OZONE PRODUCTION uyOZONE PRODUCED IN NATURE — — ‘Oxygen (0,) Ozone (0,) _ — . oO, . 5 —_ —~ Some O; 7 andre-combine Ultraviolet Light or molecules ~ with other O, molecules Corona Discharge break apart © _ wiormozone — > Bo ‘ \ °, : °, — 1 oo + Created in nature when oxygen molecules are subjected to ultraviolet rays from the sun or by an electric charge from lightning. Some oxygen molecules are split into single oxygen atoms which then combine with other O, molecules to form ozone (0,). + Ozone is very unstable, and the oxidation process causes it to revert back to common biatomic oxygen (O2) + Man replicates nature to produce ozone in two ways: + By forcing oxygen or ambient air past a UV light source By sending a. spark (a “corona discharge") through an oxygen or dry air stream,UV LAMP OZONE PRODUCTION By Ultraviolet Radiation = 185nm wavelength Low concentration — typically less than 0.01% - 0.49% by weight in airCORONA DISCHARGE OZONE PRODUCTION ne oe eCnmN eecum cy) Corona Discharge (CD) = High energy, continuous man-made CD Ozone lightning i = High concentration — typically 1.0% Reaction 10.0% by weight (gas phase) Chamber — Much more effective disinfection than UY generated ozone, particularly dissolved in waterCORONA DISCHARGE - INITIATION 1. Discharge initiation discharge electrode positive ion elections SS ‘ground electrode 1. Aneutral atom or molecule of the medium, in a region of strong electric field (such as the high potential gradient near the curved electrode) is ionized by an exogenous environmental event (for example, as the result of a photon interaction), to create a positive ion and a free electron.CORONA DISCHARGE - ELE. BREAKDOWN 2. Electrical Breakdown discharge electrode "e Positivevon electrons 4 inelastic colsions — coutome forces | "i nc 2. The electric field then operates on these charged particles, separating them, and preventing their recombination, and also accelerating them, imparting each of them with kinetic energy. 3. Asa result of the energization of the electrons (which have a much higher charge/mass ratio and so are accelerated to a higher velocity), further electron/positive-ion pairs may be created by collision with neutral atoms. These then undergo the same separating process creating an electron avalanche. Both positive and negative coronas rely on electron avalanches.CORONA DISCHARGE ~ RECOMBINATION 3. Recombination and upkeep of the discharge 4. In processes which differ between positive and negative discharge electrodd coronas, the energy of these negative plasma processes is postive converted into further initial te y Vv electron dissociations to seed "aut, further avalanches, ‘ 5. An ion species created in hegative ions this series of avalanches electrons (which differs between oats ates |, positive and negative coronas) limit of the disruptive area is attracted to the uncurved melee re pleas wee electrode, completing the circuit, and sustaining the See current flow. ‘ground electrodeCD vs. UV OZONE PRODUCTION cD UV (185 nm wavelength) Initial Cost Higher Lower Ozone Concentration 0.50% - 10.0% 0.001% - 0.10% Disinfecting Power High; works well in residential and commercial pools Low; best suited for aquariums and clean- water treatment Maintenance Monthly inspection: Annual maintenance Replace UV tubes at 12 to 24 month intervals Maintenance Cost Preventative Maintenance Parts and Labor UV lamp replacement and labor Reliability High HighHIGHER OZONE CONCENTRATION IN GAS DELIVERS MUCH HIGHER OZONE LEVELS INTO WATER + UV generation of ozone is not recommended for swimming pools because UV only produces 0.001 - 0.1% by weight of ozone, an amount wholly inadequate for proper pool sanitation + CD with oxygen concentrators generate 0.50% -10% concentrations of ozone by weight + Henry's Law (calculations below) - dissolved concentration of a substance in a liquid is proportional to its concentration in a gas Gos Phase Ozone Conceniralion (Percentage by Weight) "awe | OR | Gr | oe | ue | ae | om (254rm) | (1851) Equilrium Ozone Waler Solubility (mg/L) 5°C/41°F 0.007 0.74 7.39 11.09 14.79 22.18 22°C FE 0.004 0.35 3.53 5.2 7.05 10.58 30°C/86°F 0.003 0.27 270 4.04 5.39 8.09 The ozone g2sconcentation is determined at a standard temperature of 20 dagreesC (68°F) anda standard pressure of 1 atmosphereBASIC CD OZONE POOL TREATME Ozone Generator “ PSA Oxygen Generation Oxygen Feed Gas (Can be ambient air or dried ai) Backflow Prevention Venturi InjectionCD OZONE — AIR PREP Feed Gas Positives Negatives = Ambient Air * Inexpensive = Byproduets — nitrogen oxides and nitric acid = Short reaction chamber life + High maintenance * Dried Air - produced by + Moderate equipment cost. | = Some harmful byproducts heat regenerative design = Small size + Limited effectiveness in = Minimal power high humidity areas * Dried Air - (PSA) Pressure | « Significant dry air = Can be noisy ‘Swing Adsorption production = Higher capital cost = feeds multiple ozone systems * Oxygen - produced by an__| = Minimal byproducts like * Higher initial capital cost oxygen separation system nitrogen oxides and nitric acid + Longest reaction chamberOW FEED GA: FFECTS OZONE OUTPU +0, CONCENTRATION (More 0, In = More 0 Out) » MOISTURE CONTENT (More Moisture = Less 0; ) + CD Ozone Systems need oxygen feed gas or very dry air to work properly Air Dryers work best in low humidity environments + Oxygen-fed Ozone systems offer high concentration and reliable operationCD OZONE — GENERATION + Ait-Cooled vs. Water-Cooled —_ AIlCD ozone generation produces heat as a byproduct = Air-Cooled is smaller, lighter, simpler — Water-Cooled needed for very large generators producing tremendous heat + Vacuum or Pressurized Reaction Chambers — Both approach work well, application dictates which is best — Both vacuum and pressure reaction chambers must operate within manufacturer specified parameters to ensure trouble-iree operation + Output Ratings = Most systems rated in grams per hour (g/hr) or pounds per day (Ibs/day) — IMPORTANT: Be sure to check the output concentration! - 100 g/hr @ 3% (by weight) is as or more effective than 300 g/hr @ 1% + Maintenance — AIlCD Ozone systems require regular monitoring and periodic maintenance — unmaintained systems will eventually fail