Lecture 5 (STRU 2008) 26.02.2024 (PART 2)

STRU 2008 Structures and Modelling II Ms.
Trevene John
Semester 2 (2023/2024) (Instructor II)
LECTURE 5 (Part 2)
THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Project Management and Civil Infrastructure Systems Unit
1
Structures with Moving Loads
EXAMPLE 5
Construct the influence line for the moment at point C of the beam in Figure 5a.
SIMPLY
SUPPORTED
BEAM
Figure 5a.
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STRU 2008 Structures and Modelling II
Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 5
Using Procedure 1, Tabulating the Values:
At each selected position of the unit load, the value of M C is calculated using the method of sections. For example,
see Figure 5b for x = 2.5 ft. A plot of the values in Figure 5c (page 9) yields the influence line for the moment at C,
Figure 5d. Reactions at supports A and B when, x = 2.5 ft:
Anti-clockwise : +
5 ft For equilibrium, take moments about point A and equate
A to zero (Σ MA = 0) to solve for B y :
B (-1 x 2.5) + (By x 10) = 0
Segment A-C -2.5 + 10 By = 0 Anti-clockwise : +
can also be 10 By = 2.5
10 ft
used, page 5 By = 2.5/10 = 0.25
By = 0.25
C B
Ay + By = 1
Ay = 1- By = 1- 0.25 = 0.75
Ay = 0.75 3
Ms. Trevene John Figure 5b.
SOLUTION 5
M C values at different locations of unit load along beam: Anti-clockwise: positive
 Unit load at x = 0 ft
1 x
When x = 0, Ay = 1 MC
(using sum of moments A C Cut section at point C
About support B =0)
5 ft and use method of
1 VC sections (segment A-C)
Moments at point C:
MC + (-1 x 5 ft) + (1 x 5 ft) = 0
MC – 5 + 5 = 0
MC = 0
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 5
M C values at different locations of unit load along beam: Anti-clockwise: positive
 Unit load at x = 2.5 ft
1
When x = 2.5, Ay = 0.75 2.5 ft MC
And BY = 0.25
A C Cut section at point C
5 ft and use method of
VC sections (segment A-C)
0.75
Moments at point C:
MC + (-0.75 x 5 ft) + (1 x 2.5 ft) = 0
MC – 3.75 + 2.5 = 0
M C = 1.25
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 5 Anti-clockwise: positive
M C values at different locations of unit load along beam:
 Unit load at x = 5 ft 1 Reactions at supports A and B when, x = 5 ft:
When x = 5, Ay = 0.50 5 ft MC For equilibrium, take moments about point A
And By = 0.50 and equate to zero (Σ MA = 0) to solve for By,
A C
5 ft VC (-1 x 5) + (By x 10) = 0
0. 50
-5 + 10 By = 0
10 By = 5
Moments at point C: By = 5/10 = 0.50
By = 0.50
MC + (-0.50 x 5 ft) + (1 x 0 ft) = 0
MC – 2.5 = 0 Cut section at point C Ay + By = 1
and use method of Ay = 1- By = 1- 0.50 = 0.50
M C = 2.5
sections (Segment A-C) Ay = 0.50
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Ms. Trevene John
 Unit load at x = 7.5 ft 2.5 ft Reactions at supports A and B when, x = 7.5 ft:
When x = 7.5, Ay = 0.25 7.5 ft 1 For equilibrium, take moments about point A
And By = 0.75 C and equate to zero to solve for B y,
Mc
A B
5 ft 5 ft (-1 x 7.5) + (By x 10) = 0
0.25 0.75 -7.5 + 10 By = 0
10 By = 7.5
Moments at point C: Vc By = 7.5/10 = 0.75
-MC + (-1 x 2.5 ft) + (0.75 x 5 ft) = 0 By = 0.75
-MC - 2.5 + 3.75 = 0 Cut section at point C Ay + By = 1
M C = 1.25 and use method of Ay = 1- By = 1- 0.75 = 0.25
sections (Segment C-B) Ay = 0.25
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 5
 Unit load at x = 10 ft
1
When x = 10, By = 1.0 10 ft Anti-clockwise: positive
C
Mc
A B
5 ft 5 ft Cut section at point C
Moments at point C:
and use method of
-MC + (-1 x 5 ft) + (1 x 5 ft) = 0 By = 1 sections (Segment C-B)
Vc
-MC - 5 + 5 = 0
MC = 0
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 5
1.25
1.25
Figure 5d.
Figure 5c.
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Ms. Trevene John
EXAMPLE 6
Construct the influence line for the moment at point C of the beam in Figure 6a.
OVERHANG
BEAM
Figure 6a.
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 6
Using Procedure 1, Tabulating the Values:
Using statics and the method of sections, verify that the values of the moment MC at point C in Figure 6b
corresponds to each position x of the unit load. A plot of the values in Figure 6b yields the influence line in Figure 6c.
 Reactions at supports A and B when unit load (1) is at location x:
For equilibrium, take moments about point A and equate to zero (Σ MA = 0) to solve for RB,
(-1 x) + (RB x 8) = 0 Reaction at A is RA and
Reaction at B is RB
-x + 8 RB = 0
8 RB = x Anti-clockwise: positive
RB = x/8 or 1/8 x
RA + RB = 1 RA
RB
RA = 1- RB = 1- x/8
RB = x/8 and RA = 1- x/8
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 6
 Unit load at x = 0 m
1 x
When x = 0, MC
RA = 1- x/8 = 1 – 0/8 = 1 Anti-clockwise: positive
A C
RA = 1
4m VC
1 Cut section at point C
and use method of
sections (Segment A-C)
Moments at point C:
MC + (-1 x 4m) + (1 x 4m) = 0
MC – 4 + 4 = 0
MC = 0
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Ms. Trevene John
 Unit load at x = 4 m 1
Cut section at point C
When x = 4, 4m MC and use method of
RA = 1- x/8 = 1 – 4/8 = 0.5 sections (Segment A-C)
A C
RA = 0.5
4m VC
0. 50
Moments at point C:
MC + (-0.50 x 4 m) + (1 x 0) = 0
MC – 2 = 0
MC = 2
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 6
 Unit load at x = 8 m
1
When x = 8, 8m Anti-clockwise: positive
RB = x/8 = 8/8 = 1 C B
Mc
RB = 1 A
4m 4m 4m
Moments at point C: 1 Cut section at point C

Vc
and use method of
-MC + (-1 x 4m) + (1 x 4m) = 0
sections (Segment C-B)
-MC - 4 + 4 = 0
MC = 0
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 6
 Unit load at x = 12 m 1
When x = 8, 12 m
RB = x/8 = 12/8 = 1.5 C B
Mc Anti-clockwise: positive
RB = 1.5 A
4m 4m 4m
Moments at point C: 1.5 Cut section at point C

Vc
and use method of
-MC + (-1 x 8m) + (1.5 x 4m) = 0
sections (Segment C-B)
-MC - 8 + 6 = 0
M C = -2
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 6
Figure 6b.
Figure 6c.
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Ms. Trevene John
INFLUENCE LINES FOR BEAMS
 Since beams or girders often form the main load-carrying elements of a floor system or bridge deck, it
is important to be able to construct the influence lines for the reactions, shear or moment at any
specified point in a beam.
 Loadings
Once the influence line for a function (reaction, shear or moment) has been constructed, it will then be
possible to position the live loads on the beam, which will produce the maximum value of the function.
Two types of loadings will now be considered.
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Ms. Trevene John
 Load Type 1 – Concentrated Force
Since the numerical values of a function for an influence line are determined using a dimensionless
unit load, 1, then for any concentrated force “F” acting on a beam at any position ‘x”, the value of the
function can be found by multiplying the ordinate of the influence line at the position x by the magnitude
F.
For example, consider the influence line for the reaction at A for the beam AB in Figure 7. If the unit load
is at x = ½ L, the reaction at point A is Ay = ½ as indicated from the influence line (span and Ay are
proportional to each other).
Hence, if the force “F” lb is at this same point, the reaction is Ay = (1/2) (F) lb. This same value can also
be determined by statics.
The maximum influence caused by “F” occurs when it is placed on the beam at the same location as
the peak of the influence line. In this case at x = 0, where the reaction would be Ay = (1) (F) lb.
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Ms. Trevene John
F load at x = 0:
Taking moments about B = 0,

- AY (L) + (F x L) = 0
 Load Type 1 – Concentrated Force - AY L + FL = 0
FL = AY L Anticlockwise: +ve
FL/L = AY
1 F = AY
F load at x = ½ L:
Ay By
Taking moments about B = 0,
- AY (L) + (F x ½ L) = 0
- 2 AY L + FL = 0
FL = 2 AY L
FL/2L = AY
½ F = AY
Similar process for F load at x = L

Figure 7.
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Ms. Trevene John
 Load Type 2 – Uniform Load
Consider a portion of a beam subjected to a uniform load w0, Figure 8. As shown, each dx segment
of this load creates a concentrated force of dF = w0 dx on the beam. If “dF” is located at “x”, where the
beam’s influence line ordinate for some function (reaction, shear, moment) is “y”, then the value of the
function if dF (y) = (w0 dx) (y).
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Ms. Trevene John
Figure 8.
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Ms. Trevene John
The effect of all the concentrated forces “dF” is determined by integrating over the entire length of the
beam, that is,
ꭍ w0 y dx = w0 ꭍ y dx
Also since ꭍ y dx is equivalent to the area under the influence line, then, in general, the value of the
function caused by a uniform distributed load is simply the area under the influence line for the function
multiplied by the intensity of the uniform load.
For example, in the case of a uniformly loaded beam shown in Figure 9, the reaction Ay can be
determined from the influence line as Ay = (area under the inf. line) (w0) = [ ½ (1) L] w0 = ½ w0 L.
This value can of course be determined by statics.
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Ms. Trevene John
Figure 9.
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Ms. Trevene John
EXAMPLE 7
Determine the maximum positive shear that can be developed at point C in the beam shown in
Figure 10a due to a concentrated moving load (F) of 4000 lb. and a uniform moving load of 2000
lb/ft.
SIMPLY
SUPPORTED
BEAM
Figure 10a.
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 7
The influence line for the shear at C has been established in Example 3 (Lecture 5 part 1) is shown in
Figure 10b.
A C B
Figure 10b.
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 7
Concentrated Force:
The maximum positive shear at C will occur when the 4000-lb force is located at x = 2.5+ ft., since this is
the positive peak of the influence line. The ordinate of the peak is +0.75; so that
VC = +0.75 x (4000 lb.) = 3000 lb.
Uniform Load:
The uniform moving load creates the maximum positive influence for VC when the load acts on the beam
between x = 2.5+ ft and x = 10 ft, since within this region, the influence line has a positive area. The
magnitude of VC due to this loading is
VC = area under influence line x 2000 lb/ft = area of the triangle x 2000 lb/ft
VC = [½ (10 - 2.5 ft) (0.75) ] 2000 lb/ft = 5625 lb
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Ms. Trevene John
SOLUTION 7
Total Maximum Shear at C:
VC max = 3000 lb (Conc. Force) + 5625 lb (Uniform load) = 8625 lb
Notice that once the positions of the loads have been established using the influence line, as shown in
Figure 10c, this value of VC max can also be determined using statics and the method of sections.
Figure 10c.
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Ms. Trevene John
References
 Structural Analysis, 8th Edition, R.C. Hibbler (2011) –

Chapter 6 (Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures)
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Ms. Trevene John
Additional Information
 Ms. Trevene John

 Instructor II – Structural Engineering
 Email: Trevene.John@utt.edu.tt
 Contact: 741- 6142
 Availability : Monday to Friday from 8.00 am to 4.00 pm
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Ms. Trevene John

Lecture 5 (STRU 2008) 26.02.2024 (PART 2)

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Lecture 5 (STRU 2008) 26.02.2024 (PART 2)

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STRU 2008 Structures and Modelling II Ms.

THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Project Management and Civil Infrastructure Systems Unit

Moments at point C: 1 Cut section at point C

Moments at point C: 1.5 Cut section at point C

Taking moments about B = 0,

Similar process for F load at x = L

 Structural Analysis, 8th Edition, R.C. Hibbler (2011) –

 Ms. Trevene John

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