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PEMDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

We use numbers in our day to day life. They are often called numerals. Without numbers, we
cannot do counting of things, date, time, money, etc. Sometimes these numbers are used for
measurement and sometimes they are used for labelling. The properties of numbers make them
capable of performing arithmetic operations on them. These numbers are expressed in numeric
forms and also in words. For example, 2 is written as two in words, 25 is written as twenty-five in
words, etc. Students can practice writing the numbers from 1 to 100 in words to learn more.

There are different types of numbers in Maths, which we learn. They are natural and whole
numbers, odd and even numbers, rational and irrational numbers, etc. We will discuss all the types
here in this article. Apart from these, the numbers are used in various applications such as forming
number series, maths tables, etc.

B. Rumusan Masalah

1. What is the definition of a number?

2. What are the types of numbers?

C. Tujuan Masalah

1. In order to know what a number is

2. In order to know what types of numbers

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PEMBAHASAN

A. .Numbers Definition

A number is an arithmetic value used for representing the quantity and used in making
calculations. A written symbol like “3” which represents a number is known as numerals. A

Represents a useful set of numbers

Reflects the arithmetic and algebraic structure of a number

Provides standard representation

We use the digits from 0 to 9 to form all other numbers.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

With the help of these digits, we can create infinite numbers.

For example, 12, 3456, 1298, etc.

Counting Numbers:

We use numbers to count different things or objects such as 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. Humans have been
using numbers to count things from the past thousands of years. For example, there are 7 cows in
the field. The counting numbers start from 1 and it goes till infinity.

The Number Zero:

The concept of the number “Zero (0)” place an important role in Mathematics and it is used as a
placeholder in the place value number system. The number 0, acts as an additive identity for the real
numbers, and other algebraic structures. We use the number “0” to show nothing. For example,
there were 3 apples, but now there are none. To represent nothing, we can use zero.

B. Types of Numbers

The numbers can be classified into sets known as the number system. The different types of
numbers in maths are:

1..Real Numbers

a. Real Numbers Definition

Real numbers can be defined as the union of both rational and irrational numbers. They can be
both positive or negative and are denoted by the symbol “R”. All the natural numbers, decimals and
fractions come under this category. See the figure, given below, which shows the classification of real
numerals.

b.Set of Real Numbers

The set of real numbers consists of different categories, such as natural and whole numbers,
integers, rational and irrational numbers. In the table given below, all the real numbers formulas (i.e.)
the representation of the classification of real numbers are defined with examples.

1. Natural Numbers:
 Natural numbers are known as counting numbers that contain the positive integers from 1 to
infinity. The set of natural numbers is denoted as “N” and it includes

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}

2.Whole Numbers:

Whole numbers are known as non-negative integers and it does not include any fractional or decimal
part. It is denoted as “W” and the set of whole numbers includes

W = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}

Example :

All numbers including 0 such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,….

3. Integers:

Integers are the set of all whole numbers but it includes a negative set of natural numbers also. “Z”
represents integers and the set of integers are

Z = { -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

Example :

Includes: -infinity (-∞),……..-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ……+infinity (+∞)

4..Rational Numbers:

Any number that can be written as a ratio of one number over another number is written as rational
numbers. This means that any number that can be written in the form of p/q. The symbol “Q”
represents the rational number.

Example :

Examples of rational numbers are ½, 5/4 and 12/6 etc.

5.Irrational Numbers:

The number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of one over another is known as irrational
numbers and it is represented by the symbol ”P”.

Example :

Irrational numbers are non-terminating and non-repeating in nature like √2.

c. Properties of Real Numbers

The following are the four main properties of real numbers:

•Commutative property

•Associative property

•Distributive property

•Identity property

Consider “m, n and r” are three real numbers. Then the above properties can be described using m,
n, and r as shown below:

1.Commutative Property

If m and n are the numbers, then the general form will be m + n = n + m for addition and m.n =
n.m for multiplication.

Addition: m + n = n + m. For example, 5 + 3 = 3 + 5, 2 + 4 = 4 + 2.

Multiplication: m × n = n × m. For example, 5 × 3 = 3 × 5, 2 × 4 = 4 × 2.

2. Associative Property

If m, n and r are the numbers. The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r for addition(mn) r = m
(nr) for multiplication.

Addition: The general form will be m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r. An example of additive associative

property is 10 + (3 + 2) = (10 + 3) + 2.

Multiplication: (mn) r = m (nr). An example of a multiplicative associative property is (2 × 3) 4 = 2 (3 ×

4).

3. Distributive Property

For three numbers m, n, and r, which are real in nature, the distributive property is represented as:

m (n + r) = mn + mr and (m + n) r = mr + nr.

Example of distributive property is: 5(2 + 3) = 5 × 2 + 5 × 3. Here, both sides will yield 25.

4. Identity Property

There are additive and multiplicative identities.

For addition: m + 0 = m. (0 is the additive identity)

For multiplication: m × 1 = 1 × m = m. (1 is the multiplicative identity).

2 . Imaginary Numbers

A Greek mathematician called Hero of Alexandria first invented imaginary numbers. Later in 1572,
an Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano developed the rules for multiplying imaginary numbers.
These numbers are helpful in finding the square roots of negative numbers.

Let us learn more about imaginary numbers along with their definition, examples, and geometrical
interpretation. Also, let us see how to do calculations on these numbers.

a. Imaginary Numbers Definition

. Imaginary numbers are numbers that result in a negative number when squared. They are also
defined as the square root of negative numbers. An imaginary number is the product of a non-zero
real number and the imaginary unit "i" (which is also known as "iota"), where i = √(-1) (or) i2 = -1.

Let's try squaring some real numbers:

(−2)2 = −2×−2 = 4

52 = 5×5 = 25

(1.3)2 = 1.3×1.3 = 1.69

Is any of the results a negative number? No. It means the square of any real number is always
positive. Then what number results in a negative square? It is an imaginary number. In math, we
come across the square root of negative numbers many times, especially in the case of solving
quadratic equations using the quadratic formula. In such cases, the usage of imaginary numbers is
mandatory. Here are some imaginary numbers

examples:

√(-4) = √(-1) · √4 = i (2) = 2i

√(-3) = √(-1) · √3 = i √3
 In the above examples, 2i and i √3 are imaginary numbers. We can see that each of these
numbers is a product of a non-zero real number and i. Thus, we can derive a rule for imaginary
numbers which is:

•√(-x) = i √x

Imaginary numbers = Real numbers * i

Where. i = √-1

Example. = 3i , -2i , i √2 ...... ,ect

These are a part of complex numbers, where a complex number is the sum of a real number and
an imaginary number. i.e., a complex number is of the form a + ib, where both 'a' and 'b' are real
numbers and here bi is an imaginary number.

b . Geometrical Interpretation of Imaginary Numbers

We usually represent a complex number a+bi by a point (a, b) in the Argand plane. For example, a
complex number 1-3i represents the point (1, -3) on the Argand plane. So an imaginary number bi
(which can be written as 0 + bi) represents a point (0, b) on the plane and hence it is a point on the
vertical axis (imaginary axis). Thus, the imaginary numbers always lie on the vertical axis of an Argand
plane.

c. Imaginary It Matc

What exactly is the term i in the complex number x+iyx+iy corresponding to the point P(x, y)?
Clearly, "i" cannot be a real number, because if i was real, then x+iyx+iy would also be real, and
would lie on the real axis itself. Thus, if i was real, then x+iy would only represent points on the real
axis, rather than points in a plane.

If we want to represent points in a plane using numbers, i must be a non-real number, in the
sense that it must not lie in the Real set. We interpret i in math as follows: "i is one unit in the
direction perpendicular to the real axis". In the above figure, we can see that the point (0, 1) is
nothing but "i".

Thus, in the complex number x+iy, the term iy becomes a non-real number: it represents y times i,
that is, y units in the i direction. Hence x+iy represents a point that can be reached by moving x units
in the Real direction and y units in the i direction (from the origin).

d. Value of i

It turns out that arithmetically, i2=−1. In other words, the value of i is the square root of −1. For
now, don’t ask how! As we said earlier, the various different parts of the puzzle that is Complex
Numbers will fall into place as you delve deeper into this subject.

At this point, just keep in mind that:

• i is a non-real number (it lies outside the Real set).

• i represents one unit perpendicular to the Real direction.

• yi represents y units perpendicular to the Real direction

• x+iy represents the point (x, y)

•i is the square root of −1, or, i2=−1.

When we say that i is a non-real number, we do not mean that i does not exist or is a figment of
our imagination. We mean to say that i is non-real in the sense that it does not like in the Real set.
However, it is a perfectly valid mathematical entity. i is also known by the name "iota".

e.Calculating Imaginary Numbers

We can do all calculations on imaginary numbers also just like how we do with real numbers. Let us
see how we do them.

1. Adding or subtracting imaginary numbers is just like how we combine the like terms in algebra.
For example:

2i + 3i = 5i

2i - 3i = -i

2. Multiplying Imaginary Numbers

We multiply the imaginary numbers just like how we multiply the terms in algebra. Here, we may
have to use the rule of exponents am × an = am+n. But here, we have to take care of the fact that i2
= -1. Here are some examples.

• 2i × 3i = 6i2 = 6(-1) = -6

• 3i2 × -5i3 = -15i5 = -15 (i2)2 i = -15 (-1)2 i = -15i

We may feel that simplifying the powers of iota is difficult. Here are some rules that make the
process of finding powers of "i" easier while multiplying complex numbers.

• i4k = 1
• i4k+1 = 1

• i4k+2 = -1

• i4k+3 = -i

where k is a whole number. These rules state that "i" raised to a number is equal to the "i" raised to
the number which is the remainder obtained by dividing the original number by 4. For example:

• i4 = i0 = 1

• i17 = i1 = i

Any power of i is equal to one of 1, i, -i, and -1 after simplification. We can understand this from the
figure below.

These rules really made calculating the product of imaginary numbers very easy.

Dividing Imaginary Numbers

3. Dividing Imaginary Numbers

While dividing imaginary rules, we use the rule of exponents am / an = am-n. In the result after
division, we usually do not keep "i" in the denominator. If we get so, then we use the rule 1/i = -i (this
is because 1/i = 1/i · i/i = i/i2 = i/(-1) = -i). Here are some examples:

• 4i/2i = 2

• 3i3 / 4i6 = 3/(4i3) = 3/(4(i2)(i)) = -3/(4i) = (-3/4)(-i) = 3i/4

f.Tips and Tricks on Imaginary Numbers

1.When the minus sign comes out of the square root, it becomes i because the value of i in math is, i
= √(-1).

2. n√x can be simplified using the imaginary numbers where x is negative and n is even number.

3. When "i" is the denominator (or in case of negative powers of i), use the rule 1/i= -i.

4. in = ir, where 'r' is the remainder obtained by dividing n by 4. Then we can apply one of the
rules: i2 = -1, i3 = -i, i4 = 1.

Besides real and imaginary numbers, there are also other types of numbers, such as:
1. Complex Numbers

The number that can be written in the form of a+bi where “a and b” are the real number and “i” is
an imaginary number is known as complex numbers “C”.

Complex numbers are the numbers that are expressed in the form of a+ib where, a,b are real
numbers and ‘i’ is an imaginary number called “iota”. The value of i = (√-1). For example, 2+3i is a
complex number, where 2 is a real number (Re) and 3i is an imaginary number (Im).

Combination of both the real number and imaginary number is a complex number.

Examples of complex numbers:

•1+j

• -13 – 3i

• 0.89 + 1.2 i

• √5 + √2i

2.Even Numbers:

The numbers which are exactly divisible by 2, are called even numbers. These can be positive or
negative integers such as -42, -36, -12, 2, 4, 8 and so on.

3. Odd Numbers:

The numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2, are called odd numbers. These can be both
positive and negative integers such as -3, -15, 7, 9, 17, 25 and so on.

4.Prime Numbers:

A prime number is a positive integer having exactly two factors, i.e. 1 and the number itself. If p is
a prime, then its only factors are necessarily 1 and p itself. Any number that does not follow this is
termed a composite number, which can be factored into other positive integers. Another way of
defining it is a positive number or integer, which is not a product of any other two positive integers
other than 1 and the number itself.

The prime number was discovered by Eratosthenes (275-194 B.C., Greece). He took the example of
a sieve to filter out the prime numbers from a list of natural numbers and drain out the composite
numbers.

¤Some of the properties of prime numbers are listed below:

• Every number greater than 1 can be divided by at least one prime number.

• Every even positive integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.

• Except 2, all other prime numbers are odd. In other words, we can say that 2 is the only even
prime number.

• Two prime numbers are always coprime to each other.

• Each composite number can be factored into prime factors and individually all of these are unique
in nature

Prime Numbers from 1 to 100

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.

¤ Prime Numbers Facts:

• The only even prime number is 2 and the remaining even numbers can be divided by 2. So, it can’t
be a prime number.

• No prime number greater than 5 ends with a 5. Since any number greater than 5 that ends with a 5
can be divided by 5, it can’t be a prime number.

• Zero and 1 are not prime numbers.

• The numbers 0 and 1, are neither a prime numbers nor a composite numbers.

5.Composite Numbers:

A composite number is a number that has more than two factors. For example, 4 is a composite
number, as the number 4 is divisible by 1, 2, and 4. Other examples of composite numbers are 6, 8, 9,
10, and so on.

¤ The properties of composite numbers are easy to remember.

• Composite numbers have more than two factors

• Composite numbers are evenly divisible by their factors

• Each composite number is a factor of itself

• The smallest composite number is 4

• Each composite number will include at least two prime numbers as its factors (Eg. 10 = 2 x 5, where
2 and 5 are prime numbers)
• Composite numbers are divisible by other composite numbers also

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PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan

A number is an arithmetic value used for representing the quantity and used in making
calculations.

Numbers are divided into two, namely:

1. real numbers

2. imaginary number

In addition to real numbers and imaginary numbers, below are also several types of numbers,
namely:

1. complex number

2. an even number

3. odd number

4. prime numbers

5. composite numbers

B. Saran.

We, as the authors of this paper, hope that we can all know what numbers and types of numbers
are and hopefully this material can be of use to all of us.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Anonymous. 2010. Bilangan Ganjil dan Bilangan Genap. (online) Diakses pada tanggal 10 Juni 2014

Marsigit, Nugroho Budi Susilo , 2006 Matematika SMP kelas Vll . Bogor : Yudistira

Mustaqim Burhan, Astuty Ary, 2008 . Ayo Belajar Matematika

Karso, dkk. 1993. Pendidikan Matematika 4 . Jakarta: UT Depdikbud

http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/05/pengertian-bilangan-dan-macam-macam-bilangan-
beserta-contohnya.html

https://duniamatematika15.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/macam-macam-bilangan-dalam-
matematika/

http://www.matematikamenyenangkan.com/bilangan-real/ (diakses tanggal 20 September 2013)