Page 1 of 19 O Level Additional Mathematics Notes 1. Sets Anull or empty set is donated by {} or #. P= Qifthey have the same elements P2Q Qissubsot of P. PEQ, Pis subset of R PQ, Qis proper subset of P. PcQ,P is proper subset of P/Q Intersection of P and Q PUQ union of P and Q. P’ compliment of P ie. €-P 2. Simultaneous Equations —b £ V0? = 4ac 2a 3. Logarithms and Indices IndicesPage 2 of 19 8. a® xb = (ab)" 1 > x= logay 2. =0 3. logga = 1 4 s. . log*xy = logex + logay . log? = = log,x — logy _ begcb 6. logyb = ae 7. logab 4 = ean 8, log,x” = ylog.x 9. log,px = logax> ogex 10.1og,x = log, clog.x = PE 4. Quadratic Expressions and Equations 1. intercept Put x-0 xintercept Put y=0Page 3 of 19 ‘Turning point Method 1. -» x-coordinate: ¥ = += 4ac—b? y-coordinate: y = = Method 2 Express ax? +bxt+casy square. The turning point is(h. k). a(x — h)? + k by completing the 2. Types of roots of ax? + bx+c=0 b? — 4ac > 0 :real roots b? — 4ac < 0 : no real roots b? — 4ac > 0 : distinct real roots b? — 4ac = 0 : equal, coincident or repeated real roots 5. Remainder Factor Theorems Polynomials 1. ax + bx + ¢ isa polynomial of degree 2. 2. ax® + bx + c isa polynomial of degree 3. Identities P(x) = Q(x) P(x) = Q(a) Forall values of x To find unknowns elther substitute values of x, or equate coefficients of like powers of.Page 4 of 19 Remainder theorem fa polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-a), the remainders f(a) Factor Theorem (xa) Is a factor of f(x) then fla) =0 Solution of cubie Equation Obtain one factor (x-a) by trail and error method. Divide the cubic equation with a, by synthetic division to find the quadratic equation. Solve the quadratic equation to find remaining two factors of cubic equation. For example: ‘The equation x° + 2x? — Sx — and error method. Synthetic division will be done as follows: 2)i 255 0 has (x-2) as one factor, found by trail 2.8 6 taaga vernainder ‘The quadratics equation obtained is x? + 4x +3 = Equation is solved by quadratic formula, X=-1 and X=-3. Answer would be (x-2)(x+1)(x+3).Page 5 of 19 6. Matrices 1. Order of a matrix ‘Order fate tated as numberof rows numb of columas. For ‘example the matrin(S 6 2) has order 133. 2 Equality “womavices are equalif they are of the same order and their ‘corresponding elements ae equal 3. Addition “To add wo matices, we ad their corresponding elements. roreanon (S S)+G' D=G ¢ 4. suozraction To sabtract womans, we strc te coresponding elements 3 8) (2 7 S)(4 ~+ 0 rorwamie(s fy “(mo aC 6 “e 5. Scalar mutiplication “To mutiny 2 matricby tsa tiplyeachlamert bye rereamonr(S 5)= Ge eer) = (4) 5. Matrix muttiptcation “Te multiply twomatrices,colurn of the fst matric must be equaltotherow f the second matric. The product wll ave order rowof frst maxX columa ‘second matr. rooome(s 3)G 248Page 6 of 19 ‘To get the frst row of product do following: a= (2x3) + [4X 1) = 10 (1 row of first, 1° column of second) (2x2) + [4x 5) = 24 (1 row of first, 2" column of second) 2.x 1) + (4 x 2) = 10 (1* row of first, 3* column of second) d= (2x4)+ (4x7) = 36 (1° row of frst, 4° column of second) (1x3) + (3x 1) = 6 (2 row of first, 1* column of second) x2) + (3x5) = 17 (2% row of first, 2* column of second) 11x 1) + (3.x 2) 7 (2" row of first, 3" column of second) 1x4) + (3.x 7} = 25 (2" row of first, 4" column of second), x3) +(-1 1) =5 (3* row of first, 1" column of second) x2) + (1x5) =-1 (3 row of first, 2" column of second) (2 1) + (1x 2) =0 (3* row of first, 3° column of second) x4) + (1x7) =1 (3" row of first, 4" column of second) 7. 2x2 Matrices a. Themati(? ®) scaled identity mates, When it with any matrix X the answer will be X. b. etarminant of matin(® B)witbe=|° 5|=ad —be & Adjoint of atrx(* })willbe=(“ 7°) 4. vere otnon nga mate éetcminaeisz0}(® ®) wie: adjoint 1 (4 ~¥ determinant ad—be\-c a imultaneous linear equations by a matrix method reels )G)=() O-C d *@ 8. SolvingPage 7 of 19 Coordinate Geometry Formulas Distance AB = (@—%,)° + my Midpoint of aB eae) Parallalogram If ABCD is a parallelogram then diagonals AC and BD have a common midpoint. Equation of Straight line To find the equation of a line of best fit, you need the gradient(m) of the line, and the y-intercept(c) of the line. The gradient can be found by taking any two points on the line and using the following formula: gradient = m = 222 ‘The y-intercept is the y-coordinate ofthe point at which the line crosses the y- ‘axis (it may need to be extended). This will give the following equation: mete Where y and x are the variables, m is the gradient and c isthe y-intercapt. Equation of parallal lines Parallel ine have equal gradient. lines y = mye, and y = mzcy are parallel then m, =m Equations of perpendicular line IFlines y = myc, and y = mc, are perpendicular then m,Page 8 of 19 Perpendicular Bisector ‘The line that passes through the midpoint of AandB, ‘and perpendicular bisector of AB. For any point P on the line, PA = PB Points of Intersection ‘The coordinates of point of intersection of a ine and a non-parallel line or a curve ‘can be obtained by solving their equations simultaneously. 8. Linear Law To apply the linear law for a non-linear equation In variables x and y, express the ‘equation in the form vamx+e Where X and ¥ are expressior xand/or y. 9. Functions Absolute Value Function Tnverse Function =F Py = fos.itF09 20 1¥= F(X) then FC 9) =¥ £() ‘Romember: ~10).11 Object = the valueof x FQ) if FG) <0 mage = the value of y or £2). {4) map onto tee moans A) — xPage 9 of 19 10. Trignometric Functions Gis + ve 180 0,360 Bis — ve @ is always acute.Rule 1 sin(90 ~ 6) = cos9 cos(90 ~ 4) = sind tan(90 ~ 8) = 4; = cot Rule 2 sin(180—6) = +sing c00(180 — 8) = ‘tan(180—6) = Rule sin(180+8) =—sind cos(180 + 6) = —cos@ tan(180 +8) = +tand Ruled sin(360—6) = —sind cos(360 — 8) = +cos8 tan(360—9) = and Rules sin(-6) = -sin8 cos(-8) = +cos8 tan(—0) = —tand Page 10 of 19Page 11 of 19 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles 0360 cos 30 T sin60 = sin30=5 = T ‘tan 60 = V5 tan 30 3 11.Simple Trigonometric Identities Trigonometric Identities sin? @ +.cos?@ = 1 1+ tan’@ =sec?@ Lt cot? @ = cose? 6 12.Circular Measure Relation between Radian and Degree § radians ~ 90° radians ~ 180° 2 yadtans = 270" airradtans = 360° 5 = 7 whore sis are longth,r is radius and @ is angle of soctor is radians Azdrs=3126 where Ais Areaof sector area of sector _ angle of sector ‘area of circle angle of circlePage 12 of 19 13.Permutation and Combination EE nna 2) Ke eS ERE 14,Binomial Theorem (a+by a + Cha" b + Cha"2b? + Chat 8B? + + bY Tray =nC,a°b" 15.Differentiation Sey =m a laa + bx) = ame" + bn 4 ey = nut Rwy anw tSPage 13 of 19 da az Where '‘v’ and‘u’ are two functions Gradient of a curve at any point P(xy) is at x 16.Rate of Change ‘The rate of change of a variable x with respect to time is = ay ay ae dt ax at dy ay oa Percentage change inx & x 100% - ay [@4+6x) =y toy yt Zoe 17.Higher Derivative & =0 whenx=athenpoint (a f(a))isa stationary point. 2 $6 = 9 ana 2 + 0 wnenx=a then pont at atumning po For aturangpotntT L f£3> 0, then Tis aminimum point.Page 14 of 19 a@y IL If} <0, then T is amaximum point 18.Derivative of Trigonometric Functions 4 ginx) = loin) = cosx a a qeicosx) = sine a Fpttany) = sec? x a (ein? x) = nsin®™! x cos.x om” 4 cost x) = aly si gy (00s x) = cos xsinx o tant BAL x sec? gy (tan® x) = ntan? x sect x 19.Exponential and Logarithmic Functions a mee o (gaxs0) — gear? qyles) = aePage 15 of 19 Acurve defined by y=In(ax+b) has a domain ax+b>0 and the curve cuts the x- axis at the point where ax+b=1 1 d Eemyns a tdw ae) = Tae are Atin(ax+ = 20.Integration axttl gym nei tm fox + an" ax = +e (ax + byt Jeee+ oy ax = SP te a 5 RFwl=fe © | ped=Fe- FaPage 16 of 19 [re art [ pooax= f pooax [ * pla) dv =— I “pe dx [ “fixydx =0 ae. gy (sins) = cosx 4 esgasne a 2 gyltana) = sect x Efbanas +b] =coxt eps Ef teoxar +05] fencer iyar= tomer) +0 a [ondersh dean erbte La J dx =e* Lyne a feramete feeneet oe fevar- tePage 17 of 19 21.Applications of Integration For aregion R above the x-axis, enclosed by the curve y=f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a and x=b, the area Ris: A = [reer For aregion R below the x-axis, enclosedby the ‘curve y=f(x), the s-axis and the lines x=a and x=b, the areaR ls: ® 2 A= [ * pa) de For aregion R enclosed by the curves y=f(x) and y=g(s) and the lines x=a and x=b, the area R is: =| e)-9@) IdxPage 18 of 19 22.Kinematics av fra fea total distance travelled total time taken Averge speed = utatPage 19 of 19 23.Vectors 8 1f08 = (}) then [0B = /x? + y? b=ka andk > Oaand bare in the same direction b= ka andi <0. and bare opposite in direction Vectors expressed in terms of two parallel vectors a and b: pa+qb=ra+sh @p=randq=s IfABand Care collinear points © AB=K3C IfP has coordinates (x, y) ina Cartesian plane, then the position vector of P is OP =xi+yj wwherel and] are unit vectors in the postive direction along thex-axis ana the y- ants respectively. Unit vector Is the direction of OP Is