The Male Reproductive System

The Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system has the following function

1. Produce female sex cell

2. Receives sperm cells from the male
3. Nurture development of and provides nourishment for the new individuals.

Estrogen and progesterone - hormone is produced by the ovary to help in the female reproductive system.
Hormone - is a chemical substance produced by the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or
organs.
Feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one substance influences the level of another substance.
Homeostasis is the state reached when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with every other part. This is
attained through the regulation of the bodily functions by the endocrine and nervous systems.
Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from the ovary.
 The average length of a menstrual cycle is 28 days. However, it varies greatly among women (ranging from 21 to
35 days).Need 13-14 days become egg cell mature and release, it is also time that female is fertile.
 The young egg in the ovary begins to mature. Estrogen is secreted by the ovary. Uterus thickens to prepare for
the attachment of fertilized egg. The mature egg is then released by the ovary.
 Ovulation takes place and the egg enters the uterus. Meanwhile the uterus continues to thicken. If no
fertilization of egg occurs, the cells of the thickened uterus break off and leave the vagina as menstruation.
 After fertilization, pregnancy takes place. The egg attaches to the uterus and continues to grow inside the
womb.
Nerves - carries the instructions from the brain to the target organs.
Ovaries Secretes more progesterone and estrogen to promote pregnancy
Adrenal Gland Produces adrenaline to activate short-term stress response
Pituitary Gland Produces growth hormones
Pancreas Secretes insulin that regulates blood sugar levels
Adaptation - organisms with the most desirable traits would likely survive environmental changes and
gradually become better suited to survive in a given environment.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in a particular ecosystem, including plants, animals, and
microorganisms. It encompasses the genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity within a given area.
Paleozoic - era can the oldest fossils be found.
 Evolution- Evolution is continuous.
 Evolution refers to change
 If there is mutation, there is evolution.
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck - the first evolutionist to believe that organisms change.
Charles Darwin -the father of Evolution. The Theory of Evolution of Charles Darwin, in his book On the Origins
of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Comparative Anatomy
Another evidence of evolution is from comparative anatomy. Structures can be homologous or analogous.
Homologous - structure may perform different function but similar origin.
Example: forelimb of a cat and flipper of whale,
Analogous – structures have similar functions but different origin.

What is the significance of species diversity?

High species diversity tends to be more productive and sustainable.
Direct Economic Value - if their products are sources of food, medicine, clothing, shelter and
energy. Examples are medicines extracted from plants like coconut.
Indirect Economic Value - if there are benefits produced by the organism without using them.
Examples include certain species that maintain the chemical quality of natural bodies of water, prevent
soil erosion and floods, cycle materials in the soil and absorb pollutants such as mangroves.
Aesthetic Value - a lot of species provides visual or artistic enjoyment, like a forested landscape and
the calming beauty of a natural park. Examples are Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao and Hundred
Islands in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
The Ups and Down of Population Growth
Population – is a group of organism of the same species that live in the same area.
The number of births in a population is called birth rate (natality).
The number of organisms that are dying in a population is called death rate (mortality).
- If the birth rate is greater than the death rate, population will grow.
- If the death rate is greater than the birth rate, population will decrease.
Population Density – refers to the number of organism per unit area.
Population Density is very high – means a lot of organism crowded into a area.
Population Density is very low – means are very few organism in an area.
Density – Dependent limiting factor – factor that regulates a population’s growth and influenced by population
density.
Density – Independent limiting factor –population’s density does not directly influence changes in population
growth.