‘CONSTANTINE ARVANITOPOULOS DEMISE OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE IN SOUTHERN EUROPE IN 1970s generated 4 sbstatal boy of research and scholar is on the causes, dynamics, and probable outcomes of sich cies sithrtarianism. This body of reeurch beam increasingly ele: fia the 198s when Eastera European shaars and peactloners ‘upon the Southern European experiences Lo dra lessons ap- o their om ranstions from asthoitarianim to demoracy ‘Although a bewildering number of suggestions, hypotheses, and eshave bee put forvard to analyze the oll prolems hat hese regimes 0 rst, evo main pps of earch cane dente. fo focus onthe July 194 Cyprs cts a the single mest impor factor forthe fal ofthe milary reine. Despite its proclaimed of government and wil examine the plital problems which uly fered itt whdaw tothe barack nite he proces58 Jounal of Modern Helen No. 8, 1981 €.Arvantopoues: The Get Miliry Rexime 99 eco can regime. Api 2-Decenber 1, 196 ‘amonenonigl Ani Be amine mide tulig arm few, Colne Garg Papadopoulos and Nich ‘itd han asked et frbrgaian coup NATO comingeny pan nde he ane "Promeeu” the compar suroundd te palace the patlanen bung. he major min, and the communiction {Exes Trepritin roster ant commarieaons wee cio The Sip tookcveron by arr nd war nt wh ey ieestane orang pole ges were are” “re mltary sed is iterveton a tems ofthe neces to tee order aera peso of chaos an anacy, a To rote the Dat fom an alleged Communit lo.” "he Colo hc en Plaring hcp for ers and td log exed within IDEA.” mason st etn 0 cof taston towards civilian rule 1 do acept hat the Cypser ‘Spresens the most ete factor “ars and deisvely infene {i the acions of prowgonit, ling choices, imposing tain 1 wt of ation and precluding others.” Ils te major contention rani arte however, eat he military rei’ falar to nw ‘hale and egimia lad severety led its pons even before {he Cypras cris and bd posed major obstacles tothe continuation ots re, he first part ofthis arti wl substantiate my cli that he ‘oreck lary rege in 1967 was apretorin mtr rege of he ‘Sie type contend thatthe Grek reine, far rom maintaining the atu uo, tempted to deeply pensate and chang gifisant aspects tthe pote ewonome, and socal stem. The fort took ae ia ‘vee pases. The fint pase (Apr 20-December 13,1967 was area {Ove phe were the mite rep successfully destroyed te sit ions and practices of te predecessor cian regime, It ssaved the Prrimen, all ollical parts, he institution ofthe monarchy, and ‘upheld aries ofthe Consition. Ao theraitary made lear that Ahad no Intention of retrain the barcacks, "The sewn phase (December 14,1967 November 25, 1973) was. foundational inte sete hat the Greek maitary attempted asi ‘Sona. The instutonalzation proces took the frm of eo S06 ave Consttuonal efor, whlch aimed at creating ne postal pt (Sop ot sucsnion, contol aod parcipaon. The regime also ted to tomate coherent ideology. ints atempt to create a igificant {gre of Cramscin "hegemonic acceptance” in civil soit. Iwi “nase those two phases forosing on the regime's govemmetal pe formance ands efoto iasalonalze and legitimize sel Ta the lat phase (November 5, 1973Jul 2, 1978) | wl fost con the pada! proses of the rexime's demise Dem wee nies eof ten Peis aacn mane is Eee seus aa anaes SS ee eae ‘The Three Phases of the Miltary Reaine 1 The Reactive Phase: Undermining the insatons ofthe pre pinay to eng sue Pot Soon, eo ak IDEA cd fr os Doc nn Annan ace Bond f Crk ear RAN om Ot peace ae ee cae aa tale, Ba ecg tee hg wae sack, ea eg arpa eel sone Shere oat le fli ere Soret aes See gc ue re100 Jounal of Modern Helnism: No. 8, 1981 11,1967, however tha they aid teeadeip repo eS ine erry Ot goup was then aed hat he ss ety th uma of Papadopolos, Palas, nd See Te iret would become Minster under the Pine Mite Malas Tao and Mier of Co-rcnaton, rape see neste socalled "Revolinay Cou” whos ac erst eid ecu Fam pono conse hniens andneve convened toe retpat fanned ves the "Retolatonary Grow,” which only oa tiem clone, and ncladed the amas he “once the mtr vas in power, prdilmed mara av and sus tae of oe Coneraan gntanteing haan eh ‘SURI Ste mara erected, pole! artes ad wade wos sree Sites seks and pbc or pie asemble were Tee eStats ort aes ad preven detention thot ase morucs searchin pte hows were authorizes ie {Cain potal igus were mriond, and thousands f pope ‘ei tal ewe were eld (0 remote nds of the ‘neni the ease, Papadopoulos sa is ova variant fg sncdioh mcaphor, during an eraionl prs soneres 08 Api ser se bine sick man, wan neha nthe oper ae Sha‘ the surgeon dose nt staph down forthe duration o ‘he operation onthe operating tal, thet is a possibilty instead Ure operation gving Bim the stration of Mis eat, m8 Teed to is death ving sscesuly sapped “patent” the lary sated he pean Te gon surgeons” woud ist exit rom the "patie 5p the nent ston, and relate wih ew Be a teeth resis neste to peat ple Saar od octy bcc daly obvious wll 8 ne + son gain i Ditra 9.58 6. M, Wont, Te Roo ate Cae 9 eee Med ac Sse Ota aio 7 en Cra, ri teri, a 11K €. Arvanitopolot: The Grek Military Regime 101 tio to remain in power for an indefinite time he Armed Forces Sie fi elon ofthe colonels was to ature the abeence and toyltyof the armed forcet of the county. A few senior offices were alte after the frst few day, but those democrat royalist of fete wo did po want o co-operate with the Junta wee compeled { rcice and Kept under survellince. Amana them wee seen etnaet Generals and wo Adiral, a wel as hundreds of other fers between the ranks of Listenat-Colooe nd Major-General. “These compulsory reirements opened the way forthe promotion of ‘fcr loyal othe Junta. In aon, 800 new poss were created to sty thon lowranking offices whose profesional nee had been frustrated fora long tine. These appeintmens were monitored by com- tes of junior officer response tote revolutionary group. Once ‘hes precautions weretaken, he Justa assumed that te oer comps ‘Gould be vearded us rstworhy-" Even then, howe, the clones pte by elite uns such a the Marne ound by Papacapaslos eter, Constantine, the Commandos, an even the offers school ng intrviews conducted bythe auihor In the summer of 1988 it evident that ESA was undoubtedly regarded asthe mos ia- uel and powerful military group during the diatership.” Polite nttatons “The polical parts and oresizatons became the dicttorhin's at target. The Patlament was immediately disolved, all I pares ablisbe, ad the party leaders were detained. "The estoyed the vse Let. EDA, the Vise lett party, abd ts orpnzation were abolished, Te leaders of all-in reanize- ete eer imprisoned and detained, or fled the eouary and went syround. The EDA archives and is headquarters were searched lnc of subversive actives, lc bd bee the juss usc I sera ees ccnenteperam crime inmne oo a ee Pace nha iy rrr10 Journal of Modern Hellenism: No, 8, 1991 tion forts coup, but ating was fund. Te other two main pol aoe eater Union andthe ritst ERE tebe wih the yout Dart lo were abled. The eders, the der Papanrou and amis rece paced under hose aves, Andress Papandreou ‘beer of Caer Unions et wig, folowing is else, ent abroad, re eso the pobtical partie andthe diredtng ofthe ede Pee Bowral bythe eat dearucion of al Bonds of personal cos [te Colonels fom deposng i. Moreover, Te Gontat is pene proved tothe ne rep, to hoe srrcad, made hn temporary welt the military ree, For Tee reason the Colonss aay expressed the wilianss 10 ‘Beate wth he King, however,on thir ownterms- The Ki, whe soon with ata accomplrejted the rings o sas com rari Minne to esate comspiratrs.° sca erste em eeco the exablahment ofthe dato apparently boing ae nodcratinginflaence. The only concession he rceved wat (eSolatment of evan Pee Minister, Constantine Kola a ‘Mat brcsemuor ofthe Supreme Court instead of «gen. I 5008 at erent however hat he new clan Prime Minise wat ea pm hy in ne bande f he tum "iy es King eliaed that he had been sipped of every POW od ha be gould exer very ety any nunc, he chose 2 ried nosy toward the Junta while siming to restore ie of deme He ture she course alone efering 10 eile conspicuous refraining from cain i ‘Sietaagy was to temporal yd tothe colones aor pes dine and organize sme for of counterattack. He aS et et eta na Ba I Rt ee ars ane Grp knew Sry a toma Sea Piagsceiatcmeetn corm Om on aires a fe ne Constrine's interview by Arvenitopeulos: The Greck Miltary Regime 103. Iaychcoutr-coup on Deseber 13 1967, hth lp of Sapp ening Inte mary.” Te pln was 0 bay ora (dha it had lite chance of success, The junta, as came wo be known, Ssuvarel the Kingpins and wa aie o dan counter nesures he Cold ad carefully ltt hm, gradual removing most of isla otfices. Moreover the operation was sort Saal strike Gipad io caper the mot inponan cert poses, utebe and urn three, twas ab operation ht ant 1 ape Nor Then Gres and the cape te cp Tat wa fal sage Ine nh vtech opt and mae Gest the King ta is coup coal ony coe he wee prepared focountecance Blooded. viw of thi the King few to Rome wth any, sot ie nao. Soup Bd aly counteroupand Kings ape mae the colons fos tovré cnsolon ich ners Tabor coms cot folowa by fre pore inthe sie forcThe junta al he monacha! isons, iaaling peal, Zoi as & Papaopoalon, ono the trv, became re ae ‘gradually emerged as the strong man of the regime. " 3 thet colnet fe conden enweh oc of the cade rn ener The aka nin aay om the pronar hot may inaenons Three nates he dan tonic ate he icinittons, which they had inher. Thy cad out wie usin be set. These pgs alee pinay goverment tion, ad the ude, Ci evans wee deprived eer ot tn Pre {as iO. Vs, who mr Chet a Saar Cape an guar Soe retusa Nea ieace aoa ie to108 owrna of Modern Helis: No. 8, 1981 “The educational em was of thelr secuity of tenure by eset the higher levels nelly sty profesor and needed under he dizatrsip, Ofer, he ask of {epitropoi) in every Insitute of hier ‘Shera was to monitor what wast melden Moreover, a Ist of 760 forbidden sks Getding Ye tuopinne sb Shales) to Sry, ne cal ody, soma! HS end Mostar wre died sects wee sap Chyrostomos wa frcedto ri He ne Oe cchmandrte eonynon, wh aed OW 2 Tiesto pores of is ova” asia ref po oreantaions, te federations and tee es oeotsied Trae ns wee dso andthe eer Te datorhp founda eae metbd 1 ae co be ayo eranetons, Though he te re 18/108, every ade of saat ri ein ses 2 ated aor of tka 60 ds" WB, on shld as ass emimingatve dis, Se mon the ag pote sneha earthy were fred 0 ead ay uti” The ett, POW, aad we ee ovaton of Grek Industries andthe Union of ‘Greek Shipownes All eeesenatve sit clininated Inermediate Sd Multis, wee Sa toca seton were protibited. ‘Smiistative region anda governor tras appointed vo each dst. Sion othe ene apres of pb, nor ont ofthese governors wee sled fe sat he lower levels ofthe tate ras the Union of Co vcs, weniowe Te Rand ae Be rhc My Sores an me ne ee eee: Oran, Px dD Sie as eam a ta orga ie Sea te or Ss a ostnn B e ts ut a ra a se pat alae ©. Arvnitopauos: The Grek Miltary Regime 105 si wee member fhe "Reon Con ees ws Sever) censored The newpaper pave nping ty pba: Numero ts they were forced to funn posive commentaries abou the regime ands axis, For {the editors who did not succumb to the pressure the penalty ws verre Ste Sovn other: by Ba trap waa sree ‘nin of ouralse wae a dod 2, Te Sond Pe: tents Toward i Tort Conon, Ine sitar Jpiceccctontsees ier at tena repeat ad besides ‘ipa eve iy me ni i dg hs ci ayo te rms = omimunis subversion. They rele however, tat repre en and pola contol cou nt for fon some be he oa Be ccsatcrcre usta pest fie ieiacy wn ets ne, Howe woud wt do ‘away with repression. ” = Pecool tt ck of cima pred etinaton patina ir dma mn case : fapadopoor see sted apo. The ratof the tay ose nae the ep ed) erat amt of them was known to poses any etrordin : shim apart fom aria me. Juan. Li's obcvaton106 Journal of Modern Helens NO. 8 1991 tna the miiary fae chassmate leaders a tend vet the ae aa mar of any act with clear poitical skis and potenti fo: son Pebaramat apes,” has oe in he case apadopouon Ena he Greck malin res.” sae rat nly red wo leisiize th authoity by ming an ni tment to tenia belts ad values. The itary weet ced to the values of ance Gres in conuntion wit ‘euime *€fsyian Orthod. Papadopoulos dca th he purpose a cat evoluon” wie f "restore ad reaize the Heleno- aaa Be tat ha bos undermined by the ol pola stablists Chitin raurin, subversion.” The Greeks ascording (0 Pa oa akerstrsof the worls most perfect civil: Fado ed the esporsbiity andthe obligation to lend he world te di tne armed Foren, according f Papadopoulos were the ‘owt sensing bearers of the Nation ‘ate of bringing sbou “National Renissaes Set ord conradicory ecdo was followed bya cudnt frm of rae SCommunst eon, nan effort to resus the mast rae ofthe pox Cv: War aniconsmoni state ioe he Src re een pot a rote, a i exten in DOVE Could ony be sed by te Co foplay ths cad Slogans Bk munis” appeared ree ‘med igeton of Grek palamentary jason Ralitened as, eoropt” and easly susepile 0 fencraton and subvesion, Ti {he Greckpaamentay elie, the rode and corapin, and wereld respon forthe ine Sal reitde” of the Greek peopl. The area! tt vit oat auc of Hellenism and Chriianly proved ite ea atgei ar wellasthe Greek pose eed ce grnla,”and the archle pronouncements of te rege {inal ephing week of underground Greek pose. Te eu any an asorsmris aie ax wel, Ox one had te dint tae andthe rapid structural transformation of te Gt cei ete Sn Aid em, Aor SORTS rare se nes 3 "ea st Gd, oa tO ©. Arvantopouls: The Gack Miltary Regime 107 vey ad waded he ctvene pst of conn tape in On te ot hn te Parmele Seco opr my fo an cag, hut oon ta of hp part Sires even owe spond soa eo Ethane appre pba sangeet a ue, Ths development eed inthe boos oe ilar and psed an isuperable ob ‘a rable obstacle to therein’ legination BP canine aay “Af the praetorians ad fae olegtin tk ey snc etn ry pio atm parm ry Thay arated coal Press thelr demands upon the govern Tfbversment "receled” the western ey etd plbites in whieh rate hrs per ot wernt, The ab ie heen Pox mers Hk contuional government. Fal he gine called > . ny”” and “regenerated” political To's priest eel en r sett 0 paint pyran oe ia croc nye et Puno ot mite wh ce ier eset. The preva ieetonl climate of he 190s seven oa Went Erte ‘of fascism and military rule” Moreover, foreign od alr numb of mara orpneios of heh a Sear eae try te mr eine vm ns an-commna pce say eiaton sn. oso he oo end Prager Dean a eae TIO108 Journal of Modern Helenism: No. 8, 1981 Greece was «member reacted stronly to the imposon of stay ‘Sie nhe county, Forerample, te governments of Norway, Swede esate and Holind lodged complaints wih de Coane of Europe, ‘Pee Earopean Commision of Hunan Rights produce, 196, 2 wel dence port showin that no heat othe Greck nation exe Seite eve of Apri 21, 1967 to jus the imposition of dtorshi, Pr ca, Gate witha fom the Couns of Europe jst ours before setting ofthe Council of Minster, daring which Greece would 25 Sainy have been expelled.” The itermational pressure and ‘te tall of the wade formula of legacy Ie the reset ‘ope a rapa lea legiationstategy by fabricating a const fiona facade” "Fhe tt conntuton was draft in 1968 bya commie of arts sacha conauest seri The new costiviion was crf ‘Etlutticd document which aimed marshal te support ofthe wo ‘Sheraroupe tha constued the Creek Right namey the Crown ad ‘Se Partamentary Rig Having seurd its predominance in the wae wee Figo Ierveton, the lary razed that it needed th Pm eNcn dered fom the suppor of those wo eros" Cetin wa nfs, an attempt to pasate hos Wo SOUPS (Gaining the socalled fundamental clases of the 1952 Cons ‘Tonintact Forts reat, the new Consaton rained he Blut aspects cf the old Consttation and cals offered the Pati SEAGER the rama srappings of constitution government, th ‘eisetion of pavimenary rule and leis atthe los Ive Communes and munities "Te iberl provisions ofthe Constitution, here, mee cou tanec by more uthorleria elements. The Constitution ete ‘Sitny complete autonomy from he civian goverment, which Tender ncepable of intervening he intra affairs of Torces,iacuing the promotion of ofiews atthe hight Moccbverthe Consitsion embodied «val expanded definition easel suri ving the mary the right safeguard nt on ‘hlndepencncs tnd emtorialitegity ofthe cour, atte eee ann ma 2S ecnienne names mies de iri terra eis Se henigen eg siete Sn rar Sesame San ©. Arantopouls: The Gack Miltary Regime 108, wc cn ee, {fae he mary eyes of mon wih he ge eee ponerse uliary a preponderant lin the pial organization of cso pc aniaiaee merce fe ensconced Co a apron) 9 of be posnson = ming er cts nny pened Aree 8a tang cl wer ies ees enn cise mandates else bash foteemia tne oreene Conan in suspended animation te fle bought themes orm ath teams nh Gove Ts we ne tad sed tng esp pater nncthe sexe open, tot ae ue acioc ooo hoo By 3, twee, the colon found hehe le cfu ofthe ig om hse a Rone, ad tener sto the ito coopete ea einen er, Sc hs te snr pakitoeeeS ners ly sources tough which the miltar could ict some support, their ing rfl ome race ei tine wary ih rs homing, Ninoy, sue who an hed ‘nema hal noone Recenter fed en along tr "ibaa fom te Coc ot onan sn had ceed ae Pac ho agra ne vnc Akh soe ‘pe, Coane Kaen fv bt ony toed ee Ase oh Cou ope Dah set Yan ee eh ene sar an esta rn eal es se a te es10 ornat of Modern Helnism: No. 8 1981 statements trom Pals had further slated the ene, tn the Unie eee tia P:Demetrocopoula, a prominent Oreck journal, who Ste Foom Gres ater the dicatorship had become a cutaer ees Fe Geek ree ond ts supporter inthe Sates Within Sen Ree ware aso otable instances of orgaized resitance.” ree ko en unsuceseul coup organized by proroyais ofa Tee Navy ia May 1973 The raval oes had the political backing im nled Karamar the King, and a Tormer ERE deputy and Tes Sis contdane £ Avot The plot sealed to Papadopoulos arama Jno longer pe forthe support of the paamentry Right tha ie Rite The coup pated out othe existence of sien of ar peard fore who eluded not only the surviving yas rd rxime but ay at fon became event group of har Tree opal to Bega General Dimitrios Toads, leader of the powerful Miltary Polis ‘rastatd by tested and faced with ineasng opposition, Papadoposos, the sepime'ssroseman Teautmacy by presenting 2 ew conttuton that abolished the mo leet ecb a "presidential parliamentary repli.” TOW yard estan, ihe tar aempted to dee esitimacy {he ne ition oft monarch. Pepadopodls hoped that since eyed always been a intense and divisive ie of Gre ea a sepdton woud i the spor of the unc aa ol jts and ts provide the epime wit ome for of Ini Ri he ew Constiuton peoride forte consetaton of po ‘ne ands f the Present of the new Republic, « pos fou potical Figures, ia Greece oem a a ee eg a Ser “eran perish ara oie nee sete Aen Pu ly, gone ore SEES ister om cininras ative ©. Arvonitopoulos: The Grock Miltary Regine 111 ea } ae set oi tr eet iy, annraccnd tat routs in taser at tiie tm ear moe he new Constitution, the President of the | cares : Secor tain enice ic een Mena See Sey ltteer ee seer amonetat rere stitution of Jopoulos created for | 2 n serra eater are Aeron ened te seer mec octamer geen sof te et tes on facta nee eet haar ee inis, the only political figure to have voted in favor of the ne sonoma ce eeceetea 7 a mus conservative politician, finally i i sence teu eens ater danget eater mee phen be ni a ene in orton eps ertizaton ad nse sel cn gy (eis Coats mes ecm? gs as dencantm2 Journal of Modern Hellenism: No.8, 1981 1o coi the Folia his apo, Marks stent o canis he chan pte tapout ie teminenes ofthe raza conten nenterto ad "inpssatecetons” Mo ‘SThncpagcs,powee reset al contact, aking SI dea lc amore torads aside” demesty SPENT ve oui at be bl by Papa nd se Ai ee mame tne niet stone cep hers Sead ne ie ofA et ene a Smee py soun sued one ols scone, THe fing toon started to attract popular sympathy and suppor. When he ade peas on n Gandetineralo FO @ ™ acm bergen tier the dictatorship, Papadopoulos she stents Toe opraton wa es enon 2 . oman ge tral cues Iematon at. ie itary, ating te tet rl ‘Sry omer pine, mpve maa od Sr Tene ha proved capable of sig te ale oe rlenon oes po 9 ost Se i one! whe so sto eset aeeee of see ihe mapamion, whch woud coma oh ta {Ebi aa tens ne comin om ‘beralization process.” land reinfored the von win en tnd the “sofelines.” P 7 43. The Hard-Line’s Phase”: November 25, “Ye Poteinic ent sharpened the ft betwee attain Sea rons a tn Seacrest ea te ee eee eee sccee ean eeane eR Sata depen a jSSSonahis See wee G. Amvonitopoules: The Greek Miltary Regime 113, ante hardier in the Greek military. Teri had sated in uly 979 withthe intedusion ofthe new Constitution, The bard liners de Toss, objected to the iberaliontion process and the. ffodcton ofthe new Consution fortwo rats: the Coneittion tletedPapadeposios to supreme power and established the prospects offre elections. According to them, the “beralzton proces” ad fed othe dewabling ode! vprisng and was further lending 1 fs ckctoral adventure. On November 25, 1973 they overtvew Ppatopoulos and his goverment through 8 Boodess coup onthe uods that he had deviated frm the pias ofthe “Revlon fr 21 Apa 1967” Liewenant-Genral Phaedon izikis was istaled $s Prsdene and new government lo by Adamantios Anciout- ules was formed. The strong man of the reime, however, was er Duis Toannils, the commander ofthe Miltary Ble ich had acquted fearsome and netorios reputation for ‘aeiment of the regime's opponens.” “The new hareher version ofthe colonel cee proved quit in poi peablons te regime ded on for sven months before ertl css broupht It down for good.” The Cypress Thandling, andthe subsequet reaction 0 reveled the inp tude the mitary reine ane ots profound delegation ated immedi collapse Governmental Performance ofthe Miltary Regime _ Besides the eines aur osatitsonaine and lepine self, et face Chat proved deslmenal os extence waste gover. ineptitude. One ofthe governmental obese sy the tary twas the reorganization of the bureweracappart, os argued that oar purpose ist raced with the cata ofthe adinistrative machinery sit can become an organ compe ee ange haem prac he Tish nts sate Catal de = ;14 Journal of Modern Hellenism: No. 8, 1981 riitary’s prac, iternal suture, ad ak of lexi, however Fenleted the bureaucrats machinery fa subservient nefiien nga ‘fhe repme, The Colonels purged the ci serie and enlace of fell who tey comider Gangeous. High ministry ofleals were ‘Gib overshadowed or replaced by military men or relatives a ‘onic of the Colonels. In ation, the rime placed a military "wah dog” in every ministry or Breau. These moves lined the _Ghtsevans and deprived the rpm of peopl wit chnoogil and ‘ommunicaton stil Without he support and expertise ofthe he ‘ons admiisttive apprats, ss not surprising that tbe juntas Policies lacked efcay iNaother ares of governnetal fire was the reps economic perfomance, he regime's five-year development pat troduced to ‘ig abou exoomie developmen ad jst dsribtion of income, fal far sbort of is objeies. During the datorship the Gree Coy tapeneed slowdown in bot industry and spscle.® ‘The gama dation of growth in industry and agit agaavated the no's chro blanoso payoents problems. From 19671 1574 the average anual df row from 3.64 ofthe gross domestic prox {dutty gure the Organization for Economie Co-operation nd Development elle very high by histo standarts.™ The public dtl inteue giana di tax exemptions for some rte more sent soups. In 1973, the wholesale rice index went at ts, whe wages west up only 16.48. To satsy consumer ‘dmands, the rpineellowed heavy mporaon of ood, atomobies egorhe uur enn onder to py forthe eerincreasingvoume ‘Stimmport the govereaent was freed o borrow under baréemsome terme, rn hs new borrowing contributed othe deterioration of Sco ey men in cea es ca alae Fe atte ue Perm af auch 83. Ara el of hl ck of cn Sie ml aaa mecca ae seem rene ci seek Sees cae os SF sana yee ety tr etn ree See eatin emerson Sea ech wnt Seer iegta ee eyo by the New Domowacy Party, Apelor ts Ke ees Sant wr mals ats set ee Rat rs em Shearer CD, Beano Sarvs: Greece (919: 20-2, Amanitopouos: The Greck Miltary Regine 115 eof pis, ints mrs es dnd Test stout "elias ign ca graced cme ihn, ap ot ste anes ae Iie uned ined cs omens de sng Ces sectmaten ——_ Fon cy nt satis ra a a pie crane cert eee pees cere ceratane ems Satire ner ea eemesienrtet ont cnc ereomumnnatecaaat eee nara Eran ateoy ioe i hatte eee moa a echo Ste enema spite ys Si one mame — — i eae pectic nt Ca i nae ye Caan cmmemanimaceaceiate Nor tt aged tt eg of mo iia ps pln pai Contsneseeresttey cates mae ators Berit Reap Sots foes past mon Asis16 Journal of Modern Hellenism: No. 8, 1981 mssars in rade unions, nterest groups, and Iocaloganizations, end ‘had to elt ter support though the use of fore, Moreover the ‘ac suche several rte ofthe Constaton immediately Ret pproval. These conraictory measures made a mockery ofthe ribgalzaton poses” ad forced th regime to 01 fO more ERE sion ad vee 1. tay repne alt eta eae lo Ts sins self an nce anreaion of vale, POOWEE io ry Orilon Csi) an apn Gresko, SPRUE nr a up oan neque plea formas, weve he Tato Fatman mary ral EOS he ele reef mates esto expo ee cece har ee and volar fre nderined shen ON de ueing Em Soin ber fis which ned ie tet es duc Tt ono 197, hayward wate OY ss Para Apl acing ot grve danas" Bee lay reine esl power an above ate le SSoStcunin ey, wn premped the alo of he mona Seat odtmaen of requban constant 8 So. toe tn pl the tary reine onthe dfee and ‘tan tine ie olen i opostion kt tote he comin! in of ubeabiaon sd sina ytea obit he opie red 1 Teresi Sebald few months iter ty fmt ie to sme np atm oc wal ar en smerces oa a Separate Spheres: An Overview of United States Policy in the Interwar Years Toward Greece and Turkey SJ. Raphalides ‘COMPLEX OF STRATEGIC AND REGIONAL CONCERNS AND pois In considering the relationship of the United States Greece and Turkey is propery placed i the post Word War I However, even ths contemporary ranula rion affected the pas, by the nes ofthe lerwned Grek ad Trish epi, by Ames legacy. To what exe these pre-World Wa I ex: hav fluenced the contemporary angular relations ofthe Sats, Greece sod Turkey ie sdntedlya mater of interpreta n Clay, focus on the United Stats and the revelant America is ne aprogch in asesng the early contacts involving the sates, But eve this Tocus is dependent upon sonsdersion of Intertwine kstoreal egies of the Grek and Thi nations, the sates they have crested “Thus the discord that today ates the relationship of Gree and ‘sone which ntdates America’s emergence ara post World Hscpoer wh tts ren Gree an The. The nature ofthe discord ia manifestation of onfting Greek Tarkihincress traced to their intertwned historical esas the United States became a pars frst peripherally, as an Je, ase ator inthe ineratoal sytem ab, the athe pr lon at atenpting to manage the cuit wowand tional nthe interest of colesive defense, purpose ofthis brie say oto narae play-by-play events ving the United Stats, Greece and Turkey in the pre Warld Wat co develop an overview of Unite Sates policy nthe years the wo wetld wars in an attempt to frame the cary pltare 4