21ST CENTURY LIT REVIEWER
Salubong and Zarzuela.
WEEK 1: PHILIPPINE LITERARY
HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO THE
CONTEMPORARY
PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
1. Pre-Spanish Period
2. Spanish Period
3. Period of Enlightenment
4. The American Regime
5. The Japanese Period
6. Philippine Literature in English
7. Period of Activism
8. Period of New Society
9. Period of Third Republic
10. Post EDSA 1 Revolution
11. 21st Century Period
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
- Literature was primarily oral in as
much as writing was not yet invented
and more of the works were concise
poetic
- CHANT (BULONG) – This was used
in witchcraft especially in remote
places in Visayas
- PRE-SPANSIH LITERATURE:
1. Folk – Tales
2. The Epic Age
3. Folk Songs
- The oral works were able to be
translated into written work through
the use of Alibata
SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1871)
- Ferdinand Magellan is the one who
discovered The Philippines
- The mission of Spanish trains is to
spread the Christianity
- SPANISH INFLUENCES ON
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE:
1. The first Filipino alphabet, called
ALIBATA, was replaced by the
Roman alphabet. Also, the
teaching of the Christian
Doctrine became the basis of
religious practices. European
legends and traditions brought
here became assimilated in our
songs, corridos, and moro-
moros.
2. Folk Songs - It manifests the
artistic feelings of the Filipinos
and shows their innate
appreciation for and love of
beauty.
3. Recreational Plays - There are
many recreational plays
performed by Filipinos during the
Spanish times. Almost all of
them were in a poetic form such
Cenaculo, Panunuluyan,
PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1872 –
1898)
- In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals
educated in Europe called Ilustrados
began to write about the hitch of
colonization.
The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
- This movement was spearheaded
mostly by the intellectual middle-
class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del
Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose
Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno
PSEUDONYMS
- Rizal – Dimos Alang and Laong
Laan
Some of Rizal’s writings: Noli Me
Tangere, Mi Ultimo Adios, Sobre La
IndolenciaDelos Filipinos and
Filipinas Dentro De Cien Aňos
- DEL PILAR – Plaridel
Some of Del Pilar’s writings:
Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of
Country), Kaingat Kayo (Be Careful),
and Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers
and Jokes)
- JAENA – Diego Laura
Some of Jaena’s writings: Ang
Fray Botod, La Hija Del Fraile (The
Child of the Friar). and Everything Is
Hambug (Everything is mere show),
Sa Mga Pilipino...1891), and
Talumpating Pagunita Kay
Kolumbus (An Oration to
Commemorate Columbus)
- JOSE MA PANGANIBAN – Jomapa
THE AMERICAN PERIOD (1898 – 1944)
- Americans defeated Spaniards in
Spanish – American war which
resulted in treaty of parts
- It introduced a public school system
in the Philippines and the English
language.
THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941 – 1945)
- The invaders saw to it that Filipino
movements be limited
- The writers stopped wielding pens
and started wielding guns
- They introduced nippongo and their
literary arts and forms
Filipino Poetry During This Period
- The common theme of most poems
during the Japanese occupation was
nationalism, country, love, and life in
the barrios, faith, religion, and the
arts.
- Three types of poems emerged
during this period:
a. Haiku - a poem of free verse
that the Japanese like. It was
made up of 17 syllables divided
into three lines and
b. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short,
but it had measure and rhyme.
c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
(1941-1945)
- Because of the strict prohibitions
imposed by the Japanese in the
writing and publishing of works in
English, Philippine literature in
English experienced a dark period.
For the first twenty years, many
books were published both in
Filipino and in English.
- In the New Filipino Literature,
Philippine literature in Tagalog was
revived during this period. Most
themes in the writings dealt with
Japanese brutalities, the poverty of
life under the Japanese government,
and the brave guerilla exploits
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
- According to Pociano Pineda, youth
activism in 1970-72 was due to
domestic and worldwide causes.
Because of the ills of society, the
youth moved to seek reforms.
MARTIAL LAW BY MARCOS
- September 21, 1972
- The freedom of the press was
curtailed in much the same way as
the other freedoms (speech
assembly) was suppressed
THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
- The youth became vocal with their
sentiments. They demanded a
change in the government. It was
manifested in the bloody
demonstrations and the sidewalk
expressions but also in literature.
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-
1980)
- The period of the New Society
started on September 21, 1972. The
Carlos Palanca Awards continued to
give annual awards. Poems dealt
with patience, regard for native
culture, customs, and the beauties of
nature and surroundings.
Newspapers donned new forms.
- News on economic progress,
discipline, culture, tourism, and the
like were favored more than the
sensationalized reporting of killings,
rape, and robberies. Filipinos before
were hooked in reading magazines
and comics.
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-
1985)
- After ten years of military rule and
some changes in the life of the
Filipino, which started under the
New Society, Martial Rule was at
last lifted on January 2, 1981. The
Philippines became a new nation,
and this; former President Marcos
called “The New Republic of the
Philippines.” Poems during this
period of the Third Republic were
romantic and revolutionary. Many
Filipino songs dealt with themes that
were true-to-life like those of grief,
poverty, aspirations for freedom,
love of God, of country and
fellowmen.
POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986-1995)
- History took another twist. Once
more, the Filipino people regained
their independence, which they lost
twenty years ago. In four days from
February 21-25, 1986, the so-called
People Power (Lakas ng Bayan)
prevailed. In the short span of the
existence of the real Republic of the
Philippines, several changes already
became evident. It was noticed in
the new Filipino songs, newspapers,
speeches, and even in the television
 programs. The now crony
newspapers that enjoyed an
overnight increase in circulation
were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA,
and the PEOPLE’S JOURNAL.
21st CENTURY PERIOD
- The new trends have been used and
introduced to meet the needs=] and
tastes of the new generation. 21st
Century learners are demanded to
be ICT inclined to compete with the
style and format of writing as well.
New codes or lingos are used to add
flavor in the literary pieces produced
nowadays.
WEEK 2: IDENTIFYING
REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS FROM THE
REGIONS
- The Filipinos speak of the collective
experiences from the people who
have gone through difficulties,
triumphs, struggles, successes,
armed conflicts, bloodless
revolutions, and others. It is the
reason why these masterpieces
resonated loud and clear in the
Philippine archipelago.
IMAGERY - is a poetic element that tries to
create a picture in the mind of the reader or
a mental image through the use of figural
language. It represents objects, places,
ideas, or even actions that appeal to the
senses of the readers.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
1. SIMILE – indirect comparison
(like, as)
2. METAPHOR – Direct
comparison (ex: you’re the apple
of my eyes)
3. PERSONIFICATION – applying
human characteristics to things
(ex: the bamboos are dancing to
the wind)
4. HYPERBOLE – Exaggeration
(ex: I have to wash a mountain of
dishes)
5. ONOMATOPEIA – using of
sounds of nature (boom, kring)
A TASTE OF PHILIPPINE POETRY
- Located in the northwest of Luzon,
the Ilocos Region or Region 1 is
comprised of four provinces, namely:
Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union,
and Pangasinan. It is bordered to
the west by the turbulent South
China Sea, to the east by the
Cordillera Administrative Region, the
northeast and southeast by Cagayan
Valley and the South by Central
Luzon. Most of the inhabitants of the
Ilocano homeland are concentrated
along a narrow coastal plain.
Because of geographical
boundaries, these people often
experience heavy rains and violent
typhoons, especially during rainy
seasons. The region, then, takes
pride in long stretches of white sand
and clear waters alongside its rich
cultural heritage. What you are
about to read is a poem written by a
Carlos Palanca Memorial Awardee
in Poetry in 1964, Carlos A.
Angeles. His collection of poems
entitled, Stun of Jewels, also bagged
him the Republic Cultural Heritage
Award in Literature in the same year.
GABU BY CARLOS A. ANGELES
- The award winning poem “GABU”
depicts a coastline in Ilocos that is
constantly experiencing the battering
restlessness of the sea. The water
that comes back to the shore seems
furious and ruthless with its daylong
bashing, which havocs the
wasteland. Being an archipelagic
country, the Philippines knows the
importance of water and the sea.
WEEK 3-4: CONVENTIONAL AND 21ST
CENTURY GENRES
Reading requires technological advances.
Literary INNOVATIONS
GENRE AND FORM
What is FORM?
- Is the blueprint for the literary
structure which includes length
whether it’s fiction or non – fiction.
Form is the CAKE PAN
What is GENRE?
- Is the story, content, style, theme
and the intended emotional or
intellectual effect of a piece of
writing. Genre is the CAKE.
21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES
✔ New literary works created within the
last decade
✔
Imaginative writing
✔ Deals with current themes and
reflects technological culture

✔ Often breaks traditional writing
✔ Traces artistic representation of
shared and familiar experiences
1. ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
- Story through text and illustrated
images
- 50% 0f the narrative is presented
without words
- The reader must interpret the
images to comprehend the story
completely.
- Textual portions are presented in
traditional form.
- Some illustrated novels may contain
no text at all.
- Span all genres.
- Examples include The Invention of
Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick and
The Arrival by Shaun Tan.
2. DIGI-FICTION
- Triple Media Literature
- Combines three media: book,
movie/video and internet website. To
get the full story, students must
engage in navigation, reading,
viewing in all three forms.
- Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek
and Anthony Zuiker’s Level 26 are
examples.
3. GRAPHIC NOVELS
- Narrative in comic book formats
- Narrative work in which the story is
conveyed to the reader using a
comic form.
- The term is employed broadly
manner, encompassing non-fiction
works and thematically linked short
stories as well as fictional stories
across a number of genres.
- Archie Comics by John Goldwater
and illustrator, Bob Montana, is a
good example.
4. MANGA
- Japanese word for comics
- It is used in the English-speaking
world as a generic term for all comic
books and graphic novels originally
published in Japan.
- Considered as an artistic and
storytelling style.
- Ameri-manga - sometimes used to
refer to comics created by American
artists in manga style.
- Shonen - Boy’s Manga (Naruto,
Bleach, One Piece)
- Shojo - Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
- Seinen - Men’s Manga (Akira)
- Josei - Women’s Manga (Loveless,
Paradise Kiss)
- Kodomo - Children’s Manga
(Doraemon, Hello Kitty)
5. DOODLE FICTION
- Literary presentation where the
author incorporates doodle writing
and drawings and handwritten
graphics in place of the traditional
font.
- Drawing enhances the story, often
adding humorous elements
- Examples include The Diary of a
Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and
Timmy Failure by Stephan Pastis.
6. TEXT-TALK NOVELS
- Blogs, email and IM format
narratives
- Stories told almost entirely in
dialogue simulating social network
exchanges.
7. CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE
- Is genre fiction which addresses
issues of modern womanhood, often
humorously and lightheartedly.
- Chick Lit typically features a female
protagonist whose femininity is
heavily thermalizing in the plot.
- Scarlet Bailey’s The night before
Christmas and Miranda Dickinson’s
It started with a Kiss are examples of
this.
8. FLASH FICTION
- Is a style of fictional literature of
extreme brevity
- There is no widely accepted
definition of the length and category.
It could range from word to a
thousand.
9. CREATIVE NON-FICTION
- Also known as literary non-fiction or
narrative non-fiction
- A genre of writing that uses literary
styles and techniques to create
factually accurate narratives.
- Contrasts with other non-fiction,
such as technical writing or
journalism, which is also rooted in
accurate fact, but is not primarily
written in service to its craft.
- As a genre, creative non-fiction is
still relatively young and is only
beginning to be scrutinized with the
same critical analysis given to fiction
and poetry.
- 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and
Wind, Sand, and Stars by Antoine
de Saint-Exupery are examples.
10. SCIENCE FICTION
- Is a genre of speculative fiction
dealing with imaginative concepts
 such as futuristic science and
technology, space travel, time travel,
faster than light travel, a parallel
universe and extraterrestrial life.
- Often explores the potential
consequences of scientific and other
innovations and has been called a
“literature of ideas”.
- Examples include Suzanne Collins’
Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’
Kingdom of Ash.
11. BLOG
- A Blog (shortened form of Weblog)
is a website containing short articles
called posts that are updated
regularly.
- Some blogs are written by one
person containing their own
opinions, interests and experiences,
while others are written by different
people.
12. HYPER POETRY
- Digital poetry that uses links using
hypertext mark-up
- It can either involved set words,
phrases, lines, etc. that are
presented in variable order but sit on
the page much as traditional poetry
does, or it can contain parts of the
poem that move and mutate.
- It is usually found online, through
CD-ROM and diskette versions
exist. The earliest examples date to
no later than the mid 1980’s.
WEEK 5-6: MULTIMEDIA FORMATS IN
INTERPRETING LITERARY TEXT
MULTIMEDIA (MARSHALL 2001) is
defined as the computer-controlled
integration of text, graphics, drawing, still
and moving images (video), animation,
audio, and any other media where every
type of information can be presented,
stored, transmitted, and processed digitally.
1. BLOG
- Or a web blog is a website
containing information and articles
about a person's own opinions,
interests, and experiences. These
are usually changed regularly.
2. MIND MAPPING
- Is a graphical technique to visualize
connections between ideas and
pieces of information. This tool
structures information to better
analyze, comprehend, synthesize,
recall, and generate new ideas. You
can use Microsoft Word or online
mind-mapping tools in creating a
mind map (Pasuello 2017)
3. MOBILE PHONE TEXT TULA
- Is a traditional Filipino poem. An
example of this poem is a tanaga
that consists of 4 lines with 7
syllables each with the same rhyme
at the end of each line.
4. SLIDESHOW PRESENTATION
- Is created with the use of Microsoft
PowerPoint. It contains a series of
pictures and pages of information
(slides) arranged in sequence and
often displayed on a large screen
using a video projector (Computer
Hope 2018).
5. TAG CLOUD
- Is a visual stylized arrangement of
words or tags within a textual
context such as websites articles
speeches and databases
(Techopedia 2020).
6. VIDEO
- Is an electronic device used to
record, copy, playback, broadcast,
and display moving media (Lexico
2020).
ANECDOTE
- Tells a variety of stories and tales
since they can be about any topic
under the sun. It is a short story
about a real person or event which
usually intends to make the listeners
laugh or ponder over a topic. (Your
Dictionary 2020)
- TO BRING CHEER
Stories pop up anywhere and these are just
sometimes making people laugh to brighten
their mood.
- TO REMINISCE
In most anecdotes, people are talking about
their experiences in the past. They try to
look back on moments in their lives and
share the joy of that time with others.
- TO CAUTION
Sometimes just giving rules to individuals is
not effective. Sharing frightening stories of
dangers can be helpful for them to realize
the possible consequences of their actions.
- TO PERSUADE OR INSPIRE
Sometimes people share stories and how
they surpass their struggles in life. This
most of the time encourages others who
have been in similar situations. The
message usually conveys success in life as
fruit or hard work.
WEEK 7-8: ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY:
1. CHARACTERS - a person or any
entity presented in a narrative or
dramatic work.
○ Protagonist - principal or
lead character, commonly
referred to as the “hero.”
○ Antagonist - known as the
villain to oppose or challenge
the main character can be in
other forms like death,
defeat, or illness.
2. SETTING - this element includes the
place and time of the action in a
story.
3. PLOT refers to the flow and
movements of events in a story that
also shows the causal relationship
between and among events.
○ Exposition - this is the
beginning of the story. This
is where the author
introduces the characters,
identifies where the story is
happening and establishes
the main conflict.
○ Rising action - the event
occurs as you begin to move
throughout the story. This is
where the conflict starts to
build.
○ Climax is the most exciting
part of a short story. This is
the part in the story when
important decisions are
made or important things are
discovered.
○ Falling action - this point
occurs after the climax as the
problems in the story work
themselves out. The
excitement becomes less
and less as the conflict is
resolved.
○ Resolution - the solutions
may not be what you hoped
for but as long as it fits the
story in tone and theme, the
conflict has been resolved.
○ Freytag’s Pyramid
○
4. CONFLICT – Every story needs to
have a problem and this problem is
called conflict. The main character,
also known as the protagonist,
needs to have someone or
something challenge him. Without
conflict, the story will not go
anywhere and will not be very
interesting to the readers. The main
character may be faced with one of
the four different types of conflict:
5. THEME - this is the central idea in a
short story and a general truth. This
is considered the author's message
to the readers.
6. POINT OF VIEW - is the way the
story is told or narrated. It is also
known as the vantage point the
author uses to narrate the story. The
following are the types of points of
view in a short story.
○ First person the narrator
participates in and tells the
story using the pronoun ‘I.’
○ Limited Third Person the
narrator is not in the story
and narrates using the
pronouns she or he. Also, the
narrator is unable to see into
the minds of the characters.
○ Omniscient Third Person
the narrator is not in the story
and tells the story using the
pronouns she or he. In this
point of view, the narrator
can tell the thoughts of the
character as he can see into
their minds.