Year 4

Tuesday November 4th

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Advanced d
Steel Construction
& Façade Systems

Image credit:
http://www.pixelmap.com/dma.html
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Contents

ƒ Steel properties and facades

ƒ Aluminium and facades
ƒ Steel cladding
ƒ p
Examples
ƒ Shading devices
ƒ Lightness and transparency
ƒ Curtain wall systems
ƒ Corrosion & movement
ƒ Aluminium façade profiles
ƒ Steel and glass facades
ƒ Point fixtures
ƒ Photovoltaics
ƒ Examples
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Steel Properties and Facades
ƒ Strength:
steel provides high strength with only little weight

ƒ Ductility:
steel can be formed to fit any façade shape

ƒ Thermal Conductivity:
steel conducts heat very well: when applied to facades, proper
thermal insulation is needed

ƒ Corrosion and Fire:

steel needs to be protected against corrosion if exposed
steel facades need fire protection to prevent
pre ent spread of fire
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Aluminium Properties and Facades
ƒ Strength:
aluminium deforms more easily than steel

ƒ Weight:
aluminium is less dense and lighter than steel

ƒ Ductility:
aluminium can be formed to fit any façade shape

ƒ Corrosion:
aluminium does not need corrosion protection

Façade systems often use both aluminium and steel.

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Steel and Aluminium in Façades:
ƒ Cladding Systems:

- provide weatherproof façade finish

- typically used as wall finish in steel
frame construction

ƒ Curtain Wall Systems

non loadbearing walls

non-loadbearing walls, suspended in front
of a structural frame (usually concrete or steel)

- curtain wall glazing systems

- unitized systems
- stick systems

(discussed in detail in
advanced facades lecture)
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Steel Cladding
ƒ cold-rolled steel is used as
cladding in all kinds of
buildings – from sheds and
factory buildings to office
towers

ƒ corrugated steel
(galvanised / stainless /
coated)

ƒ steel cassettes
prefabricated façade elements
folded steel sheets become stiff
in box
bo form

ƒ aluminium can be used in

similar ways

Images source: www.cssbi.ca/sbp.html

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Steel Cladding
ƒ corrugated steel cladding
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Steel Cladding
steel wall and roof cladding
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Steel Cladding
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Steel Cladding
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Steel Cladding
ƒ Steel / aluminium cassette
panels

typical measurements:

ƒ sheet
h t ttype: coated
t d galvanized
l i d
sheet metal (0.75 - 1.5 mm
thick)
ƒ coating: polyester 15mm or
25mm thick
ƒ depth: 100-150 mm (according
to thermal insulation thickness)
ƒ height: 600 mm
ƒ l
length:
th according
di to
t customers'
t '
orders, up to 12,000
ƒ special properties: due to high
stiffness no need for spandrel
beams

Images credit: http://www.rautaruukki.com.pl/en/ps_liberta.htm

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Steel as Cladding Material Images credit:
http://www.schneider-schumacher.de,
Example: www.hadleygroup.co.uk/ news/tophat.htm

‘Infobox’
Infobox pavilion at Potsdamer Platz / Berlin
by Schneider & Schumacher

ƒ panels made of sheet steel

ƒ used in prefabricated units
ƒ fastened to façade with stick system
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Steel as Cladding Material Images credit:
Jodidio, P. (1991): Richard Meier. Koeln,
Example: Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH.

Canal+ headquarters in
Paris / France by Richard Meier
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Steel as Cladding Material
Example: Zollhof buildings in Duesseldorf / Germany by Gehry

Image credit:
www.xs4all.nl/~wis
kerke/
html/gehry1.html
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Steel as Cladding Material
Example: Mead/Penhall residence in Albuquerque / US by Bart Prince

Image credit: Jodidio, P. (1996): Contemporary American Architects Vol. II. Koeln, Benedikt Taschen GmbH.
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Steel as Cladding Material
Example: Channel 4 buildings in London / UK by Richard Rogers

Images credit: Jodidio, P. (1996) Contemporary European Architects Vol. IV. Benedikt Taschen Verlag, Koeln / Germany
 Images credit:

Steel and Façades

ç
arch. review no. 1261, june 2002

Aluminium as Structure and Cladding

Example:
Aluminium Centre in Houten / Netherlands
by Micha de Haas

ƒ 368 comlumns, ca. 6m high, 90mm - 210mm diameter

ƒ Facades: alcubond cassettes
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Aluminium Cladding
Example:
Research Institute in
M d b
Magdeburg/Germany
/G
by Sauerbruch Hutton architects

Images credit:
arch.review no. 1259, january 2002
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Use of Steel and Aluminium in Facades
ƒ buildings need secondary structures to apply façade systems

ƒ Steel and aluminium can be used for structural elements in

combination with glass and other façade materials or as
cladding material

ƒ Steel and aluminium are used not only in steel frame

construction, but also for facades of concrete structures

Example:
Curtain wall glazing on an office
B ildi
Building with
ith concrete
t structure
t t
in Frankfurt/Germany
by Schneider & Schumacher
architects

Image credit: http://www.schneider-schumacher.de

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Use of Steel in Facades
ƒ Steel façade structures on steel
framed building

ƒ Example: Administration Building

in Leipzig by Webler & Geissler

Images credit: detail 3/1997, solar architecture

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Steel in Facades: Heat Gain and Heat Loss
ƒ solar thermal gain through facades through direct
sunlight and indirect radiation

ƒ determined by:
local climate
configuration,
fi ti structure
t t and
d surroundings
di off a building
b ildi
position and orientation of façade / glazing

ƒ heat gain may be reduced by Intelligent positioning

of glazing and use of a solar control / reflective glass
or by internal/external shading devices

ƒ vice versa for heat loss in colder climates (controlling

heat loss while maximising heat gain)
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Steel in Facades: Shading Devices
ƒ shading devices:
static and dynamically adjustable
ƒ external shading for reduction of heat gain
ƒ usually made of steel or aluminium

Images credit:
Detail 3 / 1997, Solar Architecture
www.coltdirect.com/.../ solar-shading-overview.htm
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Steel in Facades: Shading Devices
ƒ static shading devices Images credit: the Japan Architect Yearbook
1997 pp
1997, pp. 48
48-49,
49 vol
vol. 28
28, winter 1998
Example:
Kazusa Academia Hall by Sakakura
Associates Architects and Engineers,
Chiba Prefecture Japan
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Steel in Facades: Shading Devices
ƒ static shading devices, shading integrated with photovoltaics
Example:
Images credit:
Mat Haase
Science Park / Pak Shek Kok / Hong Kong by Arch. Services Dpt.
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Steel in Facades: Shading Devices
ƒ louvre shading in double facade

Example:
Administration Building in Wuerzburg / Germany

Image credit: detail 3 / 1997, Solar Architecture

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Steel in Facades:
Shading Devices
ƒ dynamically adjustable shading

Example:
Government Administration
Building in Berlin
by
KSP E
Engell + Zi
Zimmermann Architects
A hit t

ƒ glass shading panels with

aluminium glazing stays
ƒ mounted on steel post-and-rail
facade

Image credit: detail 7 / 2000, Refurbishment

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Steel in Facades:
Shading Devices
Example:
Fondation Arabe in Paris / France
by Jean Nouvel
Image credit:
di http://www.galinsky.com/buildings
h // li k /b ildi
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Lightness and Transparency
ƒ steel structures are physically and
visually
i ll lightweight
li ht i ht
ƒ often used in combination with
extensive glazing

ƒ steel & glass building facades are

only transparent at very close
distances
Example:
Greater London Authority by Foster

Images credit: http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/bnf/

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Lightness and Transparency
ƒ The use of steel and glass facades
may nott b
be appropriate
i t for
f some
building types

ƒ Example:
The National Library in Paris / France
by Dominique Perrault

excessive heat gain and direct

sunlight is dangerous for many
books of the collection, which was
intended to be presented in glass
boxes in the architectural concept

a system of sun shading wooden

elements was designed when
shortcomings became obvious

Image credit: http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/bnf/

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Lightness and Transparency
The National Library in Paris / France by Perrault

Images credit:
http://www.galin
sky.com/buildin
gs/bnf/