SCIENCE CAREER COACHING A Complete Science Solution Hub... PHYSICS Unit - 9. Ray Optics Class - 12" By Umesh Rajoria SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Near Mahalaxmi Dharam Kanta, Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar (Raj.) Mob. : 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Roy opdics 8 Reflection of Light Sphouta} Mirrors New Cartesian sign Convention Mirns formula for Concave mirror Mirror formula for Convex mirror Lineon. Magnification of a Sphmical mirror Umesh Rajoria Practicle application ef sphuucal Mivwrg Refraction Refrachom throu a Rectan lass Sick e geen Real olipth 4 apparent oepth of a tank Total internal yveflection Application of total Interna) reflection Spherical Yefrachng surfaces Refraction fiom vaver 40 denser medium at a Gnvex spherical vefracting Surface Refraction from rowk 4to denser medium| ot a tncave spherical Refracting surface: Refraction from denser te vanon medi Lenses Lens Maker's formula Lens formula Linear magnification produced by a Lens Combination of Lenses In Contact Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria «| Prism +] Aiapersion of; Light “| Scattering. of Light : Eye ‘| Defects af Vision | Simple Microscope (magnifying. ac) -| Cempoimd Microscope ‘| Astronomical Telescope Reflecting type Adcleacope Ccasseg vonian Telescope.) Nesstonian reflecting type telescope «| Resalving. power. a Ver Tmportant Question. THERE WILL BE OBSTACLES. THERE WILL BE DOUBTERS. THERE WILL BE MISTAKES. BUT WITH HARD WORK, THERE ARE NO LIMITS. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859__ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING | 9.RayOptics | Ray + SY wr - Umesh Rajoria Ak 4s the strait aight Li faioueal oo “end? in ring from one Sint te qnother. et sie me iY, CPAics thers hore Uses the weprese nt = macroscopic phenom rec Linear propegatton > reflection , refraction ete. Re flection of Light - Retlection is +he phenomena of change in the path of Light tsithout any Cheenge- j n’ meolium. Mivrox- 4 smooth ond wel polished sur we replecd & veg ularly most ef the Jagd folti om at Cotled A mirror. A normal B M! angle of { angle of incidence} reflection Mz Fo fig MiMz Js a mirror surface plane ACTEY eh on the mirror oy cleng A 4 we imcolent yoy om Jia ued angle ° sa Feoudel” whore ON OF mel to the mir weoy at o.- Trecent x ux retectecd along om at LNB =VY, It w cally veplecte| yous ome! ¥ Gs Known a ange of re flection. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859___SCIENCE CAREER COACHING unesnyon Laws of reflection - at) Angle of incidence 24 equal sto angle of replection. Cone he Tee LEME ER TLS Some pina 2 Sphericod Mirrors - A spherical mirror is a part of a hollow spree whose ema Aide Ww regjectmg omd “other side. 53 opaque. There are two Sy pes of Spherical Mirrors —- Ci) Concave mirror —- as chose v-eplectin SUrmface OA towards -the centre of the sphere of hich the minor JA Qa past. AS Shown “in Big ue (Cad @) Corvex mirror — tohose reHecting Sweface is aw bom the contre of the SPhane cohtth the mirvov Us aA part. As shown in be Cb). Some Impovtant Terms - Ci) Centre of Curvature Ce) - The Centre of the Sphere of which the miror forms & art iA Calltcl the Centre “of Curveture . Gi) Radius of Curvature CR) - \ Tha. waockus of the sphare of which the M1 vor forms Qa part 32% called “the radius of Curvature of the sphrical mirror: , T+ ws Apacrenteo| by 'e', Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Gi) Vertex or Pole- Umesh Rajoria . Tre middle point or centre of the Spherical mirror Us Colltel vertex or pole ok the minor. Tt ds Arprnentesl by P. Gv) Aperture of the mirror - The cliameter M)M, of the sphericod minor JA Catled aperture LUrrar aperture oh the miwsor- Ww) Aingular aperture - The ange MiCM, > subtended) at C by te by the chia Ob the spherical mivsor is Ceatteol (vi) Paincipal axis - The. Abrod Aine joining tre pole. amd she cemtre of Cwrwoature of spherical mirroy extended both sicles 4s called Principal axis of the minor. Wily Paincipel Section- A sect of the sphuicol minrex cut by @ Plane persing +n pole. and Centre ob CUSN the. minor Ws Catteal painc po section of athe Mirroy- (Wii) Principed focus CF) - T+ Gs a point om the prinupel ants of the mireoy at colich wouys imcicunt on the minor in a Orection parallel do Ghe pAincipel axis actually meet ox appear +o cliverge abten reglection fom the mirror: % In core of a Convex minor, F is a virtual point, oheredare) the says after restection appear to diverge. *K In Gre of O Concave minor F as & real point cchually, on "gs ody 1 reflector $m the mizor Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859__ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Concave minor Convex mirror Principal axis *~ The cast ime 1 Fo dsom the ole P ok the spre TOT wide es eT ee dng (f ) ot mirror. New Cakztesion sign Conventions - QL) AN the distances Ant measured fom pole CPD of Spherical rotrvor: (2) Re U8taners measured inn the lirecton Ck incidence of; Light ase taken at positive and the Adtonced asuseccl in a clirvection opposite Ao the Hrechm of inciolence. of Lgnt a2 taken ap ive C3) The heights measured upwards and perpendicular do the pkincipal axis of the minor ane 4Fakary positive and the heights meatuzel downwards are Faken ar Object on the left Direction of incident light A Distance towards the left (—-ve) Distance towards the right (+ve) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Relation between f omd R (a) Concave Mirrer - fe R/a K The focal length of a& Concave mirror “4s equal Ad the raciuk of Curvature of the mirror. Ce) Convex Mirror - «#————_ R———» *® Focal length of a Convex minor is equal to helt oF ute racius Se Curnvotiure. Some [Some Important Rules | Rules = ==) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contaut wu.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Mivyor Formula Pr Concave Mirror Mixror formula vs a Avlotion between foced Length of the ‘mivor and clistancea of object amd image. om the minor. Let P be the pole, F ia tre pkincipal fotws and C +s the Centre of Curtetur2 of a Concave minor of Amal{ apertura. Also” PF= f be focal lun and PC=R be the radius of curvature of the iror. (a) Real Image - Whan the object “3 held in fromt Of @ Concave mirror md the principal focus F of the mirror, then image formed 4s real. Let am object AB va hell perpenclicular do the p&incipol axis oH the mirvor beyond c. A Toy Li Starting pom A and incident ON the minor old AG pox Dae the principod axis, ges reflected the minor andl passes theo F. Another rouy of fags incident adeng AP Cis replectes| along pA" such tat LaAPB = Li ‘= Lepal: Lr The dtwo veplected x actually meet at A! which vs veal image o she pomt ad A third rouy Starting wm A amd ing on the minor along AC falls normally en the mirror omd retrace its oaths meeting the +wo veflected rays ot Al: Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Fam a’ draw A's endicular, om the princi Axis. Therefore aia’ is real pet eertecl image on recipe formed by Pre flecHon from the Concave mindr. AS A ABC od AA'alc ane similar, So thet~- AB _ cB Aiea! ~ cae —- —«® Again Q& A ABP amd Aalalp are Aimilar, So ted Ae = PR aa > Pe S From 294 -@D ond es. Q@) we Get - pB=+v , pes -R then SRA 2 Tu —-R-AV Vv or UR —- UV = -VR + UV UR+ VR = 2uUV Bi vicling both sides by UVR , we get- 1 ,t 22 v tu R A+ 2 1 Tat a the weanireel Vv u Mirror fox mula Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Mirror Formula for Convex Mirror - Umesh Rajoria , The 1 2 formed In Q convex mirror us al virtuel and erect, whatever be the posi tion of the jel. Let P be the pole, F Gs the primdpel focus and c@ is the | cevchre. of Cuavoture of G4 Convex mirxsor of 4malt ap UALR. bet PF =f Us the focol len omd PC = R othe radius ok Curveture of the mirror, AB is am object held im foot of mivror perpencdiculak Ao ts principal Axis. A 0 Lat starting om A and incident on the mirror alond AD’ in a Aivebtion paral to the principal axts a seflectéol olong DE- & producing back, DE appenrs to Come F. Arar xr A incident on the minor along AP GA reficlteby along PG such +hot ™ ZAPR = Li = LRPG@= Ly 61 produang back , PG meets DBF at Al. Therefpre A’ as virtuel? image of A- A thixcl roy incident on the mimor along ac fouls norm on ‘the mirror and retacs ts Kine om wveflecton’ This also appears a0 Ceme from aA’. Bra A'S perpendicular sto paincipal ads. Theretove , A'R SA vitehicd Imoge the object AGB formed after reflection at hd cobvex mine: As A ABC and AalBlc ane Kimi lor, So -thed - AB _ cB ———, Ae ~ ee © Es Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Agein ab AaABP omd slop are Aimilar , So — AB -~ PB aa pel — © cQ =.= _PB cB Pe! ‘Ss measuring the all Aistances Pom the pole P, we cam write - CB = PR+ PC cel = Pe — PB Sob . - PBt+ PC _ _PB __ y <9. (3 fee ees @ Using New Cartesian sign Conventions - PB=-U, pae= +V amd pc = +R So pom 5 (D> we Get - ~rutR = TUL R-vV Vv —-uV+VR = +UR + UV ow VR +UR = 2uv ivicling both gides by uUvR 5 we Ft - VR = UR = 2uUV uve uve uvR, jt + 1 2 u Vv R L | a to4+t i: Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Concave Mirror psa [eas foe ee between] between Cand F] cond oo er “* ee ma on othin [Pete fic vim] Soe [voted [eer | Convex Mirror Obiect [mage y | Pesition | size | Nature | Grierson Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 dtSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Linear Magnification of Q@ Spheucoal Mirror - Linea mogniticotion ox Simply rification a Spherical a ds the roto of HL. oh the ge formed by the minor 40 the Size of the “cejecs, Tt os repruented hy ™. m = Sze ef imoge (1) _ As Size ok oe coy AB We assume thet O us postive. . Magnification (mM) will be + vel udken us +VE Cue. tmoge ts exect) omd m will be negative when T° us VEGOH ve, Cte. tmage is invertect ). For both Concave omd Convex mimaxr we Know that A\p! - PB! AG PB Tn Cose of Concave mirror , when image formes Js seal, ar Shoum in figure: Using new Cartesian Sign Conventions - AB = -T , AB= +0, Ppa =-y , pa=-u , fy L£\< { , Zs oO Mm So hue m ~~ ls m= *K The positive or edive si of M Ww Acdemined pom ne sgn op Oajo. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria When image med ss virtual Aas Ahoven in fre Uy) 5 Haig New “Cartesian siqn Convertor - Ale! = +1 5 AB= +0 PR =+v , PR=-u m- AB’ - pp AB PB we get — m=t:eMV oO -u ue ——1 So m dea Positive, Im Coue of Conver mirror ats shown in figure using. nen Cartesian sign Conventions — aie = 41 A= +0 2 ! PR =+V 5 PR=-uU m =_1 =< +V 0 —u m=z I z--M 0 u So mM 4d Poditive. Note - Gi) When mol, rmoge termed is enlorgect. Giy when MeL , image pormecl Us climinishact. Gi) lhe m us positive’, rmage must be erect (ie. virtual) Uv) when m ss Fe PORTE HQ must be inverteol Che. reat) (v) In Cor50 Qa , Cemeave mindy, magnification may be Aitive oy but in Code Convex Mirror 5 mag nigicetion re “positive only. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [13 |SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Practical Applicatons of Spherical Mirrors - (1) A Convex mimor wa usecl as QQ reflector in Street Lomps- AS @ neautt, the Li Ahe_ Lamp clivergos ever. a Lorge axea. Gid A Convex mirror Us usecl as a drivers mirnr in al vehicles Like cans and scooters etc., for Aooking ot the tboffice ot the rear off the vehicle. Such A mimor has a much wicker fed of viet) as Comparecl| so a plane mirwor or a Concave mirror. The images formed are Amallr omd ergct. Gi) A Concave mirror wa used as a veffector in search igts , head Lights of motor vehicles, telescope 5 Solar cokers etc. Gv) A Cmcave mivsor Ws ako usecl as & Shavi mivcor or make 4p mirror as ut Can form exect and magnifieal emoage - An object ia czol 18 tm. -in mt Q mirror. cost TE the image et ot Peet Be rignt 2 the mirror, colewate its focod Length. Is the INDY Convex or Concave 2? “what ta dhe nedure Ff; the 1m e ? What its the yaoius °F Curvature of; the mirror ? SI. Here U=-]8Cm. » v= UCM. ! Vv UH from t= 1 + ft St = a - a = Zz fF Y 12 36 So fF = 36/7 = 5-14 Cm. As focod dingth a positive y the mirror must be Convex. The tmoge i& virtiol, erect omd gmaleer in size. Also R= 2¢F = 2xS'1U = 4028Cm. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria a A small candle 25 Cm in size +4 placed 27¢m- mn peat 5 Q Concave mirvor ob soclius ok Curvature 36 ‘em: AE what catanw the mirne should 4 sCrean be placed in oles to receive a Shap rage? Describe the nodusc Gnd size of the Imoge - I Comelle is moved closes te the minor, How woud the Screen have to be moved ? Sol See of candle (0) =2Sscm. 5 Y=-27em. R--36cem , f = Rife = ~18cm. As jo, 4 a ei i_L uv §$ se PG Beit 4, . =A = - 54cm. Vo=-18 27 > sy ov VE So the Scxeer Should be Placed at su cm. fom the mivror On the 4ame sick as the object. Ty ZT Wd size of image theo ar the Imoge is reo - = I. -v =eyv WloeW)N~.-= = TM 42 vw o “uu —i = (-su) coe S 25 27) 7 fe = Sah Minus sign Indicetes that imoge 4s inverteol. When the Candle. wu cies Closer +0 mirror, the screen has do be mov away the miror. Howeve._s- &ohan Comdle us at Q “distance Less than 13 Cm the mirer , image. med would be virtual anol screen ua not vequived, as the virtuel image can nol be taken om the Screen. eh Use the mirsor equohion to Show tat — Se (q) An ebject placed between f and 2f of a Concave mirror produus a real image beyond 27. (2) A Convex mirsor al procluces “a virtual image inclepenclent of tre Lococlio of; tHe object - (c) An object placod between the pele and focus of A Concave. mirvwr produus a virtual + erdanged imoge . Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Ca) for a mirror pesty for concave mirror f<0 amd ulul 7IF1 > +K Vv lul >Ifl or Bei Sur < A quo, L “A Bel Tat v> -)2¢g1 Hence. image form beyond 2f on the same side ok object. Gs) for conver mirmr f>0 ond uU etm fer f emel lula be positive + >o Hence vV>se Hence A Virtual Imege of object 4a form. Cd Por Concave mirror fo, Ux +e. v uy WF) L z Here (U} < |$] Seo thet Jul 7 THT > + >o or V>o Vv Here the Image va formecl on RHS of mivwr te. virtued image. 5 LK = JL = + Alsoby —p = Ty 7 Tuy eS te Iw) ta, > > m el Hence imege is erlorgect « ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 16SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria REFRACTION when a beam o Light bravelli Im one terms parent medium Ff ot, anothen Fine pasent mauclium, Qa ben ob ant gus reflected back ied the tixst mecium omd vest off Li enters into Other medium. The clirecton” of propagetion of an obliquely imcident ot Lk Hot enters~ the other mectium chernges at +he inc: face. of; tua media. Ria phenomeng us C re prachow) of; L 7 2 Jey yy % We Ly Refractive Inelex - The votio of speod of Light mM vacuum | air to the speed of Light in the medium GA Called the refractive Inclex (4) of meclium. = _ Spee of Light in vacuum/aiy Cc) Speed of ight In the medium Cv) When the ight parses one meclium 1 4o another, mecium 2.5 the vefracHve malex of meclium 2 wnth weapect to medium 1 vs waitten as tu, and dd Collec! relative refractive index: = Speed of Liat in meclium 1 - a speed of ight Mm medium 2 ~*~ FA medium with hi refractive Index is said Ato be optic atty denser? Comm the medium with Lower refractive index. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria *K Rakvacthve index ws Q -chorocterishe property. of thet meclium , whose -veduc ends Upern nature of matersial “of the meclium and te Color or Wavelengty obs highs . Laws of Refraction - G) Whenever Li ee fmm one medium Ato anothe, the frequen ol dient and phase. of Lt do not’ change - However the velocity ob Ret omoal +he- wavelength of Agi charge: Gi) The Ineirdent very, the vetractecl yveuy and normal to the interface ot! ne. pon op eicle Aca, a Lie im the Same plane. Gi) The psoduct of re cHive index amd sine of angle of Incidence / ve-fra iom at Q point ina medium is’) constant. Tf ly = L omol ir = > then ov Meo _ ye AASin ly = MoSinty Sint 1 : = “My M, sim ¥ tohere 1M, Gs refractive Index o to medium 2. b medium 2 with wespect *K hig Law us also cotltsl Snell's For the same valus a oF Inclolen te. the case angle of refraction in three meclia Ay® and C are 7m 1s™, us* and 3s° : reapectively » In which meolium would the velodty of dight be winivnum? Lavo. Sell From snell's Law - A = Sint => =< Sint Vv VA Siny fer given L Hence veloity of UL 33 minimum mM meolium A as ome of =vefraction is minimum Lis?) . Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Re fraction through a ree tangulor Glass Slab Let jn Pigurr ABCD us @ rectangwar giass slab. A voy of Lat us inciclent clone KL the face AB of th bbYoat “Zt,- It ww ret'actec ales tM of LY. The vefractes| roxy LM ols om face cD at Li and ewmongen avd tong MN & LY. . In gon pom a rarer meclium to a denser medium; the r Bends towards the. normal ond in feo bah Seni acre en oy > pplying snell’s Law at L ~- Ma sin Ly = Ag Sin yy Sint; _ jg - 4y __ ® sin Fy Ma ¢ Again applying snell's Law ot Mm - Mg Siniz = Ha Sint, © ae ee =I, 1-@ ¥ Accovoling 4o the pAlnciple of reversibility off Light hon fined “path of a voy of Li e& any number attecsibe amd Vopebchions ob ee Troy rehece) its entre path. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Wwe know thot “Ms = Fle Hence from eg. @) are @ we get - | Sin ly = Sin va Sin v, Sim ba @® Foom figure - ty = Vv So Sint, = Sinyv Hence pom: es (2) _ Sim T2 = Simi or VY2= # Hence the emergence roy mn as parallef to the incident rouy KL. Expression fer Letere] clisplacernent - Foon M, Amn MN! perpenclicelar t KL produud Seo the Lecteral Auplacement oF the wary on Passing tysvugh the parole) Slate = mn! bet ZNMLN' = S =) clenotten on pivat ye fraction - ) 1 ‘ MN LMN SIn& = In aog mn —é Z. MN! = LMsin& -@ In ALUM Cony = LE um 2. tm is au = Cost, Cosh where +t: LU = +hickness of floss Alob t ' Ss ne — roe s o fmm <7 O get MN Seay, BS. ow mn! = tsin Ciy- 1) CoAY, THA 4S the expression fow Loterol olisplacemant, ® Laterot clusplacement in pwopartonal to the thickws (4) cf the Slob and anyle ok inciderne L,. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Real Depth and apparent Depth of a Tank A woter tank 2ork Lb oleep th twhed ot actuoUuy Jak. This gah te to refraction of Digs. Proof - Suppose © Gb @ point object at an actuod Arbth oA below the Surface of Wwoter XY in 4 tank. actual A roy of Light incident on xy, normally along OA passes Abreu oAA'. Anothwe ° Ay fom © inciclent at Le OM XYe along bat abs aw pom the. normo. I+ Gs regractes| ot LY along. Bc. On producing back, BC meets OA at L. rere T Ads the Virtual image Of O- CWhen sean theo woter ,O apbpeand at 1). Trrrefpre abparent depth = AL (Lesa then oA) LA0omB = LoBN' = Lb and Late = LNRC = ¥ In A oases Simi = ‘2 In Q& TAB Siny = —e- As the is teavelling frm denser meolium (water) to Yarer (79 Lair). d - Siny ~ AB,OB T= OB a = = x2 - YS Mus sine Te AR re Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria *® for aly and water Wy = 4/3 So TA = 2A Sree er, atl (Bye ob the at saptn Total Internal Reflection Suppose an mteadace Xy Separates Q rarer meclium (A) ais fom a ee medium (b) seu woter - RARER MEDIUM DENSER MEDIUM WATER (b) oO O wa point object In the center meclium. A d Light stating jem o and inciclent normally aleng oA” on™ xy pases “straight oeng AG. Another wouy mciclant along oA, ceviates away normol omd 4s ve-frachesl along AiBy- cl angle of yefraction Us greater thom Fhe onge. of imcadence anol it increased unth jmereake im the ange of, imcrelence - For particular volue of bac, the critical angle, the Inclolent vou OA, id vefracted at Lr = 30° omd goes aleng the interface; oleng ArB2. Who i>c a wx the Pn ciclert roy the rou es along AsBa., as ot is vettlectes intentace ~ x¥- This phenomenon) Js C Toted Internal Reflection = 0A, Toted Trternod Reflection - Tt +s the phenomenon of refle chon of Light indo a clerser meclium dom an interface of this clenser medium omd a rarer “medium. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cimsb Rao Essential Concitiors for _totel Internal Reflection = Gi> ui should travel fom a denser meclium 4o Q Forrr mecium. (ci) Angte. ob Incickence in clenser meclium showd be greater than the critical omale for the pair of median IN Comtact. Critical Angle -(C)- The omAe of Incidence In the cernser medium Corresponcling sto which angle or refraction in the TORI meclium is 30° 5 Us Catled exticed omee. for the Por of medium M cercact. It ws vepresertec| by 'C' amd ste value clepends on the notuac of mecdium iI. Contact. Relation between Refractive index & Critical Aogle when t= C > Y= 30 Applying Snell's Law at Az, UeSinc = Ma Sim 30" Mn = _4 Ma sinc Q = Torey a = 1 Mp sine b = clevrue As MU ckepends om wavelength, therfore Ccritcal amgde the Same pair of medium in Contact will be Herm -for clifferent Coloxs. Applications of Total Internal Reflection (1) The brillimee of cliamend - Tha. baillionc of cliamone Js clue Ao total intesmod yeddectom of i » LU for cliamond ud 2-42, Se thet critical omgle fev cLiemonel ow \wkertace ov Calewlat ech farm ay b = tsinc 4s 2u-U" Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria critical angle (c) todod nie Diamond internal reflections we ceoond 9 ds Cut ace fe ae ee le clamon ma a@™m 4n orton ping , the 24-y", Tae ou Males multiple to internal refle ection s at va nious acs and remain within the cliamona cmd dow not Comz out. Hence the diamond sparkles. (2) Mirage - Mi ets om obs ced illest ch OCCURK UAL in clesert On hot summer a olyects Such ars a tree appears Ao be jnw ani +he tree is on the bank oh a pod of water. On a het summer lou > hemperoctire of ater niak the surface of earty Js maximum. The upper— hewgens of our pe raclually oecrending ea clens; wefractive Iwiclex of ie on er asing. slisfetly. with head cbove. one ace of Cort. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria the topo of a tee gee from al “thnsh. FT ra oe cium bencling be recessed Qwouy ae normal seulan layer, when me °b, ie peice becomes Myreate, than the Colcol am imbeaned Arple ction Occuks amd oe tall “Tefecte veuy reaches” the observer atong D aplenty Come pom 1, the miryor imoagze oO. Thur inverted } se creates the imprerdion Of re eylection pow Qa “Doma on woftr. C3) Totally vefleeting glass paisms - TRise. (pae gh bo om gled pAisms which turan the Lh or go Thiy are. baseol ys the shen dnencn a dotel imternet reflection of Ad fer Hers Us 15 So that critical an 2 for AAS - Ae rd. Ce us U2» Th totally reflecting GOs, PAISMS , ERR oF incinlevine us madeD 45° Cohech us an the Critical Gn € of the lars- ie jrttesface. Hence the A haf total interned reflection. Q Oo fr 45 45° Boe P eB im Se eee 45° NTs? R (u) Optical Fibers - OS hae, fibens CEngidr of Severaf thousanels of ert B © eath fi ee fips J, Ind Seta ae worth sepractive inolex de vo oterial of te ondler"of 15- Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING u mesh Rajoria The fibers ane Coateol sith Hi 2% 0 with a mn dower k mMoterial “ok lower vefractive index of the of +48. Protective cover Cladding \ gm —_e, = Glass - Me =~ Core _~ Air Light ray Total internal reflection L IMeicdent on ene endl of the piber of a small lo enters the fiber after sepaction and undergoes repeated tote} “interno reflections inside the # - Tt finally ans out the’ tiber at dhe OHwr” enol , even if) the, fiber ss “bend ov Pwistecl in an form And there 4S olmost no loss x hight through the sS/foles of the. fiber. Applications of optical Fibers - (aD) Opticod fibers ae used m transmission camol reception ‘of electrical Signeds by Converting “Ham Bist ewuto Liat Signads. (2) A’bundle ticed fibers ig Colkeol Li Pipe: This pipe Ca traanamit an rmage. Hence Xt is urbeol in meclticel and! optical examinatons of even the. maccersible parts of human booly ar im encloscopy- @) Optical fibers are useol in telephone and other transmittin cecblea . ach ibe Com C upto 2000 telephone Gervscges vaithout much Loss oF entensity Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Sphericod Refracting Surfaces - retract Surface which sms & park of Ce Sphere 6 ford paxtnP refracting Rai Js Called a spherical refracting Surface » TRexe ane twd types of -s phorical refracting Sur forces — li) Convex Sphericod refracting Suagace - I+ 44 convex towarolsA rarer meolium Siole. Gi) Concave sphericod refracting Suxface - It uk Concave towards the raver mecium Sil. x x Denser H2 Rarer Denser H2 k Cc ‘ f PRINCIPAL AXIS Y CONVEX Y CONCAVE 6 © Lenportant Terms - Lid Pele CP) at seal Me c rv Sphwu cH surtace Bs cabled polecpoe = Ob SPMMEM repmcting Seg Gi) Centre of curvature (¢)~- Tae Centre of the sphore oF tohich tre Sphericod repracting Surface ds a part, 4s Collect the “Centre of Churveture CC): lit) Raclius of Curvature (R)- Reaoliws op, the Sphere of which the Spherical refracting Surface “Es a Part is Calledl rackus of Curvature, Of the Surface. It is rvepresentest my R: Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria (iv) Principal axis - TRe Line Poxsmg through the pole and the Centre of curvature of spherical refracting surface extencledl © on elther ok A Calltcl Tene ous.” New Cartesian sign Conventions - (1) AIL clatancs ore measurecl farm the pole of the Sphericol refracting Surfack - (2) The stances measured m the. olivectom of , inctolence of hi are takin ab positive omol the clistances mearsurecl in a clirecton opposite to the direction ot inciclence of Light ange taker Oo negota ve. Assumptions - a) The object ComaiAts oy oT Ga Point ing. o™M) bein at the pAincipal axis of the's ico) re a Surfoen P b P ¢ Gi) The Aperture of Spherical refracHng surface Ls Git) The Incident amd refracted make smal{ anges with the pAimapal axis off the surfac- Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [238 |_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Refraction frm Rarey to Denser Meclium at a convex spherical Refracting Surface - Ct) When the image is Real- Let a Spherical refracting Surface XY separate a waver medium of refractive inoex Mi $om a olenser meclium of ‘Yefrachve index M,. “Suppose the surface ua“ convex towards rarer medium Jide. Let P be te pole&,C be the centre of Cunvature ad Raz PC be the raoliug of Curvature - A youy ob starting pom Oo amel Inciolerd- Q' normally on thes XY, odong OP parses Asbroughd. Pmother rou of Light inciolent on xy along oA ot Li is vefracteol along} Al at LY; bendlin towards the normal CAN. The two refracted ways actuolly meet ot LT 5 which us the real image of Oo. From A, draw AM perpendicular to o1. bet ZLAOM = & ? ZLAIM = B amel LaAcm = ¥ _ AS external angle of a trang is equol do sum of Internal Opposite es» thercfore in ALAC Y = 7T + B ov roe Y-8 —@ Stmilasdy in Aoac (= x4+e Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859__ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Accorcling to snell’s Law - M,Sint = Masin? Mt = Mor Using. e5,. 7) we yt - MAM, (K+¥) = An (r-B) As omgles X >B and ¥ art small so vaing 8 tan@ we gat - wi (Ro + Gt) = a (Ant — AM Me ~ 7 ?\Me ME As rture of the Spherical surface is Small, ™ is close tv P. There - MO & Po > MIN PL Mc PC So = a _ Ll — 1 Mi (Fe + bc) = Ma (ze 7) % Ate wn Me 2 Me, Po PI po Using Nw Cartesian Siqr Convento 5 we get _ Po=-U >» PI = +Vv 4 PC=R Ay 4 M2 2 Me- My -u Vv R TWAs 4b the requires! relation veaming vrefsoction oom YoRLr Fo clenser meolium Q Conv x SPphericcd refracting SUrAFACR Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria @) When the image is Virtual - The point object o in this Core Lies on the pAtne Axis it do the pole. ao the. refracting fom os aw. A YX oA steotng Sania at "a b ed. towards © the normal” CAN ancl is refracted clong AB. Anothor of Lt oP falling normally om the refracting calgach L.. along, nd uncdemoted. Trae repractes| x AB ome Bc eo not meet actually at emr but pear to Come fom a wy L. Thus i Oat vi x tuod trldene oh the point ey O. - -- -- - «——_—— 0 ‘ R RARER-H, DENSER-}L, From SneUl's Law —- MSiml = Aysinnr or Mii = Mar — @® Draw AM Perpendicular to OL awd let- LAomM = X ° ZLAIM= B oma LACM = In AoAc czyte and by putting the values of b omd r in in 29.@, we gu AiCr+e%] = a.[y+e] As angles at small , using e~tane »> we get— Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 in AIAG r= Y+PR Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING U imesh Rajoria AM AM _ oo [Sie SE] = an Dam an Ov Mm [we 4+ 1. = Me | oe 4+ tL Me Mo Meo ML As aperture 4 Ama, M ws Close to P s )f a = M Jt 1 a Pe * Po * pe + pr or TM Me | =~ Ae -H) PO PI PC Using neto Carterian Sign Converttundg — Po = -~-U , PT=-V 4 POF FR Mio M2 = He-44) ~u —V R ov - 1 + U2 = Mey u Vv R Note thet thy relation is the same as equaotim, Gohan inmage formed is real. Refraction from Raver to Denser medium ata Concave Spherical Refracting Surface - wl let O be a pomt object layin x the INCI Axis a -sphoricol ve ctingl 5 ce XY eohich we Cicabe wards wees Pare medium. A voy of Light 0A stertrg tom 0 suffers refraction ot A, bends towards “the Unovencd CAN ome 4s” vefractec| along AB. Pnothar 1 of Li op, falling nosmally on the re cing. solgaed Suppers no Lire eae Ome pores alding ppt The AWwo vefractect” ABoned PD co not meet at any point om the ni Aidt but appean. to Come Qa pont L om the Bide. Thus TL is virtual image of the peitr bj o- Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria In Aoac , L=aY¥-ax% and in atac rsz¥-B Putting these vodues of toamel vr in the relation - Myl = for ov Mi (Y-%) = M2 (Y-B) As angles ane Amall, using Oxtane, we get — Ay [am — 2 | = an [ae - “me. Mo 1 = 1 L or Mile we] = [te - te | AS M 4u& Chose do P because of Sma Aperture - uJ 4 - ‘Lee~ ee] = [fe] or Meo -~ My = H2-M) PL PO PCT Using naw cartesian Si Conventions — Po = -Uu > PL= -v > Pe=-R Me — Mi = Ade — 4, =V =U =—R os —~Hv + Me = Mee MM a Vv R Ti 23 the Auired relotion. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859