Exp Principles:

Estimation of hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is converted to acid hematin by the action of HCl The acid hematin solution is
further diluted until its colour matches exactly with that of the permanent standard of the
comparator block. The hemoglobin concentration is read directly from the calibration tube.

Total RBC Count

The blood specimen is diluted (usually 200 times) with the dilution fluid which does not
remove the wbc, but allows rbcs to be counted in a known volume of fluid. Finally, the
number of cells in undiluted blood is calculated and reported as the number of red cells per
mm3 of whole blood.
Total Leucocyte Count
Blood is diluted with an acid solution that removes red cells by hemolysis and accentuates
the nuclie of wbcs. The counting of the white cells then becomes easy. Counting is done using
a microscope under low power objective and with knowledge of the volume of fluid examined
and the dilution of the blood obtained. The number of white cells per mm3 of undiluted whole
blood is calculated.
DLC
A blood film stained with the Leishman stain is examined under an oil-immersion objective
and the different types of white blood cells are identified. The percentage distribution of
these cells is then determined.
Blood group determination
Red cells contain different types of agglutinogens while plasma contains agglutinins. The
red cells of the subject are allowed to react with commercially made agglutinins. The
presence or absence of the clumping of red cells in different agglutinins determines the
blood groups
Determination of BT CT
A deep skin puncture is made and the length of time required for bleeding to stop is
recorded. It determines the function of the platelets and the integrity of the capillaries.
ECG
Electrical activities generated with each beat are conducted from the heart to the body
surface, which are picked up and recorded by the electrocardiograph.
BP-gen
The cuff of the sphygmomanometer is wrapped around the arm of the subject. The bag is
then inflated until the air pressure in the cuff overcomes the arterial pressure and
obliterates the artery lumen. This is confirmed by measuring the radial pulse that
disappears when the cuff pressure is raised above arterial pressure, The pressure is then
raised further by about 20 mm Hg and then slowly reduced. When the pressure of the cuff
reaches just below the arterial pressure ,blood escapes beyond the occlusion into the
peripheral part of the artery and the pulse starts reappearing. This is detected by the
appearance of sounds in the stethoscope and is taken as the systolic pressure. Subsequently,
the quality of the sound changes and finally, disappears. The level where sound disappears is
taken as the diastolic pressure. The sound disappears because the flow in the blood vessels
becomes laminar
BP-posture
On resuming an erect posture, changes occur in cardiovascular function. The change in heart
rate and blood pressure is noted immediately on standing and after two, five and ten
minutes of standing. These changes are compared with the heart rate and blood pressure
recorded in the supine position prior to the change in posture.
BP-exercise
Cardiovascular functions alter during exercise. Pulse rate and blood pressure are recorded
before and immediately afterthe exercise. The results are compared to study the effect of
exercise on these parameters.
Mosso’s ergography
The subject contracts the flexors of the fingers against resistance using Mosso’s ergogram,
till the finger is fatigued.The work done is calculated to study the effect of various factors
on the performance.
Harvard step test
The Harvard Step Test is used to measure a clients aerobic fitness {fitness index}, being a
predictive test of their VO2max. It tests the cardiovascular system and reflects the general
capacity of body to cope with increased physical work load and ability to recover from it.
Participants step at a rate of 30 steps per minute for 5 minutes or until exhaustion.