OROMIA STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND POLICY STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
MA IN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

An Assesment on Effects of environmental pollution on local

people : the case of industrial waste in Mojo town

BY:

ALAYU DELU AYISANEW

June 14, 2023

Batu, Ethiopia
AN ASSESMENT ON EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
ON LOCAL PEOPLE : THE CASE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN MOJO
TOWN

BY

ALAYU DELU AYISANEW

THESIS

SUBMITTED TO OROMIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF

PUBLIC AND POLICY STUDY DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF MA DEGREE IN
DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

UNDER GUIDANCE OF

CHALA DECHASA (PhD,Associate prof)

Oromia State University

June , 2023

Batu ,Ethiopia
 Declaration
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled An Assesment of environmental pollution on
local people : the case of industrial waste in Mojo town” , has been carried out by me
under the guidance and supervision of Chala Dechasa,(PhD Associate Prof )

The thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma
to any university or institutions.

Researchers Name Date Signature

____________________________________ _______
___________________

i
 Certification
This is to certify that the thesis Proposal entitles “An Assesment of the environmental
pollution on local people: the case of industrial waste in Mojo town”, submitted to
Oromia State University for the award of the Degree of Master of Development

Management and is a record of research work carried out by Mr. ALEYU DELU, under
my guidance and supervision.

Therefore, I hereby declare that no part of this thesis Report has been submitted to any
other university or institutions for the award of any degree or diploma.

Adviser’ s Name Date Signature

CHala Dechasa (PhD,Associate prof) 04/07/2023 _

ii
 Acknowledgement
My greatest thanks go to my Advisor, Chala Dechasa,(PhD Associate Prof) Who has
been a constant source of Encouragement and for his excellent supervision throughout
the process of this study. In effect this paper could have not appeared in this form had not
been for his valuable consultation and correction of the whole draft thesis Report

Finally my special thanks also goes to my family specially my wife Howot Eshetu and
friends for their unfailing support. I am truly grateful full everyone who in one way or
another contributed to this study.

iii
 Approval page
The thesis entitled, “An Assesment of environmental pollution on local people : the case
of industrial waste in Mojo town.“ This study was conducted at Oromia State University
by : Alayu Delu Ayisanew under the supervision of Chala Dechasa,(PhD Associate Prof)
and that title has been approved by the Research Commitie.
Names of adviser/examiners Signature Date
____________ ____________ __________
Advisor Name Signature Date
______________________ _____________ _____________
External Examiner Signature Date
__________________________ ___________________ ___________
Internal Examiner Signature Date
_________________________ _________________ ____________
Chairman Signature Date

iv
 Acronyms and abbreviation

CETP Common/Central Effluent Treatment Plant

CSA central statics Agency

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

FGD Focus Group discussion

MoEFGI Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India

PETP Primary Effluent Treatment Plant

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

WHO World Health Organization

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

KG Kilo Gram

M3 Meter cube

v
 Table of Contents
Declaration ............................................................................................................................ i
Certification .........................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. iii
Approval page ..................................................................................................................... iv
Acronyms and abbreviation ................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Study ....................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 3
1.3. Research question .................................................................................................. 4
1.4.1. General objectives ............................................................................................. 4
1.4.2. Specific Objectives ......................................................................................... 5
1.5. Scope of the Study................................................................................................. 5
1.7. Significance ........................................................................................................... 5
1.8. Operational Definition........................................................................................... 6
1.9. Organization of the study ...................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................ 9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................................... 9
2.1. Theoretical Review ............................................................................................... 9
2.2. Empirical Review ................................................................................................ 25
2.3. Conceptual ........................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 39
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 39
3.1. Description of the Study Area ............................................................................. 39
3.2. Research design ................................................................................................... 40
3.3. Population and sample size ................................................................................. 42
3.3.1. Target population......................................................................................... 42
3.3.2. Sampling Methods ........................................................................................ 42
3.3.3. Sample Size .................................................................................................. 43
3.4. Data sources and Data collection Instruments .................................................... 44
3.5. Data Analysis Methods ....................................................................................... 45
3.6. Ethical consideration ........................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................. 46
4.1. Mojo industrial zone............................................................................................ 46
4.1.1. Factories and Companies in the Zone .......................................................... 47
4.1.2. Survey Results ............................................................................................. 47
4.2. Induustrial wastes and their health consequences ............................................... 56
4.2.1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents .......................................... 56
4.2.2. Extent of impacts of industrial wastes on the residents ............................... 58
4.2.3. Responses on the vulnerable groups of the society ..................................... 64
4.2.4.Intervention mechanisms to protect health of the community from industrial wastes 66
4.2.5. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ................................................................ 67
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 4.2.6. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002.................... 67
4.2.7. Health policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................. 69
4.2.8. Measures taken by regulatory bodies to solve the problem ......................... 70
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................... 70
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................... 70
5.1. Summary of Finding............................................................................................ 70
5.2. Conclusion........................................................................................................... 71
5.3. Recommendation ................................................................................................. 73
APPENDIX III. .............................................................................................................. 84
Appendix IV. .................................................................................................................. 86
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 87

vii
 List of Tables

Table 4.1. Profile of the selected Industrie ................................................................................... 47

Table 4.2. Waste generation of selected industry ......................................................................... 49

TABLE4.3 .Solid Waste Generation and Off-Site Recycling of Interviewed Firms ................... 50

TABLE4. 4. Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal Mechanisms of Surveyed industry ............... 52

TABLE 4.5. Hazardous Waste Generations, Treatment and Disposal ........................................ 53

TABLE 4. 6. Waste Treatment Practices and Disposal Permits ................................................. 53

TABLE 4 . 7. Water Consumption and Source of Interviewed Firms (m3 /day) ........................ 54

TABLE 4. 8.Wastewater Generation of Interviewed Firms ......................................................... 54

TABLE 4. 9. Wastewater Treatment Method of Interviewed Firms ........................................... 55

Table 4.10. Summary on the effect of the industries during production process ........................ 58

Table 4.11 : Responses of participants on the effect of the industries during waste disposal ...... 59

Table 4.12. Frequently occurred Disease in the area of Industry.................................................. 62

Table4. 14: distribution of responses on the vulnerable groups in relation to the health
prob ............................................................................................................................................... 64

Table 4.15. Respondent’ s problems faced in relation to the diseases………………....66

viii
 List of Figures

FIG 3.1. Mojo Town Location Map ----------------------------------------------------------------30

FIG 4.1. Selected industry solid waste Practice in the company for temporary use----------40
FIG 4.2. Wastewater treatment plant of friendship Leather-------------------------------------- 46
FIG 4.3. Number of times each health problems as cited by respondents among the most
Common health problems............................61

ix
 ABSTRACT
The environmental impacts that are related with industrialization in developing countries
remain significant as they encroach mostly on the poor and vulnerable communities. The
main aim of this study was to asses the effects of environmental pollution on local people:
the case of industrial waste in Mojo town In order to achieve the objectives of the study,
primary and secondary sources of data were employed. Secondary data were collected
from different journals and article and primary data were collected from selected
industry representative and the community which have proximity with leather
companies.the target popualtion of the study were All the community living arround those
factory . Five industry and 117 respondents were participated in the study. All of the
sample respondent response to semi structured, structured and interview question
prepared by the researcher. The collected data were analyzed by using tables, figures and
frequency. Accordingly, the result shows that solid, liquid, sludge and hazardous waste
management generated in those sampled industry were treated up to secondary level
treatment. Solid waste disposed to temporary dump site inside the factory latter
transported to universal land fill areas. Liquid wastewater generated in each company
was released to the Mojo River with less treatment. Almost, all companies hazardous
waste which composed of (toxic chemical) were released to the environment without
treatment. Almost all except a few companies like George shoe and Kolba the industry
did not use recycle hazardous waste. Data collected from the community shows that there
is a problem in respect of waste produced in those industry. Due to bad smell and release
of waste to the river some of the common disease happen in the area was cough, typhoid,
and typhus and skin disease. The community representative also raise that there is weak
control of regulatory body and institutional arrangement of regulatory body. Regulatory
body capacity also Government should also be encouraged to implement environmental
management plan and audit systems developing incentive for industry to use their wastes
by recycling and reuse method and also waste reduction technology are among
recommended solution for the problem.

Key words: Waste Management system ,Enviromental polution, Liquid Waste, Solid
waste

x
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Industry play significant role to promote the rapid development of national economy.
However, the essential industrial activities in the course of economic development are
reshaping the Earth’ s environmental system. Unsustainable industrial development are
causing enormous damage on natural resources, and hindering efficient and sustainable
development due to improper waste management and pollution control, emission of
greenhouse gas and resource depletion. However, currently, there has been growing
corporate concern for the environment and its management. The degree of this concern
has been global, and much has been written on the issue of environmental management.
Environmental management providing nation with a clean and healthy environment
through promotion of ecologically oriented, least cost and human-friendly eco-
engineering for treatment and reusing of industrial wastes, sewage and garbage,
minimizing air pollution and noise. On the other hand, eco-industry focuses on industrial
shift from industry emphasizing on conventional products, to function-oriented and
process-closed industry, through combination of production, consumption, transportation,
reduction and regulation. Currently, industrial parks are designed and developed for the
aim of industrial and related infrastructure, commercial, and service activities. Through
grouping companies in a particular site, industrial parks present mutual and efficiency
gains. Conversely, at the same time as industrial parks may benefit to economic growth
and social development, parks can also bring negative environmental and social impacts
consisting: climate change, pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand,
sustainable development of industrial park is not a goal, instead a social process through
which the principles of sustainable development are considered. It is also a beginning
point for measuring ecological, social, and economic features of decisions in an integrated
manner.
The aim of industrial parks in Ethiopia is to promote job creation, export and foreign
investment. Other goals, such as regional and local development, inspiration of
technology transfer, creation of linkages, and industrialization policy and strategy
development. In light of this, the Ethiopian government has considered the Eastern
Industrial Park as an integral part of Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction
Program (SDPRP) (Giannecchini and Taylor, 2018). According to UNIDO (2018), EIP

1
has been demonstrating the positive influence of Chinese industrial development. It has
become a place for industrial excellence and a platform for advancing and transferring
knowledge and skills. The park is admired by the government of Ethiopia for inspiring
Ethiopia’ s journey to industrialization. It is also an organization where thousands of
Ethiopians have been hired and obtained skills. However, the pollutants discharged from
the industries in the park are degrading the environment such as water, soil and air
(Giannecchini and Taylor, 2018). The local community surrounding the industrial park is
also affected by the activities in the industrial park. According to Mojo environmental
protection office, some of the industries which have been polluting the environment
include , textile, beverage , leather and abbator .On the other hand, the Ethiopian national
environmental pollution control proclamation No. 300/2002 mainly intends to protect the
right of citizens to a healthy environment and to enforce law to safeguard the environment
of the nation. Regarding this, the proclamation offers a source from which the right
environmental standards relevant to Ethiopia can be designed, while endorsing violation
of these standards as unlawfully punishable offences.
In addition, Ethiopian national solid waste management proclamation no. 513/2007 aims
to promote community participation to avoid adverse effects and get better benefits that
comes from solid waste. Similarly, according to article 5.1 of the proclamation, urban
administrations shall encourage the participation of industrialists, local administrative
levels and their corresponding local communities in designing and implementing their
respective solid waste management plans. Besides, article 5.1 states that each region or
urban administration shall prepare its own timetable and, depending on that, design solid
waste management plan and report its implementation. Furthermore, the proclamation
obliged not to dispose solid, liquid or any other kinds of waste in a manner which degrade
the environment or affects the health of the local community. Moreover, regulation
159/2008 which was formulated by the Federal Environmental Protection Authority of
Ethiopia, intended to prevent industrial pollution and bring compatibility of industrial
development with environmental protection. The regulation presents main duties to
industrialists. A company subject to the regulations is forced to avoid or reduce the
production and discharge of pollutants to a level not above the environmental standards.
Despite the country designed various regulatory frameworks that intended to avoid or
minimize environmental pollution, even the industrial park which the government
regarded the model of sustainable development has been polluting the environment
through its solid, liquid and gaseous waste emission. Hence, this study aimed to
2
investigate the effects of industrial pollution on human health from the perspectives of the
local community.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
The impact of human actions on the environment has been increasing since the
commencement of the industrial revolution and at present it extends to a much bigger
level, at continental and global scale (Van and Slawinski, 2015). In addition to this, IPCC
(2014) reported that if the present-day global carbon intensive development system is
continuing, it will degrade the environment. Moreover, the environmental impacts that are
related with industrialization in developing countries remain significant as they encroach
mostly on the poor and vulnerable communities. Chemical and heavy metals residues
contaminate local foods, urban air pollution causes premature deaths and waterborne
internal organ pathogens bring the death of children (Mc Michael et al., 2008).
In Ethiopia following population increase and urbanization, industries are rapidly
emerging in different parts of the country. Although, these industries have social and
economic benefit still they have environmental impacts that affect the health of local
communities. Mojo is one of Moderate city found in Oromia regional state that hosts the
Many leather companies and other manufacturing manifest this problem. Most industrial
firm was established for social and economic benefit, although some of the industries
inside the town become causes and aggravators of respiratory diseases such as Asthma,
lung cancer and others. Moreover, unpleasant odour is the other bad features of the
industrial firms . Consequently, residents near the factory either abandoned their house or
rented with very low prices. Beside this, land value near to the factory is below current
market price of the town because of bad odour and air pollution of the factories.
Furthermore, liquid wastes generated from the tanning industries are polluting the
surrounding environment as they are not properly treated and discharged. For instance,
the Oromia environmental protection Bureau, examined that concentration of
phosphorous (P) in the sample treated liquid waste from dong fang textile industry was
35.8 mg/L which is above the national limit that is <5 mg/L. Likewise, the concentration
of heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Zn Fe, Pb and Cu from the sampled waste water, soil and
vegetables are above the maximum level set by WHO. Besides, from the outlet of the
treatment plant of the sampled industries dark colour of liquid wastes and unpleasant
odour were observed showing the effluent of inadequately treated liquid waste from the
sampled industries. The waste water that has been generating from sampled industries
used as source of irrigation water utilized by local farmers to grow vegetables. This might

3
have considerable health effects on the local community. Several scholars have conducted
number researches on the health impact of industrial pollution dealing with different
parameters and hazardous wastes with less considering the investigation of the effects of
industrial pollution on human health from the perspectives of the local community. Thus,
the focuses of this study was to fill some of these gaps (Dadi et al., 2017; Claudio, 2007;
Lo et al., 2012).
However, this study is different from the previous research in concept, subject and themes
of the study. The focus of the previous research is industrial waste management practice
and its effects on the health of the community from Institatitional arrangement and policy
Perspectives whereas the local community was not addressed as a subject of the study.
Moreover Causes of environmental pollution were not addressed as themes of the study.
From the research methodology aspect, although the previous research employed mixed
approach, it was inclined to more qualitative approach whereas this study employed both
quantitative and qualitative approaches in equal proportion. To sum up this study is new
and would have valuable contributions in showing the gap that Sampled industry in mojo
town had in terms of Environmental pollution and effects on the health of local and
thereby altering its corporate behavior to work for the wellbeing of the local community
from multi-dimensional aspect such as economic, social and environment.

1.3. Research question

The research Question Adressed in the study Are
1. What is the current status of industrial waste management practices in industry
firm
2. What is the most Environmental Pollution pertain in the community due to
sampled industrial firm waste management system
3. What is the effects of those environmental pollution to the local People
4. What is the mitigation strategy to curve the Problem
1.4. Objectives
1.4.1. General objectives
The General objectives of this was to Assess the effects of environmental pollution on the
people of the community due to industrial waste released to environment.

4
1.4.2. Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study was Listed as follows

❖ To assess the current status of industrial waste management practices in

sampled industry firm
❖ To examine the most Environmental Pollution pertain in the community due to
sampled industrial firm waste management system
❖ To Assess the effects of those environmental pollution to local community
❖ To find out the mitigation strategy to curve the Problem
1.5. Scope of the Study
Environmental pollution is wide issue in which it comprises many potential researchable
cases. It can be studied from different perspectives such as Environmental Pollution and
its impacts. However, this study delimited to The effects of Environmental pollution on
the of local People . There are also many stakeholders such as customers, suppliers,
consumers, managers and employees but the study was delimited to local community.
In industrial perspective study was delimited to Manufacturing industries such as United
Bevarage , Mojo Tannery, Kolba abbaitor, George shoe and Friendship tannery From
geographical aspect, Mojo town comprises 4 kebeles but this study was limited only the
local community living in 2 kebeles that share border with above industries. From
research methodology perspectives, there are different research designs such as
explanatory, exploratory, experimental and descriptive research designs .and different
data analysis tools such as correlation and regression etc. but this research was delimited
to descriptive research design and frequency, percentage, mean score and standard
deviation as research design and data analysis tools respectively.

1.6. Limitation of the study

The common limitation of the study are methodological limitationsuch as insufficient
sample size for statistical measurement,lack of Statistical Agency population data,lack of
previous research study means Emperical study ,limited access to data to survey Sampled
industry ,Time and logistic Coinstraints were among the limitation of the study.

1.7. Significance of the study

The findings of this research Would have significant contribution for both the local
community and Mojo industrial firms. It would help the factory to design appropriate
Waste Management strategy thereby realize the Health and social benefit of the local
community. Moreover, the study would have significant contribution for the industry in

5
ensuring competitive advantage upon gaining good public image through its effective
Waste Management Practice that could not have impact on the health. Moreover, the
study would serve as reference for researchers and policy makers who will conduct
further study on related field and who will make decisions on Industries wastage.

1.8. Operational Definition

Industrial Wastes
Before defining industrial wastes, let‘ s take a look at the different types of wastes.
Wastes can be divided into many types the most common method of classification is
method on their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. One important
classification is by what they contain. Solid wastes are waste materials that contain less
than 70 percent water. This class contains such materials as household garbage, some
industrial waste, and some mining wastes. Liquid wastes are usually waste waters that
contain less than 1 percent solid. Such wastes may contain high concentration of
dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is a class of waste between 3 percent and 25. Percent
solid, while the rest of the material is water dissolved material (Yassi et al, 2001). This
description of waste shows the overall nature of wastes including industrial wastes,
though industrial wastes have their own peculiarities.
Air pollution
Air pollution is the existence of impurity /lack of purity in air and that interferes directly
or indirectly with human health, safety, welfare or comfort and/or inhibits the full use and
enjoyment of property (Hess, 1998,:281). ‗Air pollution is the accumulation in the
atmosphere of substance that insufficient concentrations endanger human health or
produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials‘ . Air pollution is the
presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas,
mist, odor, smoke, or vapour. In addition to the different types of air pollutions, noise is
one form of air pollution.
Water pollution
Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers,
oceans and ground water caused by human activities. Water pollution is institutional and
industrial wastes and other harmful materials in sufficient quantities to result in a
measurable lowering of the water quality (Environment Canada, 2007).
Land pollution
Land pollution is the addition of undesirable matter to the land that damage the terrestrial

6
organisms, reduce the uses of the land by man for agriculture, residential, recreational or
other purposes or increase the risk of health hazards to man‘ (Hugo, 2012). Land
pollution is the lowering in the quality of the earth‘ s land surface through misuse of the
soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, indusial waste dumping and
indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It is also explained that soil pollution is the
biggest land pollution (Hugo, 2012).

The above discussions indicate that industrial wastes may appear in the form of solid,
liquid or sludge and may have hazardous components. The disposal of industrial wastes
may pollute air, water and land. It is understandable that the amount and type of industrial
wastes of one industry may vary from the other due to the difference in the process, raw
materials used etc.
Sources of industrial wastes
All industries generate waste in their production process but the amount and type of waste
generated in one industry may vary from the other. Many of the largest polluters come
from the chemical, pesticide, oil refining, petrochemical, metal smelting, iron and steel,
and food processing industries. All are major users of energy that produce large amount
of waste products and pollution. Other industries have less potential impact but are still
considered highly problematic when it comes to pollution. These industries include
textile, leather tanning, paint, plastic, pharmaceutical and paper and pulp industries (Air
pollution AACG (2000) cited in Girma (2004: 149-153) also identified the following
manufacturing industries as sources of industrial wastes/pollution in Addis Ababa:
Tanning industries: -
Waste generating processes involve leather tanning, dressing, and finishing,
manufacturing of handbags, luggage, and footwear. These industries are by far the worst
polluters. Water is used extensively in tanning hides, either for washing or as a solvent for
chemicals. Liquid waste from tanning skin and hides contain chrome, sulphides,
ammonium, salts and chlorides. The industry yields solid waste from dehairing, fleshing,
and trimming of hides and skins. Solid waste products of animal origin are potent
pollutants in water and are also highly odorous when they are decomposing in their solid
form. Leather processing generates a heavily contaminated liquid waste, considered to
extremely hazardous due to the abundant presence of heavy metals.
Textile industries
Waste generating processes include spinning, weaving, and finishing of textiles,

7
manufacture of cordage, rope, twine and netting, and knitting mills. Expected specific
wastes may include effluents heavy with organic compound. Textile waste generation
depends on the type of fibers (wool, cotton, synthetics, or a combination of these) and
processes involved (purified and then bleached, spun, woven, or dyed). Purification and
wet chemical processing of cotton generates mainly organic and chemical pollutants.
Bleaching and dyeing often produce toxic chemicals. Liquid waste from sourcing
mercerizing, bleaching, and dying process of textile contain NaOH, peroxides, aluminum
compounds, and dyestuffs.
Beverage industries
Waste-generating processes involve distilling, rectifying, and blending of spirits,
manufacture of wines, malt liquors and malt, soft drinks and production of mineral
waters. Most of wastes from these industries are slightly acidic; they contain proteins and
carbohydrates, yeast in suspension, and some detergents. Liquid waste is derived from
barely steeping, pressed grains, hop and yeast recovery, cooling water discharge, spillage,
and wash water.
Definition of industrial waste management
Although there is no specific definition given for industrial waste management, the
definition for waste management in general, can serve as a base for defining industrial
waste management. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling
or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthetics or
amenity‖ (Waste Management, 2008). In light of this definition, we can give the
definition for industrial waste management. Industrial waste management is the method
of handling industrial wastes. It can be disposal, recycling or treatment of industrial
waste.

1.9. Organization of the study

This thesis is organized into four chapters. Chapter one constituted the introduction,
which focuses mainly on the background, statement of the problem, research questions,
objective, significance, methodology, the scope and limitation of the study as well as the
organization of the thesis. Chapter two deals with review of different literatures, Chapter
three contains Methodology, chapter four deals with Data analysis and discussion. Finally
chapter five constitutes conclusion and recommendations of the study.

8
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Theoretical Review
2.1.1. Manufacturing Industry
2.1.1.1. Definition of Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing industries have been defined in different literatures differently. According
to Development Indicator Group (1996), ‗Manufacturing industry is the branch of
manufacture and trade based on the fabrication, processing, or preparation of products
from raw materials and commodities.‘ The word manufacturing is described as a vast
range of human activity, from hand handicraft to high technology, but is most commonly
applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished
goods on a large scale (ibid).
Center for Workforce Development (2006), also defined Manufacturing Industry as the
use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of
human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial
production in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale
(ibid).
The above definitions indicate that manufacturing industry is involved in input- process-
output activities where the output can be commodity or goods. For the purpose of this
research, the terms manufacturing industry and/or industry are interchangeably used.
2.2.2. Industrial Wastes
2.2.2.1. Industrial wastes and its composition
Before defining industrial wastes, let‘ s take a look at the different types of wastes.
Wastes can be divided into many types the most common method of classification is
method on their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. One important
classification is by what they contain. Solid wastes are waste materials that contain less
than 70 percent water. This class contains such materials as household garbage, some
industrial waste, and some mining wastes. Liquid wastes are usually waste waters that
contain less than 1 percent solid. Such wastes may contain high concentration of
dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is a class of waste between 3 percent and 25percent
solid, while the rest of the material is water dissolved material (Yassi et al, 2001). This
description of waste shows the overall nature of wastes including industrial wastes,
though industrial wastes have their own peculiarities.

9
Industrial waste is identified as waste and discarded materials resulted from industrial
activities including raw materials, intermediates, sub-quality products, production
processes and water effluent containing hazardous properties (E I E T E I and IDE-
JETRO, 2006).

Abduli (1996) also define industrial wastes as ―The term industrial waste refers to all
wastes arising from industrial operations or derived from manufacturing processes.
Industrial wastes encompass solids, liquids, gases, and sludges.‖ Industrial wastes can be
characterized according to whether they are hazardous or non-hazardous. ―Non-
hazardous waste‖ refers to wastes generated from manufacturing activities or production
processes, which do not pose any harmful impacts to human, properties or the
environment (JICA, 2004).

Hazardous wastes are those wastes which cause or potentially cause harm to human
beings, other living things, and the environment because the wastes are ignitable,
corrosive, reactive, toxic or pathological (Mato and Kaseva, 1999 and Waste
Management, 2008).
Ignitable wastes can cause fires under certain conditions. Some examples include liquids
that readily catch fire or substances, which are friction-sensitive. Corrosive wastes are
strongly acidic or basic and include substances that are capable of corroding metal.
Wastes unstable under normal conditions are considered reactive wastes, while wastes
harmful or fatal when absorbed or ingested are considered toxic. Lastly, pathological
wastes are those capable of spreading disease (Yassi et al, 2001).
Pollution is a term written or mentioned in connection with industrial waste. Pollution in
industry is disposal of waste products into air, water and land (Conserve Energy Future,
2014). Pollution is also explained as the presence of contamination or lack of purity to
such a degree that the environment (land, water or air) is not suitable for particular use
(Jennings and Sneed, 1996:5). In addition, according to Adew (2009:61-65), ‗waste in
industries includes solid waste, air pollutants and waste waters.‘ The definition indicate
that there are three forms of pollution: air pollution, water pollution and land pollution.
1. Air pollution
Air pollution is the existence of impurity /lack of purity in air and that interferes directly
or indirectly with human health, safety, welfare or comfort and/or inhibits the full use and
enjoyment of property (Hess, 1998,:281). ‗Air pollution is the accumulation in the
atmosphere of substance that insufficient concentrations endanger human health or

10
produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials‘ . Air pollution is the
presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas,
mist, odor, smoke, or vapour. In addition to the different types of air pollutions, noise is
one form of air pollution.
2. Water pollution
Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers,
oceans and ground water caused by human activities. Water pollution is institutional and
industrial wastes and other harmful materials in sufficient quantities to result in a
measurable lowering of the water quality (Environment Canada, 2007).
3. Land pollution
Land pollution is the addition of undesirable matter to the land that damage the terrestrial
organisms, reduce the uses of the land by man for agriculture, residential, recreational or
other purposes or increase the risk of health hazards to man‘ (Hugo, 2012). Land
pollution is the lowering in the quality of the earth‘ s land surface through misuse of the
soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, indusial waste dumping and
indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It is also explained that soil pollution is the
biggest land pollution (Hugo, 2012).
The above discussions indicate that industrial wastes may appear in the form of solid,
liquid or sludge and may have hazardous components. The disposal of industrial wastes
may pollute air, water and land. It is understandable that the amount and type of industrial
wastes of one industry may vary from the other due to the difference in the process, raw
materials used etc.
2.2.2.1 Sources of industrial wastes
All industries generate waste in their production process but the amount and type of waste
generated in one industry may vary from the other.
Many of the largest polluters come from the chemical, pesticide, oil refining,
petrochemical, metal smelting, iron and steel, and food processing industries. All are
major users of energy that produce large amount of waste products and pollution. Other
industries have less potential impact but are still considered highly problematic when it
comes to pollution. These industries include textile, leather tanning, paint, plastic,
pharmaceutical and paper and pulp industries (Air pollution, n.d).
AACG (2000) cited in Girma (2004: 149-153) also identified the following
manufacturing industries as sources of industrial wastes/pollution in Addis Ababa:
Tanning industries: -
11
Waste generating processes involve leather tanning, dressing, and finishing,
manufacturing of handbags, luggage, and footwear. These industries are by far the worst
polluters. Water is used extensively in tanning hides, either for washing or as a solvent for
chemicals. Liquid waste from tanning skin and hides contain chrome, sulphides,
ammonium, salts and chlorides. The industry yields solid waste from dehairing, fleshing,
and trimming of hides and skins. Solid waste products of animal origin are potent
pollutants in water and are also highly odorous when they are decomposing in their solid
form. Leather processing generates a heavily contaminated liquid waste, considered to
extremely hazardous due to the abundant presence of heavy metals.
Textile industries
Waste generating processes include spinning, weaving, and finishing of textiles,
manufacture of cordage, rope, twine and netting, and knitting mills. Expected specific
wastes may include effluents heavy with organic compound. Textile waste generation
depends on the type of fibers (wool, cotton, synthetics, or a combination of these) and
processes involved (purified and then bleached, spun, woven, or dyed). Purification and
wet chemical processing of cotton generates mainly organic and chemical pollutants.
Bleaching and dyeing often produce toxic chemicals.
Liquid waste from sourcing mercerizing, bleaching, and dyeing process of textile contain
NaOH, peroxides, aluminium compounds, and dyestuffs.
Beverage industries
Waste-generating processes involve distilling, rectifying, and blending of spirits,
manufacture of wines, malt liquors and malt, soft drinks and production of mineral
waters. Most of wastes from these industries are slightly acidic; they contain proteins and
carbohydrates, yeast in suspension, and some detergents. Liquid waste is derived from
barely steeping, pressed grains, hop and yeast recovery, cooling water discharge, spillage,
and wash water.
Food processing industries
Waste generating processes involve manufacture, processing and preserving of meat,
vegetables and fruits, manufacture of vegetables and animal oils, fats, dairy products,
animal feeds, bakery products, sugar and sugar confectionary, and cereals. Expected
specific wastes include insoluble organic matters: meats, fats, bones, offal, vegetables,
fruits, cereals, and shells.
Chemical industries

12
Waste-generating processes involve manufacture of paints, varnishes and lacquers,
pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products, soaps, cosmetics, perfumes
and other cleaning preparations. Expected specific wastes may include organic and
inorganic chemicals, strong acids and bases, metals, plastics, oils, paints, spent solvents,
reactive wastes, and pigment.
Iron and steel (metal) industries
The wastes from iron and steel processing may be categorised as:
machining, metal particles from machining usually mixed with lubricants;
➢ degreasing, metals mostly in solution with cyanides, alkalis, and solvents;
➢ pickling, acids with metals and metallic oxides, in solution; dipping, metals and
abrasives together;
➢ electrochemical or chemical brightening and smoothing, acids, mainly sulphuric,
phosphoric, chromic and nitric with metals in solution;
➢ cleaning, hot alkalis with detergents, cyanides, and dilute acids plus metals in
solution;
➢ platting, acids, cyanides, chromium, salts, pyrophosphates, sulfamates, and
fluroborates plus metals in solution
➢ And anodizing, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese in solution
Air pollution is characteristics of foundry operations. Electroplating is a primary pollutant
of water, however. Polluting activities include cleaning and the electroplating process
itself. Electroplating uses toxic chemicals. Liquid waste from air scrubbers has high-
suspended solids and a low pH. Acidic water is especially common from the pickling
area.
Pulp and paper manufacturing industries
Waste generating processes include paper manufacture, conversion of paper and
paperboard, manufacture of paperboard boxes and containers, expected specific wastes
include breach residues and organic load, paper and fiber residues, chemicals, ignitable
solvents, paper coating and fillers, inks, glues, and fasteners.
Printing industries
Waste generating processes involve plate preparation, photo processing, printing, and
cleanup. Specific wastes produced may include such wastes as inks, spent electroplating
wastes, ink sludge containing heavy metals, spent solvents, and heavy metal solutions.
Machinery and equipment industries

13
Waste generating processes involve manufacturing of pumps, compressors, taps and
valves, ovens, furnaces and furnace burners, general – purpose machinery, equipment for
construction and food and beverage processing, and primary cells and batteries. Expected
specific wastes include scrap metals, cores, slag, plastics, rubbers, paints, and solvents.
Wood and wood products
Waste generating processes stem from sawmills, millwork plants, and miscellaneous
wood products. Specific wastes include sawdust, wood preservatives, paints, varnishes,
scrap wood, and shaving.
Rubber and plastic industries
Manufacture of fabricated rubber and plastic products. Specific products include scrap
rubber and plastics, curing compounds, and dyes.
Non-metallic mineral industries
Manufacture of structural clay products, cement, lime, plaster, and concrete products,
miscellaneous nonmineral products. Specific wastes produced include cement, clay,
ceramics, stone paper, abrasives, dust and particulate air pollutants, and air pollution from
combustion of fuels.
Fabricated metal products industries
Waste generating processes involve manufacture of metal cans, hand tools, general
hardware, pluming, fixtures, fabricated structural products, wire, and coating of metal.
Specific wastes include metals, ceramics, sand, slag, coating, solvents, lubricants, and
picking liquor.
Of many industries, those which include metal manufacturing, paint formulates,
electronic industry, leather products manufacturing etc. are considered hazardous (Hess
1998:228-239).
2.2.3. Industrial waste management
2.2.3.1. Definition of industrial waste management
Although there is no specific definition given for industrial waste management, the
definition for waste management in general, can serve as a base for defining industrial
waste management. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling
or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthetics or
amenity‖ (Waste Management, 2008). In light of this definition, we can give the definition
for industrial waste management. Industrial waste management is the method of handling
industrial wastes. It can be disposal, recycling or treatment of industrial waste.
14
2.2.3.1. Methods of industrial waste management
There are various ways in the management of industrial wastes. According to Waste
Management (2008) the methods of waste management are categorized in to; industrial
waste. avoidance and reduction methods, industrial waste recycling and reuse methods,
industrial waste disposal and treatment methods.
2.2.3.1.1. Industrial waste avoidance and reduction methods
There are many terms used to describe the activities that eliminate or reduce the
generation of hazardous wastes or industrial wastes; waste minimization, Waste
reduction, waste diversion, pollution prevention, recycling and reuse, source reduction
etc. (La Grega, et al, 2001:372).
A. Industrial waste avoidance methods
The best method of reducing waste disposal‘ s negative effect on society is simply to
prevent its generation (Yassi et al, 2001). Preventing the generation of industrial waste
relates with a method known as zero waste management approach. ‗Zero waste is a
philosophy that aims to guide people in the redesign of their resource-use system with the
aim of reducing waste to zero‘.
Approximately 8 percent of hazardous waste in the United States is stabilized, i.e. it is
kept from moving through ground water and air. Sometimes waste can be stabilized on-
site, simple remedies such as covering the waste may be sufficient. Other stabilization
methods involve building a barrier around the waste. This barrier can be plastic, steel,
concrete, clay even glass (MSN Encarta, 2007).
B. Industrial waste reduction/minimization methods
Industrial waste reduction and industrial waste minimization are interchangeably used.
What is Waste Minimization?
There are several definitions of waste minimization promoted by governing bodies in the
international community. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA,
2012) defines the concept as follows:
Waste minimization refers to the use of source reduction and/or environmentally sounds
recycling methods prior to energy recovery, treatment, or disposal of wastes. Waste
minimization does not include waste treatment, that is, any process designed to change
the physical, chemical, or biological composition of waste streams. For example.
compacting, neutralizing, diluting, and incineration are not typically considered waste
minimization practices. EPA‘ s preferred hierarchical approach to materials management
includes source reduction, recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and finally, disposal.
15
In contrast, the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP, 2012) uses the
following definition:
Waste minimization refers to strategies that are aiming to prevent waste through upstream
interventions. On the production side, these strategies are focusing on optimizing resource
and energy use and lowering toxicity levels during manufacture. Strategies that are
considered to minimize waste and thus improve resource efficiency in or even before the
manufacturing process are, for example, product design, cleaner production, reuse of
scrap material, improved quality control, waste exchanges, etc. On the consumption side,
waste minimization strategies aim to strengthen awareness and prompt environmentally
conscious consumption patterns and consumer responsibility to reduce the overall levels
of waste generation.
While the exact language used to define the concept and its scope may vary among
regulatory bodies, all definitions emphasize the importance of avoiding the creation of
waste rather than focusing on the management of residuals after they are generated.
Wastes are materials, materials have value and, therefore, all materials should be used for
some beneficial purpose and not discarded as wastes, usually at a high cost for waste
disposal (Manahan, 2001).
Many hazardous-waste problems can be avoided at early stages by waste reduction
(cutting down quantities of wastes from their sources) and waste minimization (utilization
of treatment processes that reduce the quantities of wastes requiring ultimate disposal
(Manahan, 2001).
There are several ways in which quantities of wastes can be reduced, including source
reduction, waste separation and concentration, resource recovery, and waste recycling
(Manahan, 2001). The most effective approaches to minimizing wastes center on careful
control of manufacturing processes, taking into consideration discharges and the potential
for waste minimization at every step of manufacturing. Viewing the process as a whole
(as outlined for a generalized chemical. manufacturing process often enables crucial
identification of the source of a waste, such as a raw material impurity, catalyst, or
process solvent. Once a source is identified, it is much easier to take measures to
eliminate or reduce the waste. The most effective approach to minimizing wastes is to
emphasize waste minimization as an integral part of plant design (Frank and Masoomian,
1995 cited at Manahan, 2001).
Waste minimization can include treatment process, such as incineration, which reduce the
quantities of waste requiring ultimate disposal. Reference is sometimes made to waste
16
abatement in terms of the four Rs— reduction, reuse, reclamation, and recycling
(Manahan, 1999:250).
Numerous factors, both economic and regulatory, favour waste reduction practices. Costs
of treating and disposing of hazardous wastes have escalated along treatment units. Public
opinion certainly favours reduced generation of wastes and there is a growing concern
with liability associated with hazardous wastes.
One of the two main aspects of waste reduction is toxicity reduction. Toxicity reduction is
always listed as a major goal of the practice of industrial ecology. An example of toxicity
reduction is substitution of water-based paint free of heavy metal-containing pigments for
a solvent based formulated with pigments containing heavy metals (Reinhold, 1996 cited
at Manahan, 1999:250).
The second of the two main categories of waste reduction is volume reduction. Volume
reduction begins with taking only those amounts of raw materials required so that little or
no excess will have to be disposed as waste. Large volume reductions are also archived
by source segregation and avoiding the mixing of hazardous wastes with other materials
and wastes. Concentration techniques, such as pressing or centrifuging excess wastes
from sludge filter cakes, can significantly reduce volume of wastes (Manahan, 1999:251).
Often substantial reductions in wastes can be achieved by fundamentally altering the
ways in which manufacturing is done. It has been pointed out that in many cases
deficiencies in information and lack of awareness are often greater impediments to waste
reduction than are technical or economic barriers (Cheremisinoff and Cheremisinoff,
1995 cited in Manahan, 1999).
2.2.3.2. Industrial waste reuse and recycling methods
‗Reuse‘ refers to the ―reuse of waste material directly, either for its original purpose or
in a new role, without any major modifications to the material before it is used‖
(McLaren, 1994).
Reuse is often confused with recycling, but they are really quite different. (Even those
engaged in reuse frequently refer to it as recycling. According to Bond (1999), reuse in
the broadest sense means any activity that lengthens the life of an item. Recycling, on the
other hand, is the reprocessing of an item into a new raw material for use in a new
product– for example grinding the tire and incorporating it into a road-surfacing
compound. Reuse is nothing new. What is new is the need to reuse (Bond, 1999).
McLaren, (1994) and Bond, (1999) also stated that if reuse is properly applied it has the
following advantages for the general environment; Reuse keeps goods and materials out
17
of the waste stream, advances source reduction, Use all resources in a more sustainable
manner, reduces the strain on valuable resources, such as fuel, forests and water supplies,
and helps safeguard wildlife habitats, creates less air and water pollution than making a
new item or recycling, results in less hazardous waste, saves money in purchases and
disposal costs
Waste recycling on the other hand is a method or process for recovering wastes as inputs
or resources. Recycling is a process by which materials otherwise destined for disposal
are collected, reprocessed or manufactured or reused (Jennings and Sneed, 1996:10).
Recycling involves separating reusable materials such as metals, glass, and paper from
solid waste. The recyclable materials are then processed and returned to the economy as
parts of other products. According to Links, (2006) and Manahan, (2001) Recycling
offers many benefits including: reduced environmental impacts because of reduced waste
disposal; improvement in the cost effectiveness of waste-handling and disposal by
providing income from recycled materials and products; extension of landfill life and
improvement of landfill management; conservation of natural resources and energy
savings in production of new materials (e.g. using scrap aluminum saves energy over
using virgin ore); generation of economic activity and employment opportunities;
Reduction of dependence on imported goods and raw materials.
Recycling has become increasingly popular in industrialized countries given the high
costs and environmental concerns associated with incineration and landfilling (UNEP,
1996). Some nations promote recycling through various types of financial incentives,
active development and support of market for used goods, government purchases of
materials made from recycled substances, or requirements that consumers recycle certain
materials. Support for the development of markets for secondary materials (e.g. scrap
paper) has been particularly important in the success of efforts to increase recycling rates
(UNEP, 1996).
Recycling is common in developing countries. Most of the recycling is performed by
scavengers who pick through the waste stream (either at the point of collection, transfer
or disposal) to recover high value materials (UNEP, 1996). In some low-income
countries, scavengers recycle as much as 10 percent of the waste stream, and sometimes
these activities are encouraged as a source of income and an effective means of waste
reduction (Links, 2006 and UNEP, 1996). However, scavenging may pose health and
safety problems for the people (often children) sorting through wastes at landfills.
Segregation of materials before they are disposed of by households, using separate bins at
18
the curb for different materials, or separation at a special facility, can be safer than
scavenging at landfills (UNEP, 1996).
Through recycling activity, the wastes can be converted for productive use. However, the
negative aspect of recycling is that it takes time, energy, labor and money to make new
products from recycled ones (Links, 2006). Through the recycling process the toxic
hazardous nature of waste is reduced, when it is not possible to recycle it to another
process or another plant. Other factors being equal, on site recycling is preferable because
shipping hazardous waste off-site, even for recycling, carries the liability that the waste
might be mishandled (La Grega, et al, 2001:381).
Why Recycle?
According to Links, (2006) waste recycling has the following importance:
▪ Resource and energy conservation
▪ Recycling reduces pressure on renewable and non-renewable resources
▪ Recycling consumes 50– 90% less energy than manufacturing the same item from
virgin material
▪ Pollution abatement and reduces level of pollutant emissions
2.3.2.4. Industrial waste disposal methods
This method is aimed at discarding of industrial wastes once they are produced. Proper
disposition of a discarded or discharged material need to work in accordance with local
environmental guidelines or laws. There are different ways of industrial waste disposal
(Waste Disposal Methods, 2008).
1. Landfill (sanitary landfill)
land fill is solid waste disposal site where waste is spread in layers, compacted and
covered with soil or other cover materials each day to minimize pest, aesthetics, disease,
air pollution and water pollution‘ (Jennings and Sneed, 1996:11). Landfill can be useful
because , filled land can be reused for other community purposes but their disadvantage is
that the completed land fill areas can Seattle or require maintenance and proper planning
,design and operations are required (Waste disposal method, 2008).
2. Incineration
Incineration is a disposal method that involves combustion of waste material. Incineration
and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as
―thermal treatment‖ (Adew, 2009). Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas,
steam, and ash. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a
large scale by industry (Adew, 2009 and Links, 2006). It is recognized as a practical
19
method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical
waste) (Adew, 2009). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to
issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.
Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is very scarce, as these
facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills (Adew, 2009). Waste-toenergy
(WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in
afurnace or boiler to generate heat, steam and/or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator
is not always perfect and there have been concerns about micro-pollutant gaseous
emissions from incinerator stacks (Adew, 2009). Particular concern has focused on some
very persistent organics such as dioxins which may be created within the incinerator and
which may have serious environmental consequences in the area immediately around the
incinerator. On the other hand this method this method produces heat that can be used as
energy.
Incineration is advantageous because it requires minimum, land, it can be operated in any
weather, it produces stable odor-free residue and the refuse volume is reduced by half. It
is however, disadvantageous because it is expensive to build, operate and it requires high
energy (Waste disposal method, 2008).
3. Open dumping
This is open, unregulated dumping of industrial wastes on open space. Open dumping is
inexpensive, but it poses health hazards and pollutes land, air and water (Waste disposal
method, 2008).
4. Ocean dumping
It is dumping of industrial wastes into water bodies. Although it is convenient and
inexpensive in part of industries, it highly pollutes water bodies (Waste disposal method,
2008).
Industries both in the developed and developing countries use oceans for disposal of their
wastes. However, in our country‘ s context, there is no ocean for disposal of wastes.
Rather the existing industries dispose their wastes in to nearby rivers. Thus, the term
ocean dumping is used to refer dumping of wastes into rivers.
5. Exporting wastes
There is a practice of exporting hazardous waste from industries by industrialised
countries to less developed countries. It is now considered as illegal activity (waste
export, n.d).
6. Waste exchange
20
Waste exchange is a computer and catalogue network that redirects waste materials back
into the manufacturing or reuse process by matching companies generating specific waste
with companies that use waste as manufacturing inputs (Jennings and Sneed, 1996:14).
Industrial waste disposal methods focus on the way industrial wastes are disposed from
the industrial premises. It takes an inside-out action on industrial wastes. As far as
industrial waste management is concerned this method is not encouraged as it has its own
adverse effects on the environment and public health.
2.3.2.4. Industrial waste treatment methods
Waste treatment techniques seek to transform the waste into a form that is more
manageable, reduce the volume or reduce the toxicity of the waste thus making the waste
easier to dispose of. Treatment methods are selected based on the composition, quantity,
and form of the waste material. Some waste treatment methods being used today include
subjecting the waste to extremely high temperatures, dumping on land or land filling and
use of biological processes to treat the waste (Sharma et al. 2014).
Waste treatment plants are very expensive to be established by industries in isolation.
Therefore, several authors recommend that CETP is more advisable to share waste related
costs of industries.
What is a CETP?
Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) is a concept of treating effluents by means of
a collective effort mainly for a cluster of small and medium scale industrial units. The
main objective of CETP is to reduce the treatment cost for individual units while
protecting the environment (Prasad, 2010).
CETPs also provide an opportunity for large effluent generators to externalise their
treatment costs and responsibility. These large industries lead the organisation of the
CETPs and control the quality, quantity and tipping-fees of the facility, mixing their
effluents with others (whichcould be of less hazardous nature) in equalisation tanks and
actually ending up making a profit (MoEFGI, 2009).
However, As far as industrial waste management and human health is concerned, it
should be noted that treatment and disposal options are chosen as a last resort to the
previously mentioned management strategies of reducing, reusing and recycling of waste.
2.2.4. Practices of industrial waste management
The practice of industrial waste management in developed countries is different from the
practice in developing countries. This is due to the reasons discussed hereunder.
Developed countries
21
The economic development of countries helps them to apply technologies that are useful
in the proper industrial management endeavour. But, many factories still release
pollutants into air and water supplies (Green Foot Steps, 2006).
‗ [...] despite the best effort of scientists, engineers and technological optimists, progress
in solving the waste and pollution problems has been decidedly erratic even in the
world‘ s most advanced economies (pollution issues, 2006). From these statements we
can understand the fact that the industrial waste problem is still a problem for developed
countries. Toepfer (n.d) states that:
Tens of thousands of square kilometres of land have been contaminated by past poor
practices in handling hazardous wastes, including inadequate landfill. There are 40,000
such sites in the United States, 55,000 in just six European countries and 78,000 in New
Zealand. Cleaning them up is enormous expensive, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency estimate that dealing with just the 14,000 top priority sites will cost
$31 Billion.
The situation Toepfer explained relates to past waste disposal actions which have
profound effect for today. ‗Waste is increasing, rising 10 percent in Europe over the first
five years of the 1990s. And so is the public concern 17 in 20 European Union citizens
are concerned about industrial waste, they worry about leaking waste tips, pollution from
incineration plants, and contaminatedland (Toepfer, n.d). As the level of awareness of
society on industrial waste rises, developed nations are preventing the generation of
industrial wastes (Yassi et al, 2001).
Developing countries
We have learned from the above discussion that developed countries are still facing
problems due to haphazard industrial waste management practices, though there are
proper industrial waste management practices widely applicable. Many developing
countries are no so well protected and uncontrolled industrial pollution is still going on
(Green Foot Steps, 2006).
The most widely practiced waste disposal method in most developing countries is open,
unregulated dumps (WHO Regional office for Western Pacific, 2005). From the
discussions on industrial waste management methods, many of the modern and useful
techniques of wastes management require technology, finance and skilled personnel,
which are the problems mainly in developing countries.
Developing countries generally have extensive informal solid waste reuse and recycling
systems largely due to resource scarcity and low incomes (Muttamara et al., 1994). There
22
is, therefore, reason to expect that levels of waste reuse and recycling would be relatively
high in industry located in these countries.
In these countries, industrial wastes that are not reused or recycled are disposed of in the
following ways (Abduli, 1996; Haq and Chakrabarti, 1997):
I. storage and/or burial on-site,
II. Direct discharge of untreated waste to drains, sewers or waterways,
III. Illegal discharge to drains, sewers, waterways or open land,
IV. Collection and disposal with domestic waste to dumpsites,
V. Incineration on or off-site.
Even though, there is still a great deal of illegal dumping of industrial wastes in
developing countries, much of the waste is sent to dumpsites, incinerated, or buried on-
site, and somehazardous waste is chemically, biologically or physically treated off-site
before disposal. Lack of waste management regulations and their enforcement, as well as
waste treatment facilities, are the main causes of unsafe and poor industrial waste
management in developing countries. At present, a number of Southeast Asian countries
have hazardous waste treatment facilities, including Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and
Malaysia (Probst and Beierle, 1999).
2.2.5. Problems/ challenges in industrial waste management
There are many problems in the management of industrial wastes. One of the problems is
the unchanged industrial behaviour of the industries. According to Pollution Issues
(2006), sometimes polluting companies have not succumbed to social, political and
governmental pressure served companies have denied responsibility for pollution even
when found with strong evidence to the contrary. Other companies after admitting
responsibility, they propose strong action, but deliver nothing.
It is vital that the industries awareness and willingness comes first before proper waste
management is designed. The main problem in under developing countries is lack of
welldeveloped laws and their enforcement that government control on the disposal of
industrial waste. Thus, it is common to hear of manufacturing establishments of
developing countries that they are dumping untreated toxic and harmful industrial waste
through canals to the water bodies. Many others are burying harmful waste through the
lack of education and cost considerations (Recycling Point, 1992). ‗Cost consideration
has been taken as the major impediment to the proper industrial waste management.
Industrial waste reduction sometimes results in process modifications. Process
modifications include changes in raw materials, equipment, operating procedures,
23
material storage and products etc.‘ (La Grega, et al., 2001:400). This is a challenge for
the industries not follow proper industrial waste management systems.
2.2.6 Causes of Industrial Pollution
Industrial pollution takes on many faces. It contaminates many sources of drinking water,
released unwanted toxins into the air and reduces the quality of soil all over the world.
Major environmental disasters have been caused due to industrial mishaps, which have
yet to bebrought under control. According to conserve energy future (2014) there are
many different factors that comprise of the issue of industrial pollution. These are:
1. Lack of Policies to Control Pollution: Lack of effective policies and poor enforcement
drive allowed many industries to bypass laws made by pollution control board which
resulted in mass scale pollution that effected lives of many people.
2. Unplanned Industrial Growth: In most industrial townships, unplanned growth took
place wherein those companies flouted rules and norms and polluted the environment
with both air and water pollution.
3. Use of Outdated Technologies: Most industries still rely on old technologies to produce
products that generate large amount of waste. To avoid high cost and expenditure, many
companies still make use of traditional technologies to produce high end products.
4. Inefficient Waste Disposal: Water pollution and soil pollution are often caused directly
due to inefficiency in disposal of waste. Long term exposure causes chronic health
problems, making the issue of industrial pollution into a severe one. It also lowers the air
quality in surrounding areas, causing many respiratory disorders.
6. Leaching of Resources From Our Natural World: Industries do require large amount of
raw material to make them into finished products. This requires extraction of minerals
from beneath the earth. It destroys the land used for mining and drilling, by removing all
resources and leaving it to waste away, or through leaks and accidents that cause oil spills
in both the land and the sea.
2.5. The effect of industrial wastes on health
The effect of industrial waste on health has been the focus of attention for researchers in
the developed countries. Researchers are able to reveal the health hazards these wastes are
causing. The effect of industrial waste rests on polluting water, air and land. Human
beings are affected by polluted air water and land, since their lives are dependent upon
them. Now, it‘ s better to look at the health impacts of air, water, and land pollution as
follows:

24
2.2. Empirical Review
2.3.1. The effect of air pollution on health
According to Disease Control Priorities Project in Developing Countries (2006:1) the
extent of health effects of air pollution depends on actual exposure. Young children and
elderly people may travel less during the day than working adults, and their exposure may
therefore be closely correlated with air pollution level, in their homes. Children are
particularly vulnerable to environmental toxicants because of their possibly greater
relative exposure and the effects on their growth and physiological development (ibid).
With above facts in mind, several studies conducted on the health impacts of air pollution,
reveal similar findings in terms of mostly affected parts of the human body. ‗Although air
pollution can have heath effect throughout the body, the target organ for many major
urban air pollutants is the reparatory system (Environmental Pollution in Urban
Environment and Human Biology, 2003).
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2008) states 2.4 million people die each year
from causes directly attributable to air pollution. Direct causes of air pollution related
deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory
allergies.
In addition, DCPPDC (2006:3) also added that post neonatal mortality and mortality
caused by acute respiratory infections, as well as effects on children‘ s lung functions,
cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions in the elderly, are markers for
functional damage to the heart muscle.
2.3.2. The effect of water pollution on health
The effects of industrial pollution are far reaching and liable to affect the eco-system for
many years to come. Most industries require large amounts of water for their work. When
involved in a series of processes, the water comes into contact with heavy metals, harmful
chemicals, radioactive waste and even organic sludge (Conserve Energy Future, 2014).
These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers, or the water that has been polluted by
them is released into the ground. As a result, many of our water sources have trace
amounts of industrial waste in them and it seriously impacts the health of our eco-system.
This water is used for irrigation, washing our food at home and sometimes recycled into
drinking water.
Water pollution has already rendered many ground water resources useless for humans
and wildlife. Since Water is basic necessity for living things, if it lacks proper care, the
survival and health of living things is affected DCPPDC, (2006:3).

25
Pollution Control, (2008) explained, ―Water pollution is a major problem in global
context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause for deaths and
diseases and that it accounts for the death of more than 14,000 people daily.
Some of the health effects of water pollution include nervous system diseases, kidney and
bone diseases, the circulatory system diseases, irritation or inflammation of the eyes and
nose, skin and gastro intestinal system diseases (DCPPDC, (2006:4). Water pollution
causes diarrhoea, typhoid and typhus (Hygiene and Environmental Science, 2007:8).
In developed countries where there are water purification technologies at large, the
problem of water contamination as a result of industrial waste waters is relatively under
control. In many developing countries, however, rivers streams etc. are used for drinking
water sources, food preparation purposes etc. with no purification. It is therefore,
endangering the lives of human beings and other living organisms.
2.3.3. The effects of land/soil pollution on health
Industrial wastes improperly disposed on open grounds or uncontrolled landfills are the
causes for land pollution. Human beings have close contact with land. They live on it and
they grow their food on it. If land is not taken care of, it will cease to be productive and
its safety for people to live on will be affected. Land pollution can have many effects
upon animals and wildlife. Also many land pollutants can wash into water sources such as
rivers and reservoirs.
Land/soil pollution causes chronic health issues for the people that come in contact with
such soil on a daily basis (Conserve Energy Future, (2014). Skin problems, respiratory
problems, birth defects and cancers can all be caused by some of the most serious
pollutants. Besides, soil pollution may be hazardous to children‘ s brain, make people
headaches and eye irritation (Hugo, 2012). Toxic pollutants can get into our bodies
directly through skin contact or by breathing in particles or dust. Some pollutants can get
into our systems indirectly from eating vegetables grown in contaminated soil (Green
Foot Steps, 2006).
WHO in DCPPDC (2006:2) reported that air pollution contributes as much as 0.6 to 1.4
percent of the burden of disease in developing countries, and other pollution such as
water, air and soil may contribute 0.9 percent. It further pointed out that these numbers
may seem small but the contribution from most risk factors other than the top 10 is within
0.5 to 1.0 percent range.
2.3.4. Policy issues in industrial waste management

26
Environmental protection body Environmental protection body is directly involved in
policy making, enforcement of the proper disposal of waste and regulatory activities
pertinent to industrial waste affecting the environment.
Even though, the environmental protection involves and focuses on the environment,
regulatory activities by environmental protection organs means that, environment is
protected and therefore society is safeguarded. Today, most developed countries have
environmental protection organs let alone developed ones.
To protect the environment from adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide
have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the
adverse effects of pollution. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
established standards for all pollution to protect human health on January 1970. In 1999,
the United States Environmental Protection Agency replaced the Pollution Standard Index
with the Air Quality Index. The United States Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1963
to legitimate the reduction of pollution in general. That legislation has subsequently been
amended and extended in 1996, 1970, 1977, and 1990. Passage of the Clean Water Act
Amendments of 1997 required strict permitting for any contaminant discharge to
navigable waters. In the United Kingdom, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a
regime for controlling pollution from industrial activity on an international level. The
Kyoto protocol is notable (Pollution Control, 2008).
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization [UNIDO] is the United Nations
agency with prime responsibility for furthering industrialization in developing countries.
The industry and environmental guide prepared by UNIDO presented that the
management of the environment should comprise four mutually complementary actions
(Links, 2006:2-8).
1. legislation- permissible rates of pollution, the nature and quantity of pollutants
produced by industrial activity and the possibility of influencing pollution flow in their
own and other countries.
2. Establishing standards- standards and regulations are the means by which the public
authorities and industries respond to problems linked to environmental protection. They
are specific to each country and are elaborated by analyzing the risks to which the
population and the environment are exposed, compared to the consequences of prevention
of these risks on the situation.

27
3. measurement and monitoring; methods of measuring and monitoring pollution, the
permissible level of pollutants, both inside and outside plants and technologies to be
applied to reduce pollution.
4. Establishing or supplementing numerical data for monitoring the environment-
government offices need to collect data concerning the environment effects of existing
and projected industrial activities.
Public health body Public health is a field of medicine and hygiene dealing with the
prevention of disease and the promotion of health by government agency. Public health
authorities are concerned with the pollution levels in air and water, and must assure the
safety of water used for drinking, swimming and as source of sea food. In addition, they
collect vital statistics on death rates, birth rates, communicable and chronic diseases and
other indicators of the state of public health (Questa Media America, 2007).
In light of these general purposes of public health bodies, they can play a vital role in
curbing the industrial waste problem. The health problems arising from pollution related
causes are preventable. Thirteen million deaths per year are due to preventable
environmental causes. Preventing environmental risk could save as many as four million
lives a year, in children alone, mostly in developing countries (Public Health
Environment, 2000).
World health organization (WHO) is the directing and coordinating authority for health
within the United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global
health matters, shaping the health resource agenda setting norms and standards,
articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and
monitoring and assessing health trends. Industrial waste management, particularly its
hazardous component, has become a major issue in rapidly industrializing countries. As
many Asian countries underwent rapid industrialization from the mid-1980 to mid- 1990s,
legislative control of hazardous waste was established during that period. WHO has been
involved in supporting the development of legislative framework and human resources in
combating hazardous waste in these countries (WHO, 2008).
When it comes to the context of a given country, the public health organs have the
responsibility of setting laws, rules and regulations on the overall industrial waste
management activity and monitor the practices by the industrial waste management
systems.
2.3.5. Institutional arrangements for Environmental Pollution Control in Ethiopia

28
Environmental Protection Organs The Environmental Protection Organs Establishment
Proclamation (proclamation No.295/2002) established institutions responsible for
regulation of pollution control; these include the Environmental Protection Authority,
Regional Environmental Agencies and the Sectoral Environmental Units.
I. Environmental Protection Authority
The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) is the lead federal environmental organ
with the objective of formulating policies, strategies and standards to ensure social and
economic development activities in the country sustainably enhance human welfare and
safety of the environment (Article 6). EPA, specifically, in the area of pollution control
has the duty to prepare environmental standards. The environmental standards to be
specified include standards for the discharge of effluent into water bodies and sewage
systems, for air and soil quality and standards for noise limit. In addition, EPA is
responsible for ensuring compliance with thosestandards (proclamation No.295, 2002,
Article (6)7). Moreover, EPA is responsible for giving technical support pertaining to
environmental management and protection to regional states and sectoral institutions.
The Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Department, under EPA is
responsible for enforcing pollution control proclamation and related laws in order to
eliminate or when not possible to minimize pollutants that are generated from industries,
agricultural activities, service rendering organizations and urban areas and enhance the
health and wellbeing of the citizens. In addition the department also has strategic goals to
develop, implement and measure programs that promote pollution prevention and
environmental management.
II. Regional Environmental Agencies/Authorities
The Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation (proclamation
No.295/2002) requires regional states to establish or designate their own regional
environmental agencies. Relating to Environmental pollution control specifically,
Regional Environmental Agencies should ensure the implementation of federal
environmental standards or, as may be appropriate, issue and implement their own no less
stringent standards (Article 15).
III. Sectoral environmental units
The other environmental organs created by the Environmental Protection Organs
Establishment Proclamation (proclamation No. 295/2002) are ―the Sectoral
Environmental Units‖ which are mandated to be established at every competent agency
with the responsibility of coordinating and following up activities in harmony with
29
environmental protection laws and requirements (Article 14). Such sectoral
environmental units can play important role in ensuring that those environmental
standards are implemented appropriately at least in those relevant government agencies.
Concepts Enabling Effective Implementation of Environmental Pollution Control System
Effective implementation of a given system cannot be granted by the mere existence of
one component such as, a policy or regulation. There are many issues that must be
fulfilled to make it practicable. The enabling conditions include institutional capacity;
institutional coordination and awareness are among others. The result that is created out
of such coordinated conditions will be able to generate the desired impact.
Enabling Legislative Basis There are many laws and regulations in Ethiopia under which
pollution of environment can be directly or indirectly prevented or controlled and
offenders punished with varying degrees of punishment. For instance, the Public Health
Proclamation (Proclamation No. 200/2000) prohibits the disposal of solid, liquid or any
other waste in a manner which contaminates the environment or affects the health of the
society (Article 12(2)). And the Water Resource Management Proclamation
(Proclamation No. 197/2000) stipulates that no application for permit to release or
discharge any waste, which endangers human life, animals, plants and any living things
into water resources unless such waste is treated Article 13(2)). There are thus many
enactments and rules framed to ensure prevention and control of or regulation of any
aspect of pollution of environment. Even some relevant provisions do exist in the Penal
and Civil Code of the country concerning public health and safety, which are highly
associated with the protection of the environment in general and can be used for
abatement pollution of environment as well as an actionable claim (Girma, 2000).
Because laws and regulations are the most important instruments for transforming
policies into practice, environmental protection requires strong legal framework. And
specific regulations, guidelines and directives support the implementation of
proclamations by filling the gaps. Otherwise, the proclamation will be ineffective.
Legislations, however comprehensive in content and scope, are rarely ever enforced
strictly for some factors. These factors are discussed below.
2.3.6. Adequate Institutional Capacity
In developing countries, it is essential that the environment office be considered as one of
the most important institutions. This should be so because the need to adopt a total
environmental planning approach to development is much more desirable in developing
countries than elsewhere. The office must, therefore, be equipped with the necessary
30
capacity (S.B.Akuffo, 1998). The absence of sufficient capacity to make a decision may
restrict the relevant institution from regulating its responsibilities sufficiently.
In order to carry out the objectives stated in the proclamation the capacity of all
stakeholders need to be built in different ways that in turn will create enabling
environment for programs effective implementation. Adequate resources (human,
financial and material) are critical for building the capacity of institutions for effective
implementation of their roles (ECA. 2005).
The manpower requirements for sound environmental management are quite enormous in
terms of both numbers and proficiency, and in many developing countries they can hardly
be met. This is because environmental management requires a completely new approach,
a multi-disciplinary approach, to the solution of problems, for the traditional disciplines
are inadequate to cope with environmental problems (ECA, 2005). Thus the institution
should be staffed with well-trained professionals who have adequate knowledge about
environmental pollution prevention and control system.
The other aspect of institutional capacity relates to the financial resource. The
implementation of international agreements would present huge capacity and financial
challenges for developing countries. The generation of adequate domestic resources is
critical to successful implementation of programmes. However, many African countries
continued to face difficulties in sustaining high economic growth rates (ECA, 2005).
Successful implementation of programs is first and foremost the responsibility of EPA.
And adequate funding is crucial for the effective functioning of the institution and for the
implementation of the program. The availability of adequate financial resources is
essential to enable institutions effectively execute their mandates, and facilitate the
implementation of legislations. In this regard, the establishment of innovative financing
mechanisms to support environmental protection activities should be promoted to
complement traditional sources of funding (ECA, 2005).
Infrastructure covers many dimensions ranging from well equipped laboratory to waste
treatment facilities. In many developing countries, environmental regulatory agencies
lack infrastructure, meaning public pollution control facilities like waste water treatment
plants have yet to be built (Allen, 2009). Good infrastructure enhances the achievement
and promotion of the desired goals. With the absence of such facilities it is difficult to
enforce the law or environmental standards. Thus, there should be a planned and
sustainable manner for the provision, operation and maintenance of infrastructural
facilities for pollution prevention and control.
31
2.3.7. Institutional Coordination
Coordination is about synchronizing relationships and it is vital for reducing costs and
eliminating risk of gaps or double works. Moreover, coordination and partnership
increases efficiency, facilitates the possibility of sharing risks and benefits, and creates
enabling condition to evaluate partnership regularly. It is assessed that when two or more
agencies are geared towards a common goal, it is to their mutual advantage to join forces
(M.Sachdeva, 2002). This is because each partner brings complementary skill, resources
and experience in the program. Adding to this, it also paves the way to build on
comparative advantages of each partner and achieve more than any of the actors acting
alone.
Building participation and support is critical to the successful implementation of the
legislation. In addition to EPA relevant sectoral institutions such as MoH directly or
indirectly have responsibilities relevant to the implementation of the environmental
pollution control legislation. For instance, the coordination and partnership between
Ministry of Health and EPA in the process of monitoring and inspection of enterprises
will be crucial.
Exploiting the synergies between partners makes implementing the environmental
pollution prevention and control more efficient. The result of this synergy will be great in
terms of saving money, time and bring about stronger protection and enhancement of the
social, economic and ecological components of sustainable development. Coordination
among public agencies in the environmental pollution prevention and control process is
beneficial to secure greater involvement and consensus on trade-offs across sector policy
areas (EPA, 2005). The deeper the coordination and partnership, the greater is
effectiveness of compliance with and enforcement of the pollution control system.
In almost all countries, environmental organizations are relatively young and are still
developing. They face difficulties related to their environmental management
organizations within government. These difficulties include: overlapping responsibilities,
unclear and confusing relationships among organizations, overly centralized, or contrary,
overly dispersed functions (S.B.Akuffo, 1998).
The success of coordination and collaboration depends on the presence of mechanisms to
overcome coordination failures and enhance genuine and lasting partnership among
responsible public agencies (M.Sachdeva, 2002).
Coordinating and collaborating activities with different relevant agencies at all levels will
help to promote synergy and assure effective delivery. Coordination and partnership
32
through multistakeholder committees, organization of various consultative and
information sharing forums and involvement in projects and various activities would be
effective in the context of multistakeholder entity. Coordination with and among
stakeholders, allow for articulation of country priorities, avoid duplication of efforts and
unnecessary overburdening of activities (ECA, 2005).
2.3.8. Environmental Awareness
We all are part of the environment and hence should be educated about our
responsibilities towards the environment. There is no reason why we should depend on
the government for cleaning up activities. People should be responsible for cleaning up
the areas around their houses. It is very important to motivate a change in the behavior
and attitude of the people so that people become aware of environmental issues and
protect the environment from pollution (SC Johnson, 2011).
One of the causes for the deep-rooted environmental problems in the country is the lack
of environmental awareness. This lack of awareness is at the very heart of the
inappropriate management and utilization of environmental resources. The lack of
environmental awareness has been common even among policy makers, until recently.
The recurrent and disastrous droughts that have affected the country are considered to
have compelled various members of the society and the government to give attention to
environmental issues (EPA, 2003).
In many African countries environmental education and information are disseminated
through the use of different approaches and tools. Various multimedia approaches
including the print and electronic media remain the dominant means. The use of
consultative and sensitization for a is also important. Moreover, the use of the internet as
a channel of communication is gradually picking up (ECA, 2005).

2.2.1. Measures taken by regulatory bodies to solve the problem

▪ Measures taken by environmental protection organs
EPA/Ministry of Environment and Forests
The former Environmental Protection Authority the then Ministry of Environment and
Forest is the highest organ in charge of environmental protection of the nation. The
institution has a mandate of regulating various types of industrial wastes for the sake of
cleaner and healthy Environment. Regarding waste management in the area, the data
obtained from the Environmental Control and Inspection Head shows that the industries
in the area have problem of managing their wastes. The waste management problems of

33
such industries are affecting the environment particularly the water bodies and to some
extent air and soil in the area. In contrary, the officer said that the extent of the problem is
not significantly affecting the environment. However, the data obtained from the
households show that the residents and their animals are suffering various health
problems due to the pollution.
The environmental pollution proclamation and industrial pollution prevention regulations
have given more consideration to citizens ‘ complaints. However, the institution is so
reluctant to welcome these complaints. According to the Environmental Control and
Inspection Head there are various complaints from the residents on the industries
discharging their pollutants into the rivers? ―Though, the complaints have some reality,
there is a problem on the side of the institution in identifying the pollutants and the source
of the rivers especially the LAR and finally this makes things difficult to take measures
on those who violate laws.

Not only in receiving residents ‘ complaints the institution is also reluctant in taking
measures on the polluting industries. Regarding this the officer responded that the
institution has never taken any disciplinary measures so far rather it has focused on
Awareness raising and in providing technical assistances. Administrative decisions have
been taken on those which couldn‘ t meet standards and polluting the environment. The
ministry is also undertaking some activities to identify the exact sources of the rivers in
the area to be able to identify those polluting industries that discharge their wastes into
the rivers and take corrective measures.

Finally, the data obtained from the institution shows that lack of clearly specified roles
and responsibilities, lack of institutional capacity like lack of adequate man power, well
designed laboratories and finance are among the problems that prevent the institution to
properly implement the laws.
Measures taken by AAEPA
AAEPA is the most vibrant institution in regulating and controlling industrial waste in the
city. According to the environmental pollution inspection officer, industrial waste
management, particularly liquid waste disposal is a major problem observed by the
industries in the area. Besides liquid waste disposal problems, lack of waste treatment
plant and water pollution is the other problems in the area. In contrary, the officer said,
the same thing as the expert has said, that the extent of the problem is not significantly

34
affecting the environment. However, the data obtained from the households reveal that
the residents and their animals are suffering various Health problems due to the pollution.
The data obtained from the environmental pollution inspection officer indicates that
animal and human health problems are the major effects which are commonly complained
by the residents. However, it is difficult to attribute the problem to industrial wastes as
sewerage wastes are also poured into the nearby rivers through canals.

He further said that 40 percent of the city‘s vegetable consumption is covered mainly
from Mojo River ―Even though it is not supported by research, some heavy metals like
chrome, which have high potential to cause cancer, have been found in samples which
have been taken by the institution from the vegetables in the area‖. This clearly shows that
the wastes from the industries are affecting the environment to a great extent and the data
obtained from the officer are contradicting each other. One can conclude from the above
discussion that the institution is reluctant to work for the wellbeing of the residents.
“ Environmental awareness creation is a way to controlling and inspection; this is a basic
theme of our institution. Disciplinary measures have not been taken so far. Some
industries were suspended from operation due to public complaints. However,
punishment is not the objective of the institution, “ Had we strictly enforced the laws
almost all the industries would be closed” , since all of the operating industries do not
comply with established standards. However, technical assistance and administrative
measures have been taking on those which do not improve their waste management
System” .

Even though the institution said it focused on awareness creation activities, the data
obtained from selected industries shows that the industries are criticizing the regulatory
bodies. The industries responded that the regulatory bodies are very much reluctant in
providing technical assistance and awareness creation activities but good in giving
commands.

The institution is also working to solve the problem by implementing certain

mechanisms. Specifically, existing factories are urged undertake an environmental audit
and implement an environmental management plan. Besides, this new industries will not
get license unless they come up with mitigation measures and certain facilities like waste
treatment plants. Old industries will not continue operation and renew license unless they
have good status in terms of pollution.

35
The institution has certain problems that can hinder it from carrying out its duties and
responsibilities. Among these the environmental control and inspection officer has
claimed that there is lack of technical and institutional capacity to enforce laws. There is
no regular inspection of the enterprises by the institution; inspection is rarely undertaken.
He also added that lack of cooperation with other sectorial institutions; Leather Institute
and Ministry of Industry often insisted that taking measures may discourage industries to
flourish. The sub-city poor land management plan, the industries and residents are settled
side by side makes the industries not to have common waste treatment plant.

One can conclude from the above argument that, despite the good efforts made by the
institution, it is still reluctant to solve the problems of industrial pollution. In addition to
this lack of institutional capacity (lack of adequate laboratories, finance and trained
personnel), lack of cooperation with other sectorial institutions and lack of community
participation in decision making activities are the other problems that hinder the
institution not to take decisive measures against the polluting industries.

2.2.2. Measures taken by health care institutions

Under the Ministry of Health there is a regulatory organ (Ethiopian Food, Medicine and
Health Care Administration and Control Authority). Under this regulatory body there is a
directorate called Environmental Pollution Inspection and Surveillance Directorate to
inspect and control industrial pollution. This directorate is closely working with
environmental protection organs to protect health of the people and quality of rivers
mainly trans-regional in nature.

According to the data obtained from Pollution Inspection and Surveillance Coordinator,
water bodies ‘ pollution as a result of poor liquid waste management is the most
frequented problem in the area. He also added

Almost all industry operating in the area have their own treatment plantation for their
waste water and hazardous chemical only up to secondary level. Which is steal effects on
the environment. Except Kolba and Friendship Tannery all of the tannery in the town
aren’ t used tertiary level. Even if they have secondary level of treatment they would not
use the treatment wisely for the fear of regulatory body they release waste directly to the
river without treatment during the night time.

36
According to her disciplinary measures had been taken before 2011. However, 2011 later
awareness raising and technical support have been undertaking. Administrative and
disciplinary measures have also been taking on those industries which caused health
problems on the residents. However, the data obtained from Pollution Inspection and
Surveillance Coordinator regarding the measures taken was contradicting with the data
obtained from the two environmental protection organs. The data obtained from EPA and
AAEPA shows that measures have not been taken on the polluting industries.
Unlike the other environmental protection organs, MoH is more responsible to protect the
health of the community since its Primary objective is just to protect health of citizens.
However, the data obtained shows that the ministry has given little attention to the
problem even though the problem is serious and the residents are suffering different kinds
of health problems as a result of the industrial waste management problems. Generally,
despite good efforts, the limited effort to enforce of the policies and regulations couldn‘ t
enable them protect the community from suffering industrial related health problems.

The data gathered from the residents through questionnaire also indicate that the
regulatory bodies have not been effectively undertaken their responsibilities. All of the
respondents believed that the factories negligence and lack of supervision and control of
environmental regulatory bodies are responsible for the problem.

The selected households were also asked if the environmental regulatory bodies have
been undertaking their responsibilities, majority (58.8 percent) of them do not very agree,
while 19.6 percent of them responded that they do not agree with the regulatory bodies
are discharging their responsibilities. To the contrary, 5.9 percent of the respondents said
that regulatory bodies are discharging their responsibilities effectively while 15.7 percent
of them remain neutral. This shows that the community‘ s confidence on the regulatory
bodies is very much deteriorated and regarded them as simply existed for presence.

Similar findings were found from the focus group discussions that the environmental
regulatory Bodies at federal and local levels are very reluctant in solving the
environmental and health related problems of the community. They often refuse to the
complaints of the community rather than solving them. This clearly shows that the
regulatory bodies are very reluctant to listen to the complaints of residents and
participating them in decision making. The industrial pollution prevention regulation
159/2008 has granted any citizen to complain on polluting enterprises to relevant

37
 environmental organs, however, due to lack of institutional capacity and other related
problems proper responses have not been given to the complaints. The awareness raising
activities are also constrained only on the polluting establishments; the opportunity was
not given to residents. This finally has undermined the efforts of the regulatory bodies
and has put its negative effect on the solution of the problem.

2.3. Conceptual Framework

The Enviromental Polution is cuused by poor Enviromental Management system using of

common dump site,Burrial onsite, Less water treament and lack of modern waste
Treatment technology can couse Plution which may affect Day to day activities of Human
Being, its have social problem problem,economical problem and health Problem. As
ageneral the Variables adressed in these study were dipcted by the following diagram.

Independent Mediating Variables Dependent Variables

Variables

Environmental pollution Poor Environmental Management Human effects

system ❖ Breathing
➢ Water pollution
➢ Soil pollution ❖ Dump site system
➢ Air pollution ❖ burial on-site Diarrhea
❖ release of waste water ❖ Bronchitis
without treatment ❖ Typhoid and
❖ releasing of Hazardous typhus
wastes

Fig 1.1. 2022 Conceptual framework designed by researcher

38
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
Mojo is one of the towns in the country that had emerged along the Railway line from
Djibouti to Addis Ababa, constructed between the years 1894 and 1917. It is one of the
pre- Italian periods of the country that had been considered as from their early period of
formation as satellite towns along railway lines east of the capital. It comprises most
important industrial establishments and also hosts one of the dry stations (port) of the
country. Mojo was recognized as a town since 1941 and it gained a municipal status in
1944 (Mojo Municipality, 2015). Mojo town is located in east Shewa zone of Oromia
regional state at Lume wereda (district) some 70 Km away from the capital city Addis
Ababa toward the South east direction with central coordinates of 8° 35 25N and 39°
0746E within the range of 1694-1884 meter elevation above sea level. It has an area of
5180.14ha (51.80 Sq. Km).The town is divided in two kebeles. Total population of the
town is 29,547 out which 14,355 male and 15192 females (CSA, 2007). According to
CSA (2007) report, the population growth rate was 3 % and based on this rate the existing
total population at this time is estimated to be 42127.Whereas, based on Mojo
municipality estimation the total population is 100,000.Due to the establishment of
industries and the job opportunity created by government and individual investment
projects, a number of job seekers massively came to the town from different areas. Hence,
this might be the reason for the drastic population increase of the town according to the
population estimation of the municipality.

According to the Mojo City investment office Mojo town is the largest of all Industrial
zones in the country that includes the very recent establishments of Mojo leather city. It
is located in the periphery of Mojo town, adjacent to the bend in the Mojo Rivers.
Construction of factories within the zone started in early 20th century. With construction
of the Ethio-Japanese Synthetic Textiles, with a budget of 15 million Birr. The Textiles
Co. behind it was 49% Japanese and 51% Ethiopian owned, with a capital of 2.5 million
Birr. Currently, the zone occupies both residence and the factories, and there were 45
medium and large-scale industries in the zone. Among these 15 of them are Leather
processing Industry. Rest of them were Food and beverage factory, Oil factory, Abator,
Textile factory and other Medium and large scale industry.

39
Fig 3.1. Mojo Town Location Map

3.2. Research design

The aim of this research is to assess and analyze the effects of Enviromental polution on
local people case of industrial waste in mojo town . the study employed Discriptive and
Explanatorory research design which is mixed Approach . It is believed that employing
both Descritive and Explanatory Design is more useful to understand the situation that
make the community vulnerable to problems as a result of industrial wastes. Employing
both Design also use ful to triangulate data colected from different source.
Due to the fact that Explanory and Descritive Research design used Qualitative and
quantitative research approaches helps to undertake study through exploring attitude,
behaviors and experience by using such methods or data collection instruments as focus
group, interview through structured, semi-structured, and non-participatory personal
observation. This provides information, which can be best described in words, describing
situation, events, people, interactions and observed behaviors etc. On the other hand,
quantitative research generates Statistics and produces numerical data. Methodological
triangulation; obtaining data from different sources, such as observations, documentations
and interviews, and focused group discussion helps to harnesses diverse ideas about the

40
same issue and assist in cross-checking the results, and consequently helps to increase the
validity, reliability of the findings and eases data analysis.
3.3. Data sources and Data collection Instruments
For undertaking this research, data were obtained both from primary and secondary
sources. Primary data was collected from 117 sampled respondents from the village,
Local farmers, on-governmental organization, local Environmental protection Authority
industry representatives and other concerned bodies. In addition, from secondary sources,
different published and unpublished documents like journals, books, magazines, websites,
research findings, policy documents and manuals and other relevant materials will be
used
To obtain sufficient information from the selected sources, the research was involved
four key elements. The first was undertaking of corporate survey questionnaires and field
observation with industry representatives to assess their waste management practice.
Second survey questionnaires’ and focus group discussions (FGDs) with community
members to identify the health problems in the area. The third was Gathering of
secondary data and undertaking of interviews with health professionals from MoH to
determine whether the perceived health problems that expressed by the local population
would Match the health trends observed by the ministry, and what their opinion is as to
the likely causes.

Of the health problems that they currently observe in the area and on the implementation
of health policy. Finally, interview was undertaken with Local government environmental
protection office, on the case of waste Management practices, and concerned EPA
officials related to the implementation of existing Policies and disciplinary measures on
those industries that violate laws.

Besides this, Information was collected through field observations for clarity and to learn
facts. It was conducted within and outside the compounds of the industries. The
production process in the industries was also observed in order to learn the instances of
waste generation and final disposal of wastes. In addition, the researcher will be tried to
observe how the inhabitants are using the water bodies in the area.

41
 3.4. Population and sample size
3.4.1. Target population
The target population of the study were all of the medium and large scales firms in the
Modjo town to assess their waste management practice and Resident that have proximity
to industrial area to identify the negative effects of bi products released from the industry
3.4.2. Sampling Technique,Procedure and sample Size
The sampling strategy used was non-probability sampling at every stage in the process. In
the first stage, Industrial Zones which offers a naturally occurring cluster were
considered. Based on a purposive sampling technique, therefore, leather industry was
selected for its strong relevance to this topic of investigation. In the second stage, having
census data of the selected cluster, the population was sorted out into small, medium and
large industries based on their number of employees, output size and energy use to decide
the category which are environmentally important. Hence, medium and large-scale
industries were selected at this stage. Medium and large-scale firms generally produce a
greater volume of waste per firm compared to small sized firms, and they are easier to
locate. At this stage 5 Industrial firms located in the mojo Industrial Town were selected
to identify potential participants.

Finally in order to identify the effects of waste management practice on the health of the
community the target population is 1546 households reside in the vicinity of the
industries which are selected for the study. Thus, it is difficult to include all the
households in the research study.

According to Israel (1992) there are several approaches to determine the sample size like,
imitating a sample size of similar studies, using published tables and also using formulas
to calculate the sample size. Hence, the study has applied a simplified formula provided
by Yemane (1967:886) in order to determine the sample size at 95% confidence level, 0.5
degree of variability and as the issue is highly behavioral and respondents were
approached purposively then the researcher intended to minimize the sample size through
level of precision 9%. Besides according to statistics Canada (2003) suitably accurate
results can be obtained by accepting a larger margin of error and using resources more
efficiently, further it may be more effective to use the cost savings from a smaller sample
size on the factors that affect the accuracy of the survey results such as reducing non
sampling error (e.g. follow up of non-respondents, testing the questionnaire, training

42
 interviewers etc.). Hence, as the unwilling respondents were replaced by the ones who
were willing there was serious follow up of respondents and as the non-response rate is
zero, hence, the margin of error could be acceptable in this case. The formula is dictated
below:

n= N
1+N (e) 2
Where
n = is the sample size
N = is the population size - resident in the vicinity of the industries 1546

e = is the level of precision

Thus,
n= 1546
1+ 1546 (0.008)
n= 117
3.4.3. Sample Size
The Sample size distribution among selected Kebels in Mojo Town
Name of Selected Total Population / Total Male Female Number of
Kebeles number of households/ in Selected
each Kebele Sample Size
From each
kebele

Kersa (Dibora ) 650 450 200 45

Shera Dibandiba 450 350 100 39

Sayyoo 446 238 208 33

Total 1546 1038 508 117

43
 3.5. Data sources and Data collection Instruments
For undertaking this research, data were obtained both from primary and secondary
sources. Primary data was collected from 117 sampled respondents from the village,
Local farmers, on-governmental organization, local Environmental protection Authority
industry representatives and other concerned bodies. In addition, from secondary sources,
different published and unpublished documents like journals, books, magazines, websites,
research findings, policy documents and manuals and other relevant materials will be
used
To obtain sufficient information from the selected sources, the research was involved
four key elements. The first was undertaking of corporate survey questionnaires and field
observation with industry representatives to assess their waste management practice.
Second survey questionnaires’ and focus group discussions (FGDs) with community
members to identify the health problems in the area. The third was Gathering of
secondary data and undertaking of interviews with health professionals from MoH to
determine whether the perceived health problems that expressed by the local population
would Match the health trends observed by the ministry, and what their opinion is as to
the likely causes.

Of the health problems that they currently observe in the area and on the implementation
of health policy. Finally, interview was undertaken with Local government environmental
protection office, on the case of waste Management practices, and concerned EPA
officials related to the implementation of existing Policies and disciplinary measures on
those industries that violate laws.

Besides this, Information was collected through field observations for clarity and to learn
facts. It was conducted within and outside the compounds of the industries. The
production process in the industries was also observed in order to learn the instances of
waste generation and final disposal of wastes. In addition, the researcher will be tried to
observe how the inhabitants are using the water bodies in the area. While conducting
observation the researcher will use observation checklists to make the research more
reliable.

44
 3.6. Data Collection Reliablity And Validity Test
Reliability and validity are essential aspects of a research in measuring the quality of any
research (Ali &Yusuf, 2011; Osuagwu1(2020). “ The rigor and strength of any research
work are a function of the reliability and validity tests associated with the research”
(Morris & Burkett, 2011; Osuagwu1,2020:6). Therefore, reliability and validity as
essential components of data quality assurance presented as indicated below.
3.6.1. Reliability
One of the quality measures in a quantitative study is reliability, or the accuracy of an
instrument. In other words, reliability is the extent to which a research instrument
consistently has the same results if it is used in the same situation on repeated occasions
(Heale & Twycross, 2015). Reliability is used to check the internal consistency of a
research instrument (Kayes, 2005; Osuagwu1,2020). Questionnaire, one of data collection
tools, with a reliability coefficient of 0.7 means that 30% of its variance is irrelevant
/associated with error. In this regard, the researcher distributed data collection
instrument/questionnaire/ to 10 subjects in order to get feedback on its internal
consistency/ reliability /. Finally some adjustments were made ahead of data collection
process. Moreover, the reliability coefficient of the variables was confirmed as having
coefficient of 0.73.
3.6.2. Validity
The concept of validity is more associated with measurement procedure. In terms of the
measurement procedure, validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what is it
designed to measure. It is the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a
quantitative study. Validity encompassing content validity and its subset face validity
looks at the instrument whether it adequately covers or not all the content that it should
cover with respect to the variable. In regard to face validity whether an instrument
measures the concept intended experts are asked their opinion (Heale & Twycross, 2015).
In this regard, the researcher distributed questions designed for data collection process to
4 developmental management experts and then incorporated their constructive comments.

3.7. Data Analysis Methods

The data collected both from primary and secondary sources, was analyzed through
qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis methods. Frequencies, tables, numerical
figures, charts and Percentages were used as the main techniques for analyzing and

45
presenting of the collected Quantitative data. Secondary data were analyzed through
qualitative descriptive methods by interrelating with the primary data.
3.8. Ethical consideration
To undertake the study, permission was obtained from Oromia State University and then
official letter of University is to be provided to the local governors and concerned bodies.
After approval from all concerning bodies, data collection for the study was be executed
based on cautions about purposes, procedures, potential risks and benefits of the
undertaken study so that an accurate available information will be obtained. The
respondents were approached after the purpose of the study explained in detail so that
they are comfortable to give their response on time and honesty. Reviewing of
information was carried out after the assurance of the privacy of the informants and
organization. The study also attempted to take into accounts custom, norm, culture and
religion of participants in the study.

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALAYSIS
4.1. Mojo industrial zone
The purpose of this research was to gain an overall understanding of industrial waste
management practices in Mojo Town and to provide a preliminary assessment of effects
Industrial on human health and its adverse effects on the health of the community. This
was achieved through literature review, consulting key government and non-government
personnel, and observations. This chapter provides an overview of the Mojo Industrial
Zone and presents the results of the study conducted on this Industrial Zone.

In the first two decades of operation, the now Mojo Industrial Zone consisted solely of
industrial factories and enterprises; there were no residential areas, offices or schools
except key employee residences built by some foreign investors. In the process of
urbanization, however, the State began distribution for the construction of a series of
residences in the areas surrounding the zone to meet rapidly increasing demand for
housing from a growing population. The zone today lies within a densely populated area
containing thousands of inhabitants.

46
 4.1.1. Factories and Companies in the Zone
According to the Local Authority report 2015, on Large and Medium Scale
Manufacturing there are 47 large and medium enterprises registered on various areas of
investment in Mojo Town.

No Company Name Date ownership Number of

established Employees
1. Mojo Leather 1964 Foreign 701
2. Friendship Leather 2002 Foreign 330
3. United Beverage 2010 Domestic 255
4. Kolba leather 2000 Foreign 208
5. George Shoe leather 2007 Foreign 801

4.1.2. Survey Results

A total of 5 industries participated in the corporate survey (Table 1) the survey has
captured information mainly company Name, Date established, ownership and number of
employees
Source: survey 2023
As indicated the above table most of the industry were owned by foreigner except United
Beverage industry. This indicate that most of the Sampled industry owner were foreigner.
In terms of employees George shoe Leather were hire large number of Employees next
Mojo Leather with 701 Employees.
➢ Waste Generation, Treatment and Disposal
The first part of this section describes: i) waste generation rates, ii) treatment and
disposal methods, iii) disposal and/or treatment costs, and iv) reuse and recycling
activities employed by surveyed firms for three types of wastes including solid,
hazardous, and liquid wastes. The second part examines types of source reduction

47
measures implemented by interviewed firms, and the third and fourth part present the
motivations behind and barriers to the adoption of waste minimization practices
experienced by firms in the Industrial Zone.
➢ Current Infrastructure
Water Supply
According to the data coolected from Company representativrs All of the industries in
mojo industrial zone use their own Underground water. For these all of the water sources
are considered to be Cost effective.
Water Drainage
According to the Mojo town Administration office Sewer systems in Mojo are not
combined which means that domestic and Industrial wastewater and storm water are
served by the different drainage system. For industries in the MIZ, rain, and wastewater
from domestic use and the Production process moves through Different systems to the
drainage canals which directly flows to Mojo River. The underdeveloped drainage system
reflects inadequate investment during Construction and remains a big problem today.
Untreated production wastewater mixes with domestic wastewater and rain, and creates a
serious pollution source for the Mojo Rivers.

➢ Future Development

According to the Unpublished sourcrs of information from Mojo Inveatment office

Currently Mojo town were selected for different Development strategies. In 2010 Mojo
town were selected For Leather industry which integrate Production process and
Recycling waste in Collaboration with UNIDO program with green and Environment
Friendly Strategy. And Also Mojo is wanted for several Federal and Regional
Government as of Major Federal Companies are currently operated in the town are Mojo
Dry Port and Currently on going Geda city Construction are among for the attraction of
Mojo for different Investment.
Thought the number of enterprises in the zone will continue to increase. In 2013, for
example, a total of 10 private enterprises were introduced to the MIZ. The main problem
is that the development and upgrading of the zone was solely based on the role of the
industrial sector in the macro-economy of the country. Important goals should be:
1. Removing or altering factory processes that seriously pollute the zone,
2. Installing preliminary treatment facilities to ensure compliance with industrial
emission standards,

48
 3. Investing in advanced technologies, particularly clean technologies, and replace
obsolete equipment to abate pollution and
4. Investing in and upgrade urban infrastructure to improve the living environment.
➢ Environmental Situation in the Zone
In 2001, (Oromia Environmental protection Authority) conducted an assessment
“ Industries and Environment” giving due attention to industrial pollution in the Mojo
Industrial Zone (EPA, 2001). The study considered 13 major industries from Mojo
Industrial zone. The present study, based on wastes generated and pollution thereof from
45 companies in the zone, has noted no improvement in the environmental situation of the
area.

The study identified wastewater as one type of wastes generated from industries Located
in Mojo industrial zone. Industrial Zone generate two types of Wastewater i.e. i) domestic
wastewater, and ii) production process wastewater Most production water in the zone is
used for cooling and washing, and some companies reuse this water. All industrial
wastewater were discharged into sewers or open canals that empty into the nearby water
body, mainly Mojo Rivers or its tributaries, or open land. Though the survey didn’ t
quantify the grand amount of waste waters discharged, for it outside the scope of the
present study, the total amount, however, is considerably higher today because both the
number of firms and industrial activity in the zone has increased.

According to many studies on Mojo Rivers water quality, the biological, chemical and
physical parameters of the Rivers are highly degraded mostly due to industrial effluents
discharged to the river with little or not any form of treatment. Because of their size and
pollution load of the discharges, industries located in the MIZ have significant
contribution. Despite the absence of record on the presence of various toxic substances,
such as metalloids, cuprous salt, chrome salt and cyanide and mercury in the effluents of
those industries in the Zone there are many industrial activities in the area for likely
discharge of them.
➢ Waste generation of selected industries

Table 2. Waste generation of selected industry

Name of industry Solid Liquid Sludge Hazardous waste
Mojo Leather 256kg 1150 147.5 kg Sulphide 200 m3
Chrome 26 m3

49
Friendship Leather 15-20 kG 1120 170kg Sulphide 210 m3
Chrome 50 m3
United Beverage 1256 1125 125 -
Kolba leather 200-150kg 2540 250kg Sulphide 210 m3
Chrome 50 m3
George Shoe leather 200-150kg 2089 260 kg Sulphide 210 m3
Chrome 50 m3
Source: Corporate survey 2023
Solid Waste
Generation
On average, interviewed firms reported to have been generating 55109 tons of solid waste
per year. Mojo Tannery S. C. reported producing the most with 438545 tons per year and
Hora PLC claimed the least with 2007.5 ton per year (Table 2).

Liquid waste
Among the selected industries Mojo Tannery is the largest producer of liquid wastes
which generates 1200 cubic meters of liquid wastes per day, while Hora Leather s.c is
claimed the least generator which produces 88 cubic meters of liquid wastes per day.
Sludge
Mojo is the only firm which claimed generating of kilo grams of 147.5 sludge per week.
While others are relatively produced small sludge.
Hazardous wastes
All of the industry selected for the study produce large amount of hazardous material like
sulphide and chrome which may affect the environment and society. The industrial
pollution prevention regulation of Ethiopia has a provision that regulates the operating
industries to have a complete record of their waste management activities. However, the
data obtained from the companies through interview is not supported by these documents
as the companies were not willing to show their documents. The sensitivity of the
research under study could also be another reason for the secrecy.

TABLE 3 .Solid Waste Generation and Off-Site Recycling of Interviewed Firms

Name of Industry Solid Wastes Revenue from Offsite

( tones/ year) Recycling
(ETB/year)
50
Mojo Leather 73.0 No
Friendship Leather 340 No
United Bevarage 65.3 No
Kolba leather 2540 540,000
George Shoe leather 2156 100,000

Source: Corporate Survey 2023

Treatment and Disposal

All companies interviewed, except George shoe and Kolba that they do not recycle or
reuse all solid waste off-site, do not allow any waste picker at all to dispose. Companies
either transport to dump site solid wastes in the company to the area of on daily basis or
weekly basis dispose to open land fill usually outside the company premises and
Municipality Dump site area. Only the selected industry has their own dump site in the
compound for temporary use.
Fig 2. Selected industry solid waste Practice in the company for temporary use

Source: Field Observation

Fig 4.1. Temporary dump site for Friendship tannery

51
Table 4. Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal Mechanisms of Surveyed industry

Industrial firm Solid waste disposal

Mojo Leather Temporary Open dump and Transport to land fill
Friendship Leaather Transport to land
United Bevarage Transport to land
Kolba leather Temporary Open dump and Transport to land fill
George Shoe leather Temporary Open dump and Transport to land fill
Source: Corporate survey 2023
From the above table we can summarize that except Mojo leather,Kolba, and George shoe
leather rest of the company has not temporary open dump they can transport municipal
land filling site.
Disposal Costs
Mojo Leather and Friend ship is unique for relatively expend significant amount of
money expending on waste disposal. Even though the company responded the Expense as
waste treatment cost of, upon verification it is mostly collection and Transport expense
upon disposal. Next to it was Kolba claimed to incur less than Eth. Birr 1000 on treatment
and disposal of its nonhazardous wastes. All do not allow any form of waste pickers
which could possibly increase their disposal costs.
Reuse and Recycling
There are no central or formal waste recycling facilities, which industries can easily
access, like those that exist in developed countries. However, households ,mostly
employees, and small cooperatives in Mojo collect recoverable wastes, which they use to
create lower quality, lower priced items that are later resold with profit. Except for
George shoe and Kolba which later collect recoverable wastes to produce other by
products and directly sell them at lower price as lower grade products, all participating
enterprises reported that they sell reusable and recyclable materials to these small
cooperatives or firms who recycle or reuse.
Hazardous Waste

All of the Firms generating hazardous wastes except United Beverage. Both provided
hazardous waste quantities: For example, Mojo leather Industry, uses five major
chemicals as a raw Material namely, white sprite, Acetone, Alkyd resin, Toluene, Ethl
acetate, Styrene which are so explosive and off high inflammable. Moreover, the
company uses other chemicals like Chrome oxide, and lead octate, these could be source
of heavy metals. In fact, the company claimed to treat its hazardous waste in response to
other enquires which does not demand the type and quantities. It is therefore likely that

52
firms hesitate to disclose information on quantities of hazardous waste produced, but for
reasons related to confidentiality, such as fear of negative government repercussions or
threat of social stigma or civil action, the company did not wish to share this information.

TABLE 5. Hazardous Waste Generations, Treatment and Disposal

Industrial firm Waste treatment Disposal permit

Mojo Leather Yes Yes
Friendship Leather Yes Yes
United Bevarage Yes Not applicable
Kolba leather Yes Yes
George Shoe leather Yes Yes
No Industrial firm Hazardous waste Treatment plant
generation
1. Mojo Leather Yes Yes
5. Friendship Leather Yes Yes
7. United Bevarage Yes Not applicable
9. Kolba leather Yes Yes
10. George Shoe leather Yes Yes
Source: Corporate survey 2023
All of the enterprise generates hazardous waste. Claims to treat their hazardous on site.
By using Aerobic and non-aerobic Method. Treatment plant has three level primary and
secondary level. Under primary level the source of waste have been passed by pure water
and goes to secondary level. Secondary level wastes have been treated by using Aerobic
and non-aerobic facilities. In light of the fact that getting disposal permit is not mandatory
in the Ethiopian industries, as it was confirmed by all the interviewed firms (Table 5). It
is, therefore, unlikely that firms treat their wastes before disposal in any form, anywhere.

Table 6. Waste Treatment Practices and Disposal Permits

Source: Corporate survey 2023
Disposal Costs
As with hazardous waste generation quantities, firms were reluctant to reveal hazardous
waste disposal costs. Because one can trace the quantities of the waste corresponding to
the disposal costs. Only Kolba who didn’ t report the quantities, reported that they pay up
to ETB1000 per year to dispose their hazardous waste. All other companies claimed again
not to record this information.

Reuse and Recycling

53
 None of the firms generating hazardous waste reused or recycled the waste. Lack of
appropriate technology, expertise, and financial resources necessary for such activity have
prevented the firms from recovering toxic wastes. All industries were treat their all waste
solid, liquid, sludge and hazardous wastes up to secondary level. Which is not again used
by the company?
➢ Wastewater

Consumption

Participating firms reported consuming an average of 204 cubic meter of water per day,
Products consuming the least at only 8.8 cubic meters per day. The rest of water disposed
of wastes. Most of the study participants have their own source of water, namely
underground water.

Generation
According to interview results, on average, interviewed enterprises generated 66 cubic
meters of wastewater per day. Mojo Tannery Company generates the largest quantity at
270 cubic meters per day; United Bevarage Company generates the smallest amount. Yet
the company was not able to provide quantities of domestic wastewater generated
(Table7).

TABLE 7. Water Consumption and Source of Interviewed Firms (m3 /day)

Industrial firm Water Consumption

Cooling Process Utilities Total Water
Water Source
Mojo Leather 100 1000 100 1200 Under
ground
Friendship Leather 170 1200 50 1320 Under
ground
United Bevarage
Kolba leather 100 2650 10 2760 Under
ground
George Shoe leather 100 2160 10 2270 Under
ground

Source: corporate Survey 2023

Table 8.Wastewater Generation of Interviewed Firms

No Industrial firm Wastewater Generation
(m3/day)

54
1. Mojo Leather 1150
1. Friendship Leather 1120
2. United Bevarage
3. Kolba leather 2540
4. George Shoe leather 2089
Source : Corporate survey 2023

Treatment and Disposal

Wastewater management is carried out separately by each firm in the zone, as there is no
central wastewater treatment facility. The irregular temporal and spatial spread of
development in the zone, in addition to financial obstacles, has hindered coordination
efforts to build a central wastewater treatment facility capable of processing a variety of
wastewater compositions from the various industrial sectors. Of the interviewed
enterprises only one firm did, however, attempt to reduce pollution by the installing some
type of wastewater treatment process primarily by chemical dosing and settled in a series
of tanks and discharged into Mojo River. (Table 8, Figure 4.2).

Source: Field Observation

Fig 4.2. Wastewater treatment plant of friendship Leather

TABLE 9. Wastewater Treatment Method of Interviewed Firms

Industrial firm
Mojo Leather
Friendship Leather
United Bevarage
Kolba leather
George Shoe leather
Own source 2023
Treatment Costs
Wastewater Treatment Methods
Biological and chemical
Biological and chemical
No treatment
Biological and chemical
Biological and chemical

55
Even though, all of the company reported of having waste treatment facility. Companies
reported wastewater treatment costs. The average treatment cost for all interviewed
company Treatment costs for was estimated at ETB 5000/year which includes the cost
of chemicals and power. The company did not specify costs sustained for regular
maintenance and operation.
Reuse and Recycling
Two firms reuse wastewater on-site. George shoe reuse cooling water for the purposes of
domestic uses. Kolba also reuses all production wastewater on-site. Wastewater with
United beverage Products is composed of coolant oil. Therefore, they used to change
within fortnight. It is not also reused for other domestic purposes as in the case of the
former.
Source Reduction Measures
All firms reported adopting at least one type of source reduction measure, and as
anticipated, the most frequent were low to no cost measures. One of the interviewed
companies, George shoe, has implemented all measures but product change. More than
half of the companies’ source reduction measures involved improved housekeeping.

4.2. Induustrial wastes and their health consequences

4.2.1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents

The demographic characteristics of the respondents in the study are presented in the
following Table 10: Demographic characteristics of the respondents

Category Sample size Percentage

1. Sex
Male 82 70.1
Female 35 29.9
Total 117 100

3. Age
18-25 36 30.8
26-33 12 10.3
34-41 22 18.8
42-50 40 34.2
Above 50 7 6.0
117 100
4. Marital status
Married 80 68.4
Single 34 29.1
Divorced 3 2.6
117 100

56
 5. Family size
1-3 43 36.8
4-6 20 17.1
7-9 5 4.3
Above 10 1 0.9
No children 48 41
117 100
6. No. Of years lived in the area
Less than a year
1-5 11 9.4
6-15 44 37.6
16-25 43 36.8
26 and above 19 16.2
117 100

7. Education
Illiterate 13 11.1
1-6 32 27.4
7-8 5 4.3
9-12 2 1.7
College and university 65 55.6
117 100
Source: survey 2023
As indicated in the above table (table 1) the majority (70.1 percent) of the respondents is
male and the remaining 29.9 percent are female. On the other hand, the majority (34.2
percent) of the respondents are between the ages of 34-41, 30.8 percent are between the
ages of 26-33 and the remaining 18.8, 10.3, and 7.1 percent are between the ages of 42-
50, 18-25 and above 50 years respectively.
Table 10, also shows that the respondents are of varying marital status. Accordingly, the
overwhelming numbers (80 percent) of the respondents are married and the remaining 34
percent and 3 percent of the respondents are single and divorced respectively. With
respect to family size the majority (43 percent) of the respondents have 1-4 family
members, 34 percent of the respondents have small family size with 1-3 family members,
and the remaining 16 percent of the respondents have large family size with 7-9 family
members.
With respect to the years of residence, majority (30.4 percent) of the respondents lived in
the area from 6-10 years, 23.2 percent of them lived from 16-25 years and the remaining
21.4, 16.1, and 1.8 percent of the respondents are lived from years 1-5, 11-5, 26 and
above, and less than a year respectively. The respondents also have varying educational
backgrounds. 37.5 percent of the respondents have reached grades of 9-12, while small
percentage (10.7 percent) of them have reached college and university level. On the other
hand, 19 percent of the respondents have no education or illiterate while the remaining

57
17.9 and 14.3 percent of the respondents have reached grades 7-8 and 1-6 respectively.
This indicates that the educational level of the majority of the
Respondents are very low.

4.2.2. Extent of impacts of industrial wastes on the residents

Respondents were asked whether the industries in their residence area have impact on
their Health. Majority (89.7 percent) of them responded that the industries there in their
vicinity have Impact on their health, while the remaining 10.3 percent of the respondent
said that they are not sure whether the industries have effect on their health. The
respondents were also asked in what Way the industries affected their health. The
responses are summarized in Table 11A and B
Problems during the production process

Table (11A) indicates that bad smell or odor from the manufacturing industries is the
most Frequented problem that affects the respondents ‘ health. 68.6 percent of the
respondents said that their health is affected by the bad smell of industries. 29.4 percent
of the respondents said that noise from the industries is the other problem that affects the
health of the residents. However, dust and smoke are the least problems that affect the
health of the respondents. The same proportions (3.9 percent) of the respondents said that
their health is affected by smoke and dust from the industries in their vicinity. From this
one can understand that the industries are causing problems during the production process
on the residents though the type of the problem varies.

Responses from the FGDs also show the same. The Bad smell coming from the industries
during the production process is the common problem. The participants said that the bad
smell comes from the several tanneries and textile factories in the area, is deteriorating
the health of the Community. Noise from the industries is the other problem identified by
the focus group Participants.

In his observation of the industries the researcher also observed that the bad smell from
the Awash and other tanneries in the area was very disturbing even some meters away
from the Premises of such industries. This might have contribution in aggravating some
respiratory Disease like cough and asthma.

Table 11A. Summary on the effect of the industries during production process

58
 Response

Problems Yes No

F % F %

Noise 22 18.80 95 81.19

Bad smell 83 70.94 34 29.05

Dust 4 3.41 113 96.58

Smoke 8 6.83 109 93.16

Source : Survey, 2023

Problems during waste disposal

Table 11 B: Responses of participants on the effect of the industries during waste disposal
Response
Yes No
Problems F % F %
Dumping of solid wastes every 22 18.80 95 81.19
where
Discharge of industrial liquid 83 70.94 34 29.05
wastes and subsequent bad smell
Discharge of industrial liquid 4 3.41 113 96.58
wastes into water bodies
Vegetable and soil pollution 8 6.83 109 93.16

Source. Survey 2023

Table 11B indicates that Discharge of industrial liquid wastes into water bodies and the
bad smell from the disposal of liquid waste are the most common problems that are
highly affecting the health situation of the residents during their disposal. 70.4 percent of
the respondents said that the industries are affecting their life and health by discharging
their liquid wastes into the nearby rivers. 62.4 percent of the respondents also said that the
discharge of industrial waste and its subsequent bad smell is the other common problem
experienced in the area and affecting the health of the residents. Vegetable and soil

59
pollution is the other problem that 23.5 percent of the respondents are claimed that it is
affecting their health, while small number (7.8 percent) of the respondents said that
dumping of solid waste everywhere is affecting their health.
From the above discussion one can conclude that all forms of industrial wastes or
pollution are affecting health of the residents. However, the effect of such wastes varies in
type. Disposing of liquid waste into water bodies and its subsequent bad smell is the most
identified industrial waste problem while dumping of solid waste is relatively the least
identified problem by the respondent households.

Findings from the two focus group discussions also show that the river pollution as a
result of disposal of industrial liquid waste into the rivers and bad smell of such wastes
are the most stated problems by the participants. The participants of the FGD also added
that the presence of the several tanneries in the river banks is worsening the rivers quality.
They also said that the rivers are bad for smell and sight.

The findings obtained from the 4 vegetable farmers regarding the soil pollution also
indicate that the soil is highly polluted due to the polluted water and the vegetables being
grown on the soil have different test no matter the source of water is from the rivers or
rain. They also said that effluent entering the surface water bodies in the area, particularly
the LAR, is reducing the quality of water and as a result they are unable to use it for the
purposes for which it was used in the past, such as bathing and washing cattle. When they
do, they (and their livestock) suffer direct health impacts such as skin rashes and sores.

While undertaking this research the researcher also observed that the rivers especially
Mojo River is Changed its color and looks like a dark blue, and the bad smell from the
river is smelling even From a long distance. It is attributable that the bad smell and the
change in color of the rivers are resulted from the large number of the industries around
the river bank and their untreated liquid Wastes. The liquid wastes from the several
tanneries take to a great extent to the river pollution and the bad smell of the rivers.

The respondents were also asked whether they are using the rivers for any purpose,
majority (60.8 percent) of the respondents said that they never use the river for any
purpose. While 39.2 percent of the respondents use the rivers for washing and irrigation
purposes only. Among these, 29.4 percent of the respondents use the rivers for irrigation
purposes and 9.8 percent of them for washing without any form of treatment. All of the

60
respondents said that they never use the water for cooking and drinking purposes. This
shows that how the residents are very much threatened by the pollution of the
rivers for their health.

The participants of the FGDs also revealed that, the residents are very much aware about
the pollution and they never use the rivers water for drinking and cooking purposes.
However, the residents are still using the GAR for washing and irrigation purposes and
Mojo River for irrigation purpose only.

Similar responses are obtained from the interviews undertaken with the vegetable farmers
in the area. They responded that the rivers are highly polluted but they are using them
since they do not have another option to use as source of water for the irrigation purposes.

The respondents were asked about their source of water for irrigation, all of them
responded that the source of water is the polluted river water. They were also asked if
they use the vegetables grew in the area through the polluted water, 84.3 of the
respondents said that they use the vegetables. Among these, 37.2 percent of the
respondents said that they use the vegetables usually, 27.5 of them use the vegetables
sometimes while 19.6 and 15.7 percent of the respondents said that they use the
vegetables rarely and never respectively. From this we can infer that the respondents are
aware about the pollution of the river and the source of water for the vegetables.
However, this does not prevent them from using the vegetables as majority (84 percent)
of the respondents claimed that they consume the vegetables though it could have adverse
health effects, taking into account that samples taken by AAEPA have confirmed that
heavy metal contamination have found in the vegetables being grown using irrigation

61
Table 12. Frequently occurred Disease in the area of Industry
Frequency
Disease type usually some times Rarely Never Total
Cough/cold 61 50.4 39 32.2 17 14.0 117 100
Asthma 12 9.9 12 9.9 3 2.5 90 74.4 117 100
Bronchitis 112 92.6 5 4.1 117 100
Heart problem 26 21.5 43 35.5 48 39.7 117 100
Nerve problem 14 11.6 9 7.4 9 7.4 85 70.2 117 100
Bone problem 1 0.8 61 50.4 55 45.5 117 100
Eye problem 33 27.3 59 48.8 25 20.7 117 100
Skin problem 89 73.6 28 23.1 117 100
Gastro intestinal 18 14.9 92 76.0 7 5.8 117 100
Typhoid 86 71.1 31 25.6 117 100
Typhus 117 96.7 117 100
Diarrhea 35 28.9 82 67.8 117 100
Birth problem 117 96.7 117 100
Cancer 2 1.7 115 95.0 117 100
Source: Survey 2023

As indicated in the above table (table 12), bronchitis is the most commonly experienced
health problem by the majority (92.6percent) of the respondents. Among these, 50.4
percent of the respondents said that they experienced cough usually, 32.2 percent of them
said that they experienced it sometimes and 14 percent said they experienced cough
rarely. Typhus is the next most commonly frequented health problem with 100 percent of
the respondents said that they experienced it. All of the respondents 100 percent of the
respondents said that they experienced typhus usually. Typhoid is also among the most
commonly frequented health problems with more than half 86 of the respondents said
that they experienced typhoid. Among these, 71.1, 25.6 percent of the respondents said
that they experienced typhoid usually and sometimes respectively.

The other health problems that are commonly experienced by the respondents are typhus,
skin Problem, gastro intestinal disorder, asthma and eye problems with 45.1, 41.2, 39.2,
33 and 29.4 Percent of the respondents said that they have experienced these health
problems respectively. To the contrary, heart problem and bronchitis are found to be the

62
least experienced health problems by the respondents. Nearly 96.1 percent of the
respondents said that they never experienced heart problems and Birth problem. While
3.9 percent of the respondents said they experienced heart problems usually, the same
proportion (1.95 percent) of them said that they experienced bronchitis usually and
sometimes. Fortunately, Nerve problem, bone problem, birth problem and cancer are the
health problems which are not found to be experienced by all of the respondents. This
might be due to the fact that the extent land/soil pollution is not as much serious as water
and air pollution in the area.

The data obtained from the FGDs also indicate that cough, asthma, diarrhea, typhoid, eye
problem and skin problems like skin rashes and irritation are the most frequently
experienced health problems by residents in the area. Similar findings are also obtained
from the interview undertaken with the four vegetable farmers No matter the number of
the health problems happened. The summary of the data obtained from the farmers
indicate that skin problems, cough, asthma, diarrheal and typhoid are among the health
problems frequently experienced by the farmers and their family. The farmers also
responded that loss of hair and bloody diarrhea are the common health problems
frequently experienced by their animals.

From this it is attributable that water pollution related diseases are the most frequently
occurred health problems in the area. These problems include Diarrhea, typhoid, typhus
and gastro intestinal disorders are among the common water related health problems
frequently happened in the area. Air pollution is also the next common problem that
frequently happened in the area. As cited in the literature part air pollution related
respiratory problems including cough and asthma are the most frequented air related
health problems in the area. In addition bronchitis and heart problems are the least
experienced air pollution related health problems in the area. Finally, skin and eye
problems which attributed to both water and soil pollution are the other health problems
frequently happened in the area.

63
Figure 4.3. Number of times each health problems as cited by respondents among the
most Common health problems
140

120

100

80

60

40

20

usualy some times Raraley never Total

Source: survey 2023

4.2.3. Responses on the vulnerable groups of the society

Table 14: distribution of responses on the vulnerable groups in relation to the health
problems

Characteristics Frequency Percent

Children 80 67.8

Elders 22 18.6

not sure 15 12.7

Total 118 100.0

Source: survey 2023

As stated in the literature part children and elderly people are among the highly
vulnerable groups to industrial pollution. According to Disease Control Priorities Project
in Developing Countries (2006:1) the extent of health effects of air pollution depends on

64
actual exposure. Young children and elderly people may travel less during the day than
working adults, and their exposure may therefore be closely correlated with air pollution
level, in their homes. Children are particularly vulnerable to environmental toxicants
because of their possibly greater relative exposure and the effects on their growth and
physiological development (ibid). Water Sanitation Health 2001 on the other hand stated
that Water-related Exposure often causes a variety of health effects, and affects children
in particular. The above literatures show that industrial pollution vulnerability is highly
related to exposures of Pollutants and physical developments. The findings obtained from
the survey questionnaire and FGDs are not contrary to what it has been stated by
literatures. As indicated in the above table (table 9), majority (70.6 percent) of the
respondents said that children are the most vulnerable groups for the industrial waste
related health problems. While 23.5 percent of the respondents said that elders are the
next vulnerable groups by the industrial waste related health problems. The remaining 5.9
percent said that they are not sure which part is vulnerable to the industrial waste related
problems.

Furthermore, the data obtained from the two FGDs also indicate that even though all the
residents of the area have been experienced the diseases; children, elderly people and
vegetable farmers are the most vulnerable groups for the industrial waste related
problems. The participants of the FGDs further identified that Vegetable farmers are the
other most vulnerable groups to the Health problems.
The above discussions shoe that industrial wastes in the area are causing different health
Problems particularly on children, elderly people and vegetable farmers as these sections
of the society are highly exposed to the industrial wastes.

65
Table 15. Respondent’ s problems faced in relation to the diseases
Response
Problems Yes No
F Percent F Percent
5 4.2
Death of Family 112 95
member
86 72.9
Increased Medical 31 28.1
cost
26 22.0
Impact on students 91 78
117 100

Source: Survey 2023

The majority (86percent) of the respondents indicated that their medical expense has
increased as a result of health problems related with industrial waste, 26 percent of the
respondents indicated that their children have faced problems their education since there
has been strong absenteeism among children resulted from recurring sickness. Death of
family member is the least experienced by the respondents. It is experienced by 4.2
percent of the respondent due to the disease resulted from industrial pollution. The reason
for the increment in medical cost might be due to the fact that most of the respondents
have large family members. The increment in medical expense could also aggravate the
poverty in the area unless the industrial waste management problem is solved.

4.2.4. Intervention mechanisms to protect health of the community

from industrial wastes

Before discussing the measures taken by the pertinent environmental protection and
health Organs, it is better to discuss the intervention mechanisms that enable them take
necessary measures on the polluting enterprises.

66
 4.2.5. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental policy of Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers of the
FDRE on April 2, 1997. The goal of this policy is ―to improve and enhance the health
and life quality of all the people in the country and to promote sustainable social and
economic development without compromising the ability of the future generations to
meet their own needs. The policy contains provisions to prevent industrial pollution. The
key provisions, among others are, the operating industries should minimize or prevent
discharges of substances, biological materials from industrial plants. It also adopts the
polluter pays principle to make the polluting enterprises pay for their pollutants.

The policy prohibits all acts causing environmental degradation, environmental pollution
or environmental incidents. The policy, in general terms, regulates the responsibilities of
industries and requires proper management of waste. It also deals with penalty schedule
for breaking the law and adopts the Polluter Pays Principal (PPP), whereby the
organization responsible for pollution or degradation of the environment must financially
compensate for the damage. This financial punishment has a potential to discourage the
polluting industries from further pollution if it is properly implemented and proportional
to the extent of the pollution.

4.2.6. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002

This Proclamation was enacted to help realize the effective implementation of the
environmental objectives and goals incorporated in the Environmental Policy. In
addition, the Proclamation was enacted because the need to protect the environment in
general and particularly safeguard human health and well-being, preserve the biota and
maintain an untainted aesthetics and to prevent or minimize the undesirable pollution
resulting from economic development through appropriate measures. The proclamation
also grants:
1. EPA and Regional environmental agencies are empowered to take administrative
or legal measures against persons that release any pollutant in violation of laws
provided regarding the control of environmental pollution.

67
Moreover, development activities that likely cause pollution or other environmental
hazards shall have an obligation to install sound technologies or adopt practices that
avoid or minimize the generation of waste and to promote the re-use or recycling of
effluents, discharges and wastes in general. EPA or Regional environmental agencies are
further empowered to require any person causing pollution to clean up or pay the cost of
cleaning, and to prevent any harm including closure or re-location of operation that cause
imminent danger to health or the environment (Article 3(3,4,5)). This is in line with the
polluters pay principle, which is accepted as one of the environment principle in Ethiopia:
The pollution control of Ethiopia Includes provisions on environmental inspectors, who
shall be assigned by EPA and Regional environmental agencies with some powers and
duties such as, ensuring implementation and enforcement of environmental standards and
related requirements, check copy or extract any paper, file or any other document related
to pollution and other relevant duties.
It also states that any person shall have, without the need to show any vested interest, the
right to lodge a complaint at the Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency
against any person allegedly causing actual or potential damage to the environment In
pursuance to the objectives of the above proclamation, the Environmental Protection
Authority and UNIDO have prepared two kinds of standards: Standards for Industrial
Pollution Control and Guideline Ambient Environment Standards (Air Quality Standards,
Water Quality Standards, Soil and Groundwater Quality Standards and Noise Standards).
The purpose of these standards is to protect and improve the quality of the environment
and preventing and abating environmental pollution.

In order to facilitate the implementation of the Industrial Pollution Control standards,

Regulation for Industrial Pollution Control (Regulation No. 159/2008) is also formulated
to avoid further industrial pollution both from existing and newly established industries.
The regulation has obliged the factories to prevent or minimize the generation of every
pollutant In compliance with relevant environmental standards and to prevent damage to
environment and Human health. The regulation also gave the existing factories a
maximum of five years period to Comply with the provisions.

68
 4.2.7. Health policy of Ethiopia
As an important and integral part of the Ethiopian health policy, pollution control was
accentuated to achieve enhanced health care in the country. In this context, one of the
primary objectives of the policy stated that the improved environmental health could be
achieved in the course of prevention of the environmental pollution. The policy also set
an objective to facilitate cleaner production and environmental friendly disposal of
industrial wastes (MoH, 1993). The public health proclamation No.200/2002 also
contributes by allowing an inspector appointed by public health authority to enter and
inspect an industry that he believes endangers public health. It prohibits industries for
discharging untreated waste water into water resources.
These intervention mechanisms are helpful to hold accountable those who had an
obligation to Carryout environmental pollution control.
4.2.8. The most Frequently deseases happen im area of mojo town
Table : Health office data.
NO Name of Desease Frequency
1 Acute upper rrsparatory tract 4474 Remark
infection
2 Typhoid fever 3716
3 Dyspepsia 3409
4 Typhes 2769
5 UTI(Uniarytract infection) 2762
6 Intestainal parasite 2256
7 Amoebsis 1542
8 Bronchits 1447
9 Giardisis 1349
10 Tonsillaits 2169
Source :Mojo health center

69
According to the above table the most common desease frequently teported to mojo
health center respiratory fact and typhoid fever is among the most common deseaseis
reported to those study area.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Summary of Finding
Almost all companies except George shoe and kolba leather industry do not apply little
waste reduction/minimization methods, and they do mainly for economic purpose. Most
of them would rather prefer to dispose their wastes in to the environment, which could
have adverse effect on the environment and public health as well.

All of the selected industries except United Beverage have waste treatment plants but
they are simply discharge their wastes without any treatment to the river stream during
the Night time. Discharge of industrial liquid wastes into water bodies and its subsequent
bad smell are the most common waste management related problems that are highly
affecting the health of the residents in the area. The quality of Mojo River is deteriorating
and they are bad for smell and sight.
Some of the most pertained Enviromental poltion in Mojo Town are Air polution
,Enviromental polution and Water Polution.

Cough, asthma, diarrhea, typhoid, typhus, skin diseases, eye problem, and gastro
intestinal disorder are the major health problems frequently happened in the area and
cough, skin problems, asthma, eye problems, diarrhea and typhoid are the among the
health problems perceived by the residents related with industrial wastes.

Children and elderly people and local vegetable farmers are among the highly vulnerable
groups to industrial pollution related health problems.
There are several intervention mechanisms which enable to regulate and prevent
industrial

70
Pollution in Ethiopia and particularly in Mojo some of them are:
2. Environmental and Policy Health of Ethiopia
3. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002
4. Regulation for Industrial Pollution Control (Regulation No. 159/2008)
However, the regulatory organs has never been taken legal measures on the industries
which violating and releasing their wastes to the environment due to several internal and
external constraints.

5.2. Conclusion
The very aim of this study was to Examine the effects of environmental pollution on local
people health: the case of industrial waste in Mojo town. The study tried to identify
industrial waste management practices and problems, ‘ provided an assessment of waste
management activities and behaviors of some selected industries located in the Zone in
respective draw an image on the related impact that would have on health of the residents
of the area. It is evident from this work that Mojo industrial waste management issues
and problems are not unique. Mojo, like most developing cities, lacks the infrastructure,
financial resources, and institutional capacity necessary to effectively manage industrial
wastes and adequately control industrial pollution.

All most of all sampled industry are currently running poor waste management. Except
rare industry all of the industry survey under these study has not yet adopted best
mechanism such Re-use, Waste reduction and Re-cycle method. In such case most of the
industry release their solid, liquid and Hazardous waste to the main River with less
treatment.

There is no skilled human power in Environmental protection office regarding waste

management practice and lack of coordination among regulatory body is among main
problem observed in these very study

Due to the improper waste management practice the residents of Mojo industrial zone are
suffering from a variety of health problems that could be a direct or indirect result of the

71
poor waste management practices of local factories. These major health problems
frequently happened include respiratory illnesses (cough, asthma), diarrhea, typhoid,
typhus, skin diseases, eye problem, and gastro intestinal disorder. Many community
members believe that these problems are a result of poor waste management of industrial
units in the area. Children, elderly people and the vegetable farmers are the most
vulnerable groups due to their exposure to the industrial wastes.

The residents have faced serious difficulties due to the health problems. The major
problems Experienced by the residents are increased medical expenses; and their children
are facing problems on their education because there is high absenteeism resulted from
recurring sickness.

As far as human health is concerned, waste reduction, reuse and recycling are the most
recommended methods of industrial waste management. However, the firms had
extensively used disposal methods which have adverse effects to the environment public
health. They used to prefer disposal methods do due to the fact that these methods of
waste management are less costly than recycling and reusing methods. All of the selected
industry have their own treatment plant but they release wastes without treatment during
the night time. All of the firms have secondary level treatment plant.

Even though, Ethiopia in general and Mojo in particular has industrial waste
management regulations and standards for solid, liquid and hazardous wastes, adequate
inspection and monitoring of industries for compliance with environmental standards and
policies is vital to the success of environmental pollution prevention policies. However,
inspection of enterprises and enforcement of environmental policies has been very weak.
Lack of institutional capacity, cooperation problems among the environmental regulatory
bodies and other stakeholders have been the major impediments that limit the ability to
adequately inspect and monitor industries. Eventually, these problems have also been
creating obstacles in identifying the polluting industries and take measures.

72
 5.3. Recommendation

The following recommendations are forwarded to improve the effectiveness of industrial

waste management and prevent related health problems on residents:

The government Encourage the enterprises to minimize wastes and use best available
technology for Re-cycle and Re-use waste: they should also be encouraged to implement
environmental management plan and audit systems

Regular monitoring and inspection of industries waste management practice that

Minimizes the situation conducted by the EPA to make sure that the enterprises are
complying with the environmental regulations so as to determine necessary interventions.

The concerned environmental regulatory bodies have to ensure that all new and existing
industries have adequate facilities for treatment and removal of toxic materials from the
waste or effluents. Under no circumstances, the direct discharge of the industrial effluents
should be allowed in the stream or river.

In addition to the awareness creation activities NGO also Particpate and intervene In
awareness creation on the existing pollution laws to protect the community from further
adverse health problems

Even though industrial expansion has a great role for economic development of a
country, such growth, however, should not be at the cost of the public health. Therefore,
the government take into account and prioritize the health of the public by conducting
exact Environmental Impact Assessment

The capacity of environmental protection organs should be strengthened so as to

effectively carryout their responsibilities

73
Cooperation and coordination among environmental regulatory bodies and with other
sartorial organization should be strengthened. The duties and responsibilities of each
environmental regulatory body should be clearly identified to avoid duplication of work
and enhance synergy.

Most of the industries in the zone have secondary level waste treatment plants. But they
directly discharge it into the nearby rivers without or with little treatment. Construction of
common waste treatment facilities, which are potentially effective method for reducing
the discharge of untreated effluents, might be the solution for the problem. Therefore, an
investigation should be undertaken on the feasibility of such approaches in the city
particularly in MIZ.

Finally, none of these findings have been confirmed with rigorous epidemiological
studies. Further research studies, including epidemiological studies, are necessary to
determine better the health impact that industry is having on the environment and the
people in the vicinity. Such evidence is crucial if policy makers and industry owners are
going to be influenced to control and mitigate for industrial pollution.

74
 Oromia State Yniversity
Faculty of Law and Governance
Department of Development Management
Questionnaire to be filled by industry Representatives
Dear respondents
This questionnaire is prepared to collect data for the fulfillment of Masters of ‘ thesis in
Development Management. The main aim of this questionnaire is to collect data for the
study of industrial waste management practice and effects on the health of the
community: The Case of mojo industrial zone. The purpose of the study is purely for
academic use only and the effectiveness of the study depends on your genuine and frank
response which will be kept confidential. I, therefore, kindly request you to fill the
questionnaire honestly and frankly.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
Note:-
4. No need of writing your name.
5. Please put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box in each of the following questions

Appendix 1Outlineof Semi structured Corporate Survey Questionnaires

PART 1 – Company Identification and Basic Information
1. Company name_______________ address_________and telephone
number._______________
2. Interviewee name,______________ telephone number__________and job
title.______________
3. Who owns the company?
Owner’ s name______________ parent company; foreign vs.
Locally-owned; private vs. publicly-owned?)
4. How many years has the company been in operation (at this location)?
5. How many employees does the company employ?
6. What is the nature of company business?

75
7. How much and what types of production activities are involved?
8. How much and what types of raw material inputs are involved?
9. How much water is used and where does it come from?
PART 2 – Waste Generation and Disposal
1. How much liquid, solid and sludge wastes are generated by the company on and daily
and annual basis?
2. How is each type of waste disposed of?
3. How much does it cost daily and annually to treat and dispose of nonhazardous
company wastes?
4. How much hazardous waste does the company produce on a daily and annual basis?
5. How is it treated (if at all) and disposed of?
6. How much does it cost the company daily and annually to treat and dispose of
hazardous waste?
PART 3 – Waste Management
1. Are any company wastes reused on-site? If yes, what types of waste, and how Much?
If no, why not?
2. Answer if answered ‘ yes’ to question 1. Has the company saved money through
waste reuse on-site? If yes, how much?
3. Are any company wastes reused off-site? If yes, what types of waste are involved? If
no, why not?
4. Answer if answered ‘ yes’ to question 3. Has the company saved any
money?Through the reuse of waste off-site? If yes, how much?
5. Are any company wastes recycled on-site? If yes, what types of waste and How much?
If no, why not?
6. Answer if answered ‘ yes’ to question 5. How much does it cost the company per
month or year to recycle waste on-site? Does the company save money by recycling on-
site?
7. Are any company wastes recycled off-site? If yes, what types of waste are involved? If
no, why not?

76
8. Answer if answered ‘ yes’ to question 7. Where are company wastes recycled?
What costs are involved? Does the company save money by recycling wastes off-site? Is
the recycled waste reused by the company?
9. Does the company allow waste pickers access to company wastes? If yes, why? If no,
why not?
10. What types of source reduction measures, if any, has the company implemented? If
none, why have no measures been adopted?
11. Answer if answered ‘ yes’ to question 10. Has the company saved any money by
implementing source reduction measures? If yes, how much?
12. What drove or motivated the company to reduce, reuse or recycle its waste?
13. What has prevented the company from minimizing waste? Or what has discouraged
the company from reducing wastes more extensively?
14. What types of incentives does the company perceive as being most useful
for?Encouraging waste minimization?
15. What does the company feel is more cost-effective – ‘ end-of-pipe’ (EOP) solutions
or waste minimization measures – and why?
16. Has the company adopted more of an EOP or pollution prevention approach to waste,
and why?
17. Has the company contacted any government departments or personnel, or
Organizations to assist with establishing and implementing waste minimization Programs
or practices? If yes, which one and when, and did the company findthem useful?
18. If an industrial waste exchange was set up in Addis Ababa, do you believe
The company would use this service, either to sell or buy? Do you believe the Company
would use this service if a fee were required for it?

PART 4 Environmental Management System of the Company

1. Does the company have an environmental department? If so, how many Employees are
part of this department? What is their mandate?
2. If answer is “ no” to question 10, answer this question. Does the company have?

77
An environmental manager or any environmental positions? If yes, what is/are? The
mandate(s)? If no, why not?
3. Has the company ever hired an environmental consultant? If so, when and Why? What
was the outcome? *Ask the company to provide a flow chart of the Production process,
including raw material inputs and waste outputs (if possible)

78
 APPENDICES
APPENDICES 2
Oromia State University
Faculty of Law and Governance
Department of Development Management
Questionnaire to be filled by residents
Dear respondents
This questionnaire is prepared to collect data for the fulfillment of Masters of ‘ thesis in
Development Management. The main aim of this questionnaire is to collect data for the
study of Examining the effects of industria: The Case of mojo industrial zone. The
purpose of the study is purely for academic use only and the effectiveness of the study
depends on your genuine and frank response which will be kept confidential. I, therefore,
kindly request you to fill the questionnaire honestly and frankly.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
Note:-
6. No need of writing your name.
7. Please put a tick mark (√) in the appropriate box in each of the following questions

1. General information of respondents

1.1. Respondents address/ kebele……………………………
1.2. Sex: Male Female
1.3. Age 18 – 25 years 26 – 33
34 – 41 42 – 50
51 – 59 More than 60

1.4. Marital status Married single Divorced

1.5. Family size 1 -3 4– 6 7– 9 10 and above
1.6. How long did you live in the area: less than a year 1 – 5 years 6 – 10
>10 years above 10 years

79
1.7. Educational attainment
Non-literate junior secondary (7- 8)
Read and write Secondary (9 -12)
Primary (1-6) College and University
2. Information on industries and industrial wastes
2.1. How many industries are there in your locality
One Two Three more than Three
2.2. Mention the name/s of industry/s in your locality
2.3. Do/es the industry/es in your locality have/has effect on your day to day life?
Yes No don‘ t know
2.4. If your answer for question 2.4 is yes, what are the problems?
Problems during the production process
Problem as a result of poor industrial waste management
If there are other problems, please specify
2.5. If your answer to question 2.4 is during the production process, which of the following
is/are the problem/s?
problem Name of the industry

A. Noise

B. Smell

C. Dust

D. Smoke

2.6. If your answer to question 2.4 is due to poor industrial waste management, which one of
the following is/are causes for the problem/s?
Due to dumping of solid wastes every where
Due to discharge of industrial liquid wastes and subsequent bad smell
Due to discharge of industrial liquid wastes into water bodies
Soil and plant pollution

80
2.7. When do the industries dispose their wastes?
Morning Day time Night don‘ t know
2.8. If your answer to question 2.8 is at ‗Night ‘what do you think is the reason?
Fear of government repercussions Fear of public complaints
No idea
If you have any other reason, please specify on the space below
3. Industrial wastes management and health related data
3.1. Do you use the rivers water for any purpose? Yes No
3.2. If your answer for question 3.1 is yes, for what purpose do you use the river water?
For drinking cooking washing
Irrigation never use the water for any purpose
3.3. If your answer for question 3.2 is that you use the water for one or more purposes, do you
use the water?
Use the water without any treatment
Use the water using chemical treatments
Use the water through traditional treatment methods
3.4. Is there any vegetable farm in your locality?
Yes no don‘ t know
3.5. If your answer for question for 3.4 is ‗yes’, what is the source of water for the plants?
Rivers/streams pipe don‘t know
3.6. If your answer for question 3.5 is rivers/streams, have you ever used the vegetables for
consumption?
Yes No
3.7. If your answer is ‗yes’, how often do you or your family consume the vegetables?
Usually Sometimes Rarely
Please specify below if you have any other observation
3.9. Have you or your family ever been experienced any of the following diseases? If you
do how often (Usually = 1, sometimes= 2 rarely = 3, never = 4)? Please put tick (√) mark
on the space below

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 Frequency

S.N Diseases Frequency S.No Disease

o 1 2 3 4 8 Skin problem

1. Cough/cold 9 Gastro intestinal

2 Asthma 10 Typhoid

3 Bronchitis 11 Typhus

4 Heart problem 12 Diarrhea

5 Nerve problem 13 Birth problem

6 Bone problem 14 Cancer

7 Eye problem

If there are any other health problems, please specify on the space below
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.9. Which of the above mentioned diseases do you think are related to industrial
wastes/pollution? Please specify your answer by the number provided above?

3.10. What kind of problems does your family face in relation with the diseases?
Death of family members‘ Increased medical expense
Problem of children‘ s education
If there are others please specify on the space below
4. Opinion of respondents on what should be done for solution of the problem

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Read each item an indicate your degree of agreement/disagreement by putting tick mark
(√) under one of the indicated rating scales: 1- Strongly disagree, 2 – Agree, 3 – Neutral,
4 - Disagree and 5 – Strongly agree
S.No Item Response

4.1 What do you think are the causes of industrial waste problems 1 2 3 4 5

4.1.1.Recklessness of the companies

4.1.2.Lack of coordination of regulatory bodies

4.1.3.Lack of awareness of the companies

4.1.4.Residents silence to voice their complaints

4.2 Who do you think is responsible for the problem 1 2 3 4 5

4.2.1. Ministry of Health

4.2.2. Environmental Protection Authority

4.2.3. Companies and company owners

4.3 What do you think should be done by regulatory bodies to curb the 1 2 3 4 5
problem

4.3.1. strict follow up and control

4.3.2. creating awareness to companies and residents

4.3.3. taking measures on the companies who violate laws

4.4 Do you think that regulatory bodies have done much on the problem

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 APPENDIX III.
Interview Questions for Concerned Institution on Policy, Institutional Arrangement,
regulation and Incentive Mechanism of Waste Management
Dear respondents,
I am undertaking a study on ― Examining the effects of Environmental pollution due to
industry waste on the health of the Local community: Case of Mojo town in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of theThesis for the Master’ s Degree in Development
management) program of Oromia State University. I feel that your contribution and
information obtained from you is essential for the success of this research thesis. Thus, I
appreciate your cooperation to give me your time forThe success of this research thesis. I

84
 assure you that the information you share me will be used only for academic purpose and
kept confidential

Thank you for your cooperation!

Yours sincerely!
Alayu Delu

Part 1:.Interview guides prepared for Mojo town EPO: Environmental

Protection and Pollution Control office
Name------------------------------------------------- Position/profession ---------------------------
------
---- ------- Years of service in the office----------------------
2. Do you think that there are industrial waste management problems in MIZ?
3. If yes, what are the problems regarding industrial waste management in the area?
4. What are the effects of these industrial wastes on the inhabitants of the area?
5. Are there intervention mechanisms to control industrial waste management problems?
6. What measures have been taken so far to solve or mitigate the problem?

85
7. What are the challenges that your institution has to solve the problems?
8. What suggestions do you have in order to see the problems solved?
9. What are future plans of action?

Appendix IV.
Guidelines for Focused Group Discussion Questions
1. Perceptions on the extent of industrial waste/pollution
2. The Health problems frequently happened
3. Which of these problems do you think are caused due to industrial wastes? How?
4. Who are highly vulnerable groups? Why?
5. Community Responses to solve the problem
6. Suggested solutions

86
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