Public Speaking

★ Public speaking is the process or act of performing a speech to a live audience.

★ Public speaking is commonly understood as formal, face-to-face, speaking of a single person to a group of
listeners.
★ It is a live oratorical activity that means a speaker engages with his/her audience through speech.
★ Public speeches often require a particular venue or time and visual aids to supplement the speech prepared.
★ They can cover various topics that aim to enhance, persuade, educate, inform, or entertain audiences.
Factors:
Personality
➢ Refers to your total physical, mental, and emotional traits. Personal grooming, bodily movements and
gestures, and overall attitude also comprise an outstanding personality.
Structure
➢ Refers to the content of your message. The structure of your speech will aid and guide the audience in
understanding how the presentation was organized.
Delivery
➢ Refers to the quality of your voice, use of appropriate gestures and facial expressions, the ability to pace as
you deliver the lines, incorporate humor and possess the X-factor.
Two Way To Prepare A Speech For Delivery
Prepared Speech - It is when a speaker or a presenter have composed a speech ahead of the scheduled time of the
actual presentation. The speaker will have an advantage because he/she will have the time to memorize the speech,
edit it, make mental notes, create cheat cards, and practice to perfect the speech.
Impromptu Speech - It is the opposite of a prepared speech since very little or no time is given to the speaker to
deliver his/her piece. Once a topic is given, the speaker will immediately give his/her own ideas about it.
Ethics of Public Speaking
● Refers to the standard/guidelines on how speakers should deliver their speeches.
Respect Your Audience - Know who your audience is and make sure to address them politely. Your respect for
your audience is also reflected in how you value their time.
Present Meaningful Content - Come prepared by ensuring your discussion is logical and insightful. Organize
your thoughts well, so your audience is not misled.
Do Not Plagiarize - Your credibility as a speaker is also represented by how you cite your sources.
Present Meaningful Content - Share information that is based on credible sources and expert studies.
Techniques to Deliver a Speech Effectively
1. Know your audience and the context - It is important to know with whom you are speaking and what
occasion is present.
2. Establish a strong connection - The key is for your audience to feel that you are speaking to them.
3. Deliver good content and make sure that your purpose is clear - Come prepared and make sure you
know what you are talking about.
4. Cite your sources - Make sure to give credit to whom it is due.
5. Relax and learn to get when necessary - Be flexible enough to adjust when you have prepared. You need
to able to think on your feet and be spontaneous.
To be confident in speaking, always remember the following:
1. Think positive - Consider your audience as receptors of now information and not critics who would
nitpick your every word and move.
2. Know your audience - Orient yourself with the profile of your audience.
3. Manage and control your breathing - Learn how to pause and savor the moment.
4. Use nonverbal communication - Eye contact, facial expression, hand gestures, and body movement
enhances how you communicate, interact, and share your message to the public.
5. Just be confident - Smile and believe that everything will fall into place.
Demonstrate Confidence and Ease of Delivery
❖ Confidence is not just an act that will get you noticed and get you ahead of others, but it is a frame of mind
that allows you to appreciate your own abilities, improve your feelings of self-worth, and appreciate your
own strengths and weaknesses. Confidence, or the state of believing that you are capable of doing anything
that you put your mind to, is a skill that seems to be very pedestrian, but hard to achieve and master.
Speech Presentations
➔ Speech presentations come in different forms, depending on the situation it requires. Nevertheless, all of
these speech activities have one objective - to adequately deliver their intended message to their respective
audience.
Types of Speech for Special Occasions
Toast and Roast
➢ A toast is a speech especially intended to congratulate the achievements of a person.
➢ A roast is a satirical version of a toast, wherein the "roastee" gets mocked, ridiculed, and embarrassed by
relatives and close friends.
Helpful Tips:
1. When making a toast, establish to the audience how well you know the celebrant. Mention also the
breakthrough that this particular event will mean to the person to whom the toast is for.
2. Add in humorous yet purposeful anecdotes that illustrate your relationship with the celebrant. Keep
the speech short.
3. Talk about a significant choice he/she had in his/her life, then follow it up with the revelation of its
turning point.
4. Wrap up your speech by inviting all guests to raise their glasses as a sign of approval and
admiration. Wish the celebrant everything that the world has to offer. Be sincere so that the speech
will be heartfelt.
5. Though the nature of a roast is to poke fun and have a good laugh out of the misfortunes of the
honoree, be mindful of being respectful. Draw the line between what is funny and downright
insulting. Steer away from jokes that bring up painful memories and instill pain and regret in the
person for whom the roast is for..
6. Make sure that the jokes you will deliver are not inside jokes; everyone should be able to relate to
them. It's socially awkward if some people are left clueless or do not get what you are joking about.
7. The speech shouldn't appear scripted or rehearsed. For it to be effective, be sure to make your
audience feel that it is spontaneous and candid.
Tribute
➢ A tribute is a speech whose purpose is to inspire, motivate, and admire people for any kind of achievement,
virtues, or service they have acquired for the community.
Helpful Tips:
1. In doing a tribute speech, be conscious that the nature of the speech is to celebrate the
accomplishments of the honoree and the struggles he/she endured just to attain this remarkable
feat.
2. Focus your speech on attributes of service, hard work, dedication, perseverance, kindness, and
every conceivable commendable trait that the celebrant possesses..
3. Briefly discuss the positive impact the honoree has on the people who attended the event and how
he/she has touched the lives of those in the audience.
4. Acknowledge the attendance of the guests and the lessons each and everyone has learned from the
honoree.
Welcome Speech
➢ A welcome speech is where a speaker talks to his/her audience as if they were his/her guests, states the
reason for the event and acknowledges the contributions of the hosts.
Helpful Tips:
1. A welcome speech signifies the start of a formal event. Recognize the commonality or prevailing
interest by which the audience is attending the said event. Explain the purpose of the event and
make them look forward to attending it.
2. Acknowledge VIPs sitting in the audience and affirm guests in choosing to
3. participate in the said event. Also, remember to compliment the organizers for
4. putting up the event. Provide a brief introduction of the host and of the event and intro- duce
speakers in order of appearance.
5. Clarify to the organizers whether there is a question and answer seg-ment.
Closing Remarks
➢ A closing remark essentially states the conclusion of an event and the nuggets of information the audience
has received.
Helpful Tips:
1. The closing remarks should be short but substantial. Take note that the end part of a program is
always the one remembered by the attendees.
2. Subtly indicate to the audience that the presentation/event is coming to a close. If there are loose
ends to the speech, tie it up by stating anecdotes or quotes pertinent to the event.
3. Concluding the speech is more effective if you go back and return the audience's attention to the
beginning statements made. Here, they will realize that the event went full circle.
4. Lastly, do not forget to thank each speaker after completing their respective presentations.
Introducing A Guest Speaker
➢ In introducing a guest speaker, the host orients the audience about the speaker by talking about the
speaker's credentials and past speaking engagements.
Helpful Tips:
 1. Do not take too much time when introducing a guest speaker. Introductions should be made at a
maximum of three minutes.
2. Ask the speaker or members of his/her staff to provide you with his/her curriculum vitae or
biography. That would be the starting point of drafting the introduction.
3. Pay special attention to the credentials, achievements, and causes that the speaker has attained
throughout his/her career.
4. Find out what the topic of the engagement is so that upon introduction of the speaker, you may be
able to briefly mention the focus of the event.
Campaign and Advocacy Speech
Campaign Speeches
➔ These are speeches whose intention is to persuade, inspire, and mobilize people to strengthen and assess
their political, religious, and social insights and consciousness in making reformative action.
➔ Campaigns are advertisements, sales promotions, public relations, or meaningful socio-civic activities that
aim to take action toward a specific cause, using various persuasive mechanisms. A campaign runs for a
specific period of time and focuses on a specific target audience.
In Delivering a Campaign Speech:
1. Set the tone that is appropriate to your speech.
2. Be direct to the point yet considerate toward the feelings of the audience.
3. Pay particular attention to vocal variety (tone, rate, and pauses in speaking) and vocal projection
(loudness and softness of voice).
4. Make eye contact.
5. Walk around and don't get stuck at the podium or in a particular spot.
6. Create some adjustments.
Advocacy Speeches
➔ It supports a particular cause, principle, or policy that an individual or a group would want to pursue or
work on. Usually, advocacy serves as the voice to address the concerns of the underprivileged or the
disadvantaged.
In Writing an Advocacy Speech:
7. Be clear with your intention.
8. Research extensively.
9. State the issue directly, but not forcefully, in your introductory paragraph.
10. The body of your speech should encompass the background details of your cause.
11. Acknowledge and cite your sources.
12. Conclude your piece by tapping the emotions of your audience.
REMEMBER
★ Writing a text that is research-based follows a formal stylė of writing. It does not use casual and
conversational language, nor does it emphasize direct references to people and their emotions.
★ Academic writing also involves accuracy, objectivity, clarity, and research.
★ The writer should be able to have a large and broad vocabulary of concepts that are specific to his/her field
of expertise or discipline.
The Nature and Importance of Research
What is Research?
● Research is important when preparing and delivering campaigns and advocacies. It is the structured and
organized inquiry about concepts unfamiliar to you or those you think need further study, leading to the
production and development of new ideas.
● The word research was coined from two words: the prefix re, which means “again”, and the word search
meaning “to look for something.”
● Researchers may want to look or search for new ideas, improve certain processes, create something useful
out of something old, explain a series of observations, look at something in a different perspective using a
new investigative lens.
● It is a systematic and organized process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to find
answers to people’s queries.
● Research is an organized method of finding novel or relatively new ideas from the existing body of
knowledge with the help of useful tools for the purpose of improving the quality of life.
● By using these ideas resulting from research, most of the society’s major problems are resolved, needs are
satisfied, and demands are met.
● Kerlinger (1973), defines research as “a systematic controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of
hypothetical prepositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.”
● Research means searching for a theory, for testing theory, or for solving a problem.
● Problems exists and has been identified and that the solution of the problem is necessary.
● Research is systematic when it follows steps or stages that begin with identification of the problem,
relating of this problem with existing theories, collection of data, analysis and interpretation,
drawing conclusions, and integration of these conclusions into a stream of knowledge.
Aims of Research
Verification of Existing Knowledge
❖ Research is aimed at verifying or proving the authenticity of existing theories or knowledge.
❖ This verification may lead to the development of new ideas, strengthen a current knowledge, or debunking
a theory.
Acquisition of New Knowledge
❖ Research also brings forth new ideas regarding a theory or even create a totally new theory.
Functions of Research
Exploration
➔ When its purpose is to provide a foundation for future studies, the research is called exploratory
investigation. The kind of research seeks to find more information about a topic and a broader perspective
or an additional knowledge to what is currently known.\
Description
➔ When a primary purpose of research is to give additional information on newly discovered ideas that are
the result of exploration, it is called descriptive research. It fills in the details and gaps regarding a particular
idea, with the intent to expand understanding.
Explanation
➔ This task of looking at how things are connected and how they interact is the primary purpose of an
explanatory research. This type of research aims to explain relationships existing between variables,
quantitatively or qualitatively.
Characteristics of Research
Realistic
➢ Research is a realistic undertaking that must result to empirical data.
➢ Empirical data are those derived from actual observations of a phenomenon, interviews of people who
have witnessed an incident, analysis of first-hand document sources, excavation of artifacts, and other
actions that yield valid evidence of one’s investigation.
Logical
➢ Research follows valid, definite principles, frameworks, and procedures. These are proper, logical, and
ethical approaches to search for answers to a specific research question.
➢ Failure to follow these procedures may yield invalid and unreliable outcomes.
Cyclical
➢ It starts with a problem and ends with another.
➢ As soon as a research is answered, other questions may arise. These new questions may refine the answers
generated, fine-tune the research methods, or modify the answer research question.
Analytical
➢ After the systematic way of gathering data, the latter must be analyzed to elicit the desired meaning from
the obtained information.
➢ It is only through this process of research results become relevant not only to the people who participated
in the investigation (the respondents) but also those who share similar characteristics.
Objective
➢ Defined as the lack of bias or prejudices.
➢ Analysis and interpretation of data, and drawing out implication from research data must be free from bias
and alteration to favor a certain hypothesis, a personality, or an organization.
Critical
➢ The research is said to be critical when the researcher is careful and precise in processing ideas and
judgment. In this way, a high level of confidence can be established on the execution of research procedures
to gather, analyze, interpret, and formulate valid conclusions and appropriate recommendations.
Replicable
➢ Research procedures must be written clearly and chronologically for it to be replicable, such that other
researchers can redo or repeat the investigation with the intent of verifying the generated information.
Types of Research
Basic or Pure Research
● Type of research in which an explanation is introduced about an existing (or new) idea.
Applied Research
● The aim is to find application for the theories or create a product employing the existing idea or theory.
 Qualitative Research VS. Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Objective/Purpose ❖ Understand underlying ❖ Express data in terms of

reasons. numerical values as
❖ Gain insights in the gathered from the
prevailing trends. respondents.
❖ Is interpretative and ❖ Draws out exact ideas from
contextualized. samples.

Hypothesis ❖ May emerge as the study ❖ Are specifically stated at the

progress. outset and tested.

Sample ❖ Comes in small numbers. ❖ Comes in large numbers.

❖ The respondents (usually ❖ The respondents are
referred to as subjects) are selected to represent the
defined using non population of interest using
probability sampling. probability sampling.

Data Collection ❖ Unstructured (free in form) ❖ Structured procedures

procedures

Data Analysis ❖ Inductive analysis of data ❖ Deductive analysis of data

❖ Minimal to no use of ❖ Requires the use of
statistical test statistical tests

Outcome ❖ Inconclusive and needs ❖ Conclusive, usually

further study before descriptive in nature, and
recommending a course of are used to recommend a
action. final course of action.

Generalization ❖ Findings are particularly ❖ Findings are generalizable

in-depth about a certain to all situations.
phenomenon.

Qualitative Research
★ Employs qualitative methods and deals with the characteristics observed from the respondents with
minimal to no use of statistical analysis.
Quantitative Research
★ Use quantitative procedures where the respondents’ traits are translated numerically.
★ It focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the raw numerical data gathered based on statistical
outcomes.
Characteristics of a Successful Researcher
Curious
➢ Taking pleasure in reading journals, in finding out different trends in research, and in discovering and
learning new things is also a trait of a curious individual.
Efficient
➢ Efficiency is manifested in the proper use of time, effort, and resources for an intended purpose.
➢ Qualitative researchers must be efficient in managing research schedules because most often they deal with
people, soliciting cooperation, and time when gathering data.
Logical
➢ Researchers do not venture any method to attain their goals.
➢ They usually follow procedures identified to the scientific method in finding out answers to their queries.
Effective
➢ It means doing things right.
➢ Researchers must know to foresee errors, so that they can be addressed immediately, if not totally avoided.
➢ Proper procedures should be developed to minimize the effect of errors.
Active
➢ Researchers get involved in all research opportunities and collaborate with others in research activities to
their expertise.
Practical
➢ In the event where resources are limited, researchers must be able to find ways to make use of the given
resources and locally available materials to compensate needed things without compromising the research
output.
Inventive
➢ Researchers always have novel ideas.
➢ If a method is not feasible, they have alternative procedures to attain the objectives of the research.
Honest
➢ Researchers display a high level of intellectual honesty.
➢ They are not swayed
Cost-Effective
➢ Because of limited resources, researchers make it a point that these resources are not to be wasted. To them,
every single peso is important and must be utilized properly.
Ethical Principles of Research
Morality
● A set of unwritten rules that guides individuals on the things that they should or should not do in order to
attain harmony and orderliness in any undertaking.
Ethics
● Can be defined as the process of applying moral standards and principles in any undertaking.
● In the research context, ethics may be defined as a methodology or perspective in making sound and right
decisions pertaining to actions to be taken, and the analysis of intricate problems and issues.
Why should ethics be considered in conducting research?
➔ Ethics keeps the researcher from committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth, and
respecting and protecting the rights of the respondents.
➔ It promotes essential values that help researchers to have a common understanding and work on a topic
harmoniously.
➔ Ethics binds researchers in the spirit of important values such as accountability, cooperation, coordination,
mutual respect, and fairness, among others.
Ethical Principles of Research
Honesty
❖ Intellectual honesty must be upheld in the planning, execution, and writing of the research report.
❖ The research proposal must be transparent, stating all concerns so as not deceive the respondents and other
researchers.
Objectivity
❖ Research investigation must be free from any form of bias.
❖ They must not serve the interest of any parties, but the interest of finding the truth.
Integrity
❖ The research must uphold sincerity and consistency.
❖ The planned research must be consistent with the executed procedures. Sincerity is manifested by keeping
what has been promised in the proposal
Carefulness
❖ Any research must be free of careless errors of negligence.
❖ Error in procedures must be foreseen so that measures must be planned to avoid them.
❖ Good record-keeping and journal-making must be maintained in all stages of the study.
Openness
❖ Researchers must still be open to constructive criticism. This is because no researcher has the monopoly of
knowledge.
❖ Any methods can still be refined and improved.
Carefulness
❖ Ideas, copyrights, patents, and other forms of intellectual property owned by other individuals must be
acknowledged properly when used as bases in any investigation.
Trustworthiness
❖ This is manifested in research if data and information about human respondents are used only for the
purpose of the research.
❖ The researcher must keep all the data confidential for the protection of the respondents from public
security or discrimination.
Social and Legal Responsibility
❖ Legalities, rules, and regulations of an institution or government must be considered when conducting a
study.
❖ Research must be published with the aim of advancing knowledge and promoting social welfare,
minimizing harm and risk, and maximizing the benefits for the target population.
Ethical Issues Research
1. The Animal Welfare Act of 1998
2. Human Rights in Research
3. The Data Privacy Act of 2012
Scientific Misconduct
➢ Researchers are expected to follow rules and proper conduct in doing research. However, due to immense
external pressure, there are some researchers who break the rules and deviate from proper protocols,
resulting to scientific misconduct.
➢ Scientific misconduct involves deviation from universally accepted conduct in research undertakings,
resulting to scientific dishonesty.
Areas of Scientific Dishonesty
Fabrication and Falsification of Data
➔ Known as ‘cooking the data,’ data fabrication and falsification involves producing data without an actual
experimentation or altering data in recording for the intention to fit them to what are expected.
Non-Publication of Data
➔ Involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform the well-established body of knowledge
or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis.
Faulty Data Gathering Procedures
➔ Negligence or carelessness lead to errors in measurement or faulty research instruments.
➔ Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.
Plagiarism
➔ This fraudulent act involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or publication.
➔ It is a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in scientific publications.