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Fundamentals of Multimedia

Lecture 3 –
MEDIA REPRESENTATION AND MEDIA FORMATS

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Media Representation and Formats

 Text
 Digital Images
 Digital Video
 Digital Audio
 Graphics

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Digital Images

Types of Image

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Bitmap Images

The most common and comprehensive form of

storage for images on computers is bitmap image.
Bitmap use combination blocks of different colors
(known as pixels) to represent an image. Each pixel
is assigned a specific location and color value.
There are also called pixelized or raster images
Software to edit bitmapped graphics are :
Adobe Photoshop
Paint Shop Pro

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Bitmap Images

 Look more deeply to digital image

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Bitmap Images

 Look more deeply to digital image

 Consists of a set of pixels has height and width (dimensions)

the pixels have a bit depth
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 Bitmap Images

Advantage
 Can have different textures on the drawings; detailed and
comprehensive.

Disadvantage
 Large file size.
 Not easy to make modification to objects/drawings.
 Graphics become "blocky" when the size is increased.

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 Digital Images

 Bit depth: refers to the number of bits used to represent each pixel and
it divided into channels.
 1 bit (1 channel) → binary image
 8 bit (1 channel) → gray scale image
 24 bit (3 channel , R , G , B) → color image

 One more channel can be used and its called ∝ 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍

 The ∝ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 suggests a measure of the transparency for that

pixel value and is used in image compositing application

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 1-bit Images

 Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1), so also referred to as binary image.

 Such an image is also called a 1-bit monochrome image since it contains no

color. Also known as a bi-level image.

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8-bit Gray Level Images

 Each pixel has a gray-value between 0 and 255. Each pixel is

represented by a single byte; e.g., a dark pixel might have a value of
10, and a bright one might be 230.
 Each pixel is usually stored as a byte (a value between 0 to 255), so a
640 × 480 gray scale image requires 300 KB of storage
(640 * 480 = 307200 byte).

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 8-bit color Images

 Many systems can make use of 8 bits of color information

(the so-called \256 colors") in producing a screen image.
 Such image files use the concept of a lookup table to
store color information.
 Basically, the image stores not color, but instead just a set
of bytes, each of which is actually an index into a table with
3-byte values that specify the color for a pixel with that
lookup table index.
 Great saving in space for 8-bit images, over 24-bit ones: a
640*480 8-bit color image only requires 300 KB of storage,
compared to 921.6 KB for a color image

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 Color Look-up Tables (LUTs)

 The idea used in 8-bit color images is to store only the

index, or code value, for each pixel. Then, e.g., if a pixel
stores the value 25, the meaning is to go to row 25 in a
color look-up table (LUT).

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8-bit color Images

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24 Bit Color Images

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∝ 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥𝒔 in compositing two images

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Aspect Ratio

Aspect Ratios: Image aspect ratio refers to the

width/height ratio of the images, and plays an important
role in standards.

 Different applications require different aspect ratios.

Some of the commonly used aspect ratios for images
are:
 3:2 (when developing and printing photographs)
 4:3 (television images)
 16:9 (high-definition images)
 47:20 (anamorphic formats used in cinemas).

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Bitmap Image File Format

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Vector Image

 Vector images: are based on drawing elements/objects

to create an image.

 The elements and objects are stored as a series of

command that define the individual objects.

 Packages that allow to create vector graphics

include :
Macromedia Freehand MX
Macromedia Flash MX
Adobe Illustrator

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 Vector Image

Examples:

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 Vector Image
 Advantage
 Small file size.
 Maintain quality as the size of the
graphics is increased.
 Easy to edit the drawings as
each object is independent of the
other.

 Disadvantage
 Objects/drawings cannot have
texture;
 It can only have plain colors or
gradients ;
 Limited level of detail that can be
presented in an image.
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 Resolution
 Image resolution is a measure of how finely a device
approximate continuous images using finite pixels

Low Resolution Finer resolution

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 Resolution
 Image resolution is a measure of how finely a device
approximate continuous images using finite pixels

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Resolution

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Resolution

128
= = 1.78 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 1.78 × 25.4 = 45 𝑚𝑚
72
128
= = 1.11 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 1.11 × 25.4 = 28 𝑚𝑚
115
128
= = 0.21𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 0.21 × 25.4 = 5 𝑚𝑚
600

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Resolution

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