“THEORY Alt the existing living organisms on thi scan be unicettula (single clled organisms. ex, Amoeba) or multicellular ie, composed of many éells eg, eels in Haat beings plant cells outermost covering is thick wal composed of polysaccharide cellulose, referred to Seawall see dente shape aid mechanical eng te cell I ko prevents the cell fam the desisation anyon: nner the call wal cell membrane or lms nena resents oman af la ee aorta ol recnbzene, 1 veri, oll ike veapare mori eioplasm ees eeeeolipids nie hel acs Pcl hs me ae pot ee Take a bul of onion and ct tnt two of more piees wth the help ofa Trost off fhesly eaves from the piess of onion bulb, ee Shece of transparent light volt pel, oermost epidermal ‘amount of distilled water layer: is earth are composed of cell(s). Cel isthe basic or fundamental unit of life. These ‘organisms:EAI er Sy ‘THEORY ‘All the existing living organisms on this earth are composed of cell(s). Cell is the basic or organisms can be unicellular (single celled organisms. eg Amoeba) or multicellular ie omposed of many cells, celia saamman beings. In plant cells, outermost covering isa thick wall composed of polysaccharic cellulose It provides definite shape and mechanical strength to the cell I also prevents the cell { dehydration. Inner tothe cell wal, cell membrane or plasma membrane js present, Itis composed of bilayered phos arne the cell membrane, a semiflud, jelly ike transparent material eytoplasi is present. ¢ ‘ytoplasi contains a fot ut organelles to perform specific functions, Plant cell has a large central vacuole, peripheral nucleus and plastid PROCEDURE |, Take a bulb of onion and cut it ito two or more pieces with the help of a razor blade 2. Peel off fleshy leaves from the piece of onion bulb. 3. Pull out a piece of transparent light violet peel ie., outermost epidermal layer with the help of fon: 4, Pour some amount of distilled water into a watch glass, ‘5. Now, put the epidermal peel of onion ferred to as cel wall m the desiccation q Bulb of onionH Lab Ww. Itis composed present. Cytop ‘a razor blade nal layer with the help Bulb of 0”Observation Table Observation Elongated or rectangular Compact like @ brick wall Present at the periphery of the cell Present & made up of cellulose Absent Present at the centre Cytopiasm Cell wall & vacuole" eompound microsccr nental unit of the « nalee tap of 100 « 10!cels. Outi RB.Cs) transport 1 He sites, etc ithave cell wall, plastids (os lamiimal cell is the cel ment ‘Cytoplasm exists in" re les.basic types of tissues ic, epithelial ‘ thelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue See ac cr tns ocgan. Allths cole tne cputelil issue ave clessly packed Le., witout fupon non-cellular basement membrane c .. cheek cells of human being ‘your buccal cavity and cheek pouches with fresh water onty: inner side of your cheek by using a toothpick or-a-ctean-spatula-to collect some check cells, cells. ‘of distilled water on the centre of the glass slide cheek cells on the glass slide which already has distilled water. land distilled water should be mixed homogeneously or uniformly on the slides by the needle bblue vital stain is poured over this homogeneous mixture with the help of a dropper emove the excess water and vital stain from the slide by using a piece of bloting paper are also released on the slide with the aid of a dropper. ‘over the specimen with the help of a needle. Jato spread the epithelial cells of the cheek. slip with the help of a needle or camel brusl ove it by using a piece of blotting paper. ‘of liquid around the cover slip, rem with experi specimen on the stage of compound microscope for abservati With Exper spn ander high power of magnification i.e., 45 X.Observation Flat, polygonal Compact like ti Absentcontaining glycerine needle, the periphery oi stage of the comporin. yunder high power wall, Inside th. Sap. Le, water a‘Complex tiemue % (I) selerenchyma and compound or light microscope ‘the presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. their structures. Anatomically, these structures have differe Origin and performing a common function. A plant tissues. ‘continuously throughout the life span ofa plant. Thus, it increases the jems — apical, intercalary and lateral. Permanent tissis loses the power ‘and performs same functions, e-., parenchyma, collenchyma and. up of more than one type of cells but perform the same function,spolygonal ress“They are oval, spherical or cylindrical in shape. ‘Selereids are thick walled and dead due to lignification ‘They have narrow lumen or cavities. Sclereids have blunt or broad and unbranched or branched ends. Pits in the cell wall are deep, branched and straight Sclereids may occur singly or in some loose groups. ‘Cell Wall Coll membrane @ ® (a) Sclerenchymatous tissue (b) Fibres (c) Scierids Funct (@ Sclerenchyma provides mechanical suppor, stifMess and rigidity to the plants & their parts. (Wi) Kt provides elasticity to the softer tissues of the plants.se Ce rm Cem ee Le \PPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED seneth ce ction mle ibe, WV Gl sn oninaga Tweony na a of many cells. These cells are cxganised unis. FR a get ae gh Sap lageianeteady erming th save tmen cis voyn ag ont dae “ ‘ «and nerve callin animals fom, pare muscle fibres, nerve cell an ny These cells are organised in, x in size, shape, colour and perfo ‘the course of evolution ‘organs of the body for ‘control and coordination types of stimuli. Nervousi See ee Fo 1. Siped mance TY thee fatigued, accumulation of lt aed the bones o skeet system ofthe animals. That why they ao Twery are wnibranchel am! arrange! as single a etre uninolad Nock sale ea a Pande re aba, they acm sitions in hese ay thy ae al rete as usted or upd sande in the no oay areas of he Dy i they are named as viseral muses to xn tn (ANS) eS sty ant never gt Fy opera yindcal an Mo a. a branched and aranged o form a werwek tke 10 2 Sten Musce are unused. Nucleus es athe cente of the sarcplasm ae present However, statinswith three different pi J ce neurofilaments and regenerates.on outer se