MODULE 2: PROCESSES OF IDEAL Gases

Isochoric process
❀ thermodynamic process taking place at constant
volume
❀ also sometimes called as an isometric process or
constant-volume process
❀ isochoric has been derived from the Greek words
“iso” meaning “constant” or “equal” and “choric”
meaning “space” or “volume.”

Isobaric process
❀ thermodynamic process taking place at
constant pressure
❀ derived from the Greek words “iso” and
“baros” meaning equal pressure
❀ when the heat is transferred to the system
some work is done
❀ there is also a change in the internal energy
of the system.

Isothermal process
❀ the temperature is kept constant
(unchanged) as the pressure increases
during compression.
❀ often used as the basis for compression with
other compression processes.

Isentropic process
❀ thermodynamic process, in which the
entropy of the fluid or gas remains constant
❀ also called a constant-entropy process
❀ It means the isentropic process is a special
case of an adiabatic process in which there is
no transfer of heat or matter.
 MODULE 2: PROCESSES OF IDEAL Gases
Polytropic process
❀ thermodynamic process that can be expressed by the following equation:
𝒑𝑽𝒏 = 𝑪
❀ describes gas expansion and compression which include heat transfer.
❀ exponent n is known as the polytropic index and it may take on any value from 0 to ∞,
depending on the particular process.
❀ There are some special cases of n, which corresponds to particular processes:
↬ the case n = 0, p = constant, corresponds to an isobaric (constant-pressure)
process.
↬ the case n = 1, pV = constant, corresponds to an isothermal (constant-
temperature) process.
↬ the case n = k, pV = constant, corresponds to an isentropic (constant-entropy)
process.
↬ the case n ➝ ∞ corresponds to an isochoric (constant-volume) process.
↬ the case 1 < n < k, in this process heat and work flows go in opposite directions,
this process occurs, for example, in vapor compression refrigeration during
compression
↬ the case k < n < ∞, in this process heat and work flows go in the same direction,
this process occurs, for example, in an internal combustion engine (e.g. Otto
cycle), in which there are heat loses through the cylinder walls during gas
expansion (power stroke).
❀ For a polytropic process between two states:
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝒏𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝒏𝟐
 MODULE 2: PROCESSES OF IDEAL Gases
Summary of Formulas

P-V-T W Q H U S
𝑉
𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ln ( 2)
𝑉1
𝑉1 𝑇1
P=C = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑣(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑉2 𝑇2
𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) 𝑇
𝑚𝐶𝑝 ln ( 2 )
𝑇1

𝑃
𝑚𝐶𝑣 ln ( 2 )
𝑃1
V=C
𝑃1
𝑃2
=
𝑇1
𝑇2 0 𝑚𝐶𝑣(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑣(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑇
𝑚𝐶𝑣 ln ( 2 )
𝑇1

𝑉 𝑉 𝑃
𝑚𝑅𝑇 ln ( 2) 𝑚𝑅𝑇 ln ( 2) 𝑚𝑅 ln ( 1 )
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑃2
T=C 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃 𝑃
0 0 𝑉
𝑃1 𝑉1 ln( 1 ) 𝑃1 𝑉1 ln( 1 ) 𝑚𝑅 ln ( 2)
𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑉1

𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑘

𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1
=( ) 1−𝑘
S=C 𝑇1 𝑉2
𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
0 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑣(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 0
𝑘−1 1−𝑘
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
=( )
𝑇1 𝑃1

𝑝1 𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑛

𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑛−1 𝑚𝐶𝑛( 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Polytropic =( ) 1−𝑛
𝑇
𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑣(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝐶𝑛 ln ( 2 )
process 𝑘−𝑛 𝑇1
𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑣 ( )
𝑛−1 1−𝑛 1−𝑛
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑛
=( )
𝑇1 𝑃1