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Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni Vin in T Vin Thng

Bi Tp Ln THNG TIN QUANG H thng WDM v DWDM

SV : Nguyn ng Mnh

20071909

Nguyn Cnh Thng 20072848

H ni 10/2011
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Ni dung
1. 2. M u .................................................................................................................................................. 3 MNG WDM ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Tng quan ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Mt vi khi nim v c im v h thng WDM. ............................................................. 4 S pht trin ca cc h thng WDM c th chia lm ba giai on ..................................... 5 B u cui ng quang (OLT: Optical Line Terminal): ................................................... 7 B khuch i ng quang (OLA) ...................................................................................... 8 B thm bt quang (OADM) ................................................................................................ 9 B kt ni cho quang (OXC)............................................................................................. 10 Yu cu i vi OXC:......................................................................................................... 11 Cc cu hnh cho OXC........................................................................................................ 12 Cu hnh OXC ton quang .................................................................................................. 15

2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2

Cc phn t mng WDM .............................................................................................................. 7

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3

Cc cu hnh kt ni ca b kt ni cho quang OXC vi cc thnh phn mng....................... 11

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.2 3

Mng DWDM ..................................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Tng quan h thng DWDM ...................................................................................................... 19 S pht trin cng ngh DWDM ........................................................................................ 20 Chc nng h thng ............................................................................................................ 21 Cng ngh ng dng: .......................................................................................................... 22

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 4.

Thnh phn mng DWDM .......................................................................................................... 26

Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................................................. 29

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1. M u Th k 21 l th k ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng. S bng n ca cc loi hnh dch v thng tin, c bit l s pht trin nhanh chng ca mng Internet lm gia tng khng ngng nhu cu v dung lng mng. iu ny i hi phi xy dng v pht trin cc mng quang mi dung lng cao. Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang (DWDM) l mt gii php hon ho cho php tn dng hu hiu bng thng rng ln ca si quang, nng cao r rt dung lng truyn dn ng thi h gi thnh sn phm. S pht trin ca h thng WDM cng vi cng ngh chuyn mch quang s to nn mt mng thng tin th h mi, l mng thng tin quang trong sut.

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2. MNG WDM
2.1 Tng quan

2.1.1 Mt vi khi nim v c im v h thng WDM. WDM: Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength Devision Multiplexing) L cng ngh trong mt si quang ng thi truyn dn nhiu bc sng tn hiu quang. u pht, nhiu tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau c t hp li (ghp knh) truyn i trn mt si quang. u thu, tn hiu t hp c phn gii ra (tch knh), khi phc li tn hiu gc ri a vo cc u cui khc nhau. S chc nng:

u im ca cng ngh WDM: - Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng s bc sng c ghp vo truyn trn mt si quang. - Tnh trong sut: Do cng ngh WDM thuc kin trc lp mng vt l nn n c th h tr cc nh dng s liu v thoi nh: ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, ESCON, chuyn mch knh, IP ... - Kh nng m rng: Nhng tin b trong cng ngh WDM ha hn tng bng thng truyn trn si quang ln n hng Tbps, p ng nhu cu m rng mng nhiu cp khc nhau. - Hin ti, ch c duy nht cng ngh WDM l cho php xy dng m hnh mng truyn ti quang OTN (Optical Transport Network) gip truyn ti trong sut nhiu loi hnh dch v, qun l mng hiu qu, nh tuyn linh ng ...

Nhc im ca cng ngh WDM: - Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang (ch mi tn dng c bng C v bng L). - Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln.
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Nu h thng si quang ang s dng l si DSF theo chun G.653 th rt kh trin khai WDM v xut hin hin tng trn bn bc sng kh gay gt.

2.1.2 S pht trin ca cc h thng WDM c th chia lm ba giai on - H thng WDM th h 1: H thng WDM im-im vi cc trm thm/r trn tuyn phi s dng cc thit b MUX/DEMUX tch/ghp tt c cc bc sng. H thng WDM th h 2: H thng WDM im-a im vi cc trm thm/r trn tuyn l cc OADM cho php tch trc tip bc sng cn thm/r. H thng WDM th h 3: Mng quang WDM hon ton vi cc thit b chuyn mch v nh tuyn bc sng

Hnh 1.1. Mt h thng mng bao gm mng quang WDM

Vi mng nh tuyn bc sng: mng cung cp cc ng quang (lightpaths) ti ngi s dng l cc u cui SDH (SONET) hay cc router IP. Trong mng nh tuyn bc sng, ti cc nt trung gian, cc ng quang c nh tuyn v chuyn mch t mt
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mt ng (link) n mt ng khc. C th xy ra trng hp bin i bc sng trong trng hp ny. Cc phn t ch cht cho lin kt mng quang l b kt cui ng dy quang (OLT), b ghp knh thm/bt quang (OADM) v b kt ni cho quang (OXC: optical crossconnect).

Hnh 1.2. Mt mng li (mesh) nh tuyn theo bc sng Kin trc mng phi p ng c cc yu cu: Ti s dng bc sng: nhiu ng quang (lightpath) khc nhau trong mng khng trng vi nhau c th cng s dng mt bc sng. Kh nng ti s dng bc sng gip cho s lng ng quang trong mng c th trin khai nhiu ch vi s lng bc sng gii hn v bng thng ca thit b WDM hin ti cn hn ch. Chuyn i bc sng: mt ng quang khi c nh tuyn trong mng c th dng nhiu bc sng khc nhau truyn tn hiu. Kh nng chuyn i bc sng cho php mng quang truyn ti linh hot do hiu qu s dng bc sng cao. Hn na, chuyn i bc sng cn phi thc hin ti cc giao tip pha mng khch hng chuyn i thnh tn hiu bc sng chun WDM sang tn hiu bc sng ca mng lp khch hng. Trong sut: c ngha l kin trc mng phi c kh nng truyn ti cc tn hiu khch hng vi nhiu tc bit, giao thc khc nhau . Chuyn mch knh: i vi lp knh quang, c ch thit lp v xo b ng quang tng t nh chuyn mch knh. Tuy rng qua thc t, qu trnh tn ti ng quang gia hai im nt mng c th trong thi gian kh di: vi thng hoc vi nm. C ch chuyn mch gi i vi lp knh quang hin ti vn cha c pht trin do p ng chm v kh nng cha linh hot ca cc thit b hot ng trong lp knh quang.
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Chuyn mch gi c th c p dng mng lp trn, mng lp khch hng nh IP, ATM ..., trong khi ng quang vn gi nguyn trng thi thit lp. Kh nng tn ti khi mng gp s c (Surviability): mng phi c cu hnh sao cho khi 1 kt ni ng dy quang gp s c, ng quang vn phi c duy tr bng cch nh tuyn li. M hnh ng quang: m hnh ng quang l th cc im nt mng, vi cc giao tip vi lp mng khch hng (edge) ti mi nt. Nh vy m hnh ng quang c s dng bi lp mng khch hng (lp trn) v c thit k sao cho p ng nhu cu truyn ti thng tin ca lp mng khch hng.

2.2

Cc phn t mng WDM

2.2.1 B u cui ng quang (OLT: Optical Line Terminal):

B u cui ng quang l thit b kh n gin trong mng truyn dn WDM. OLT c trong cc m hnh mng im-im, thc hin ghp tn hiu u pht v truyn i trn si quang, gii ghp u thu v chuyn cc tn hiu thnh phn n pha u cui khch hng. Nh minh ha trn hnh, OLT gm c ba khi chc nng chnh: chuyn i tn hiu (Transponder), ghp bc sng (Wavelength Multiplexer) v khuch i quang (Optical Amplifier) (ty chn).

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Transponder

IP router
Non ITU

O/E/O
E/O/E

ITU 1 ITU 2

MUX/DEMUX

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1 2 3 MUX

SONET SONET

ITU 3

OSC

Laser

OLT

Receiver

OSC

Hnh 1.3. S khi ca mt b u cui ng quang (OLT) B chuyn i tn hiu chuyn i tn hiu n t ngi s dng thnh tn hiu ph hp cho vic truyn dn trn cc tuyn WDM v ngc li. Cc b chuyn tip s khng cn thit nu thit b khch hng c th truyn v nhn trc tip cc tn hiu tng thch vi tuyn WDM. OLT cng c kh nng kt cui mt knh gim st quang ring l (OSC) dng trn tuyn quang. B chuyn i tn hiu thc hin chuyn tn hiu n t mng khch hng vi nhng tc , bc sng v giao thc khc nhau sang thnh tn hiu thuc bc sng chun theo qui nh ca ITU-T. Vi nhng tn hiu khch hng khc nhau, b chuyn i cung cp cc giao tip khc nhau. Giao tip ny gi l giao tip khch hng. B ghp bc sng ghp cc tn hiu qua b chuyn i hnh thnh tn hiu WDM, truyn trn mng WDM. Mng WDM c th s dng cc b khuch i quang khuch i tn hiu cho php truyn i xa hn.

2.2.2 B khuch i ng quang (OLA)

Cc b khuch i ng quang OLA (Optical Line Amplifier) c dng gia cc lin kt quang vi nhng khong cch bng nhau (trn thc t c th khong cch t cc OLA khng bng nhau nhng phi nh hn mt gi tr khong cch nht nh, thng l khong 100-200 km). Trn hnh l s khi ca OLA, thnh phn c bn mt hoc nhiu khi li l si EDF mc ni tip vi nhau, gia cc chng li c th l b b tn sc (dispersion compensasor) b tn sc tch lu dc theo tuyn quang.

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Hnh 1.4. S khi ca b khuch i ng quang ph bin

2.2.3 B thm bt quang (OADM)

B ghp thm/bt quang OADM (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) thng c dng trong cc mng quang th v mng quang ng di v n cho hiu qu kinh t cao, c bit i vi cu hnh mng tuyn tnh, cu hnh mng vng (Ring). Chc nng ca b ghp thm/bt quang l n c cu hnh thm/bt mt s knh bc sng, cc knh bc sng cn li c cu hnh cho i xuyn qua (pass through). Ta xt mt mng gm c ba trm ni chui vi nhau, thng c gi l cu hnh tuyn tnh (hnh ). Gi s cc lin kt v kt ni u l song cng, cc nt mng c ni vi nhau bi hai si quang, mi si truyn theo mt chiu. Gi s kt ni A v B dng mt bc sng cho chiu truyn i v v, kt ni B v C dng mt bc sng, kt ni A v C dng 3 bc sng. Nh vy, lin kt A-B v B-C u dng 4 bc sng. Nu mng ch dng b OLT, khi cn phi dng 4 OLT vi s b chuyn i bc sng l 16. Trong khi
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nu trin khai dng OADM ti site B vi cu hnh thch hp cho bt knh bc sng thuc kt ni A v B, cho thm knh bc sng thuc kt ni B v C, cho i xuyn qua knh bc sng thuc kt ni A v C, ta c th tit kim s nt mng s dng ch cn l 3 (2 OLT+1 OADM) v s b chuyn i tn hiu dng by gi ch cn l 8. Hai cu hnh ng vi trng hp (a) v (b) trong hnh.Trn thc t, s bc sng cn thm/bt ti nt mng thng rt nh so vi s lng bc sng c truyn trn si quang nn hiu qu ng dng OADM vo mng s l rt ln. Tuy nhin, ta cng thy rng nu khong cch t trm A n trm C nh, ta c th ni trc tip kt ni gia A v C m khng cn qua trung gian l trm B. Khi , hiu qu ca ng dng OADM khng cn ln na. Trong trng hp cc trm c khong cch tng i nh (mng th) th cu hnh mng Mesh dng OXC lm phn t c bn l cu hnh ti u nht.

2.2.4 B kt ni cho quang (OXC)

i vi cc m hnh mng n gin nh m hnh mng tuyn tnh hoc m hnh mng vng (Ring), OADM l s la chn ti u xt v kha cnh kinh t, cng ngh ch to v kh nng p ng yu cu ca mng. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai khi yu cu v kh nng
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linh ng trong vic cung ng dch v, ng thi cc dch v a phng tin i hi phi p ng c s tng bng thng t bin th cc m hnh mng hin ti khng p ng c. Khi , cn phi trin khai mng mt li (mesh), vi phn t trung tm l cc b kt ni cho quang OXC (Optical Cross Connect)

Hnh 1.5. Mt mng dng OXC. OXC nm gia thit b ngi s dng ca lp quang v cc OLT lp quang Mc d OXC thc hin kt ni cho i vi cc tn hiu u vo l tn hiu quang, phn li ca OXC c th l in hoc l ton quang ty thuc vo cu hnh do nh sn xut qui nh. M hnh ca mt OXC c cho nh trn hnh 1.57. Nh trn hnh 1.57, tn hiu quang y phi c hiu l tt c cc nh dng tn hiu khc nhau, c th l cc nh dng tn hiu thuc lp khch hng ch khng thun tu l cc tn hiu bc sng chun ca WDM c ITU-T qui nh.

2.3

Cc cu hnh kt ni ca b kt ni cho quang OXC vi cc thnh phn mng

2.3.1 Yu cu i vi OXC: Mt OXC thng phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn nh sau: Cung cp dch v: OXC phi h tr kh nng cung cp cc ng quang trong mng mt cch t ng m khng cn s can thip ca nh qun l h thng, chng hn nh kh nng p ng thm knh bc sng nu nhu cu bng thng tng ln... Bo v: bo v ng quang i vi cc s c t cp hoc s c nt mng l mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng i vi cc b OXC. Trong sut i vi tc truyn dn bit: l kh nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu c tc bit v nh dng khung truyn khc nhau.

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Gim st cht lng truyn dn: cho php kh nng trch tn hiu i n qua mt cng khc thc hin chc nng o c, xc nh v gim st cht lng truyn dn. Chuyn i bc sng: bc sng u vo i, chuyn mch n u ra j c th cng c chuyn i thnh bc sng khc. Ghp v nhm tn hiu (Multiplexing and Grooming): cho php hot ng vi cc tn hiu khch hng c tc bit khng tng ng vi tc bit ca tn hiu truyn trong lp knh quang.

2.3.2 Cc cu hnh cho OXC Mt b OXC c th phn lm hai phn: phn li chuyn mch v phn cng giao din. Phn li thc hin cc chc nng kt ni cho quang trong khi phn cng giao din thc hin giao tip vi tn hiu khch hng. Ch rng thng thng th cng giao din l cc card cha cc b chuyn i quang-in-quang, hoc b chuyn i quang-in, tuy nhin i vi cu hnh phn li chuyn mch l ton quang th phn li c ni trc tip vi cc b MUX/DEMUX ca cc OLT hoc OADM m khng cn qua b chuyn i quang-in-quang phn giao din.Cc cu hnh cho OXC c cho nh trn hnh 1.6. Cc cu hnh trn phn bit nhau im bn cht chuyn mch quang hay in, c s dng cc b chuyn i quang-in-quang hay khng v cch kt ni vi cc thit b xung quanh. So snh gia cc cu hnh c cho nh trong bng 1.4.

Li chuyn mch in Li chuyn mch in thc hin chuyn mch cc tn hiu in. N c th thc hin nhm cc lung lu lng c tc bit nh li thnh lung lu lng c tc bit l tc bit truyn trn knh bc sng thuc lp knh quang. Li chuyn mch in thng c thit k vi tng lu lng m n c th x l. Chng hn nh tng lu lng c th x l ca mt li chuyn mch in l 1.28 Tbps, khi , n c th thc hin chuyn mch ti 512 lung STM-16 hoc 128 lung STM-64. Do linh kin hot ng vi tn hiu in ph thuc vo tc bit nn v lu di, khi tc bit cao th cc OXC dng li chuyn mch in s mc hn do cc linh kin in t hot ng vi tc cng cao cng kh ch to. Tuy nhin, do hot ng da trn cc tn hiu in, li chuyn mch in cho kh nng gim st cht lng tn hiu tt thng qua ch s BER, kch hot chuyn mch bo v khi cht lng truyn dn khng m bo. Cu hnh OXC dng li chuyn mch in minh ha trn hnh 1.6(a).

Li chuyn mch quang

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Khc vi li chuyn mch in, li chuyn mch quang thc hin chc nng kt ni cho cc tn hiu quang. Do , li chuyn mch quang trong sut vi tc bit truyn dn, cung cp kh nng m rng cho nhu cu tng tc truyn dn trong tng lai. Tuy nhin, ngoi tr cu hnh trn hnh 1.6(b) th kh nng gim st cht lng truyn dn ca OXC khi dng li chuyn mch quang khng tt bng li chuyn mch in do ch c kh nng gim st thng qua cng sut quang o c u vo. Cc cu hnh OXC trn hnh 1.6(b), (c), (d) u dng li chuyn mch quang. C ba cu hnh khc nhau ch n kt ni vi cc thit b quanh n (thng l OLT hoc OADM). Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh 1.6(b) kt ni vi cc OLT thng qua b chuyn i tn hiu quang-in-quang vi giao din pha knh quang cho php khong cch gia OXC v OLT l ngn hoc cc ngn. Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh 1.6(c) th khng dng cc b chuyn i tn hiu quang-in-quang m tn dng b chuyn i ny cc OLT. Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh 1.6(d) khng dng bt c b chuyn i tn hiu no trong kt ni gia OXC v cc OLT. Cu hnh ny mang tnh kinh t nht nhng trong iu kin hin ti l khng thc t v nh cung cp dch v truyn dn c th mua thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau, d dn n vn khng tng thch bc sng hot ng.

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Hnh 1.6 Cc kiu trin khai OXC khc nhau. (a) Li chuyn mch in. (b) Lichuyn mch quang bao quanh bi b chuyn i O/E/O. (c) Li chuyn mch quang ni trc tip n cc b chuyn i tn hiu trong thit b WDM; (d) Li chuyn mch quang ni trc tip n b ghp knh/phn knh bn trong OLT. Ch mt OLT c v mi pha trn hnh, thc t mt OXC c th kt ni n nhiu OLT Hnh 1.6(a) cho thy mt OXC bao gm mt li chuyn mch in bao quanh chuyn i O/E. OXC vn hnh c vi OLTs qua giao din tip cn ngn (SR) hoc tip cn rt ngn (VSR). OLT c b thu chuyn i tn hiu ny vo cc bc sng WDM thch hp. Ngoi ra, cc OXC chnh n c th c cc laser bc sng nht nh hot ng vi OLTs m khng i hi phi c b thu gia chng. Hnh 1.6(b) - (d) cho thy OXCs vi mt li chuyn mch quang. S khc bit gia cc con s nm trong cch chng tng thch vi cc thit b WDM. TrongHnh 1.6(b), s tng thch c thc hin trong mt phng thc tng t nh trong hnh 1.6(a)- thng qua vic s dng cc chuyn i O/E/O vi giao din quang tip cn ngn hoc rt ngn gia cc OXC v OLT. Trong hnh 1.6(c), khng c chuyn i O/E/O v cc giao din trc tip li chuyn mch quang vi cc transponder trong OLT. Hnh 1.6(d) cho thy mt kch bn khc khi khng c b transponder trong OLT v cc bc sng trong si c trc tip chuyn mch bi li chuyn mch quang trong OXC sau khi c ghp/tch knh. Cc chi ph, nng lng, v din tch nt tng th ci thin khi ta i t hnh 1.6(b) ti hnh 1.6(d). Cc ty chn li in thng s dng cng sut cao hn v chim din tch hn so vi cc ty chn quang, nhng chi ph tng i ph thuc vo cc sn phm c gi khc nhau th no, cng nh tc bit hot ng trn mi cng. OXCs trong hnh 1.6(a) v (b) c hai u c quyn truy cp vo cc tn hiu trong min in v do c th thc hin gim st hiu nng m rng (xc nh tn hiu v o t l li bit). o lng t l bit li c th cng c s dng kch hot chuyn mch bo v. Hn na, chng c th bo hiu cc thnh phn mng khc bng cch s dng cc knh trong bng nhng vo trong cc dng d liu. OXCs trong hnh 1.6(c) v (d) khng c kh nng xem xt tn hiu, v do chng khng th thc hin gim st hiu nng tn hiu m rng. Chng khng th, v d, gi chuyn mch bo v da trn gim st t l li bit, nhng thay vo chng c th s dng o lng cng sut quang nh mt kch hot. Nhng crossconnects ny cn mt knh bo hiu ngoi bng trao i thng tin iu khin vi cc phn t mng khc. Vi cu hnh
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ca hnh 1.6(c), thit b km theo cn phi c giao din quang c th i ph vi s mt mt to bi chuyn mch quang. Cc giao din ny cng cn phi l cc giao din si n mode v l nhng g hu ht cc chuyn mch quang hc c thit k x l. Ngoi ra, giao din ni tip (mt si i) c a thch hn l cc giao din song song (nhiu cp si), mi cp si tiu th mt cng trn chuyn mch quang. Cu hnh ton quang ca Hnh 1.6(d) cung cp mt mng ton quang thc s. Tuy nhin, nhim v thit k mt lp vt l phc tp hn khi tn hiu c lu gi trong min quang tt c cc ng t ngun ca chng ch ca chng, c chuyn mch quang hc ti cc nt trung gian. Vi k thut lin kt phc tp v thng l cung cp c quyn, khng d dng c OXC ca mt nh cung cp tng thch vi OLT ca nh cung cp khc trong cu hnh ny. Cng lu rng cc cu hnh ca hnh 1.6(b), (c), v (d) tt c c th c kt hp trong mt OXC. Ta c th c mt s cng c O/E/O, nhng ci khc kt ni n cc OLT vi cc O/E/O, v vn cn nhng ci khc kt ni vi cc OLT m khng c bt k O/E/O no. C th tch hp cc h thng OXC v OLT li vi nhau thnh mt phn ca thit b. Lm nh vy cung cp mt s li ch ng k. N gip loi b s cn thit O/E/O d trong nhiu phn t mng, cho php gn kt cht ch gia hai ci h tr bo v hiu qu, v lm d hn bo hiu gia nhiu OXC trong mt mng, bng cch s dng cc knh gim st quang c sn trong cc OLT. V d, trong hnh 1.6(a), chng ta c th c giao din WDM trc tip trn crossconnect v loi b cc giao din tip cn ngn intraoffice. Ta s di chuyn t cu hnh trong hnh 1.6(b) n cu hnh trong hnh 1.6(c). Vic tch hp ny cng c nhc im l lm cho n thnh mt gii php nh cung cp duy nht. Cc nh cung cp dch v sau phi mua tt c cc thit b WDM ca h, bao gm c cc OLT v Cc OXC, t cng mt nh cung cp c c s n gin ha ny. Cc nh cung cp dch v thch xy dng mng li ca h bng cch kt hp v phi hp thit b "tt nht trong lp" t nhiu nh cung cp. Hn na, gii php ny khng gii quyt c vn i ph vi cc tnh hung k tha ni cc OLT c trin khai v cc OXC phi c thm vo sau .

2.3.2 Cu hnh OXC ton quang Trong phn ny ta s xt chi tit cc cu hnh ton quang ca OXC do c tnh kinh t cao so vi tt c cc cu hnh khc. i vi cu hnh ton quang OXC m ta xt trong hnh 1.6(d), ta thy n c cc yu im l: khng c kh nng nhm tn hiu tc thp, khng c kh nng chuyn i bc sng v khng c kh nng ti to tn hiu do hot ng
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hon ton c lp vi lp in. khc phc cc vn trn, ta thm vo cu hnh OXC li chuyn mch in. Li chuyn mch in ny thc hin chc nng hon ton ging nh trong cu hnh OXC trn hnh 1.6(a) m ta xt. Nh vy, va m bo tnh kinh t khi phn ln cc tn hiu bc sng c li chuyn mch quang thc hin chuyn mch, va m bo gii quyt cc nhc im ca cu hnh ton quang xt trn vi mt phn nh knh bc sng yu cu thc hin cc tc v thm (chuyn i bc sng chng hn). ch to mt phn li chuyn mch quang dung lng ln hin nay thc hin cn nhiu kh khn. Nn cu hnh ton quang OXC nh trn hnh 1.7 tuy n gin v mt m hnh nhng li rt phc tp trong cng ngh ch to c li chuyn mch quang. Gi s trn thc t OXC c ni vi 8 OLT, mi OLT truyn trn si quang 32 knh bc sng. Nh vy, vi m hnh a ra cn phi ch to c li chuyn mch quang dung lng 256 x 256 mi p ng yu cu phc v mng. Trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti iu ny l ht sc kh khn. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta a ra khi nim mt phng bc sng.

Hnh 1.7. Mt nt mng ton quang thc s kt hp b kt ni cho li quang v b kt ni cho li in. Tn hiu c chuyn mch dng quang nhng c chuyn xung dng in khi chng cn nhm li, ti to hoc chuyn i t mt bc sng ny n mt bc sng khc.

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Mt phng bc sng gm cc phn t c bn l cc b chuyn mch vi dung lng trung bnh, mi b chuyn mch ch chu trch nhim chuyn mch mt bc sng. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt phng bc sng c cho nh trn hnh 1.8. Mt phng bc sng c cu to sao cho cc tn hiu WDM trn si quang c i qua chng 1 l cc b DEMUX, tch thnh cc bc sng ring bit nhau. Sau , cc knh tn hiu cng bc sng c a n cc cng u vo ca mt b chuyn mch no . B chuyn mch ny chuyn mch tn hiu t cng ny n cng kia m khng quan tm n vic chuyn i bc sng. Chc nng chuyn i bc sng khng thuc mt phng pha. Tip theo, u ra ca mt b chuyn mch c a n cc b MUX ghp tn hiu vo si quang truyn i.

Hnh 1.8. Mt OXC mt phng bc sng li quang, bao gm mt mt phng cc b chuyn mch quang, mi b cho mt bc sng. Vi F si quang v W bc sng trn mi si quang, nu mun linh hot tch v ghp bc sng bt k, mi b chuyn mch cn c kch thc 2Fx2F Nh vy, nu cng trong cng mt iu kin OXC c ni vi 8 OLT, mi OLT truyn trn si quang 32 knh bc sng th ta phi dng 32 phn t chuyn mch dung lng 8 x 8; 8 b MUX v 8 b DEMUX. R rng gim dung lng ca b chuyn mch i nhiu ln, ph hp vi kh nng ch to trong iu kin hin ti hn. Tng qut nu s dng F OLT (tng ng vi F si quang) vi W bc sng trn mi si quang th cn c W (2Fx2F) b chuyn mch mt bc sng.

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Phng php mt phng bc sng cung cp gii php kinh t hn so vi vic s dng cc b chuyn mch quang khng nghn kch thc ln. Tuy nhin, trn, ta khng xem xt cch ti u ho s lng cc kt cui thm/bt (l cc b chuyn i tn hiu hoc giao din O/E trn cc li chuyn mch in). C hai hnh 1.7 v 1.8 u gi s rng c s cng kt cui tt c WF tn hiu. iu ny hu nh khng c, trn trn thc t ch c mt phn lu lng cn c tch, v cc b kt cui rt tn km. Hn na, nu chng ta thc s cn WF kt cui trn mi chuyn mch in, cu hnh tt nht l dng cu hnh li in hnh 1.48 (a) khng c cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng. Nu c tng cng T kt cui, tt c u c laser iu chnh c, v chng ta mun tch bt k tn hiu no trong WF tn hiu, th cn mt b chuyn mch quang TxWF gia cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng v cc b kt cui, nh trn hnh 1.61. Ngc li, vi b chuyn mch khng nghn ln, chng ta c th kt ni n gin T kt cui vi T cng ca chuyn mch ny, kt qu l c mt b chuyn mch (WF+T) x (WF+T). Do trong vi trng hp phng php mt phng bc sng khng c ng dng.

Hnh 1.9. Gii quyt vn kt cui thm/bt trong phng php mt phng bc sng. Cn c thm mt b chuyn mch quang gia cc b chuyn i tn hiu iu chnh c v cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng. y, T l b pht iu chnh c trn mt pha ca mng WDM, v R l b thu. Tm li, phng php mt phng bc sng cn tnh n s lng si, phn lu lng thm/bt , s lng kt cui, v kh nng iu chnh ca chng nh l cc tham s ring bit trong thit k. Vi b chuyn mch kch thc ln, chng ta c th phn chia cc cng mt cch linh hot tnh s thay i ca tt c cc thng s ny. Hin nay c OXC li
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in v li quang u c thng mi ho. OXC li in vi tng dung lng ln n vi Tb/s, kh nng nhm n cc lung STS-1 (51Mb/s), c sn xut. OXC li quang vi trn 1000 cng v OXC mt phng bc snag cng sp c tung ra th trng. 3 Mng DWDM 3.3 Tng quan h thng DWDM

DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex) cng ngh ghp knh theo bc song mt cao. Cng ngh DWDM l mt trong nhng cng ngh quan trng nht trong s pht trin cng ngh truyn tn hiu si quang. DWDM thc hin ghp knh theo bc sng vi mt rt cao, c khi ln ti hng nghn knh, vi cung cp dung lng rt ln. Khi m cc dch v v truyn d liu, ti phim nh, m nhc, tr chi ngy cng pht trin, th vic trin khai DWDM ni chung l rt cn thit m bo vic cung cp di thng cng nh tc cho vic truyn dn ny. DWDM hin nay thng c dng cho mng back bone nh h thng cp quang bin hay h thng xuyn lc a, tuy nhin, cng c th cung cp trong phm vi mt nc hay mt khu vc do chi ph trong vic trin khai rt cao. Khong cch ko dng b lp hay b khuch i ln n vi nghn km. u im: - Tc truyn cao, DWDM cho php dung lng si tn hiu quang ln n 400Gb/s, suy hao thp khong cch truyn xa, thng c s dng lm mng backbone - a giao thc: giao thc DWDM khng ph thuc n tc truyn d liu, v th cc giao thc IP, ATM, SONET/SDH c th truyn vi tc t 100Mbps n 2.5Gbps - DWDM c th truyn nhiu dng tn hiu khc nhau trn cng mt knh Nhc im: - Gi thnh t, chi ph lp t trin khai t hn so vi mng WDM c.
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Chc nng ca h thng DWDM ng nh chc nng ca n, DWDM bao gm 1 s cc chc nng lp vt l. 3.3.1 S pht trin cng ngh DWDM Cng ngh WDM bt u bng n vo cui nhng nm 1980 bng cch s dng 2 bc sng c khong cch tn s ln bng 1310 v 1550nm ( hoc 8500nm v 1310nm), cn gi l WDM bng rng. Dng n gin ca cng ngh WDM vi 2 knh

1 si truyn, 1 si nhny l sp xp hiu qu nht v thy nhiu nht trong h thng DWDM u nhng nm 1990s, thi k ca h thng WDM th h 2, cn gi l Narrow WDM, chuyn t s dng 2 ln s dng 8 knh. Nhng knh ny c t cch nhau 1 khong 400GHz min 1550nm. n gia nhng nm 1990s, h thng DWDM ni ln mnh m vi s dng 16-40 knh v khong cch tn s 100 - 200 GHz. Cui nhng nm 1990 h thng DWDM pht trin ln ti mc 64-100 knh song song, mt ng gi ln n khong cch tn s 50 hay thm chi 25Ghz. Di y la biu thp ch tin trnh cng ngh tng v s bc sng bng gim khong cch bc sng.

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Cng vi mc pht trin v bc sng, cch thc cu hnh cng linh hot hn thong qua cc hm add-drop v kh nng qun l. S tng cng mt knh do ng dng cng ngh DWDM nh hng mnh m ln dung lng mang tn hiu ca s quang. Nm 1995, khi nhng h thng 10Gbps u tin c trin khai, tc d tng dung lng t 4 ln mi 4 nm ln n 4 ln mi nm.

3.3.2 Chc nng h thng Chc nng ca h thng DWDM bao gm 1 s cc chc nng lp vt l. H thng gm cc chc nng chnh sau: o To tn hiu:
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Ngun tn hiu, laser rn, pht sng n nh, bng hp mang tn hiu s c diu ch dng tn hiu tng t. o Ghp knh tn hiu: H thng DWDM trin khai ghp knh tng hp tn hiu. C nhiu su ra cc qu trnh tch v ghp knh, nhiu ny ph thuc vo s knh c truyn nhng c th c ti thiu bng cc b lc quang - s ci thin tt c cc tn hiu quang m khng cn chuyn sang tn hiu in.
o

Truyn tn hiu Di tc ng nhiu xuyn v suy hao tn hiu quang gy suy hao, tn tht do truyn tn hiu trong si quang. Gim cc suy hao ny bng iu khin cc thng s nh khong cch tn s, dung sai bc sng, cng sut pht laser. Cc tn hiu quang cn c khuch i tng khong cch truyn cng nh gim nhiu. o Phn knh tn hiu: Tch cc knh ghp tr li cc knh nh ban u, y l nhim v kh khn do phi b tr nhiu a v dng tn hiu ng nh ban u o Thu tn hiu: Tn hiu c phn knh c nhn bi thit b thu quang nh photodetector Thm na, 1 h thng DWDM cn c trang b giao din ph ngi s dng nhn tn hiu u vo. Chc nng ny c thc hin bi cc transponder. V mt DWDM s l cc giao din quang lin kt vi h thng DWDM. 3.3.3 Cng ngh ng dng: Khng ging nh cng ngh SONET/SDH, DWDM khng ch da vo vic x l d liu in, m thay vo sa dng cng ngh gn vi khuch i quang hn. u tin, WDM c kh nng mang tn hiu 2 khon bc sng cch nhau rng, v truyn trong khong cch tng i ngn. Vi trng thi thi k u , WDM cn ci thin c v cng ngh hin c v pht minh ra cng ngh mi. Vic tng cng b lc quang cng nh laser bng hp cho php DWDM kt hp nhiu hn 2 bc sng cho 1 si quang. S pht minh ra b khuch a qunag h s phng ghp cng vi si quang truyn nhm tng tn hiu quang, theo h thng DWDM c th truyn vi khong cch xa hn trc. Mt cng ngh khc quan trng khc c dng y l s ci thin c tnh s quqang vi tn hao t hn l c tnh truyn quang tt hn cng cc b EDFA, cc thit b nh li Bragg, b ghp knh add/drop. B ghp knh Add/Drop Gia 2 im tch v ghp knh trng h thng DWDM nh 2-18, c nhiu tn hiu quang a bc sng. Mong mun thm hay bt 1 vi bc sng 1 s im trn ng truyn ngy cng gia tng dn n s ra i ca thit b add/drop multiplexer (OADM). Thay v ghp v tch tt c cc bc sng cng lc, OADM c th tch nhiu bc sng cng nh thm vo cc bc sng khc. OADM l thnh phn khng th thiu trong mng li quang ton cu.
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OADM kh ging vi rt nhiu cc SONET ADM khc, ngoi tr vic n ch c th tch hoc ghp thm tn hiu quang m khng cn chuyn sang tn hiu in trung gian. V d trong hnh

C 2 loi OADM, th h u tin l cc thit b tnh m t cu hnh b 1 s cc bc sng v thm cc bc sng xc nh khc. Loi th 2 l loi c th cu hnh v kh nng la chn ng cc bc sng thm hoc loi b. Erbium - Doped Fiber Amplifier L cng ngh chnh ng ng sau kh nn truyn 1 lng ln d liu i khong cch xa ca DWDM. Cng thi im cng c rt nhiu cng ngh v thnh phn ca mng c pht trin. Erbium l 1 nguyn t rt him trn tri t, pht nh sng trong khong 1.54 um- bc sng c tn hao thp, c pha tp thm vo si quang s dng rng ri trong h thng DWDM.
Nguyn l hot ng EDFA: Nguyn l da trn hin tng pht x kch thch. B khuch i EDFA c 3 mc nng lng E1, E2, E3 tng ng vi mc nng lng y, mc gi n nh v mc kch thch. Ngun bm laser s bm tn hiu sng lin tc bc sng 980nm ( hoc 1400nm). Cc in t mc nng lng c bn hp th nng lng kch thch Ephoton = 1.27eV ( 0.081eV vi 1400nm) chuyn ln trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng cao hn E3. Trng thi ny ch tn ti trong khong thi gian ngn t32 ( xp x 1us) v chuyn sang trng thi E2. Nu khng c tn hiu kch thch, th sau khong thi gian sng T21 s sy ra hin tng bc x cm ng t mc E2 xung mc E1. Tuy nhin nu a cc tn hiu nh sng trong ph t 1530 - 1565nm vo th s sy ra hin tng pht x kch thch, hng lot in t trng thi gi n nh nhn kch thch th 2 chuyn v trng thi E1 v pht x photon tn s v tng ng vi tn s kch thch.

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Bc sng bm: c nhiu bc sng khc nhau 650, 800, 980, 1480nm, nhng trn thc t do suy hao khi to photon, nh sng s dng trong EDFA ch dng bc sng 980nm v 1480nm. Phn loi: Theo ngun nh sng bm: Bm gin tip: bc sng 980nm, h thng c 3 mc nng lng, di sng khuch i 1500 - 1600nm. Nhiu lng t gii hn 3dB Bm trc tip: bc sng 1480nm, h thng 2 mc nng lng. Nhiu lng t gii hn 4dB Bm trc tip c s dng rng di hn do tnh sn c v tin cy cao hn, c th truyn i di v nhiu ng tin cy. Trn thc t bm 980nm thng c dng lm b tin khuch i v bm 1480nm lm b khuch i cng sut. Phn loi theo chiu bm: Bm thun (forward pumping) , bm nghch (reverse pumping) v bm hai chiu (bidirectional pumping)

Bm ngc: ngun bm c bm ngc chiu vi hng truyn tn hiu

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Bm 2 chiu : s dng hai ngun bm v c theo hai chiu ngc nhau

. Nhiu EDFA Nhiu EDFA ph thuc nng Erbium, chiu di si quang, cng sut bm Pp. theo tnh ton thc nghim cho thy mc nhiu EDFA ch khong 3db khi cng sut tn hiu ng vo 1mW bc sng 1,53um. Vi mc cng sut

Trn y l s 1 EDFA n gin. 1 tn hiu yu c a vo si quang pha tp erbium, ng thi 1 tn hiu quang bc sng 980 hoc 1480 cn c bm vo bng bm laser. Tn hiu quang c bm vo s kch thch nguyn t erbium gii phng nng lng lu tr bc sng 1550nm. V qu trnh ny c th tip din trong na kia ca ca si, tn hiu s mnh hn. Vic pht x lin tc ca EDFA cng gy ra nhiu tn hiu. c im chnh ca tham s khuch i ny l h s khuch i phng v, mc nhiu, v cng sut u ra. EDFA c kh nng t khuc i 30dB oc hn vi cng sut +17dB. Cc tham s mc tiu khi la chn EDFFA l mc nhiu thp v h s lc phng. H s lc cn phng v n khuch i vi tt c bc sng ging nhau. Nhng do bn cht cng ngh EDFA ph thuc vo bc sng, nn cc EFDA hin ti thng c thm cc b lc cn bng h s. Cn yu cu nhiu thp v nhiu cng tn hiu s cng c khuch i. Vi tc ng tch ly, khng th lc tch c, t s SNR l thnh phn chnh s cc b khuch i cn ch trng, chiu di ng truyn. Thc t tn hiu c th truyn ln n 120km gia 2 b khuch i. Sau khong cch 600-1000km tn hiu phi c ti to li. Bi v cc b khuch i quang ch khuch a tn hiu khng thc hin cc chc nng khc nh to li dng, chnh ng b cng nh pht li tn hiu. EDFA c s dng di bng C v L.
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3.4 Thnh phn mng DWDM

B ghp knh u cui DWDM B ghp knh cha cc b transponder (b tch sng) chuyn i bc sng cho tng bc sng mang tn hiu. Cc transponder ny nhn tn hiu quang u vo ( v d nh t lp clienr SONET/SDH hoc cc tn hiu khc) , chuyn chng thnh cc tn hiu in , v truyn li bng laser di bng 1550nm. (1990s h thng DWDM ch c khong 4 hoc 8 transponder, nhng t nhng nm 2000 tr v y, cc h thng dwdm thng mi c th c n 128 b chuyn i tn hiu). Cc b ghp knh u cui ny cn c c b ghp knh tn hiu quang (b dn knh tn hiu quang), b ny s ghp cc tn hiu trong bng 1550nm vo 1 s cp ( SMF -28 fiber). B ghp knh u cui c th hoc khng h tr b EDFA ni b i vi tn hiu quang a bc sng. Cc b lp quang tc thi: Mi khong 80-100km li t 1 b gim suy hao cng sut quang khi truyn trn ng y. Tn hiu s c khuch i bi EDFA. u cui quang tc thi (b ADM): L phn a im khch i t xa m khuch i cc tn hiu a bc sng truyn ln n 140 km hoc hn th trc khi ti trm remote sites. Phn tch v o c tn hiu quang c thc hin ti cc site, cho php nh v (xc nh) bt c s t gy hoc suy gim tn hiu no. Trong cc h thng phc tp cc tn hiu vt ra ngoi tn hiu a bc sng c th c loi b tng phn.

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Thit b u cui phn knh DWDM: Chuyn tn hiu a bc sng tr v tn tn hiu n nh trc , a tr v cc s khc nhau h thng client-layer ( nh SONET/SDH). C bn phn phn knh ny c thc hin hon ton th ng ngoi tr 1 vi php o, hu ht cc h thng SONET u c th nhn cc tn hiu bc sng 1550nm. Tuy nhin d chuyn dn h thng client layer dng ( m bo tnh ton vn ca tn hiu s( cc tn hiu c phn knh ny thng thng s c gi sng cc transponder u ra O/E/O trc khi chuyn n h thng client-layer. Thng thng chc nng ca output transponder c tch hp lun vo input transponder, nn cc h thng thng mi cc transponder l giao din 2 chiu 1550nm c trong ln ngoi. 1 s h thng transponder h tr 40 GHz, v c sa sai huowgns ti (FEC) theo cng ngh digital wrapper nh m t trong chun ITU-T G.709 standard. Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC): Knh gim st quang Knh dng cc bc sng ngoi di khuch i ca EDFA (1510nm, 1620nm, 1310nm ). Knh s truyn cc thng tin v tn hiu quang a bc sng cng nh iu kin remote ti cc dim u cui, cng nh EDFA. Cng s dng nng cao phn mm t xa v qun l thng tin mng ngi dng. y l tn hiu tng t a bc sng sang knh gim st DCC ca SONET. Theo chun, ITU gnhi OSC cn ti uwu ( tn dng) tn hiu cu trc OC-3, nh 1 vi nh cung cp chn 100M ethernet, hay cc dng tn hiu khacsl khn ging nh cc bc ongs mang tn hiu client bng 1550nm, OSC lun kt thc ti cc b khuch i tc thoiiwf - noi nhn tn hiu cuc b trc khi truyn li. Giao din DWDM Phn ln cc h thng DWDM h tr chun giao tip vi SONET/SDH. Ngy nay cc h thng WDM khong cch xa, thn dng chun giao din OC-48c/STM-16c hot ng bc sng 1310nm. Ngoi ra cn cc giao din quan trn cc vng th, truy cp mng thuowgnf h tr: Ethernet ( Fast and Gigabit Ethernet), ESCON, Sysplex Timer, Sysplex Coupling Links, v knh si quang. V pha client c th c u cui SONET/SDH hoc ADM, chuyn mch ATM, hoc cc router. Bng cch chuyn cc tn hiu quang n sang cc bc sng chinh xc c ghp knh ca chun ITU, transponder s gip h thng DWDM c tnh m rt ln. Bn trong h thng DWDM, transponder chuyn tn quang ca clien t tn hiu in gi tr theo 3 chc nng trn. Nhng tn hiu in ny c s dng cho u vo ca laser. Mi xtranssponder trong h thng s chuyn tn hiu ca client ca n thnh 1 bc sng khc nhau. Cc bc sng khc nhau ca tt c cc client qua transpoindr s c ghp knh quang li. V bn ph u thu ca h thng DWDM s din ra qu trnh hon ton ngc li. Cc bc sng n l s c tch ra t b tch sng, chuyn n tng transponder tng ng, m ti tn hiu s c chuyn li thnh cc tn hiu in v giao din chun tr v cho client.

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Nh gii hiu trong li tn s ITU-T G.684.1 nm 2002, gip tch hp cc h thng WDM vo cc h thng c theo chun SONET/SDH. Cc bc sng WDM c t vo li tn s chnh xc 100GHz ( 0.8nm) khong tn s quang, vi tn s tham kho c nh 193.10 THz ( 1552, 52 nm(. Li chnh c t vo bng khuch i quang, nhng cng c th m rng vi cc bng rng hn. Ngy nay cc h thng DWDM s dng bng 50GHz hoc thp ch 35 GHz vi s knh ln n 160 knh. H thng DWDM c th duy tr tn s hoc bc sng n nh, hn CWDM do khong cch gia cc bc sng. chnh xc ca iu khin nhit laser yu cu ca h thng DWDM nhm ngn cn lch ca s rt hp ca cc h thng c khong vi GHz. Hn na, khi DWDM cung cp dung lng ln hn nhm s dng truyn thng cp cao hn CWDM, vd nh trong mng back bone ca internet v v th c tc modul cao hn, v th to ra th trng nh hn cho cc thit b DWDM vi mc hiu nng cao hn. Nhng yu t khi lng nh hn, hiu nng cao hn trng h thng DWDM khin chng t hn so vi CWDM. Nhng thay i mi gn y ca h thng DWDm gm c cc modul c th tho di, chng trnh iu chnh b thu pht ln n 40-80 knh.

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4.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Slide gio trnh thng tin quang BKHN [2] Wikipedia ln truy cp cui 31/10/2011 [3] DWDM Network Designs and Engineering Solutions - Ashwin Gumaste, Tony Antony [4] K thut thng tin quang 2 Hc vin Bu chnh Vin thng.

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