Reviewer In HOA

Indian Architecture
Historical and Social
Geological
• Indus Valley-Harappan and Mesopotamia cultures
- part of the continent of Asia
- most of India forms a peninsula • Central Asia
- the Himalayas
- Indus and Ganga (Ganges) River system
• Persia and Graeco-Roman Western Asia
- India's earliest known civilization arose about 5,000 Successive military and economic incursions brought
years ago on the Indus River
art and architecture:
Climatic
- Aryan
- Timber was abundant in the Indus and Ganges
valley however, stones are rare. - French
- Rajasthan (White Marble)
– Portuguese
- Fine red and cream sandstone
- Deccan traps - Graeco
- Deccan granite
-Roman
Climatic
- Persian
- more than half of the country falls on the Tropic
- English
- of Cancer, experts consider the whole country
- tropical - Muslim
- experiences unstable monsoonal and weather
- conditions - Sassanian
- flat roofs were common in the north BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
- steep pitched roofs were used in the west coast
- due to the heavy rain Buddhist shrines are designed for congregational
- pierced window screens or latticed window use and large group of worshippers. The three
- external curved decorations
main structures monasteries (viharas), places
Religious
to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or
- Hindu - religion that has evolved due to the
combination of faiths of Aryans and prayer halls (chaityas).
Dravidians. It’s not a single religion but a
• Features the roof structure of wood
compilation of many traditions and
philosophies. • Its ornamentation is as follows:
- Buddhism - a widespread Asian religion or
- restrained in character and extent
philosophy, founded by Siddartha Gautama
in northeastern India in the 5th century bc. - produces strong shadow lines
- Jainism - Indian religion teaching a path to
spiritual purity and enlightenment through - moulding of bulbous character (heavily undercut)
disciplined nonviolence to all living - painted wall decorations as social records
creatures
- bas-relief

THE GREAT STUPA, SANCHI
- most noteworthy of the structures at the historic site
of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh state, India.
- one of the oldest Buddhist monuments
- the largest stupa at the site
- believed to house ashes of the Buddha
THE GREAT STUPA, SANCHI (PARTS)
Anda - a hemispherical dome. The dome
symbolizes, the dome of heaven enclosing the
earth.
Harmika - a squared railing that can be said to
represent the world mountain.
Yashti - a central pillar that symbolizes the
cosmic axis and supports the chattra.
Chattra - a triple umbrella structure which is held
to represent the Three Jewels of Buddhism—the
Buddha, the dharma (doctrine), and the sangha
(community).
Vedika - a low wall punctuated at the four
cardinal points by toranas.
Toranas - ceremonial gateways. These are the
crowning achievement of Sanchi sculpture. Its
relief sculpture depicted Buddha’s life, Jataka
stories (Buddha’s previous lives), scenes of early
Buddhism, and auspicious symbols.
THE GREAT TEMPLE, TANJORE
- Thanjavur (Tanjavur or Tanjore) is a temple
site in the Tamil Nadu region of southern
India.
- capital of the great Chola (Cola) king
Rajaraja I
- one of the most important and most visited
historical sites in India today.
CHAITYA ELLORA - ELLORA CAVES
- a series of 34 magnificent rock-cut temples in
northwest-central Maharashtra state, western
India.
- temples were cut from basaltic cliffs and have
elaborate facades and interior walls
CHENNAKESHAVA TEMPLE, BELUR
- An active Hindu temple that is also referred as
Keshava, or Vijayanarayana Temple of Belur
- a testimony to the artistic, cultural and
theological perspectives in 12th century South
India and the Hoysala era
- one of the forms of Vishnu
ROCK - CUT TEMPLE ELEPHANTA
- rock-cut complex of Hindu caves and Buddhist
monuments
- an early example of an unconventional and
innovative religious program in stone.
- dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva.
BHAJA CAVES, MAHARASHTRA
- known as one of the earliest Buddhist rock cut
monasteries in Deccan.
- group of caves that includes 22 caves.
VARAHA CAVE TEMPLE, TAMIL NADU
- an exquisite rock cut Hindu temple
- one of greatest examples of Pallava art
- houses an idol of Lord Vishnu in his Varaha
form, a boar lifting Mother Earth.
OLD TEMPLE, TADIPATRI
- a Hindu Vaishnavite temple situated at Tadipatri
- dedicated to Venkateswara, a form of Vishnu,
who is referred to as Chintala Venkataramana
- has granite sculptures
STUPA
- Buddhist commemorative monument usually
housing sacred relics associated with the Buddha
or other saintly persons.
 - derived from pre-Buddhist burial mounds in
India
STAMBA
- pillars were set up in the Buddhist sacred places
and along the highways
- consists of a circular column or shaft slightly
tapering towards the summit
- erected during various periods have shown a
development in style and structure
Stupas
-“stupa” is Sanskrit for heap
- a sepulchral monument/a shrine
-an important form of Buddhist architecture, though it
predates Buddhism
- came to represent a person seated in meditation
Shanti Stupa, Leh
- a Buddhist white-domed Stupa (chorten) on a
hilltop in Chanspa, Leh district, Ladakh, in north
India.It was built in 1991 by Japanese Buddhist
Bhikshu, Gyomyo Nakamura. Meditative pose is
called Padmasana or the Lotus Position
King Ashoka
- the first king to embrace Buddhism created
84,000 stupas all over northern India
- symbolizes Enlightenment
- domical mounds with rails, gateways,
processional paths, crowning umbrella and
regarded as symbols of the universe and a
mountain.
Relic stupas -are those in which the relics of Buddha
and other religious persons are buried. - SANCHI
Object stupas -are those in which the objects belonging
to the Buddha or his disciples are buried. -VAISHALI
Commemorative stupas -are those which are built to
commemorate events in the life of Buddha and his
disciples. - ANURADHAPURA
Symbolic stupas -are those which are built to symbolize
various aspects of Buddhist theology. - LEH
Votive stupas -are constructed to commemorate visits
or gain spiritual benefits. can be made from
metal, stone, glass, etc.
❖ Chronological Development of Stupas While
there is not a clear distinction between a stupa
and a pagoda, a stupa tends to be a structure
that usually can not be entered, while a pagoda
is often referred to as a building that can be
entered. It is easy to get confused because a
pagoda is generally a temple, but the design of
a pagoda evolved from stupas.
Stambhas or Lats
- monumental pillars standing free without any
structural function
- a column with cosmic connotations, a connection
between heaven and earth.
-circular or octagonal shafts
-Capital, persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the dharmachakra- (wheel of law)
Types of Stambhas
- Dhwaja stambhas are placed in front of the
main deity of a temple
- Kirti/vijay stambhas usually commemorate
victories.
- Ashoka pillars depict the royal edicts of King
Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty.
- Deepa stambhas are lit up on festival days at
temples.
Viharas
- monasteries
- quadrangle surrounded by veranda
- Sanskrit: meaning "dwelling" or "house"
- evolved into centers of learning and Buddhist
architecture
-Nalanda- world famous vihara that become an
institution
Chaitya- were the places of worship and assembly of
the monks and it consists of stupa within the structure
at one end.
Medhi- a circular terrace, enclosed by a dome, on which from rock face
the faithful are to circumambulate in a clockwise
• Initially, Jain temples were made adjoining the
direction.
Buddhist temples following the Buddhist rock-cut

style. In late years, Jains started building temple-cities

Pradakshinapatha
then proceeded to deviate from Hindu and Buddhist
-was a path that was laid around the stupa. This was
sites
surrounded with railings
JAIN ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS
JAIN ARCHITECTURE
• Numerous pillars having a well-designed structure,
-Established in the 6th BCE by Varhamana, called
forming squares that create chambers
Mahavira “the Great Hero” or Jina, the ‘Victorious
• Carved brackets that emerge at about ⅔ of the height
One”
of the chamber
-Based on asceticism and ahimsa, theory and practice of
• Roofs have pointed domes and an octagonal space is
non-violence
omitted within the pillars
-Without a belief in God, though there are other forms
The only variation specific to Jain temples is the
of idol worships.
Chaumukh design
-Sacred text – Agamas (Sanskrit: “tradition” or
– Chaumukh or the Chaturmukha are four statues of
“received knowledge”) Tirthankaras are often combined back to back with each
other.
Two groups:
• The basic form of Jain temple is “Four faced open
1. Digambaras – monks carry asceticism to the
form’ in which the central shrines of these temples are
point of rejecting even clothing
opened to four directions, and in front of each side,
2. Shvetambaras – monks wear simple white
there is a “mandapa”.
robes. The laity is permitted to wear clothes of
any color • Construction of the temple cities were made
sporadically but each temple follow a set pattern, styles,
Early Jain (300 BC)
designed on principles in use during the period.
- early rock-cut caves
HINDU ARCHITECTURE
- exact stone copies of wood or thatch structures
• From simple rock-cut cave shrines to massive and
Late Jain (1000 to 1700 AD) ornate temples, forming a canonical style

- temples in central India • The basic form of a hindu temple is “garbhagriha +

mandapa”
- central shrine with a dome or sphere cover
• The garbhagriha is called the House of Gods.
- lighter and more elegant than Hindu temples
• A Hindu temple is also called Mandir or koil or kovil
- careful siting: temple cities on sacred mountains
HINDU ARCHITECTURE: ELEMENTS
- petrified foliage
• Precise and harmonious geometry
JAIN ARCHITECTURE
• Square for and grid ground plans
• Influenced by hindu and buddhist style of architecture
• Soaring towers, and elaborate decorative sculptures
• Bricks are hardly used, they carve out temples
• Trimurti – Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (the preserver Hot wet
or protector), and Shiva (the
- south and south west
destroyer) - very heavy rainfall and high humidity

Social and Historical:

Anuradhapura period – 4th century BC to 10th century

AD – foundations were laid
Two different styles according to
for political, social and artistic traditions – rock hill
regions:
Sigiriya
1. Nagara (North) Architecture
Polonnaruwa period – 11th – 13th century –principal
2. Dravida (South) Architecture undertaking of king

Rath / Rathas - a monolithic, free standing Hindu Purakrama Baho (12th century)
temple cut out of solid rock Vimana - a sanctuary of a
Kandyan period – 15th – 19th century – division of
Hindu temple in which a deity is enshrined Gopura /
country into several kingdoms
Gopuram - the entrance gateway to a Hindu temple
enclosure Wata-Da-Ge

- also referred to as ‘Thuapa Ghara’ and ‘Stupa

Ghara’
SRI LANKA ARCHITECTURE - Circular relic house
- Ancient buddhist temple situated in Udunuwara
INFLUENCES: of Kandy, Sri Lanka .
Geographical: Moon Stone (Sandakada Pahana)
Ceylon - semi circular piece of stone which stood at the
- large island in Indian Ocean foot of a flight of steps in most Buddhist
- center of international trade buildings

Geological: GuardStone (Muragala)

- Many materials are exploitedGranite, limestone, - provided a support to the heavy stone
laterite and sandstone, clay or bricks, roof tiles balustrade
and pottery - Three major stages of development:
1. Punkalasa,
Wet districts – soft and hard timber 2. Bahirawa,
3. Naja-Raja
Dry areas – teak, satin and other beautiful hardwoods
Balustrade (Korawak Gala)
Topography was utilized to enhance architectural effects
- lies on the sides of the steps leading to the door
Tanks were built around rock outcrops and cities
or the entrance of the building.
Palaces and temples were built on hills and high rocks - “Makara Gala” (Dragon Stone)
Climatic: Lankathilaka Vihara Temple

3 climatic zones: - Ancient Buddhist Temple situated in

Udunuwara of Kandy, Sri Lanka
Dry hot – north and east
- Sinhalese architecture of Polonnaruwa era and
Central wet region also with other Dravidian and Indo Chinese
architectural patterns.
Thuparama Dagoba
- Oldest dagoba in Sri Lanka
- Probably the oldest visible dagoba inthe world
- Constructed by King Devanampiya Tissa in the
3rd century BC
- Enshrine the right collarbone of Buddha
- Thuparamaya comes from 'stupa' and
'aramaya' which stands for a
residential complex for monks.
Sigiriya
- Also called Lion Rock or Lion Mountain
- Ancient palace and fortress complex
- Referred by locals as the Eighth Wonder of the World
- Located in the heart of the island between the towns
of Dambulla and Habarane
History of Sigiriya
Sinhalese
- member of a people
of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) who constitute the largest
ethnic group of that island.Sinhalese King Kashyapa I
History of Sigiriya
- Paws of the lion Rock paintings of apsaras
- Paws of the lion Rock paintings of apsaras
Kuttam Pokuna
- Twin ponds of Anuradhapura
- Built by the Sinhalese in the ancient kingdom of
Anuradhapura
- Considered one of the significant achievements in the
field of hydrological engineering and outstanding
architectural and artistic creations of the ancient
Sinhalese.
Makara
- a mythical hybrid beast featuring the body of a fish,
the mouth of a crocodile and the trunk of an elephant
CHINA ARCHITECTURE
Geography and Geology
- Situated north of the equator
- Has 23 provinces Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei,
Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and
Zhejiang.
• Larger than Europe in Area
• 1/13 of total land area of the world
• center and south-east, mountainous with extensive
fertile valleys
• north, great plains
• excellent harbors
Timber – principal material
- Bhutan pine, Persea nanmu
- tallest and straightest of all trees in China
Bamboo
- is an important part of traditional Chinese
culture and daily life. In historical China,
bamboo was used to produce a wide range of
products, including arrowheads, baskets, writing
scrolls, pens, paper, boats, shoes, food (shoots), and
construction materials (Yeromiyan 2021).
Bricks
- In China, fired clay bricks have been widely used
as a building and flooring material since the Qin
Dynasty (476-206 BC),
Limestone and sandstone
- More than 14% of China is covered by
limestone, giving rise to the world's most
spectacular karst landscapes comprising
pinnacles, cones and towers.
Climatic
- Extreme cold to almost tropical
- Cold strong winter winds from Mongolia
- Mountain ranges in the north
- Warm with winter – south
 - Northeast and south-westerly monsoon
summer and winter
- North-south axis as major axis
- East-west axis as minor axis
Religious and Ethical
Confucianism-is an ancient Chinese belief system, which
focuses on the importance of personal ethics and
morality.
Taoism- is an ancient Chinese philosophy and religion
that instructs believers on how to exist in harmony with
the universe.
Buddhism
- is the largest institutionalized religion in
Mainland China. Currently, there are an
estimated 185 to 250 million Chinese Buddhists
in the People's Republic of China. It is also a
major religion in Taiwan, Singapore, and
Malaysia, as well as among the Chinese
Diaspora.
Mandala
- are Buddhist devotional images often deemed
a diagram or symbol of an ideal universe.
- Mandalas come in many forms. Often they are
painted on scrolls and taken with travelers over
long distances across the Eurasian continent.
Feng Shui
- is an ancient Chinese art of arranging buildings,
objects, and space in an environment to achieve
harmony and balance.
Tai Chi symbol
- The Yin Yang symbol, also know as “Taiji” or
Taijitu”, dates back to ancient China before the
3rd century BCE and represents the unity and
duality of nature
Historical, Social and Political
Succession of emperors and dynasties
• Dynasties – rule the country under one family
• Emperors – (Chinese Rulers) – based their
government on the Confucian model
Back in the earliest mists of recorded history, over four
thousand years ago, China was ruled by its very first
dynasties: the mythical Three Sovereigns and Five
Emperors.
They ruled between about 2852 and 2070 BCE, before
the time of the Xia Dynasty.
Legendary Reigns
These names and reigns are legendary more than they
are strictly historical.The Three August Ones and The
Five Emperors
The Three Sovereigns also sometimes called the Three
August Ones, are named in Sima Qian's Records of the
Grand Historian or Shiji from about 109 BC. According
to Sima, they are the Heavenly Sovereign or Fu Xi, the
Earthly Sovereign or Nuwa, and the Tai or Human
Sovereign, Shennong.
The Five Emperors-according to Sima Qian, the Five
Emperors were
- The Yellow Emperor
- Zhuanxu
- Emperor Ku
- Emperor Yao
- Shun
1. Ancient China
- Neolithic-began in China around 10,000 B.C. and
concluded with the introduction of metallurgy
about 8,000 years later, was characterized by
the development of settled communities that
relied primarily on farming and domesticated
animals rather than hunting and gathering..
• Xia Dynasty
- early Chinese dynasty mentioned in legends.
According to legend, the founder was Yu, who
was credited with having engineered the
draining of the waters of a great flood (and who
was later identified as a deified lord of the
harvest).
• Shang Dynasty
- is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be
established in recorded history, though other
dynasties predated it. The Shang ruled from
1600 to 1046 B.C. and heralded the Bronze Age
in China.
• Zhou Dynasty
- (2000-256BC)-ruled ancient China for some
eight centuries, establishing the distinctive
political and cultural characteristics that were to
be identified with China for the next two
millennia. The beginning date of the Zhou has
long been debated
2. Early Imperial China Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.)
- First Chinese Empire
- United China in the legalist government seated in
Xiangyang, however it only lasted for 12 years –
- Standardized the language and writing, and its
currency as a circular copper coin with a square
hole in the middle
- Public works projects were also undertaken
- Great wall was built in the north, to project
against invasions, later developed by the Ming
Dynasty.
Han Dynasty (207-220 B.C.)
- Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang), a commoner
overthrew the Qin emperor
• Period of prosperity, with the country embracing
Confucianism
• Empire’s territory expanded to Southern Korea,
Vietnam, Mongolia and Central Asia
• Buddhism first came to China
• Civil service (207 B.C.)- Emperor Gaozu knew that
he could not run the entire empire by himself. – run
for 2,000 year.
Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.)
- Second largest and longest enduring empire in
the region after Han Empire
- Return to prosperity, called the Golden Age of
Ancient China
- Buddhism became the dominant religion but at
the end of the dynasty, the rulers made
- Confucianism the national religion and banned
all other religion.
Five Dynasties (907-960 A.D.)
1. Later Liang (907–923)
In northern China, the founder Zhu Wen held the
most power during the Liang Dynasty.
3. The Later Tang Dynasty (923–936)
- The Later Tang Dynasty was established by Li
Cunxu, Emperor Taizu, and lasted for 13 years.
Its capital was Luoyang.
3. The Later Jin Dynasty (936–946)
In 936, Shi Jintang (also known as Gaozu), was
helped by Emperor Taizu of Liao from the Liao
Empire in a rebellion against the Later Tang dynasty.
If they were to succeed, Shi Jingtang promised the
sixteen Prefectures to the Khitans.
4. The Later Han Dynasty (947–950)
- The Later Han Dynasty lasted only four years
and was the shortest imperial
- regime of the five. During this period, Liu
Zhiyuan entered the imperial capital of
- Kaifeng in 947 and controlled the advent of the
Later Han.
5. The Later Zhou Dynasty (951–960)
This was the last regime of the five dynasties. Guo
Wei was the emperor until 954 when he died of
illness and Chai Rong (his adopted son) succeeded
the throne. Chai Rong's army defeated the Khitan
and Northern Han forces, ending their ambitions of
succeeding the Later Zhou dynasty.
Northern and Southern Song Dynasties (960-1279
A.D.)
- Great advances were made in the areas of
Technological Inventions, Material production,
Political philosophy, government, and Elite
culture.
1. THE COMPASS (280-233 BCE)
2. MOVABLE-TYPE PRINTING (1041-1048 AD)
3. ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK TOWER (1088 A.D.)
4. PAPER MONEY (25-220 AD)
5. STAR CHART (1078 AD)
6. SOLAR TERMS CALENDAR (25-220 AD)
Use of gunpowder as a weapon in warfare.
- The military forces of the Song Dynasty started using
gunpowder devices against the Mongols as early as 904
A.D.
- Foreign trade expanded greatly, and Chinese had the
best upper class.
Neo-Confucianism was developed during this time,
especially during the Southern Song dynasty.
Late Imperial China
Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368 A.D.)
• Was a period of time when China was under the rule
of the Mongol Empire. The Yuan ruled China from 1279
to 1368. It was followed by the Ming Dynasty.
• Mongols – first of only two times that the entire area
of China was ruled by foreigners
• Established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather
Genghis Khan placed on the official founder of the
dynasty.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
• One of the greatest eras of orderly government and
social stability in human history rules by ethnic Hans
• Revival and expansion of Chinese culture
• Restoration of Grand Canal
• Repair and completed the great wall of China
• Establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during
the first quarter of the 15th century
- Revival and expansion of Chinese culture
- Restoration of Grand Canal The entire canal
was reconstructed between 1411 and 1415
during the Ming Dynasty by the Yongle Emperor.
- The Construction of the Great Wall
- The Ming Dynasty had to (re-)construct the
Great Wall as a military defense. During the 276
years of the Ming Dynasty, construction of the
Great Wall almost never stopped.
- The Construction of the Forbidden City (1406) -
- Emperor Yongle ordered the construction of
the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1406. After 14
years of construction, the Forbidden City was
completed. Then, the Yongle Emperor moved
his capital to Beijing and lived in the Forbidden
City.
Culture and Arts
Art flourished during the Ming Dynasty. This included
literature, painting, music, poetry, and porcelain.
Ming vases made of blue and white porcelain were
prized at the time throughout the world. They are still
considered quite valuable.
Qing dynasty (1644-1912)
• 2nd time when the whole china was ruled by
foreigners, the Manchu
• Instituted changes in the dress of the Chinese
• Ordered all Chinese men to have their pigtail hairstyle
with the front of their heads shaved
• Last imperial dynasty of China
• Experience of western imperialism
• Internal and external unrest
Republic of China
- A republic was formally established on 1
January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution,
which itself began with the Wuchang uprising
on 10 October 1911, successfully overthrowing
the Qing dynasty and ending over two
thousand years of imperial rule in China.
The founding of the People's Republic of China was
formally proclaimed by Mao Zedong, the Chairman of
the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), on October 1,
1949, at 3:00 pm in Tiananmen Square in Peking, now
Beijing (formerly Beiping), the new capital of China.
Five main characteristics of Architecture
1.Unity of structure with architectural art
2.Good anti-seismic function
- The structural components of a wooden
building were connected with mortises and
tenons.
3.High degree of standardization
 - Building is composed of a group of beams Temples
carried on columns with curved corbel-brackets
- structures used as place of worship of Chinese
forming a kind of roof truss, or is supported on a
Buddhism, Taoism or Chinese folk religion,
series of vertical frames serving the same
where people revere ethnic Chinese gods and
purpose
ancestors.
4.Bright colours
Example:
- The practice of painting wooden buildings to
- Temple of Guandi and Yue Fei in Quanzhou,
prevent weathering and insect infestation and
Fujian.
to achieve decorative effects began in early
- Temple of Bao Gong in Wenzhou, Zhejiang
- Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BC)
Ancient architecture based on:

Enclosure and/or modulor system

5. The systematic grouping of buildings
In much Chinese architecture, buildings or building
- Traditional method of arrangement was to plan
complexes surround open spaces. These enclosed
a single building around a courtyard and then
spaces come in two forms:
to use the courtyard as basic units to form
groups of buildings. Open Courtyard: a common feature in many projects.
This is best exemplified in Siheyuan: It consisted of an
ROOF and CEILING
empty space surrounded by buildings connected with
- A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the one another either directly or through verandas.
other.
Sky Well: This structure is essentially a relatively
- Hip roof
enclosed courtyard formed from the intersections of
- Hanging hill roof
closely spaced buildings and offers a small opening to
- Xie Shan roof
the sky through the roof space.
- Hard hill roof
Hierarchy
Finished with pantiles set in mortar and ridges with
ornamental cresting The projected hierarchy and importance and building
uses in Chinese architecture are based on the strict
up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque
placement of buildings in a property/complex. Buildings
ornaments
with doors facing the front of the property are
- Dragon ornament considered more important than those facing the sides.
- Grotesque ornament Buildings facing away from the front are the least
important.
WALLS
Horizontal emphasis
Pai-lou
- Chinese architecture stresses the visual impact
- also known as Paifang, is an archway of a
of the width of the buildings, using sheer scale
memorial or decorative nature. it could be
to inspire awe. This preference contrasts with
made of wood, brick or stone, with or without
Western architecture, which tends to
glazed tiles, often carrying some inscriptions on
emphasize height and depth.
the middle beam.
Cosmology
Pagodas
Chinese architecture used concepts from Chinese
- is an East Asian tiered tower with multiple
cosmology such as feng shui (geomancy) and Taoism to
eaves. were built to have a religious function,
organize construction and layout.These include:
most often Buddhist but sometimes Taoist, and
were often located in or near viharas. • Screen walls to face the main entrance.
• Talismans and imagery of good fortune.
• Orienting the structure with its back to an elevated
landscape and placing water in the front.
• Ponds, pools, wells, and other water sources are built
into the structure.
• Aligning a building along a north–south axis, with the
building facing south. The two sides face east and west
respectively. The back of the structure is generally
windowless.
OUTER COURTS
Taihedian
- Hall of Supreme Harmony was used for grand
ceremonies such as the Emperor's
enthronement ceremony, the Emperor's
wedding and the ceremony for conferring the
Empress.
Zhonghedian
- Hall of Central Harmony served as a place for
rest for the emperor when he was on his way to
hold ceremonies in the Hall of Supreme
Harmony.
Baohedian
- Hall of Preserved Harmony was used for grand
ceremonies such as the Emperor's
enthronement ceremony, the Emperor's
wedding and the ceremony for conferring the
Empress.
Wenhuadian
- Hall of Literary Glory – study of crown prince
housing plenty of ancient Chinese paintings,
among which there are the rare and only works
of the Jin, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties and
the masterpieces of the different painting
groups of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
INNER COURTS
Qianqinggong
- Palace of Celestial Purity was the place where
emperors slept and worked. Their coffins were
held in this palace before burial for several days
of a ritual procedures and demonstrating a
man's peaceful death in his own place.
Kunninggong
- Palace of Terrestrial Union – emperor’s and
empress bedchambers was was built for the
chief consort of the emperor.
Dong liu gong – Six Eastern Courtyards
Palace of Great Benevolence (Jing Ren Gong) was the
birthplace of Emperor Kangxi, the second emperor of
the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Empepror Qianlong's
mother and Concubine Zhen of Emperor Guangxu once
lived at the palace. Now, donated objects are on display
in it.
Palace of Heavenly Favor (Cheng Qian Gong)
- was at a time the harem of Dong Xiao'e, a
beloved concubine of Emperor Shunzhi (the first
emperor of the Qing Dynasty). This palace is
now an exhibit hall for a large number of bronze
wares.
Palace of Eternal Harmony (Yonghegong)
- many famous concubines lived, and the
birthplace of Emperor Yongzheng, the 5th
emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
Palace of accumulated purity ( Zhongcui gong)
- Qing Xianfeng lived here with his mother during
his childhood, it must be said that this palace
was reserved for princes. The empress of
Emperor Guangxu occupied the palace as well.
Palace of Lasting Happiness (Yan Xi Gong)
- It is the only modern building made of armored
concrete in the Forbidden City. Devotees of
calligraphy will appreciate the works on display
here. Also on exhibition here are numerous
ceramic articles.
Palace of Great Brilliance (Jingyanggong)
 - was where the concubines lived. The famous - Used in ancient China for making sacrifices to
Concubine Wang, the concubine of the 13th ancestors and famous historical personages, as
emperor, Wanli Emperor, was tragically confined well as to the gods.
here for 30 years. So Jingyanggong always
Tiantan Shrine, Beijing:
reminds people of the “Cold Palace”. In Qing
Dynasty, Jingyanggong was used as an imperial Huanquitan – worship of heaven
library.
- the Temple of Heaven was the venue for annual
Xiliugong – Six Western Courtyards ceremonies of prayer for good harvest by the
emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Palace of Eternal Longevity (Yongshougong) was the
residence of concubines in the Ming and Qing dynasties Huang Qiong Yu - Imperial Vault of Heaven
(1368 – 1911). It also was served as the place for
princesses’ marriage banquet. - It is a hall that places the memorial tablets on
behalf of God and the emperor's ancestors. It
Palace of Earthly Honor (Yikungong) it was where the was originally built in 1530 in Ming Dynasty.
concubines lived. The empress Dowager Cixi celebrated
her 50th birthday here. Temples Pagodas
3 lofty pavilions, each the most common
Palace of Gathered Elegance (Chuxiugong) was the with 1 storey Chinese structure of
residence of concubines in Ming and Qing dynasties . religious nature
Empress dowager Cixi once lived here and gave birth to a series of porticoes and later, secular landscapes
emperor Tongzhi. open courtyards, as well or triumphal monuments
as kitchens, refectories,
Xiliugong – Six Western Courtyards and priests' sleeping
quarters
Hall of the Supreme Principle (Taijidian)
parallel open timber octagonal in shape.
- It was just an ordinary harem palace in the Ming roofs
Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. During the steps, gateways, bridges 9 or 13 odd-numbered
9th year reign of Xianfeng in the late Qing stories
Dynasty, he ordered to demolish a wall of Hall of 2 types of Buddhist turned-up eaves and
Temples: repeated roofs
the Supreme Principle and connect it with
1. Integrated a tall slopes to carry each
Palace of Eternal Spring.
figurative storey
Palace of Eternal Spring (Changchungong) feature( a
positioned
- It is located to the north of Hall of the Supreme feature(a stupa
Principle and the south of Palace of Universal or pagoda)
Happiness. In the late Qing dynasty, the
empress dowager Cixi and Cian both lived here 2. Structures
for some time. positioned
around
Palace of Universal Happiness (Xianfugong) courtyards
- was a residence of imperial concubines. The
palace is north of the Palace of Eternal Spring, • Greater Wild Goose Pagoda
east of the Palace of Gathering Elegance and • Tanning Temple Pagoda
southeast of the Palace of Earthly Honour in • Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda
Beijing, China. • The White Pagoda,Temple of Miaoying,Beijing
Shrines • Bao'en Temple Pagoda
• Longing Temple
• Tianning Temple Pagoda
• Songyue Temple
Mausolea - the ancient Chinese emperors were given • Blocks of gray granite
elaborate burials and splendid tombs.
• 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
2 Kinds:
• base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
Above Ground
• paved road with enough space for five horses to run
Underground side by side

- The rooms for the emperor's coffins, originally
erected on wooden frames, were later replaced
with stone or brick structures following the Han
period.
Shisanling Tombs
• 25,000 towers, 700 feet apart and 12 meters high (2
bow shots apart) five horses could run beside each
other on a paved road.
• Blockhouses were built atop garrison towers using
whatever local resources were available.

- -burial of 13 Ming emperors and empresses Example : Great Wall of CHINA

Halls, Pavilions and Monasteries JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

Main Hall of Foguang Monastery, Wutai Mountain INFLUENCES:

Potala Palace in Lhasa Tibet Large-scale Lama Geographical

Monastery
• Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in
Gateways the northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the
west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of
Pai-lous
Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea,
• ceremonial gateway Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south.

• basic symbolic structure • Land of the rising sun

• acts as a gateway to temples and cemeteries, as
well as monuments of notable people.
Features:
• of stone and wood
• 2 or more upright posts with horizontal frieze
• 1, 2 or 3 openings
• Off the eastern coast of Asian mainland.
• Hilly and forested country
The island nation of Japan lies along the western edge
of the Ring of Fire, and is one of the most tectonically
active places on Earth. As much as 10% of the world's
volcanic activity takes place in Japan.
RELIGIOUS:

• No single religion is particularly dominant, and people

Fortification often follow a combination of practices from multiple
religious traditions. According to the Government of
The Great Wall of China Japan, 69.0% of the population practices Shintō, 66.7%
- The most iconic of ancient chinese buildings practise Buddhism, 1.5% practise Christianity and 6.2%
practise other religions as of 2018.
Features of Shi Huang Ti include:
• Shinto was the indigenous religion which, without any
• Measuring 3700 kilometers from the Pacific Ocean to definite moral code, consisted of ancestor and nature
the Gobi Desert worship and did not involve a desire for graven images
or elaborate temples. The main belief in Shinto is the
• enough building supplies to construct a wall around
worship of kami, which are spirits that inhabit the
the equator that is 2.4 m
natural world
high and 0.90 m thick.
• Like Taoism of China, finally absorbed by Buddhism,
which had been brought from China about 550 AD
• The Buddhist religion introduced the building of
temples, while its mysterious and awe-inspiring
symbolism so acted on the artistic Japanese
temperament as to result in the production of
numberless images of every possible size, and of various
fantastic forms of demons and monsters, woven into
conventional representations of landscapes under the
changing seasons 3 of 21
• In early times the priests contributed to the general
development of the country, even in the matter of road-
making and bridge-building, as in Mediaeval Europe
SHINTO ARCHITECTURE
- The nature of Shinto worship changed, following
the introduction of Buddhism, and shrine
buildings borrowed certain elements from
Buddhist architecture. For example, many
shrines were painted in the Chinese style: red
columns and white walls.
- Komainu, pairs of lion like figures placed in front
of the gates or main halls of many shrines, serve
as shrine guardians.
- The jinja, or shrine, is where believers in Japan's
indigenous religion, Shintö, go to worship.
Shintô originated in ancient people's' fears of
demons and supernatural powers, and their
worship of these. It has no written body of
doctrine, but it is Japan's main religion and is
practised widely through ceremonies and
festivals.
- In early times the priests contributed to the
general development of the country, even in the
matter of road-making and bridge-building, as in
Mediaeval Europe most important buildings in
the temple are the main hall (Hondô, Kondô or
Butsuden) and the pagoda.
- The main hall contained the most prominent
object of worship
- The lecture hall, which in early temples was
most often the largest structure, was used by
monks as a place for study, instruction, and
performing rituals 4 of 2
- Two types of towers predominated: one with
bells that announced the times of religious
observance each day and another in which
canonical texts were stored (the sutra
repository)
- China, the much older state and the more
developed, passed on to Japan (sometimes
indirectly via Korea) a long list of ideas including
rice cultivation, writing, Buddhism, centralised
government models, civil service examinations,
temple architecture, clothing, art, literature,
music, and eating habits.
Influence of Chinese Culture
1. Writing – Japanese uses Chinese characters
2. Architecture – Buddhist temples and Shrines
3. Buddhism – spread from China to Japan with
Korean travelers
- Foreign intercourse, which was intermittent,
was carried on with China and Corea as early as
the eight century of our era, but it was not until
1543, when the Portuguese discovered and
began trading with the islands, that Japan was
brought into contact with Europeans.
- feudalism, with castes of emperor and nobles,
shoguns and military, people
- For 200 yrs, closed to outside world
JOMON PERIOD
• Incipient Jōmon (ca. 10,500–8000 B.C.) This period
marks the transition between Paleolithic and Neolithic
ways of life. Archaeological findings indicate that people
lived in simple surface dwellings and fed themselves
through hunting and gathering.
• Dwelling were built directly over an earth floor with a
wood foundation and a straw thatched roof.
• Inside the housse, their floors are hollowed in, thats
why they’re often called “pit dwellings”
YAYOI PERIOD
- The Yayoi period (400 BC to 300 AD) is a pivotal
period in the history of Japan during which
Japan starts cultivating rice and the first
sedentary communities appear. It was also the
time of the famous kingdom of Yamatai, ruled
by the legendary princess Himiko.
- Yayoi architecture is similar to Southeast Asia
where buildings were raised up from the ground
 - Used gable roof
- Houses were built on stilts to keep away pests
The Kofun period is an era in the history of Japan from
about 300 to 538 AD, following the Yayoi period. The
Kofun and the subsequent Asuka periods are sometimes
collectively called the Yamato period.
• marked the appearance of many-chambered burial
mounds or tumuli. Similar mounds in Korean Peninsula
are thought to have been influenced by Japan
Example: Emperor Nintoku’s Tomb
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:
“Architecture in Japan has also been influenced by the
climate. Summers in most of Japan are long, hot, and
humid, a fact that is clearly reflected in the way homes
are built. The traditional house is raised somewhat so
that the air can move around and beneath it. Wood was
the material of choice because it is cool in summer,
warm in winter, and more flexible when subjected to
earthquakes.
- The choice of materials, always wood in various
forms for almost all structures Common types of
wood including cryptomeria, cypress, and pine
are generally ready for harvest and use after just
40–60 years of growth.
1. Cryptomeria (Sugi)
2. Cypress (Hinoki)
- The use of stone is avoided except for certain
specific uses, for example temple podia and
pagoda foundations.
- The general structure is almost always the
same: post and lintel supports a large and gently
curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin,
often movable and in any case non-carrying.
Example: Shoji Blinds
- The roof is the most visually impressive
component, often constituting half the size
of the whole edifice
- Gable and eaves are gentler than the China
and columnar entasis limited.
- The slightly curved eaves extend far beyond
the walls, covering verandas, and their
weight must therefore be supported by
complex bracket systems called Tokyo, in
the case of temples and shrines.
• Normally consist of a single room at the
center called moya from which depart any
less important saces.
• Inner space divisions are fluid, and room
size can be modified through the use of
screens or movable paper walls.
• Moya - the core of the building; central part
of a residential building; used to denote
sacred central area of a temple building in
Buddhism; surrounded by aisle called
Hasashi
The ken
- is a traditional Japanese unit of length,
equal to six Japanese feet. The exact value
has varied over time and location but has
generally been a little shorter than 2
meters. It is now standardized as 1.82 m.
Parts of Japanese House
1. Shoji - a door, window or room divider consisting of
translucent paper over a frame of wood which holds
together a lattice of wood or bamboo.
Shoji doors - often designed to slide open and thus
conserve space that would be required by a swinging
doorwashi - traditional paper
2. Engawa - typically wooden strip of flooring
immediately before windows and storm shutters inside
traditional Japanese rooms.
Veranda outside the room
3. Fusuma- vertical rectangular panels which can slide
from side to side to redefine spaces within a room, or
act as doors.
4. Tokonoma - a picture recess: a shallow, slightly raised
alcove for display of a kakemono or flower arrangement
One side of the recessed borders the outside wall of the
room through which the light enters, while the interior
side adjoins the tana. As the spiritual center of a
traditional Japanese house, the tokonoma is located in
its most formal room.
5. Ranma - panels found above shoji or fusuma that are Temples: Buddhist temples: 2-storey gateway,
designed to let light into rooms. They are often omate surmounted by a room under an ornate roof columned
wooden carvings or shoji screens. loggia at façade

6. Amado - storm shutters that are used to completely Example: Shitennoji Temple
seal a home or apartment for security, privacy and
Kodo
safety. Particularly important as protection from
typhoons. It can be wooden planks or sheets of metal. - an assembly hall for monks in a Japanese
Buddhist temple. In which sacred texts are
7. Genkan - the main entrance to a house that has a
read.
lower level floor where you remove your shoes. This
area is considered extremely dirty. To
8. Byobu -folding screens, often decorated with art that - a Japanese pagoda enshrining Buddhist holy
are used to partition rooms for privacy. relics
- Historically considered essential furniture because Sorin
Japanese homes weren't designed for privacy
- the crowning spire on a Japanese pagoda

Tea House or Chashitsu - Chashitsu (茶室, "tea room")

Kondo
in Japanese tradition is an architectural space designed
to be used for tea ceremony (chanoyu) gatherings. - Golden Hall: a sanctuary where the main
image of worship is kept in a Japanese
Japanese Bathhouses - Sento, or bathhouses, are baths
Buddhist temple. The Jodo, Shinshu, and
for public use, not tourist destinations. A simple
Nichelren sectsof Buddhism use the term
bathhouse consists of rooms for the baths, separated by
hondo for this sanctuary. The Shingon and
gender, and a locker room where you get undressed and
Tendal sects use chudo and the Zen sect
dressed.
uses bursuden.
Temples: Shinto temples:
Nandaimon
Tori gateways: upright posts supporting 2 or more
- The principal south gateway to a Japanese
horizontal beams
temple or shrine
- worshippers have to pass under this for
Chumon
prayers to be effective
- The inner gateway to the precinct of a
example: Fushimi Inari Taisha
Japanese Buddhist temple
Katsuogi
Shoro
- the short wooden billets placed at right
- A structure from which the temple bel is
angles to the ridge of a Shinto shrine
hung as one of a pair of small, identical,
Chigi symmetrically placed pavilions in a Japanese
Buddhist temple.
- the crossed finial formed by the projecting
barge boards at each of the ridge of a Shinto Palaces plan:
shrine
- Principal hall
Hashira - 6 corridors to 3 different pavilions for the
Emperor’s family
- a sacred post in Shinto architecture shaped
- sometimes protected by concave batter
by human hands.
walls and a moat Example: - Himeji castle