India and The Changing Global Power Structure

Academic Discourse Print ISSN: 2278-3296
An International Refereed Research Journal Online ISSN: 2349-4441

Vol. 8. No. 2. Dec. 2019 RNI No. HARBIL/2012/45761
Impact Factor: 6.516 discourseacademic@gmail.com
India and the Changing Global Power Structure

Dr. Niranjan Chichuan
Assistant Professor in Political Science
Shyam Lal College, University of Delhi
Abstract
International politics, like all other politics, is a struggle for power. The realist and neo-realist
theories conceptualize power as the overall amount of capabilities possessed by a state.
Accordingly, a distinction has been made between states on the basis of their power within the
international sphere. The most powerful state remains at the top and the less powerful states lay at
bottom as states run under the system of hierarchy. The main characteristics of power, i.e., military
and economic capability and later on the soft power capability have also been added in the power
structure. India has been recognized as an emerging power, especially after the unprecedented
economic growth and conducted nuclear test in 1998.Today, India's overall power has increased
Downloaded From IP - 117.240.50.232 on dated 6-Mar-2020
manifold and its in"uence not just con!ne to its neighbours but proliferated its trade and security
relations outside the region, especially with the major powers. Power manifests itself in many
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ways. In this context, the aim of the paper is to examine how the concept of power of nation-states
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has changed with the changing of time and also try to assess how India is repositioning itself in the
changing global power structure.
Keywords: International Politics, Great Power, Major Power, Rising Power, Power Capabilities,
Hierarchy.
Introduction
India's rise has been very impressive at the global level since the economic
reforms in 1991.As a result, the image of India is changing very fast from being a poor,
1
Hindu rate of growth to the fastest-growing economy in the world. Today, it is the third
2
largest economy in the world under Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. The defence
budget has also been increased nearly doubled in the last decade and became the fourth
largest military spender in the world, only after the USA, China, Saudi Arabia and
3
France at the !fth spot in 2018. The overall performance of India today helped to
repositioning itself in the changing world as a rising power.
India is the major power in the South Asian region. India's great advantage is its
strategic location, its geographic size, population, natural resource, scienti!c know-
how, technological advancement, economic strength, military clout and most
importantly, the stable democracy in the region. Despite being a big country in the
region, it is not a threatening power and its nationalism does not endorse any
expansionist agenda or threaten territorial integrity and sovereignty of other countries.
Still, India is a factor in the domestic politics of most of its neighbours. This situation has
been further complicated by the fact that South Asia is a region where other great
4
powers, particularly China, are trying to expand their in&uence. In order to contain
Chinese in&uence in the sub-continent, India has sought to reorient its priorities and
relationships with neighboring countries as well as major powers. Over the years, India
has enhanced its strategic relationship with USA, which extends far beyond trade and
commerce. India has continued to maintain its strategic relationship and cooperation
with Russia at military and defence level. In February, 2015 addressing the Heads of
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Indian Missions, Prime Minister Narendra Modi urged the Indian diplomats to shed old
mindsets and to “help India position itself in a leading role, rather than just a balancing
5
force, globally.” Foreign Secretary S. Jaishankar reaf!rmed the Indian government's
commitment to “shoulder greater responsibility,” adding that “India engages the world
6
with greater con!dence and assurance” Now the Indian diplomacy is seen a more
7
pragmatic, proactive and self-con!dent than ever before.
The Changing Nature of Global Power Structure

In the academic discourse, power has been dominated in the international
politics from antiquity to present day. Accordingly, the international system
8
characterizes nation-states in terms of their respective “powers”. It has been classi!ed
as superpowers, great powers or middle powers, regional powers and small powers.
Each of these powers has different attributes, roles, functions that can in&uence in the
world order. These powers include economic strength, political stability, and military
power. The power ranking or hierarchies is become a central feature of international
politics.
The term 'Great Powers' came into diplomatic parlance with the Chaumont
Treaty (1814), which 'marks a key step in the evolution of the distinction between great
9
and small powers'. What determines a state's capabilities? According to British
Historian Paul Kennedy, population size, urbanization rates, modernization, per capita
levels of industrialization, iron and steel production, energy consumption (coal,

petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity, but not wood) and the total industrial output as
10
key measures of power in the 20th century, and as the basis of a nation's military power.
The neo-realist Kenneth Waltz identi!ed !ve different capabilities to assess a state's
power: its population and its territorial extent; its natural resources; its economy and
economic capacity; the stability and facility of its political system; and its military
11
strength. These characteristics of the state power can in&uence on a global scale. Out of
these capabilities, the economic and military capabilities are considered to be most
signi!cant criterion for great power status. The great powers demonstrate unusually
12
high activity outside of their regions. The embassies around the world, its
representation at international organizations, its engagement beyond its region, as well
13
as its international trade links can serve as indicators for Great Power status.
In between the major powers and minor powers, there are two middle powers
and regional powers. Middle power is de!ned in two ways; !rst is the conventional way
that considers the wealth of a state and its capabilities. Secondly, a middle power can be
14
categorized based on its behavioral attributes. It primarily focuses on the diplomatic
skills in promoting international peace and stability. They display legitimate policies
15
that seek to stabilize the world order through cooperation with one another. Middle
Powers, like Great Powers, act on the international stage but only assume international
16
responsibility in restricted issue areas and niches of the international social order.
Regional Powers, on the contrary, their power capabilities might be considerable, but
17
they arerestricted to theregionalcontextand theyprovidefororder and stability in theregion.
Apart from hard power consisting of economic and military power, another
power is called “soft power” the term is coined by Joseph S Nye to describe a nation's
ability to attract and persuade. According to Joseph Nye, a country's soft power can
come from three resources: its culture (in places where it is attractive to others), its
political values (when it lives up to them at home and abroad), and its foreign policies
18
(when they are seen as legitimate and having moral authority). These are the tangible
22
resources which provide the capabilities for coercion and command. Jonathan
McCloryhas further expanded on Nye's pillars and assessed the soft power of countries
according to !ve categories: Government (political values of the country), Culture (set
of practices that created meaning for the society), Diplomacy (foreign policy),
19
Education, and Business/Innovation. Soft power is less coercive in nature. Some soft
power resources, such as state capacity, strategic or diplomatic strength and quality of
national leadership are important in converting a state's latent capabilities into
20
actualized power. However, the mix of the hard and soft power will become the future
21
trends for great power status.
Although there are lot of literatures that based on predictions of other great
powers rising and declining of US, but no one suggest that the U.S. will collapse in near
future. In fact, the decline of US power and rise of rest will take many decades to replace
22
U.S. However, the rise of BRICS nations and the U.S. decline is certainly a debate
among the strategists of international relations that how the future global power
23
structure will reshape the international world order in future.
India'sAspirations to be a Major Power in the World

The Geopolitics of India

Right from its independence, in India has seen itself as a potential major power.
24
India's geopolitical position is comparable to Europe. Geographically, India occupies
the central position in the South Asian region, and all its neighbour's share borders with
it but not with each other. Apart from geography, most of its neighbour's also share same
history, heritage, culture, language, etc. Strategically, India sits above a vital sea line of
communication along which signi!cant amounts of world trade, including energy,
travels from Southwest Asia, via the Malacca Strait, to Northeast Asia. These regions
25
also connect with China and Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran. In other words, India is
strategically located between the Middle East, Central Asia, China, Southeast Asia, and
the Indian Ocean.
India's Power Capabilities

What makes some countries more powerful than others? And where does India
stand today? Power in international relations is de!ned in several ways. India's in&uence
in global politics has been bourgeoning in recent years. Economic domain, India is one
of the fastest growing major economies and is currently ranked as the world's sixth
26
largest economy. According to the International Monetary Fund projects that India
would reach Gross Domestic Product (GDP at current prices) USD 4.6 trillion in 2023.
The PWC Report suggests India can become a USD 10 trillion economy in the next 20
27
years with a compound annual growth rate of 9 per cent. According to Glodman Sachs
28
report, “Over the next 50 years, Brazil, Russia, India and China—the BRICs
economies—could become a much larger force in the world economy and India could
emerge world's third largest economy over the next four decades.” In addition to this, the
overall assessment of India's performance by the international rating agencies like
Doing Business Ranking, Global Competitiveness Index, Logistics Performance Index
and Global Innovation Index are all positive and encouraging.
In the military arena, India has achieved a nuclear weapon state after
conducting the nuclear test in 1998. It has been crossing !nger on long-range missile
tests that could strike from land, sea, and air. The range of these missiles can cover
23
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th
thousands of kilometers. Now it stands at 4 position in global military power in terms of
defence spending and is joined the league of the !ve biggest military spenders in
2017.Its spending rose by 5.5 percent in 2017 to $ 63.9 billion, moved from sixth place
29
to !fth in the rankings in 2017, overtaking France.
In terms of population size, India is next only to China. Today, the middle class
accounts for 19 percent of the overall population. It is also predicted that in three
30
decades' time, that !gure is likely to exceed 70 percent. This numerical strength of the
Indian middle class suggests that it will become a driving force for the Indian economy.
At the same time, demographic dividend can also help the country with the largest
31
number of working age people in the world.
Major Powers use various institutions to legitimize their position at the global
level. In this context, India has been founding member of several international
economic and political institutions. It has exercised institutional powers through its
leadership in non-aligned groups, G-77, G-20 and BRICS. It's contribution to the United
Nations Peacekeeping efforts since the early 1950s also enhance its institutional
32
in&uence. It is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping operations, with over
33
8,000 police and troops out of a UN total of almost 100,000 at the beginning of 2012.
Science and technology is one of the key elements of economic growth and
prosperity of a nation. Over the years, India has repositioned and proved itself as a leader
in the !eld of Information technology, biotechnology, nuclear technology, nano

technology, space technology etc. The country has regularly undertaken space missions,
34
including missions to the moon. Apart from progress in science and technology, many
analysts believe that India has also a potential to become a soft power state. It has been
in&uencing the world through its soft power, i.e. democracy, culture, spirituality, food,
35
music, Indian cinema, language, sports, technology and non-violence. India can offer
one of the most dynamic alternatives to western cultural values to neighboring region as
well as global spheres.
India:ARising Power
With the end of cold war and subsequent development at international arena
has brought about signi!cant changes in its domestic sphere and strengthened relations
with major powers. As a result, it has acquired a new face in the global politics with her
vibrant economy and its signi!cance of geopolitics. India becomes a big trade and
strategic partner with superpowers. As its expanding market has become an attractive
destination for foreign investors and exporters, it has also acquired a great degree of self
con!dence in emerging as a major economy in the world. It has started expanding the
in&uence in Asia, Africa and Latin America to enhance India's economic and energy
security. At the same time, it has progressed tremendously in the !eld of science and
technology ,i.e., information technology, biotechnology, nuclear technology, space
technology etc. Over the years India has repositioned itself as a rising power and
aspiring to be a candidate of great power status. It has been in&uencing the global
powers to become a permanent member of Security Council of the United Nations.
The 1998 nuclear test along with increasing defence budget and extensive
military modernization has enhanced India's image as serious candidate for major
power status. Ashley Tellis observed that “India is slowly maturing into a conventional
36
great power,” At the same time, the New York Times !nd that the “Land of Gandhi
37
Asserts Itself as Global Military Power.” It has actually enhanced India's political and
diplomatic bargaining power that has changed into a strategic partnership level with all
24
major powers. The present India-US Strategic Partnership that endorses India's current
and future potential leader for the region and the world. This recognition is evident in
India's status as the only nuclear possessor state and non-NPT signatory permitted to
38
engage in civil nuclear trade with other states. The India-US nuclear deal in 2008,
which included a waiver from the NSG that permitted India to resume nuclear
39
commerce, transformed India's relationship with the nuclear non-proliferation regime.
In the aftermath of 9/11 and 26/11 attacks, the US and European Union also has
the same concern for peace, security and stability of the world. Former US President
Barak Obama reaf!rmed that India's rise is also in the interest of the United States,
regional and global stability, and global economic growth, President Obama reiterated
the United States' readiness to partner with India in this transformation and the United
40
States' is being committed to partner with India in this transformation. The current
Trump administration's renaming of Asia-Paci!c as Indo-Paci!c, indicates the growing
41
proximity between two largest democracies.
India's international reach and relevance will continue to grow, and therefore its
importance to the EU that can grow at diplomatic, political, political, strategic and
42
defence level. India is a strategic partnership with the European Union (EU) and it is
optimistic about India's rise as global power.
In the matter of foreign policy particularly in the Asian region, India always
43
relies on “Neighbourhood First” policy. India has friendly relationship with all of its
neighbors, except Pakistan, asit uses cross-border terrorism as an instrument of state
policy against India.With China, the relationship is more complex and unpredicted.
However, both the nations set aside many differences and accelerate trade and
commerce, now China is the largest trading partner with India.
The results of India's 'Look East' policy are also amply demonstrated in our
44
growing economic interaction with the Indo-paci!c region. Bilateral trade between the
45
two sides has increased to $80.8 billion in 2018 from $73.6 billion in 2017. India is also
trying to expand its maritime footprint in the regions. In terms of bilateral defence
relations, India and ASEAN states have engaged in joint military exercises, coordinated
patrols, maritime patrol, training and education, defence dialogues, exchange of high-
level visits, defence supplies, etc. India's defence agreements with Singapore, Vietnam,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines have increased the scope of bilateral
46
defence cooperation. At the same time, deepening ties with India's extended
neighbourhood in WestAsia showcase its growing in&uence in the world.
Recognition of India's rising status has come from various quarters and this
optimistic prediction creates a 'powerful' image of India. British foreign secretary David
Miliband said in 2008 that rise of India and China leading to “global power shift” from
47
west to east. China has upgraded the status of its Ambassador to India to the level of a
48
Vice-Minister in January 2010. The US administration support and committed “to help
49
India become a major world power in the 21st century” . Former Obama Administration
diplomat Alyssa Ayres, said that “a rising India now wants a seat at the table of global
powers. With its huge military and growing economy, India is ready to set its own terms
on everything from defence to climate to trade”. She has also further reiterated that
“more than at any time over the past quarter-century, India is well on its way to global
power," Writing on 'India in 2025—What kind of Superpower?' Professor Anil K Gupta,
Michael Dingman Chair in Global Strategy & Entrepreneurship, Smith School of
Business, University of Maryland argued: India's emergence as a superpower will show
25
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that it is possible to lift millions of people out of poverty within one generation while
embracing pluralism, a free press and a vibrant, multi-party democracy. India has the
potential to combine rapid economic growth with fairness towards and inclusion of
those at the bottom rungs of the ladder…And, !nally, India in 2025 is likely to emerge as
50
one of the world's most entrepreneurial societies.
Conclusion
India's pro!le in the world stage is growing rapidly and it is being recognized
as arising power. It is more active at the global level and the structure of the global
system has also become more accommodating to the newly emerging powers. India
wields signi!cant traits of power that are considerable against any international
comparison, irrespective of the any de!nition of power. Its area and population make it a
big country in geographic terms. It has a vibrant democracy and its economy is now the
sixth largest in the world. It is the major power in the region. Its military capabilities and
increasing defence budgets are also signi!cant beyond regional parameters. Thus, in
terms of both capabilities and status attribution, India is certainly in the right direction
.However, eradication of poverty, rural-urban divides, and infrastructure development
continues to be a major concern for India.

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29

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Academic Discourse Print ISSN: 2278-3296

An International Refereed Research Journal Online ISSN: 2349-4441

India and the Changing Global Power Structure

The Changing Nature of Global Power Structure

levels of industrialization, iron and steel production, energy consumption (coal,

India'sAspirations to be a Major Power in the World

The Geopolitics of India

India's Power Capabilities

in the !eld of Information technology, biotechnology, nuclear technology, nano

continues to be a major concern for India.

References & End Notes

8. Detlef Nolte, How to Compare Regional Powers: Analytical Concepts and

Changing World Order”, Vancouver: UBC Press.

of Industrial Policy and promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry,

43. US Indo-Paci!c strategy hinges on Sino-Indian differences, The Economic Times,

Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore, 2013 [Available at

March 06, 2008

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