érépa 4 xpqpationixd kai & modroc 6 core dow, eal alira pv oicovopieg, A B€ xara oir) xonuiTav of Mévte, GARG B13 XoNBETOY HeTO™ Boni. (1257819-22) (mera ds, ai Boxe’ nepi 78 vépiopa ati elvar (rb {SE voyiaya GTOXETOY Kai Tepac Tig @kNayAe eo v. (1257822-29) * Andis held to be connected with money, see money isthe mediym (tojceion) and ‘get (peras) of exchange (alagés) Cay poy hina t- 05 Bf obec 6 modroc, 8 amd Tadta¢ Tic ypNWATIOTHRAC. (1257B23-24) Vv (avae