(c) Complex numbers form a vector space of dimension 2.

(d) Polynomial functions of x form an infinite-dimensional vector space.

'N 2
(e) Series {a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , aN } for which n=0 |an | = 1 form an N-dimensional
vector space.
(f) Absolutely convergent series form an infinite-dimensional vector space.
(g) Convergent series with terms of alternating sign form an infinite-dimensional
vector space.
8.2 Evaluate the determinants
( ( ( (
( a h g ( ( 1 0 2 3 (
( ( ( (
( (, ( 0 1 −2 1 (
(a) ( h b f ( (b) ( (
( g f c ( ( 3 −3 4 −2 (
( −2 1 −2 1 (

and
( (
( gc ge a + ge gb + ge (
( (
( 0 b b b (
(c)
MATRICES(( AND (.
c eVECTOR
e SPACES
b+e (
( a b b+f b+d (

8.3 Using the properties of determinants, solve with a minimum of calculation the
8.19 EXERCISES
following equations for x: 307
! ! ! !
! x a a 1 ! ! x+2 x+4 x−3 !
! ! ! ! by any two
is 2 and that b 1 ! base for the null
! a anxorthogonal space of A is provided
(a) ! ! = (2
0, (b) !! x + 3 Tx x + 5 !! = 0.
! a b of xthe 1form
column matrices ! + αi − 2α 1 α ) , for which the αi (i = 1, 2)
! 2(α + α ) + 5!=x0.− 2 x − 1 x + 1 !
i i
! asatisfy
are real and b c6α α1 + 1 2 1 2
8.32 Do the following sets of equations have non-zero solutions? If so, find them.
8.4 Consider the matrices
(a) 3x + 2y+ z = 0, x− 3y + 2z = 0, 2x
 +√y + 3z√= 0. √ 
(b) 2x = b(y +0z), −i x = i 2a(y − z), x =1 (6a − b)y 3 − −√(6a
2 +−
b)z.3
(a) B =  i 0 −i  , (b) C = √  1 6 −1  .
8.33 Solve the simultaneous
−i i equations
0 8 2 0 2
2x + 3y + z = 11,
Are they (i) real, (ii) diagonal, (iii) symmetric, (iv) antisymmetric, (v) singular,
(vi) orthogonal, (vii) Hermitian, (viii) x+ y + z = 6,
anti-Hermitian, (ix) unitary, (x) normal?
8.5 By considering the matrices 5x − y + 10z = 34.
& ' & '
8.34 Solve the following simultaneous
1 0 equations for0 x10, x2 and x3 , using matrix
methods: A= , B= ,
0 0 3 4
show that AB = 0 does not implyx1that + 2xeither
2 + 3xA 3 =
or 1,B is the zero matrix, but that
it does imply that at least one of 3xthem
1 + 4x is2 + 5x3 = 2,
singular.
8.6 This exercise considers a crystalxwhose unit cell has base vectors that are not
1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 3.
necessarily mutually orthogonal.
8.35 Show that the following equations have solutions only if η = 1 or 2, and find
(a)them
Theinbasis
thesevectors
cases: of the unit cell of a crystal, with the origin O at one corner,
are denoted by e1 , e2 , e3 . The matrix G has elements Gij , where Gij = ei · ej
and (
x + y + z = 1,
Hij are the elements of the matrix H ≡ G−1 . Show that the vectors
fi = j Hij ej are the reciprocal x +vectors
2y + 4z = that
and η, Hij = fi · fj .
(b) If the vectors u and v are given x + by4y + 10z = η 2 .
) )
u= ui ei , v= vi fi ,
8.36 Find the condition(s) on α such that i the simultaneousi equations
obtain expressions for |u|, |v|, andxu1 ·+v.αx2 = 1,
(c) If the basis vectors are each xof 1 −length
x2 + 3xa and the angle between each pair is
3 = −1,
π/3, write down G and hence 2x1 −obtain
2x2 +H.αx3 = −2
(d) Calculate (i) the length of the normal from O onto the plane containing the
have (a) pexactly
points −1 one
e1 , q −1 e2 , rsolution,
−1
e3 , and(b)
(ii) no
the solutions, or (c)this
angle between annormal
infiniteand
number
e1 . of
solutions; give all solutions where they exist.
8.78.37 Prove
Make theanfollowing results involving
LU decomposition of the Hermitian
matrix matrices:
 
(a) If A is Hermitian and U is unitary3then6 U−1 AU 9 is Hermitian.
(b) If A is anti-Hermitian then A iA=isHermitian.
1 0 5
(c) The product of two Hermitian matrices 2 −2A and 16 B is Hermitian if and only if
A and B commute.
T
(d)andIf hence
S is asolve Ax = b, where matrix
real antisymmetric (i) b = then
(21 A9 =28) (I − , S)(I −1
(ii) b+=S)(21 22)T .
is 7orthogonal.
8.38 MakeIf Aan LU decomposition
is given by of the matrix
& '

2 cos −3 θ 1 sin θ3
A=
1 − 4sin θ−3cos−3 θ 
A= .
5 3 −1 −1
then find the matrix S that is needed 3 −6 to express
−3 1 A in the above form.
(e) If K is skew-hermitian, i.e. K† = −K, then V = (I + K)(I − K)−1 is unitary.
Hence solve Ax = b for (i) b = (−4 1 8 −5)T , (ii) b = (−10 0 −3 −24)T .
8.8 A Deduce
and B are thatreal
detnon-zero
A = −160 3 ×and3 matrices
confirm andthis satisfy thecalculation.
by direct equation
8.39 Use the Cholesky separation method (AB)T +to B−1
determine
A = 0. whether the following matrices
are positive definite. For each that is, determine the corresponding lower diagonal
(a)matrix
ProveL:that if B is orthogonal then A is antisymmetric.
   √ 
2 1 3 5 0 3
A= 1 3 −1 308 , B =  √0 3 0 .
3 −1 1 3 0 3

313