Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg1-)

COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC II

(OHS) OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURE
1. Always ground or discharge yourself before touching any part of the computer
2. Use only rubber shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg2-)

3. Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it.
4. Hold the components by the edges and do not touch the IC’s.
5. Do not work alone so that there’s someone who can take care of you in case of
accident or emergency.
6. Be careful with the tools that may cause short circuit
7. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting a cable connector.
8. Take away any liquid such as mineral water or soft drinks near your working area or
near computers.
9. Read and follow instruction on the manual carefully.
10. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are
recognized.

 Work Area
 At least 4 sq. meter
 Table
 Rubber mat
 Extension wire (220/110 v)
 Fire Extinguisher
 Materials:
 Computer Casing (ATX/AT)
 Motherboard with user's manual (for Pentium series or its equivalent)
 Microprocessor unit, Pentium or its equivalent
 Power supply unit
 Memory modules (DIMM/SIMM/SDRAM/DDR/RDRAM)
 Video card (PCI, AGP, ISA, Built-in Video card)
 LAN card (Built-in, Internal)
 Modem (Internal, External)
 Drives (FDD, HDD, CD-ROM)
 Data cable
 Auto Voltage Regulator (AVR)
 Tools
 Screwdrivers (philips and flat)
 Pliers (long-nose and cutter type)
 Anti-static protection
 Multimeter
 Cable Tester
 Logic Probe
 Crimping Tool
 Scoring Tool
 Side Cutter
 UTP cable
 Cable Tie
 Gloves

TECHNICAL TERMS

 Fuse – Protective device against power surges

 People ware - the persons using the computer in the goal of finding solutions to a better and
improved daily life. These can range from the basic word-processing to the more advanced system
programming.
 Hardware - the physical and tangible component of electronic data processing. These are the
monitors, keyboard, mouse, all input/output devices, as well as internal memory system.
 Software - the intangible element composed of programs that instruct computers what to do.
Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg3-)
  Electricity - a form of energy comprising certain charge particles, such as electrons and protons.
 Power - is the rate in which electric energy is fed or taken from a device measured in watts.
 Voltage - is the term used to designate electric pressure that exists between two points.
 PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
 BOOT - is the process of turning on the computer unit.
 CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor
 BIOS - Basic Input/Output System
 DOS - Disk Operating System
 ROM - Read Only Memory
 POST - Power On Self Test
 DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
 UTP cable – Unshielded Twisted Pair cable
 UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply
 VGA – Video Graphic Adapter
 DVI- Digital Video Interface
 USB – Universal Serial Bus
 SATA -Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
 CPU – Central Processing Unit
 OHS – Occupational Health and Safety
 LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
 CRT – Cathode Ray Tube
 RAM – Random Access Memory
 DIMM – Double In-line Memory Module
 SIMM – Single In-line Memory Module
 I/O – Input/output
 Chip - a complete electronic circuit which may contain miniature resisters,
transistors, diodes, and related circuitry all integrated into a miniature silicon
base and mounted in a common housing.
BIOS - Basic Input/Output System, the part of the operating system that controls the input and
output functions.
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit, part of a microprocessor. It does all arithmetic functions and
calculation in the CPU.
IC - short for Integrated Circuit, building blocks of a computer system or other electronics devices
comprising many electronics parts such as transistors, resistors, etc. in a single package.
Memory - the part of a computer that stores vital information for the computer’s operation.
Microprocessor – the arithmetic logic unit registers, and timing and decoding circuitry usually contained
in a single integrated circuit that controls computer activities.
Programs - contain the instructions that tell the computer what to do. It is a sequential set of instructions to
solve a particular problem.
RAM - Random Access Memory, data can either be read from or written to (read/write).
Parallel port - Parallel port is generally used to connect the printers to a PC. It consists 25 lines, some of these
lines have a distinguished task.
Hard disk - A Medium for permanent storage of data. Magnetic platters, electronics, and mechanics make
up
a hard disk. It is coated with a magnetic material that is composed of many particles which
align themselves under the influence of a magnetic field.

Diskette - A flexible disk which holds information that can be read by the computer. A thin, plastic flexible
disk on which computer programs and data can be saved outside of the computer.
ROM - Read Only Memory, data can only be read from this type of memory. It cannot be altered and
contains the basic operating instruction of the computer.

Peripheral - any device or accessory such as a disk drive, printer, modem, or video display added to a
Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg4-)
 microcomputer to provide increased capacity for handling, storing, or presenting data.
Interrupt - an input signal to the processors that sets the order to initialize all system devices for operation.
Computer - an electronic device designed to make rapid, accurate computations from data programmed into it.
Character - the equivalent meaning of byte formed.
Board - a shortened reference to a printed circuit board or the insulated surface on which circuit
components are mounted and soldered in place.
Ports - Ports are used as a data connection for various external components.
DVI - Digital Video Interface." DVI is a video connection standard created by the Digital Display
Working Group. Most DVI ports support both analog and digital displays. If the display is
analog, the DVI connection converts the digital signal to an analog signal.
SVEDIO -Super-Video, a technology for transmitting video signals over a cable by dividing the video
information into two separate signals: one for color (chrominance), and the other for brightness (luminance).

RAM – (Random Access Memory) is the temporary computing space where your computer puts the
Information it is currently using (where programs run). It is like a little hard drive when you launch

a program your device has to pull it into the RAM. RAM is faster than your hard drive and that is why it is
used for temporarily storing the programs.

PCI Slots – Slot for older expansion cards such as sound cards, network cards, connector cards.

ATX 12v Power Connector – Connects to the 4-pin power cable of a power supply unit which supplies
power to the CPU.

SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a standard for connecting and transferring data
from hard disk drives (HDDs) to computer systems.

Heat Sink – the components with fan that cools processor

ATX 4 pin power supply connector - is a standard motherboard power connector used to provide +12V DC
to the processor voltage regulator.

ISP - (Internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals and other companies access to the
Internet and other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting.

Optical drive - is any storage device that uses light to read and write information.
Common optical disc drives include CD, DVD, and Blu-ray drives.

BIOS - Basic Input Output System) – The first program to run when you turn on your computer. It is stored
in ROM chip on the motherboard

Northbridge – Also known as Memory Controller Hub (MCH). Chipset that allows the CPU to communicate
with the RAM and graphics card.

Southbridge – Also known as the Input/Output Controller Hub (ICH). Chipset that allows the CPU to
communicate with PCI slots, PCI-Express x 1 slots (expansion cards), SATA connectors (hard drives,
optical drives), USB ports (USB devices), Ethernet ports and on-board audio.

Hard disk - is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic material.

FAT = File Allocation Table

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg5-)

FAT, were used in earlier versions of Windows operating systems, including Windows 95, Windows 98, and
Windows Millennium Edition. FAT32 does not have the security that NTFS provides, so if you have a
FAT32 partition or volume on your computer, any user who has access to your computer can read any file
on it. FAT32 also has size limitations.

NTFS = New Technology File System

NTFS is the standard file system of Windows NT, including its later versions Windows 2000, Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 and Windows 8. NTFS is
intended for use in Windows system drives (Hard Disk Drives and Solid State Drives).(SSD).

NTFS is Compatible with FAT but FAT is not compatible with NTFS…………………….

Main parts of the motherboard are:

This socket is an AMD 939 pin socket. It is designed for the

Athlon X2 processor. Different processors require different
1 Processor socket
sockets and a motherboard must be chosen to suit the
processor intended for use.
The board has four memory sockets and accepts DDR
2 Memory sockets
266/333/400MHz memory up to a total of 4GB
The power supply connects here and supplies appropriate
3 Power connector
power to the different components on the motherboard.
Hard drives can be either IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
or SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment). If an
4 Primary IDE
IDE hard drive is being used, it should connect to this
socket.
This could be used to connect a second IDE drive. This
5 Secondary IDE could be a second hard drive or an Optical drive - DVD or
CD drive.
CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor chip
inside computers that stores information. This information
7 CMOS battery ranges from the system time and date to system hardware
settings for your computer. (Also CMOS Save time, Date,
set bios setting, reset password.)
8 SATA connectors Used to connect SATA hard drives and optical drives
Basic Input/Output System. A chip holding the start-up
routine for the computer system. It runs a program to test
the hardware of the system. It the test is successful, a
9 BIOS chip
single beep is sounded. If not, a series of beeps are
sounded and these beep patterns can be used to identify
the failing component.
12 PCI sockets Peripheral Component Interconnect sockets used to
connect expansion cards like modems, network cards,

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg6-)

 Video Card & Audio Card.
13 FDD connector For connecting a floppy disk drive.
The graphics card connects here. Other motherboards
14 PCI-Express
have an AGP (accelerated graphics port) slot.
Controls the serial, parallel, mouse and keyboard ports at
15 Super I/O chip
the back of the computer system.
16 Network chip Controls the network port at the back of the computer
17 Audio ports For connecting speakers, microphones etc.
18 USB ports The current standard for connecting peripherals.
19 Network port Used to connect the computer to a network
Connect the monitor to this port if a PCI-Express graphics
20 Video port
card is not being used.
21 Parallel port Largely obsolete. Used to connect printers and scanners.
22 Serial port Largely obsolete. Used to connect external modem etc.
The keyboard connects to the purple port and the mouse
23 PS2 ports
connects to the green port. Largely replaced by USB.
24 Audio chip Controls the onboard audio system.

Major Parts of a Computer

1. MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard provides connections for all the peripheral (child) devices. It’s becoming
increasingly common for a motherboard to perform these peripheral functions without a separate
device.
2. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
The central processing unit (CPU) is the “brain” of the computer and performs most of the actual
computing functions. The CPU determines how quickly the computer can perform most tasks.
3. HARD DRIVE
The hard drive provides the permanent storage for information. This information is still recorded
when the computer is turned off.
4. MEMORY CARD
The memory card holds information temporarily while the computer is turned on. The retrieval and
storage of memory is much faster than that of the hard drive.
5. MONITOR
The monitor is similar to a television and displays visual information to the user.

“COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC-II”

DNS (Domain Name System)

The Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses. For example, when a Web
address (URL) is typed into a browser, DNS servers return the IP address of the Web server associated with
that name. In this made-up example, the DNS converts the URL www.company.com into the IP address

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg7-)

204.0.8.51. Without DNS, you would have to type the series of four numbers and dots into your browser to
retrieve the website, which you actually can do. See IP address.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DHCP is a protocol that automatically assigns a unique IP address to each device that connects to a network.
With DHCP, there is no need to manually assign IP addresses to new devices. Therefore, no user
configuration is necessary to connect to a DCHP-based network. Because of its ease of use and widespread
support, DHCP is the default protocol used by most routers and networking equipment.

IP Address
An IP address, or simply an "IP," is a unique address that identifies a device on the Internet or a local
network. It allows a system to be recognized by other systems connected via the Internet protocol. There are
two primary types of IP address formats used today — IPv4 and IPv6.

A static Internet Protocol (IP) address (static IP address)

Is a permanent number assigned to a computer by an Internet service provider (ISP). Static IP addresses are
useful for gaming, website hosting or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. Speed and reliability are
key advantages. Because a static address is constant, systems with static IP addresses are vulnerable to data
mining and increased security risks. A static IP address is also known as a fixed address. This means that a
computer with an assigned static IP address uses the same IP address when connecting to the Internet.

A dynamic Internet Protocol address (dynamic IP address)

Is a temporary IP address that is assigned to a computing device or node when it’s connected to a network.
A dynamic IP address is an automatically configured IP address assigned by a DHCP server to every new
network node.

Remote Desktop
A remote desktop is a separate program or feature found on most operating systems that allows a user to
access an operating computer system's desktop. The access occurs via the Internet or through another
network in another geographical location and allows users to interact with that system as if they were
physically at their own computer. USB devices with the ability to recreate a remote user’s desktop are
commonly called secure portable offices.

Group Policy Objects

A Group Policy Object is a component of Group Policy that can be used as a resource in Microsoft systems
to control user accounts and user activity. The Group Policy Object is implemented in an Active Directory
system according to various Group Policy settings including local settings, site-wide settings, domain-level
settings and settings applied to organizational units.
For example, a Group Policy Object can include settings for password strength that require users to set a
consistently strong password. The Group Policy Object gets delivered through a system of policy refresh and
applies to all relevant computers and systems. A Group Policy Management Console provides a single portal
from which to control and change Group Policy.

Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS)

Is a server role in Active Directory that allows admins to manage and store information about resources
from a network, as well as application data, in a distributed database. AD DS can also help admins manage a
network's elements (computers and end users) and reorder them into a custom hierarchy.

Domain Name

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg8-)

Is your website name. A domain name is the address where Internet users can access your website. A
domain name is used for finding and identifying computers on the Internet. Computers use IP addresses,
which are a series of number. However, it is difficult for humans to remember strings of numbers. Because
of this, domain names were developed and used to identify entities on the Internet rather than using IP
addresses.

FAT32
Is the older of the two drive formats. FAT32 is the most common version of the FAT (File Allocation Table)
file system created back in 1977 by Microsoft. It eventually found its way on the IBM PC's PC-DOS in
1981, and carried over to MS-DOS when that became a standalone product. FAT had been the standard
format for floppy disks and hard drives all through the DOS years, and versions of Windows up to and
including Windows 8.
FAT32 is read/write compatible with a majority of recent and recently obsolete operating systems, including
DOS, most flavors of Windows (up to and including 8), Mac OS X, and many flavors of UNIX-descended
operating systems, including Linux and FreeBSD.

NTFS
(New Technology Files System) is the newer drive format. Microsoft introduced NTFS in 1993, as a
component of the corporate-oriented Windows NT 3.1 and then Windows 2000, though it didn't become
common on consumer PCs until Windows XP in 2001. Windows 7 and 8 default to NTFS format on new
PCs.
NTFS, on the other hand, is fully read/write compatible with Windows from Windows NT 3.1 and Windows
XP up to and including Windows 8. Mac OS X 10.3 and beyond have NFTS read capabilities, but writing to
a NTFS volume requires a third party software utility like Paragon NTFS for Mac. There are other hacks and
workarounds for NTFS on the Mac, but in any case NTFS is only semi-compatible with OS X. NTFS on
Linux systems is spotty for both read and write operations. Look for NTFS-3G driver support on your Linux
support page to see if it's built in.

Troubleshooting PC

Most of the time, problems can be fixed using simple troubleshooting techniques,
like closing and reopening the program. It's important to try these simple solutions before resorting to more
extreme measures. If the problem still isn't fixed, you can try other troubleshooting techniques.

Problem: Power button will not start computer

Solution 1: If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to
confirm that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power
outlet.
Solution 2: If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. To check
your outlet, you can plug in another electrical device, such as a lamp.
Solution 3: If the computer is plugged in to a surge protector, verify that it is turned
on. You may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You
can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it's working
correctly.

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg9-)

Problem: The mouse or keyboard has stopped working
Solution 1: If you're using a wired mouse or keyboard, make sure it's correctly plugged
into the computer.
Solution 2: If you're using a wireless mouse or keyboard, make sure it's turned on and
that its batteries are charged.

Problem: The screen is blank

Solution 1: The computer may be in Sleep mode. Click the mouse or press any key on
the keyboard to wake it.
Solution 2: Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.
Solution 3: Make sure the computer is plugged in and turned on.
Solution 4: If you're using a desktop, make sure the monitor cable is properly connected
to the computer tower and the monitor.

PC beeps

The PC motherboard is smart enough to detect problems and sounds beeps in different rhythms to tell
you. Here is an article on what it actually means when the PC beeps multiple times.

If the PC doesn’t start after the beeps, then it’s usually difficult to solve the problem yourself. However, I’m
going to list down two of the most common problems due to which beeps occur, and thankfully, you can
solve them yourself as well.

Problem 1: Out of place RAM

A problem I recently dealt with. If the RAM inside your PC gets loose or out of place, then your PC will
beep 2-3 times and won’t boot at all. The solution is simple, open up the PC (laptop users should let an
expert handle this) and reinsert the RAM. Here’s how:

1. Take out the RAM completely and clean any dirt inside the slot using a cotton bud.
2. Now insert back the RAM and put enough pressure on both ends to ensure it is fully inside.
3. Afterward, close the clips and make sure they’re properly locked. Even a slightly loose RAM will
be unable to work.

Dysfunctional USB Port

If your USB port stops working, it’s not necessary that it’s broken. Below are some solutions that can fix
this issue:

Method 1: Restart the PC

Restarting the PC is the answer to many problems, and it is a common solution to USB port problem as well.

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg10-)

Method 2: Uninstall USB port driver
Uninstalling the driver of the USB port will force Windows to reinstall it when you will restart the PC. This
may fix the problem. Here is how to do it:

1. Press Windows + R keys and enter devmgmt.msc in the Run dialog to open the Device Manager.
2. Here, expand Universal Serial Bus controllers option.
3. Now right-click the entry USB Host Controller and then click on Uninstall.
4. Repeat this for all entries with USB Host Controller to uninstall drivers for all the USB ports.
5. Once deleted, restart the PC and Windows will automatically reinstall the drivers and fix any
driver issues

PC Fans not working

If you notice one or more fans in your PC aren’t working, then it could be due to the dirt inside. You will
have to open up the PC and use a compressed air can or a leaf blower to clean up the fans and other
components.

PC crashes before loading the OS

If your PC only shows manufacturer logo and then crashes right before it was supposed to load the
operating system, then it’s a problem with RAM or hard disk. As the OS is unable to load, then either the
RAM is corrupted and can’t hold the boot loader or the hard drive is damaged and can’t load data inside it.

If you have multiple RAM slots, then taking out each one of them one by one and starting the PC will
help find the culprit. In the end, you will have to replace the corrupted RAM or the hard disk, whichever has
the issue.

PC isn’t powering on

If your PC is not powering on at all – not even a single light in it, then it must be a problem with the power
source.

Desktop users: If your PC’s extension cord, power outlet, and other connections are working fine, then
the problem may be with the PC’s power cable. Replace the power cable of the monitor with the
CPU’s (if you don’t have a spare) to see if it turns on. You’ll have to get a new power cable if this fixes the
problem.

Blank monitor

If your monitor isn’t showing anything, then this could be a problem with the monitor itself or the
graphics card. You should connect the monitor to another PC to see whether the problem is with the PC or
the monitor.

If the monitor isn’t powering on at all, then replace the power cable with a working one and see if it helps.
Here is a good article on how to fix a monitor that isn’t showing anything.

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg11-)

The Screen is Frozen
When you computer freezes, you may have no other option than to reboot and risk losing any unsaved work.
Freezes can be a sign of insufficient ram, registry conflicts, corrupt or missing files, or spyware. Press and
hold the power button until the computer turns off, then restart it and get to work cleaning up the system so
that it doesn’t freeze again.

Computer is Slow
If your computer is slower than normal, you can often fix the problem simply by cleaning the hard disk of
unwanted files. You can also install a firewall, anti-virus and anti-spyware tools, and schedule regular
registry scans. External hard drives are great storage solutions for overtaxed CPU’s, and will help your
computer run faster.

Strange Noises
A lot of noise coming from your computer is generally a sign of either hardware malfunction or a noisy fan.
Hard drives often make noise just before they fail, so you may want to back up information just in case, and
fans are very easy to replace.

Overheating
If a computer case lacks a sufficient cooling system, then the computer’s components may start to generate
excess heat during operation. To avoid your computer burning itself out, turn it off and let it rest if it’s
getting hot. Additionally, you can check the fan to make sure it’s working properly.

MAINTAIN COMPUTER SYSTEM

PC Cleaning Tips
1. When cleaning a component or the computer, turn it off before cleaning.
2. Never spray or squirt any liquid onto any computer component. If a spray is needed, spray the
liquid onto a cloth.
3. You can use a vacuum to suck up dirt, dust, or hair around the computer. However, do not use a
vacuum inside your computer as it generates static electricity that can damage your computer. If you
need to use a vacuum inside your computer, use a portable battery powered vacuum or try
compressed air.
4. Be cautious when using any cleaning solvents; some people have allergic reactions to chemicals in
cleaning solvents, and some solvents can even damage the case. Try always to use water.
5. Never eat or drink around the computer.
6. Limit smoking around the computer.

Cleaning Tools
7. Cloth - A cotton cloth is the best tool used when rubbing down computer components. Paper
towels can be used with most hardware, but we always recommend using a cloth whenever
possible.
However, only use a cloth when cleaning components such as the case, a drive, mouse, and
keyboard. You should not use a cloth to clean any circuitry such as the RAM or motherboard.
8. Water or rubbing alcohol - When moistening a cloth, it is best to use water or rubbing alcohol.
Other solvents may be bad for the plastics used with your computer.
9. Portable Vacuum - Sucking the dust, dirt, hair, cigarette particles, and other particles out of a
computer can be one of the best methods of cleaning a computer.
Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg12-)
10. Cotton swabs - Cotton swabs moistened with rubbing alcohol or water are excellent tools for
wiping hard to reach areas in your keyboard, mouse, and other locations.

Examples of Virus: Example of Anti- Virus Software

Boot Virus Bit defender
Macro Virus Norton Anti-Virus
Worms AVG Anti-Virus
FAT Virus McAfee
Trojan horse Eset node32
Most Destructive Computer Viruses
I love you Kasperky
Code Red Avast
Melissa Avira
Conflicker Smadav

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg13-)

PC CLEANING
USE FOR HARDWARE FOR SOFTWARE
Soft Cloth AVG Antivirus
Water or Rubbing Alcohol Vit Registry
Cotton swabs Ccleaner
Spray Disk Defragmentation
Paint Brush Hijack Disk
Portable Vacuum
Cotton or Foam Swab

Prepared by:

VENGIE T. MEJOS
Trainer

Computer System (by: VENGIE -pg14-)